UNIT 1MATERIALS

Vocabulary • Names of materials• Characteristics of materials• Adjectives and dimensions• Word formation: SUFFIXES to form ADJECTIVES

Grammar and functions• Giving definitions & describing• Articles• Expressing measurements

NAMES OF MATERIALS1. Aluminium b Light to carry and silvery to look at.

2. Brass p Mixture of copper and zinc.

3. Bronze o Mixture of copper and tin .

4. Carbon dioxide f Gas produced in the combustion of fossil fuels

5. Chromium l Hard, shiny metal used to coat other metals to prevent rust.

6. Concrete k Building material made by mixing cement and gravel.

7. Copper n Soft, reddish-brown metal, used in wires

8. Gold g Valuable yellow metal which is a very good conductor.

9. Hydrogen j The lightest gas and the simplest element in nature

10. Iron e With symbol Fe, it is the main component of steel.

11.Lead r Soft, grey, heavy metal used in pipes, whose symbol is Pb

12.Mercury d Heavy, silvery metal, usually a liquid at room temperature.

13.Nitrogen m 80% of the air.

14.Oxygen q Colourless and tasteless gas supporting life

15.Tin i A can is made of it and its symbol is Sn

16.Uranium c Heavy, white metal whose atoms can be fissioned

17.Zinc a Hard, bluish-white metal used in alloys and in roofing.

18.Steel h Iron plus carbon.

VIDEOSECTION 1 : elements found in all stars.

Profile of the abundance of elements found in stars:

-immense amounts of HYDROGEN and HELIUM.

-LOWER amounts (2%) of the heavier elements• Peaks CARBON• OXYGEN• MAGNESIUM• SILICON• SULPHUR• IRON

VIDEOProcess: nuclear fusion• 2 HYDROGEN atoms= HELIUM +

ENERGY-> SUNLIGHT• HELIUM + HELIUM = CARBON• HELIUM + CARBON = OXYGEN• OXYGEN + HELIUM = MAGNESIUM• Right up to IRON

• For each of these fusion reactions to occur, INCREASING TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE are needed

DESCRIPTIONS• Silver is a very ductile malleable shiny greyish-white element having the

highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal. (0) Silver has long been valued as a precious metal, and it is used as an investment, to make (0) jewelry, and (0) currency coins. Today, (0) silver is also used in (0) electrical contacts and (0) conductors, and for making (0) mirrors, (0) photographic chemicals, etc.

• Glass is an amorphous inorganic solid; it is a hard, brittle, noncrystalline, more or less transparent substance produced by (0) fusion, usually consisting of a mixture of (0) dissolved silicates, as in the ordinary variety used for (0) window panes and (0) bottles.

• Graphite: a blackish soft allotropic form of (0) carbon, with (0) metallic luster and (0) greasy feel. It consists of (0) layers of (0) carbon atoms. Unlike (0) diamond, (0) graphite is an electrical conductor . It is used in (0) pencils, (0) coatings and (0) electrodes, as a lubricant, as a moderator in (0) nuclear reactors, and, in a carbon fibre form, as a tough light material for (0) sporting equipment

LISTENING1: what is a metal?• We are so familiar with metals that it might be quite a surprise to be asked the

question: What is a metal?. • Take magnesium for example. It burns easily. Why then do we regard magnesium

as a metal similar to say iron which will not burn?• The most important properties that distinguish metals from non-metals are:• they reflect light and thus are shiny• They are good conductors of heat and electricity• They combine with fluorine and chlorine• Most react with acids and with oxygen• Apart from these similarities, metals show a great deal of variation. • Gold, lead and sodium are very soft materials, much softer for example than

silicon and graphite, both non-metals. • Many metals corrode easily. • Gold, chromium and platinum, however, do not. • Some metals are very active: sodium, calcium and potassium combine easily with

oxygen, chlorine and fluorine. • Gold, silver and mercury, on the other hand, do not form compounds so easily.• Metals far outnumber non-metals: only 20 of the 103 elements known today are

non-metallic

ARTICLES1. .... Ø...corrosion is ...a...very serious problem in Ø. metallic

structures.2. .. Ø..iron is used in ... Ø. engineering due to ...its..... strength.3. ....the.. physical properties of .... Ø. matter will be studied in Ø

chapter 3.4. Ø fission is one of ....the.. two types of Ø nuclear reactions which

release Ø large amounts of Ø energy. The fission of Ø Uranium atoms is used in Ø nuclear power plants to generate Ø electricity.

5. The major component of Ø steel is Ø iron, a metal that in its pure state is not much harder than Ø copper.

6. Ø silicon is used as a semiconductor in the manufacture of Ø chips.

7. Ø plastics may be classified into two major groups according to their chemical composition.

8. Ø mathematics is basic for an engineer.9. An alloy is a metallic substance composed of two or more

elements as either a compound or a solution.10. In Ø Kevlar, an artificial fiber, the molecules lie straight, giving it

Ø/its strength and Ø/its stiffness

ARTICLES: MERCURYØ mercury is a/the chemical element whose symbol is Hg.It is a silvery-white, heavy, liquid metal. Compared with other metals, it is a poor conductor of Ø

heat and a fair conductor of Ø electricity. Ø mercury is the only common metal that is a liquid at Ø

ordinary temperatures. It easily forms Ø alloys with many other metals. When it combines with certain metals (such as Ø silver, Ø

zinc or Ø tin), the resulting alloy is called an amalgam. Both the element and Ø most of its compounds are

poisonous. Ø mercury and its compounds are used in Ø electrolytic

cells, Ø dentistry, Ø thermometers, Ø batteries, and in Ø medicine.

