Unit 1:Unit 1:Nature & Nature &

PerspectivesPerspectives

a bit out of order:a bit out of order:

Site & SituationSite & Situation SiteSite

• Refers to a physical description of a Refers to a physical description of a placeplace

• This can involve absolute location, This can involve absolute location, and physical characteristics of placeand physical characteristics of place

• These are things that are unlikely to These are things that are unlikely to change, such as geological change, such as geological formations, soil, or structures.formations, soil, or structures.

Site & SituationSite & Situation

SituationSituation• Situation refers to a description of a Situation refers to a description of a

place, based on its relationship to place, based on its relationship to something elsesomething else

• This can involve relative location, This can involve relative location, and other cultural elements.and other cultural elements.

• Situation is dynamic, and can Situation is dynamic, and can change when something else change when something else changes.changes.

Slide #1 Slide #1 SiteSite factors factors

Describe Site factors of the city: Physical Describe Site factors of the city: Physical character of the placecharacter of the place

Include Include somesome characteristics such as: characteristics such as: climate, water sources, topography, soil, climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude and elevation (not all)vegetation, latitude and elevation (not all)

Why was this a good location for this Why was this a good location for this settlement? (based on site factors, be as settlement? (based on site factors, be as specific as possible)specific as possible)

Any modifications to improve the Any modifications to improve the location?location?

Slide #2: Slide #2: SituationSituation factors: location factors: location of a place relative to other placesof a place relative to other places

List three significant relative List three significant relative locationslocations

Other Ideas:Other Ideas:• What is important about its location What is important about its location

based on the surrounding area?based on the surrounding area?• What formal regions is it a part of?What formal regions is it a part of?• What functional regions is it a part of?What functional regions is it a part of?• What is the perception of this city? What is the perception of this city?

Slide #3 Give the name of the citySlide #3 Give the name of the city List the absolute List the absolute

Location Location List population of the List population of the

citycity List the area of the List the area of the

citycity

DUE Fri. 8/28 by DUE Fri. 8/28 by 11:59 PM via 11:59 PM via EMAILEMAIL

Dallas.killingsworthDallas.killingsworth@fortbendisd.com@fortbendisd.com

IMAGE

Grading RequirementsGrading Requirements Must have three slides Must have three slides onlyonly Have all students names Have all students names andand period on period on

email email subjectsubject line…NOT in PowerPoint. line…NOT in PowerPoint. No paragraphs or complete sentencesNo paragraphs or complete sentences

• Do not cut and paste from internetDo not cut and paste from internet• Put in your own wordsPut in your own words

Use correct grammar (usage of words, Use correct grammar (usage of words, capitalization, etc)capitalization, etc)

5 point deduction for EACH 5 point deduction for EACH infractioninfraction

Historical FoundationsHistorical Foundations Evidence of early maps:Evidence of early maps:

• Babylonians- earth as flat circular disk on clay Babylonians- earth as flat circular disk on clay tabletstablets

• Pre-Columbian maps in MX- footprints to rep. Pre-Columbian maps in MX- footprints to rep. roadsroads

• Inuit/Eskimos- coastal mapsInuit/Eskimos- coastal maps• Incas- relief maps of stone and clayIncas- relief maps of stone and clay• Chinese- lit. refers to maps 7Chinese- lit. refers to maps 7thth century BCE century BCE

Plato-Plato- 1 1stst to say world is round to say world is round Aristotle-Aristotle- proved it w/ Earth’s shadow proved it w/ Earth’s shadow

crossing the mooncrossing the moon

CARTOGRAPHYCARTOGRAPHY Hipparchus-Hipparchus- 1 1stst grid system, but grid system, but

lines followed natural featureslines followed natural features EratosthenesEratosthenes: :

• 11stst to coin term “geography” to coin term “geography”• Determined Earth’s circumference Determined Earth’s circumference

using the angle of the sun and two using the angle of the sun and two points on Earthpoints on Earth

99.5% correct!99.5% correct!

• Divided Earth into 5 climate Divided Earth into 5 climate

regionsregions

1414thth century- Marco Polo inspired others century- Marco Polo inspired others 1616thth century- Mercator Projection for mariners century- Mercator Projection for mariners 1717thth century- continents/oceans correctly century- continents/oceans correctly

displayeddisplayed 1919thth century- century-

• Nat’l Geographic Society formedNat’l Geographic Society formed• Metric System simplified, universalMetric System simplified, universal• Prime Meridian estab.Prime Meridian estab.

