PERSONALITY Todays Plans: Psychoanalytic Perspective Reading
Tonight Pgs. 479-484 Be ready for some reading pop quizzes this
week
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FREE ASSOCIATION! Do now: I will read a random list of words.
Write down the first word that comes to mind when I read the word.
Dont stop and think. Just go with the very first thing that comes
to mind, even if it doesnt make sense. Do any of these words seem
to reveal any hidden feelings you might have about someone or
something in your life? Why or why not? Would you want people to
read meaning into this list of freely associated words? Why or why
not?
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WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Personality an individuals characteristic
pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting basic perspectives
Psychoanalytic Humanistic
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TWO BROAD THEORIES Psychoanalytic Childhood sexuality and
unconscious motivations are the big influences Humanistic Focuses
on our inner capacities for growth and self- fulfillment
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THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE From Freuds theory which
proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations
influence personality
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THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Psychoanalysis Freuds theory of
personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious
motives and conflicts techniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious
tensions
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THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Free Association in
psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious person
relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or
embarrassing
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THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Unconscious according to Freud,
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and
memories contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we
are unaware
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PERSONALITY STRUCTURE Id contains a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive
drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate
gratification
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PERSONALITY STRUCTURE Superego the part of personality that
presents internalized ideals provides standards for judgement (the
conscience) and for future aspirations
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PERSONALITY STRUCTURE Ego the largely conscious, executive part
of personality mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and
reality operates on the reality principle, satisfying the ids
desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than
pain
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PERSONALITY STRUCTURE Freuds idea of the minds structure Super
Cheesy explanation video http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=6a8mwidjG8s http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=6a8mwidjG8s Id
Superego EgoConscious mind Unconscious mind
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Psychosexual Stages the childhood
stages of development during which the ids pleasure-seeking
energies focus on distinct erogenous zones Oedipus Complex a boys
sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and
hatred for the rival father
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Freuds Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth-- (0-18 months) sucking, biting,
chewing Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months)
elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic Pleasure zone
is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings (6 to puberty) Genital Maturation
of sexual interests (puberty on)
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Identification the process by which
children incorporate their parents values into their developing
superegos Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies
at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were
unresolved
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS Defense Mechanisms the egos protective
methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression the basic defense mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from
consciousness Pushes away unwanted thoughts, feelings, memories,
ect.
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS Regression defense mechanism in which an
individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile
psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated EX:
Homesick college students may long for the security of home
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS Reaction Formation defense mechanism by
which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into
their opposites people may express feelings that are the opposite
of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings EX: Hating someone
may turn into loving them
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS Projection defense mechanism by which people
disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to
others when you feel a certain way and put it onto someone else
feeling that way Happens a lot in unhealthy relationships
Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying
explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious
reasons for ones actions
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS Displacement defense mechanism that shifts
sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less
threatening object or person as when redirecting anger toward a
safer outlet EX: students upset about something may snap at a
friend or parent (usually someone they feel safe with)
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS Sublimation Transformation of unacceptable
impulses into socially valued motivations People re-channel their
unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities Denial
People refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
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DEFENSE MECHANISMS (KNOW THESE!) Repression Regression Reaction
Formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation
Denial Your Turn: Give a personal or real-life example for at least
three of the Freudian Defense mechanisms
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NEO-FREUDIANS AND BEYOND Accepted id, ego, superego Agreed that
personality is shaped in childhood More emphasis on conscious mind
More emphasis on social influences Doubted sex and aggression were
the big motivations Adler: Concept of inferiority complex Horney:
Childhood anxiety triggers need for love and security; argued with
his sexism and tried to balance the bias Jung: Collective
unconscious concept; personality archetypes Todays psychodynamic
theory: We struggle with inner conflicts, about fears, wishes and
values Much of our mental life is unconscious Childhood shapes
personality and attachment to others.
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ALFRED ADLER SIMPLIFIED THEORY
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JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES Caroline Myss is known for her work with
Jungs archetypes, too. Its the basis of the Myers-Briggs Test
(validity?) Whats yours? Check it out at
https://www.archetypes.com/ https://www.archetypes.com/
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ASSESSING THE UNCONSCIOUS Projective tests apply feelings to a
picture; reveal hidden feelings/experiences Rorshach -- inkblots
Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT) ambiguous pictures Reliability:
Results are consistent over time. Validity: It measures what it
says it measures. A great question over whether repression is real.