DESCRIBING• Definition: X is GENERAL CLASS • Composition:

It is made (up) of MaterialsIt consists of SubstancesIt has ComponentsIt is composed of PartsIt is formed by Pieces

• Characteristics: WHAT IS IT LIKE?To be + ADJ Shape (circular, elliptical)To look + ADJ Properties (flexible, tough)To seem +ADJ Colour (blue, greenish)To become + ADJ Texture (hard, smooth)

Temperature (warm, cold)Dimensions (long, thin, small)

To have + NOUN• Applications:

X is used for (+GER) / to (+INF)X is used in/as (+NOUN)X serves to (+INF)

VOCABULARY: Adjectives TEMPERATURE: Boiling, Molten, Cool, warm, Burning,

Icy

TEXTURE: rough, hard, smooth, soft, sticky

SHAPE: rectangular, straight, cylindrical, square, rounded, sharp, curved

COMPOSITION: metallic, plastic, ferrous, synthetic, organic, golden

SIZE: huge, tiny, minute, large, broad, short

COLOUR: light, bright, dark, opaque, reddish, golden

WORD FORMATION: AdjectivesADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS

LATIN ORIGIN OR ROOT ENGLISH ORIGIN -IC atomic -FUL beautiful

-AL/AR usual/linear -LESS harmless-OUS poisonous/ lustrous -(L)Ysunny-IVE destructive -ISH yellowish

-ENT/-ANT different/important

ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS-ING boring-ED concentrated

IBLE/ -ABLE responsible/drinkable

WORD FORMATIONSTAINLESS STEELS

• StainLESS steels contain chromium, nickel • and other alloyING elements • that keep them rust resistANT• in spite of the action of moisture or corrosIVE

acids and gases. • Some steels have unusUAL strength.• Because of their shinY surfaces • architects wideLY use them

• for decoratIVE purposes.

VIDEO: METEORITES• The Ballwell meteorite fell in 1965.• BROWN METALLIC skin due to ATMOSPHERIC HEATING• it consists of : SILICATES....... (..GREEN....olivine)• some..METAL (BROWN DISCOLORATION DUE TO

OXIDATION OF IRON)• chondrules• Section of a chondritic meteorite:• chondrules• SILICATES.....(OLIVINE........)• DARK............patches( IRON METAL.........)• Iron meteorites:• Blades OF IRON-NICKEL ALLOY (IRON WITH A LITTLE

NICKEL)• INCLUSIONS OF IRON SULFIDE......• Meteorites contain three principal phases:• 1- OLIVINE (MAGNESIUM SILICATES)• 2- IRON OFTEN WITH A LITTLE NICKEL• 3- IRON SULFIDE...........• Chondritic meteorites appear to have changed chemically the least since

their condensation from the primitive solar nebula. They contain HYDROGEN and HELIUM but otherwise their element abundance should be similar to the abundance in the solar spectrum.

LISTENING: Temperatures• The most commonly used metal in industry is IRON. Its

symbol is Fe, its atomic weight 55.19 and its specific weight is 7.86 GR/CM3. Its melting point is 1,528ºC; this is a metal which is magnetized quite strongly but above 768ºC it cannot be magnetized.

• Another metal of a great importance in engineering is ALUMINIUM, with an atomic weight of 26.97, a specific weight of 2.7 GR/CM3 and its melting point is 658ºC

• Among metals, LEAD is the metal which possesses the highest density, with an atomic weight of 207.22 and a specific weight of 11.34 GR/CM3; contrarily to other metals, however, its melting point is relatively low as it melts at 327ºC.

LISTENING: Temperatures• However not all metals have the same characteristics; as

an example we have MERCURY which is A LIQUID at room temperature; thus, the temperature at which this metal changes from liquid to solid is –38.9ºC and its boiling point is 357.2ºC.

• Non-metals, on the other hand, vary greatly with regard to their characteristics. For example, CHLORINE has a specific weight of 0.0032 GR/CM3 and its boiling point is –33.7ºC. However, SILICON, whose specific weight is 2.33, melts at 1,310ºC and boils at 2,355ºC.

MEASUREMENTS• X is 3 m +ADJ

(eg: The bar is 3m LONG)• X is 3m + IN + NOUN

(eg:the bar is 3m IN LENGTH)• X has a +NOUN + OF 3m

(eg: the bar has A LENGTH OF 3m)• The NOUN + OF X is 3m

(eg: THE LENGTH OF the bar is 3m)

What is it like? HOW + ADJ /WHAT + NOUN Is this object? (eg: HOW LONG / WHAT SHAPE is the

component? It is 3m long / rectangular

EXERCISE: Measurements1. The film coating the piece must be very THIN. It should be 0.05

mm THICK2. The light travels along THE LENGTH of the optical fibre3. How HIGH is the new tower? It is 10ft HIGH4. To make chips, a single crystal in the shape of a long bar of

about 10 cm IN diameter is cut into circular slices 1/2 mm THICK5. The beams needed for the structure must be 3 m LONG and 25

cm THICK/WIDE6. To take the recordings, the thermometer was placed at a HEIGHT

of 1.5 m above ground level.7. The piece of the machine is too long to fit in the slot, so we must

make it SHORTER8. 3-D objects have three main dimensions: HEIGHT, WIDTH and

LENGTH9. The reaction produces a layer on top of the solution, with

THICKNESSES ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mm10. WHAT IS THE PIECE LIKE? /WHAT SHAPE is it?. Well, it is

cylindrical

LISTENING: DimensionsCHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALLOY:• Stands very high and very low temperatures• melting point= 3,527ºC, below -58ºC

DIMENSIONS:• 2.35m high, • width =37 cm • 1.55m length of its base – 1.05cm top• it weights 782 kg

PERFORMANCE:• 1700 hours• 350 rpu (revolutions per unit)