2020thth century century• Aerial photographs, remote sensing, GIS, GPS, etc.Aerial photographs, remote sensing, GIS, GPS, etc.

Modern ToolsModern Tools Remote Sensing-Remote Sensing- acquisition of data acquisition of data

about Earth’s surface from a satellite about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbitingorbiting• Used primarily for environmental Used primarily for environmental

applicationsapplications Global Positioning System-Global Positioning System-

determines precise location of determines precise location of something on Earthsomething on Earth• Used primarily of navigationUsed primarily of navigation

Geographic Information Systems

Map ScaleMap Scale Map scaleMap scale – tells us relationship between distance on – tells us relationship between distance on

map and distance on earth’s surfacemap and distance on earth’s surface• Ratio scaleRatio scale = ratio of map distance to earth = ratio of map distance to earth

distance.distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000

inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeterscentimeters so how many feet on earth is 1:24,000 inches so how many feet on earth is 1:24,000 inches on a map?on a map?

Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a 1:100,000 is a smallersmaller scale than 1:25,000. scale than 1:25,000.

• A A large-scalelarge-scale map depicts a small area with map depicts a small area with great great detail.detail.

• A A small-scalesmall-scale map depicts a larger area with map depicts a larger area with little little detail. Distortion is especially severe here.detail. Distortion is especially severe here.

Spatial ScaleSpatial Scale Using scale politically:Using scale politically:

• Local based movements Local based movements rescale-rescale- Zapatistas in MX created Zapatistas in MX created jumped jumped

scalescale by protesting NAFTA, using the by protesting NAFTA, using the internet for campaigns…moved from internet for campaigns…moved from local to globallocal to global

• Sometimes global generalizations Sometimes global generalizations can negate regional/local viewscan negate regional/local views

DistortionDistortion

DistortionDistortion occurs when a three- occurs when a three-dimensional object (Earth), is put on dimensional object (Earth), is put on a two-dimensional mapa two-dimensional map• The larger the scale, the less distortion The larger the scale, the less distortion

(zoomed in)(zoomed in) City maps have little distortionCity maps have little distortion

• The farther one goes from the Equator, The farther one goes from the Equator, the greater the distortionthe greater the distortion

Thematic MapsThematic Maps A thematic map depicts a single feature:A thematic map depicts a single feature:

• climate, population, landform or land use.climate, population, landform or land use. Types of thematic maps:Types of thematic maps:

• IsolineIsoline – connects points of equal value – connects points of equal value• ChoroplethChoropleth – puts features into classes and – puts features into classes and

then maps classes for each regionthen maps classes for each region• ProportionalProportional symbol – size of the symbol symbol – size of the symbol

corresponds to the magnitude of the corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature mapped feature http://flutracker.rhizalabs.com/

• DotDot – each dot represents some frequency – each dot represents some frequency

Dasymetric

Quick Map Quiz

• After each map, list what type of map it is, what is the variable that is represented (what kind of information we could use that map for/what kind of conclusions could we make based on the map data)

• Some maps it will be easier to tell what kind than to know what kind of information.

Back to realityBack to reality

PlacePlace What is a place like?What is a place like?

• Feelings that contribute to the Feelings that contribute to the distinctiveness of a spot on Earthdistinctiveness of a spot on Earth

1.1. Toponym-Toponym- place’s name place’s name• Named for person, religion, history, Named for person, religion, history,

prospective goals, etc.prospective goals, etc.

2.2. Site & Situation-Site & Situation- physical characteristics physical characteristics of itself and “neighbors”of itself and “neighbors”

3.3. LocationLocation- where is it (absolute & relative)- where is it (absolute & relative)• Time ZonesTime Zones

North Pole, 90ºN

Tropic of Capricorn, 23 1/2ºS

Tropic of Cancer, 23 1/2ºN

Antarctic Circle, 66 1/2ºS

Arctic Circle, 66 1/2ºN

South Pole, 90ºS

Absolute location is a latitude and longitude (a global location) or a street address (local

location). Latitude runs across the globe and

is determined by how many degrees north or south of the Equator (0) the location is.

