Unit-1 Intro to Ae. PDF

8/11/2019 Unit-1 Intro to Ae. PDF

1/108

Introduction to AircraftIntroduction to Aircraft

Prof. Ravi Kumar Specialization- Aerospace Engg.

SoME, SASTRA University.


2/108

22

THE HISTORY OFTHE HISTORY OF AVIATION AVIATION

ss


3/108

33

ERAS IN AVIATIONERAS IN AVIATION

EARLY YEARSEARLY YEARS 10001000 BCBC ThruThru 1890 AD1890 ADPREPRE--POWERED FLIGHTPOWERED FLIGHT 18601860--19031903

EARLY POWERED FLIGHTEARLY POWERED FLIGHT 19031903--19141914WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I 19141914 19181918WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II 19391939 19451945JETS AND SPEEDJETS AND SPEED 19451945 19581958SPACESPACE 19581958 -- PRESENTPRESENT


4/108

Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages

1000B.C to 1250A.D1000B.C to 1250A.DMan's observations of the earth around him aroused hisMan's observations of the earth around him aroused hiscuriosity and often inspired him to attempt thecuriosity and often inspired him to attempt theimpossible.impossible.The Greek mythThe Greek myth ofof DaedalusDaedalus and his sonand his son IcarusIcaruswas written around 1000 B.C. The myth states thatwas written around 1000 B.C. The myth states thatafterafter DaedalusDaedalus built thebuilt the labyrinthlabyrinth the king of Cretethe king of Cretethrew him in it to test itthrew him in it to test it. .He andHe and his sonhis son IcarusIcarus escaped by building wingsescaped by building w ings

of wax and f lying away. Howeverof wax and f lying away. However IcarusIcarus flew tooflew toohigh and the wax in his wings began to melt. Hishigh and the wax in his wings began to melt. Hiswings collapsed and he plunged to hi s death in thewings collapsed and he plunged to hi s death in thesea.sea.Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China wereKites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China wereancestors of modern aviation and the airplaneancestors of modern aviation and the airplane. .InIn the yearthe year 1020 A.D1020 A.D .. OliverOliver ofof MalmesburyMalmesbury put on aput on apair of wings and leapt from the top of an abbey. Hepair of wings and leapt from the top of an abbey. Helanded very hard and broke his legs. Luckily helanded very hard and broke his legs. Luckily hesurvived the crash. Many others attempted to f lysurvived the crash. Many others attempted to f lywith " wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally.with " wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally.


5/108


1250 to 17501250 to 1750LeonardoLeonardo dada VinciVinci spent most of his li fespent most of his li feexploring flight and left the world aboutexploring flight and left the world about160 documents of sketches and160 documents of sketches andobservations about flightobservations about flight. .

He made important discoveries aboutHe made important discoveries aboutthe center of gravitythe center of gravity ,, the center ofthe center ofpressure, and streamliningpressure, and streamlining ..

ButBut like so many people of his time helike so many people of h is time he

was obsessed with learning to fly like awas obsessed with learning to fly like abird.bird.


6/108

NOTESNOTES Lighter than AirLighter than Air

FlightFlightTheMontgolfierbrothers aregenerallygiven credit for

the inventionof the hot airballoon.


7/108


1750 to 18501750 to 1850What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace?What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace?

This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity.This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity.Joseph and Etienne MontgolfierJoseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed thedesigned thefirst successful flying craft. Their observationsfirst successful flying craft. Their observationsled them to believe that burning created a gas,led them to believe that burning created a gas,which they called "Montgolfier's gas," causingwhich they called "Montgolfier's gas," causinga craft to rise.a craft to rise. They constructed a balloonThey constructed a balloonmade of cloth and paper.made of cloth and paper. TheThe first aviatorsfirst aviatorswere awere a duck, rooster, and a sheepduck, rooster, and a sheep . Then in. Then in17831783 a crowd in Paris watched as aa crowd in Paris watched as aMontgolfier balloon carriedMontgolfier balloon carried two French mentwo French men ..The way the balloons worked is hot air andThe way the balloons worked is hot air andgases filled the balloon causing it to lif t. Oncegases filled the balloon causing it to lif t. Onceit was in the air it simply went wherever theit was in the air it simply went wherever thewind took it. To counter this problemwind took it. To counter this problem HenriHenriGiffardGiffard designed a round oval shaped balloondesigned a round oval shaped ballooncalled acalled a blimpblimp and combined it with a steamand combined it with a steamengine to make itengine to make it steerablesteerable . When gasol ine. When gasol ineengines were invented they became a majorengines were invented they became a majorsource of transportation across the Atlanticsource of transportation across the AtlanticOcean. TheOcean. The HindenburgHindenburg zeppelinzeppelin disaster indisaster in1937 caused the end for these large1937 caused the end for these large airshipsairships ..


