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Unit 10 - Overview
• Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious
• Psychodynamic Theories and Modern Views of the Unconscious
• Humanistic Theories
• Trait Theories
• Social-Cognitive Theories and Exploring the Self
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 55:Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective:
Exploring the Unconscious
Introduction
• Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
• Parts of the mind–Conscious
–Preconscious
–Unconscious• Free association
• Psychoanalysis
• Repression
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Personality Structure• Personality structure
–Id• Pleasure
principle
–Ego• Reality
principle
–Superego• conscience
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Personality Development
• Psychosexual stages–Oral
–Anal
–Phallic
–Latency
–Genital
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Personality Development
• Erogenous zones
• Oedipus complex
• Electra complex
• Identification
• Gender identity
• Fixation
Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
Defense Mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms– Repression
– Regression
– Reaction formation
– Projection
– Rationalization
– Displacement
– Sublimation
– Denial
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Contradictory Evidence
• Is repression a myth?
• Modern challenges to repression
Module 56:Psychodynamic Theories and
Modern Views of the Unconscious
The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists
The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists
• Psychodynamic theory
• Neo-Freudians–Adler’s inferiority complex
–Horney’s sense of helplessness
–Jung’s collective unconscious
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Assessing Unconscious Processes
• Projective Test–Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
–Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Modern Unconscious Mind
The Modern Unconscious Mind
• False consensus effect• Terror
management theory
Module 57:Humanistic Theories
Introduction
• Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
• Abraham Maslow–Self-actualization
–Self-transcendence
–Peak experiences
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
• Carl Rogers–Growth promoting climate
• Genuineness
• Acceptance
• Empathy
–Unconditional positive regard
–Self-concept
Assessing the Self
Assessing the Self
• Self-report tests
• Ideal versus actual self
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
• Renewed interest in self-concept
• Criticisms–Vague and
subjective
–Individualistic and Western biased
–Naïve
Module 58:Trait Theories
Exploring Traits
Exploring Traits
• Trait–Describing rather
than explaining
–Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Exploring Traits
Factor Analysis
• Factor analysis–Eysenck and Eysenck
• Extroversion versus introversion
• Emotional stability versus instability
• Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Exploring Traits
Factor Analysis
Exploring Traits
Biology and Personality
• Brain scans–Brain arousal
• Genetics–Autonomic nervous
system reactivity
Assessing Traits
Assessing Traits
• Personality inventory–Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)• Empirically derived test
• Objective test
• Lie scale
The Big Five Factors
The Big Five Factors
• The Big Five–Conscientiousness
–Agreeableness
–Neuroticism• Emotional stability
vs instability
–Openness
–Extraversion
Evaluating Trait Theories
Evaluating Trait Theories
The Person-Situation Controversy
• Person-situation controversy–Are traits
consistent?
–Can traits predict behavior?
Module 59:Social-Cognitive Theories and
Exploring the Self
Social-Cognitive Theories
Social-Cognitive Theories
• Social-cognitive perspective–behavioral approach
Social-Cognitive Theories
Reciprocal Influences
• Reciprocal determinism
Social-Cognitive Theories
Reciprocal Influences
• Ways individuals and the environment interact– Different people choose different
environments
– Out personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
– Our personality help create situations to which we react
Social-Cognitive Theories
Optimism versus Pessimism
• Optimism and Health
• Excessive Optimism
• Blindness to one’s own incompetence
• Positive psychology
Social-Cognitive Theories
Assessing Behavior in Situations
• US Army spy training
• Business use of simulations
Social-Cognitive Theories
Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories
• Based on research
• Focuses too much on the situation
Comparing the Major Personality Theories
Exploring the Self
Exploring the Self
• Self–Possible
selves
–Spotlight effect
Exploring the Self
The Benefits of Self-Esteem
• Self-esteem
• Self-efficacy
Exploring the Self
Self-Serving Bias• Self-serving bias
–People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, successes than failures
–Most people see themselves as better than average
• Defensive self-esteem
• Narcissism
Exploring the Self
Culture and the Self
• Individualism
• Collectivism
Exploring the Self
Culture and the Self