Longitude runs up and down the globe and is determined by how many degrees East or West of the Prime Meridian (0) the location is.

• Hudson Falls, NY 43Hudson Falls, NY 43° ° N latitude N latitude and 73and 73°° W longitude W longitude

• Paris, France is 48Paris, France is 48°° N latitude N latitude and 2and 2°°E longitude E longitude

Relative locationsRelative locations are described are described by landmarks, time, direction or by landmarks, time, direction or

distance from one place to distance from one place to another and may associate a another and may associate a particular place with another. particular place with another.

Could you give me directions Could you give me directions to the mall from here?to the mall from here?

Time ZonesTime Zones

What is a time zone?What is a time zone? A A timetime zonezone is a region of the Earth is a region of the Earth

that has adopted the same standard that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the time, usually referred to as the locallocal timetime. .

Most time zones are one hour apart, Most time zones are one hour apart, and follow the and follow the UTCUTC (Coordinated (Coordinated Universal Time)Universal Time) match with match with Greenwich Mean TimeGreenwich Mean Time• Est. 10/13/1884 @ Internat’l Meridian Est. 10/13/1884 @ Internat’l Meridian

Conf. in Washington, DCConf. in Washington, DC

Standard time zones: geometrically Standard time zones: geometrically dividing the Earth's 24 sections, dividing the Earth's 24 sections, bordered by meridians each bordered by meridians each 15°15° apart (apart (FlemingFleming))

The local time in neighboring The local time in neighboring zones would differ by one hour. zones would differ by one hour. • However, due to geographical and However, due to geographical and

political reasons, not all countries political reasons, not all countries practice this.practice this.

• Daylight savings is also a factor.Daylight savings is also a factor.

Before Time ZonesBefore Time Zones

Solar Time (high noon)Solar Time (high noon)

Mass transit (19Mass transit (19thth c.) c.) railway time railway time• Not good for localsNot good for locals

Time zones = universal pattern + Time zones = universal pattern + approx. solar timeapprox. solar time

The increase in worldwide The increase in worldwide communication has further increased the communication has further increased the need for people to have an need for people to have an understanding of time zones.understanding of time zones.

Why would a Houstonian not schedule a Why would a Houstonian not schedule a telephone conference with Japan at 2:00 telephone conference with Japan at 2:00

pm, Houston time?pm, Houston time?

Time Zone AnomaliesTime Zone Anomalies

France previously used GMT, but was France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European switched to CET (Central European Time) during German occupation Time) during German occupation during World War II and did not during World War II and did not switch back after the war. switch back after the war.

China has only one time zone.China has only one time zone. There are 40 time zones instead of There are 40 time zones instead of

24. 24.

RegionsRegions ““Sense of place” for a larger areaSense of place” for a larger area

• Attachment to Houston? Texas? The Attachment to Houston? Texas? The South?South?

Landscape- Landscape- cultural or naturalcultural or natural• Attributes that influence the overall Attributes that influence the overall

appearance of an area appearance of an area

““Culture is the agent, the natural area the Culture is the agent, the natural area the medium, the medium, the cultural landscapecultural landscape is the is the result”- result”- Carl SauerCarl Sauer

Cultural EcologyCultural Ecology Regions can be defined by human-Regions can be defined by human-

environment relationshipsenvironment relationships cultural cultural ecologyecology• Von Humboldt & Ritter: Von Humboldt & Ritter: environmentalenvironmental

determinism-determinism- Cultures are a direct result of where they existCultures are a direct result of where they exist

• Huntington: Huntington: climateclimate is a major determinant is a major determinant of civilization (NW Europeans are more of civilization (NW Europeans are more productive b/c in moderate climate)productive b/c in moderate climate)

Cultural EcologyCultural Ecology

Determinism rejected by modern Determinism rejected by modern geographersgeographers

Possibilism-Possibilism- environment may limit environment may limit but people have ability to adapt and but people have ability to adapt and modifymodify• Choose which crop grows best in your Choose which crop grows best in your

climate (rice vs. wheat)climate (rice vs. wheat)• Terracing/Air ConditioningTerracing/Air Conditioning• Culture differencesCulture differences