A different idea of what the unconscious does (review p. 488)
Corresponds to Unit 3B and Unit 5
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ROHRSHACH TEST
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WHAT ABOUT DEFENSE MECHANISMS? Research indicates theres some
support just not quite the way Freud saw it: False consensus effect
We do seem to be motivated to use defenses to protect our self-
image We do seem to defend ourselves against anxiety
Terror-management theory Freud also criticized for being
non-scientificfew testable hypotheses
THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Third-force perspective (Skinner and
Freud being the first two) Focus on healthy people striving to be
better people and accomplish goals (self-determination;
self-actualization) Maslow self-actualizing person Rogers
Person-centered perspective
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EVALUATING HUMANISM Pervasive influence Huge impact on popular
psychology Do now: Is a positive self-concept the key to happiness
and success? How Important is self-esteem? Happy a PBS show argues
that. Criticized for being vague and subjective Can being true to
oneself lead to negative aspects such as selfishness? Criticized
for being nave (neglecting capacity for evil)
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HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Abraham Maslow (1908- 1970) studied
self- actualization processes of productive and healthy people
(e.g., Lincoln )
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HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Self-Actualization the ultimate
psychological need that arises after basic physical and
psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the
motivation to fulfill ones potential
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HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Carl Rogers (1902-1987) focused on
growth and fulfillment of individuals genuineness acceptance
empathy
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HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Unconditional Positive Regard an
attitude of total acceptance toward another person Self-Concept all
our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the
question, Who am I?
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CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH-- THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Trait a
characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act,
as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports Personality
Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree
items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide
range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality
traits
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THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE- FACTOR ANALYSIS Hans and Sybil Eysenck
use two primary personality factors as axes for describing
personality variation
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THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of
all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional
disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) now used for
many other screening purposes
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THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Empirically Derived Test a test developed
by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that
discriminate between groups such as the MMPI
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THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI) test profile Hysteria (uses symptoms to solve
problems) Masculinity/femininity (interests like those of other
sex) T-score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 30 40 50 60 70 80
Hypochondriasis (concern with body symptoms) Depression (pessimism,
hopelessness) Psychopathic deviancy (disregard for social
standards) Paranoia (delusions, suspiciousness) Psychasthenia
(anxious, guilt feelings) Schizophrenia (withdrawn, bizarre
thoughts) Hypomania (overactive, excited, impulsive) Social
introversion (shy, inhibited) Clinically significant range After
treatment (no scores in the clinically significant range) Before
treatment (anxious, depressed, and displaying deviant
behaviors)
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THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE- THE BIG 5
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SOCIAL MEDIA PERSONALITY Discuss in small groups ONLINE
RELATIONSHIPS Do you start or maintain relationships (friendly or
otherwise) with people you do not know in real life WHY OR WHY NOT?
How can you tell if someone is being genuine online? What are some
of your own criteria for determining someones personality? What are
some etiquette rules for communicating your desires to joking
around with others? Expressing your anger or displeasure? Using
sarcasm?
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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Social-Cognitive Perspective views
behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their
social context Reciprocal Determinism the interacting influences
between personality and environmental factors
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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
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Personal Control our sense of controlling our environments
rather than feeling helpless External Locus of Control the
perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal
control determine ones fate
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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Internal Locus of Control the
perception that one controls ones own fate Learned Helplessness the
hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when
unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Learned Helplessness
Uncontrollable bad events Perceived lack of control Generalized
helpless behavior
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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Positive Psychology the scientific
study of optimal human functioning aims to discover and promote
conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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EXPLORING SELF Write down your possible selves: The self you
hope to become The self you fear you will become The self you think
you are to your friends The self you think you are to your family
The self you are at school
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EXPLORING THE SELF Spotlight Effect overestimating others
noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Self Esteem ones feelings of high or low self-worth Self-Serving
Bias readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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EXPLORING THE SELF Individualism giving priority to ones own
goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of
personal attributes rather than group identifications Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended
family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly
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EXPLORING THE SELF
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THE MODERN UNCONSCIOUS MIND Terror-Management Theory Faith in
ones worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection
against a deeply rooted fear of death
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PERSONALITY LABS Thursday and Friday Plans Meet in here
tomorrow first to go over lab We will be in the computer lab taking
multiple personality tests You will analyze and think critically
about your personality