FormalFormal regions regions are those are those defined by governmental or defined by governmental or administrative boundariesadministrative boundaries • These regional boundaries are not These regional boundaries are not

open to dispute, therefore physical open to dispute, therefore physical regions fall under this category regions fall under this category

FunctionalFunctional regions regions are those are those defined by a functiondefined by a function • If the function ceases to exists, the If the function ceases to exists, the

region no longer exists. region no longer exists. VernacularVernacular regions regions are those are those

loosely defined by people's loosely defined by people's perception; part of cultural perception; part of cultural identityidentity

REGIONREGIONFormalFormal (uniform) regions (uniform) regions::

• Defined by govn’t. (USA, Brazil, Texas)Defined by govn’t. (USA, Brazil, Texas)• Or physical features (Rockies, Great Or physical features (Rockies, Great

Lake States)Lake States)• Or common Or common

characteristic characteristic

(Corn Belt, (Corn Belt,

Rust Belt)Rust Belt)

REGIONREGION FunctionalFunctional regions regions: organized : organized

around a set of interactions and around a set of interactions and connection between places connection between places ((usually usually characterized by a hub, or central place, and characterized by a hub, or central place, and links to the central place)links to the central place)• a newspaper’sa newspaper’s distribution routedistribution route

REGIONREGION Vernacular/PerceptualVernacular/Perceptual regions regions::

• people perceive the characteristics of the people perceive the characteristics of the region in the same way (loosely defined)region in the same way (loosely defined)

• The Middle East (what countries are actually The Middle East (what countries are actually included? Is it linked b/c of oil? Islam?)included? Is it linked b/c of oil? Islam?)

• Bible Belt – southeastern states in U.S. = Bible Belt – southeastern states in U.S. = strict Protestantsstrict Protestants

Perceptual Region The states in dark

red are almost always included in modern day definitions of the Southern United States, while those in medium red are usually included. Those cross-shaded are sometimes included due to their historic connections to the South.

Quick Map Quiz

After each map, list what type of REGION you think is being portrayed.

GlobalizationGlobalization The increasing The increasing

interconnectednessinterconnectedness of different parts of of different parts of the world through the world through common processes of common processes of economiceconomic, , politicalpolitical, , and and culturalcultural change. change. Economic Economic globalization is globalization is happening fastest.happening fastest.

Core-PeripheryCore-Periphery

CoreCore• U.S., Europe, U.S., Europe,

Japan, AustraliaJapan, Australia• WealthyWealthy• PowerfulPowerful• ControlsControls Media Media

and Financeand Finance• Technologically Technologically

advancedadvanced

PeripheryPeriphery• Less DevelopedLess Developed• PoorPoor• DependentDependent upon upon

Core countries for:Core countries for: EducationEducation TechnologyTechnology MediaMedia Military EquipmentMilitary Equipment

GlobalizationGlobalization

(new link)(new link)

“The Other Side of “The Other Side of Outsourcing”- Thomas Outsourcing”- Thomas

FriedmanFriedman

Spatial InteractionSpatial Interaction Movement of goods, ideas, & people= Movement of goods, ideas, & people=

expression on the interconnectedness of expression on the interconnectedness of placesplaces

Spacial InteractionSpacial Interaction depends on: depends on:• Distances Distances (measured physical space)(measured physical space)• Accessibility Accessibility (ease of reaching location)(ease of reaching location)• Connectivity Connectivity (degree of linkage in network)(degree of linkage in network)

KantKant- Geography: - Geography: spacespace :: History: time :: History: time• Answer the “why of where” (ex: Cholera Answer the “why of where” (ex: Cholera

outbreak)outbreak)

AcculturationAcculturation

AcculturationAcculturation – – when smaller/weaker when smaller/weaker groups take on traits of groups take on traits of the larger/dominant the larger/dominant culture. culture. • Can be 2-way process Can be 2-way process

EX: Aztecs acculturated EX: Aztecs acculturated into Spanish culture, but into Spanish culture, but some Aztec traits some Aztec traits remained and became remained and became Spanish culture in areaSpanish culture in area

Various Native Americans in European attire

AssimilationAssimilation Addresses the theoretical Addresses the theoretical completioncompletion of the of the

acculturation process. acculturation process. • cultural or behavioral assimilation-cultural or behavioral assimilation- which is which is

essentially the acculturation part of the processessentially the acculturation part of the process• structural assimilation-structural assimilation- the acceptance by the the acceptance by the

enteringentering culture of the value system of the culture of the value system of the hosthost group, the uniting of the ethnic aspects of the two group, the uniting of the ethnic aspects of the two groups, and the incorporation of the new group groups, and the incorporation of the new group within the occupational structure of the host. within the occupational structure of the host.

• Degree of assimilation can be measured by Degree of assimilation can be measured by intermarriage rates and aerial segregationintermarriage rates and aerial segregation

Pitzl, Gerald R. "assimilation." Pitzl, Gerald R. "assimilation." World Geography: Understanding a Changing WorldWorld Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, . ABC-CLIO,

2012. Web. 3 Sept. 20122012. Web. 3 Sept. 2012

BARRIERS TO DIFFUSIONBARRIERS TO DIFFUSION

• TIME and DISTANCE DECAYTIME and DISTANCE DECAY – – farther farther from the source & the more time it takes, the less from the source & the more time it takes, the less likely innovation adoptedlikely innovation adopted

• CULTURAL BARRIERSCULTURAL BARRIERS – – some practices, some practices, ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture – e.g. pork, alcohol, in a particular culture – e.g. pork, alcohol, contraceptives…contraceptives…

• PHYSICAL BARRIERSPHYSICAL BARRIERS – – physical barriers physical barriers on the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoptionon the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoption

Distance Decay GraphDistance Decay Graph

Learn to think Learn to think about distance about distance decay in a “spatial” decay in a “spatial” contextcontext

Think of distance Think of distance decay in terms of decay in terms of an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axisan ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis

Tobler’s 1Tobler’s 1stst Law of Geography Law of Geography

All things are related. However, all All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those other things being equal, those

things that are closest together are things that are closest together are more related.more related.

Space-Time CompressionSpace-Time Compression STC- STC- with with

technology, technology, distance (time) b/w distance (time) b/w places has places has • we know what is we know what is

happening far happening far away, and we know away, and we know soonersooner

• Diffusion & Diffusion & acculturation acculturation

DiffusionDiffusion DiffusionDiffusion is the movement of any is the movement of any

characteristic (expansion or relocation)characteristic (expansion or relocation)• A A hearthhearth is where the characteristic began is where the characteristic began

DiffusionDiffusion

Expansion Diffusion-Expansion Diffusion-• Spread of an innovation/idea thru a population Spread of an innovation/idea thru a population

in an area in such a way that the # of those in an area in such a way that the # of those influenced grows influenced grows continuouslycontinuously larger, resulting larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.in an expanding area of dissemination.

• People stay put, idea movesPeople stay put, idea moves• Types:Types:

HierarchicalHierarchical ContagiousContagious StimulusStimulus

(de Blij/Murphy – 7(de Blij/Murphy – 7thth ed., page R-20) ed., page R-20)

Kinds of Expansion DiffusionKinds of Expansion Diffusion

Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion – spread of – spread of an idea through an established an idea through an established structure usually from people or structure usually from people or areas of “power” down to other areas of “power” down to other people or areaspeople or areas• Start with social elite/politicians then to Start with social elite/politicians then to

othersothers phones, computers phones, computers• Start with urban then to rural Start with urban then to rural hip-hop hip-hop

Kinds of Expansion DiffusionKinds of Expansion Diffusion Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion – spread of – spread of

an idea/trait through a group of an idea/trait through a group of people or an area people or an area equallyequally without without regard to social class, economic regard to social class, economic position or position of powerposition or position of power• Influenza, colds, etcInfluenza, colds, etc• Silly BandzSilly Bandz• STD prevention WITHIN United StatesSTD prevention WITHIN United States• Facilitated by internetFacilitated by internet

Diagram of Contagious & HierarchicalDiagram of Contagious & Hierarchical

‘‘A’ is A’ is contagiouscontagious diffusion. Notice diffusion. Notice virtually all virtually all ‘adopt.’‘adopt.’

‘‘B’ is B’ is hierarchicalhierarchical diffusion. Notice diffusion. Notice the leapfrogging the leapfrogging over some areas.over some areas.

Kinds of Expansion DiffusionKinds of Expansion Diffusion Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion – the spread of an – the spread of an

underlying principle even though the underlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread.characteristic itself does not spread.

OROR Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion - involves the - involves the

transfer of an underlying concept or transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the ideabarrier to the movement of the idea

An example of Stimulus DiffusionAn example of Stimulus Diffusion

McDonald’s spread McDonald’s spread to India to India Hindus Hindus do not eat beef do not eat beef Indian McDonald’s Indian McDonald’s serve veggie serve veggie burgersburgers

The The ideaidea was was acceptable, but not acceptable, but not in its original formin its original form

                              

DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION•Relocation Diffusion-Relocation Diffusion-

Sequential diffusion process in which the Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. old areas and relocate to new ones.

Most common: the spreading of Most common: the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. innovations by a migrating population.

(de Blij/Murphy – 7(de Blij/Murphy – 7thth ed., page R-26) ed., page R-26)

Kinds of Relocation DiffusionKinds of Relocation Diffusion

Migrant Diffusion-Migrant Diffusion- when an innovation when an innovation originates and enjoys strong, but brief, originates and enjoys strong, but brief, adoption there. The innovation may adoption there. The innovation may travel long distances (& be thriving), but travel long distances (& be thriving), but could be faded out back at the point of could be faded out back at the point of origination origination • Ex: influenza in China will reach the U.S., but the Ex: influenza in China will reach the U.S., but the

epidemic could be over in China by the time it epidemic could be over in China by the time it takes hold in the U.S.takes hold in the U.S.

‘‘A’ is A’ is relocationrelocation diffusion as the diffusion as the personperson goes. goes.

‘‘B’ is B’ is expansionexpansion diffusion as the diffusion as the idea/traitidea/trait moves or moves or transports.transports.

One more look…Wal-Mart as bothOne more look…Wal-Mart as both contagiouscontagious andand reverse hierarchicalreverse hierarchical

diffusiondiffusion – WHY? – WHY?

DistributionDistribution The arrangement of a phenomenon The arrangement of a phenomenon

across Earth’s surfaceacross Earth’s surface Everything on the Earth’s surface has Everything on the Earth’s surface has

a physical location and is a physical location and is organizedorganized in spacein space DistributionDistribution• Density- Density- frequency something occurs in frequency something occurs in

spacespace • Concentration- Concentration- extent of spread of extent of spread of

spacespace• Pattern- Pattern- geometricgeometric arrangement of arrangement of

objects in spaceobjects in space

DensityDensity Can be used with any Can be used with any

object and any areaobject and any area Arithmetic-Arithmetic- total # of total # of

objects in an areaobjects in an area• Large population does not = Large population does not =

high density!high density!• China vs. BelgiumChina vs. Belgium

Physiological- Physiological- total # of total # of ppl per arable landppl per arable land

Agricultural-Agricultural- total # of total # of farmers per farmlandfarmers per farmland• Reveal a country’s efficiencyReveal a country’s efficiency

ConcentrationConcentration

MustMust have have same #same # of of objects & same area objects & same area before comparingbefore comparing

Clustered-Clustered- objects objects close togetherclose together

Dispersed-Dispersed- objects are objects are far apartfar apart

Ex: Neighborhoods; Ex: Neighborhoods; American BaseballAmerican Baseball

Franchises ClusteredFranchises Clustered

PatternPattern Can be irregular or Can be irregular or

geometricgeometric• LinearLinear

Houses, train stops, gas Houses, train stops, gas stations on highwaystations on highway

• Square/rectangular Square/rectangular (rectilinear)(rectilinear)

Grid pattern of streetsGrid pattern of streets

• CentralizedCentralized Ethnic neighborhoodsEthnic neighborhoods

• RandomRandom

Diversity in SpaceDiversity in Space Gender, ethnicity, sexuality are part of Gender, ethnicity, sexuality are part of

cultural identitycultural identity affects spatial affects spatial interactioninteraction• Mom’s activity space vs. father’sMom’s activity space vs. father’s• Ethnic city neighborhoods & busesEthnic city neighborhoods & buses• City/area reputations for City/area reputations for

openness/acceptanceopenness/acceptance