8/108


1850 to 19001850 to 1900Sir GeorgeSir George CayleyCayley set in motion theset in motion the

future study of aerodynamics in afuture study of aerodynamics in asingle sentence. "The whole problemsingle sentence. "The whole problemis confined within these limits, namelyis confined within these limits, namelyto make a surface support a givento make a surface support a given

weight by the application of power toweight by the application of power tothe resistance of air."the resistance of air."Sir GeorgeSir George CayleyCayley experimentedexperimentedwithwith glidersgliders at his home inat his home inYorkshire. He was the first toYorkshire. He was the first todiscover how wings work.discover how wings work. CayleyCayleydiscovered that wings are lifted ondiscovered that wings are lifted on

the air. He also constructed the firstthe air. He also constructed the firstaircraft that was heavier than air.aircraft that was heavier than air.He is now recognized asHe is now recognized as the fatherthe fatherof aviationof aviation . He came up with many. He came up with manyprinciples of heavier principles of heavier- -thanthan--air flight.air fligh t.


9/108


1850 to 19001850 to 1900In 1896, the German engineer,In 1896, the German engineer,Otto LilienthalOtto Lilienthal , tested several, tested severalmonoplanemonoplane andand biplanebiplane gliders.gliders.He built and flew the first gliderHe built and flew the first glidercapable of carrying a person, butcapable of carrying a person, butdied when he crashed in a suddendied when he crashed in a suddengust of wind before he couldgust of wind before he couldfinish his powered plane.finish his powered plane.The structure of an airplane as weThe structure of an airplane as weknow it today was in its formativeknow it today was in its formativeyears. What are the parts of ayears. What are the parts of aplane and how does eachplane and how does eachfunction?function?


10/108

Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages1900 to 19351900 to 1935

ThatThat waswas Wilbur Wright'sWilbur Wright's statement tostatement to TheThe Associated Press, Associated Press, January 5, 1904January 5, 1904 ..

At At 10:35 a.m. on December 17, 1903 the10:35 a.m. on December 17, 1903 theworld's fir st successful airplane known as theworld's fir st successful airplane known as theFlyer IFlyer I accelerated along its launching rail andaccelerated along its launching rail andflew through the air. Twelve seconds later itflew through the air. Twelve seconds later itlanded 100 yards away on the soft sand at Killlanded 100 yards away on the soft sand at KillDevil Hill s near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.Devil Hill s near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.The pilot Orville and his bro ther Wilbur hadThe pilot Orville and his bro ther Wilbur hadexperimented for four years with ki tes andexperimented for four years with ki tes andengines to make the first successful flightengines to make the first successful flightever.ever.The brothers had made their own engine thatThe brothers had made their own engine thatweighed 200 pounds and had fourweighed 200 pounds and had four cylinderscylinders . It. Itcould make 12 horse power, a sixth of thecould make 12 horse power, a sixth of theengine power of a small car. It had no seat andengine power of a small car. It had no seat andthe pilot had to lay in a cradle in the bottomthe pilot had to lay in a cradle in the bottomwing.wing.


11/108

1111

EARLY POWERED FLIGHTEARLY POWERED FLIGHT

19031903--19141914GLEN CURTISGLEN CURTIS 1878 TO 19301878 TO 1930

INVENTER AILERON CONTROLSINVENTER AILERON CONTROLSMOTORCYCLE RACERMOTORCYCLE RACER


12/108

1212

EARLY POWERED FLIGHTEARLY POWERED FLIGHT19031903--19141914

GLEN L MARTINGLEN L MARTIN 1886 TO 19551886 TO 1955 AIRCRAFT DESIGNER AIRCRAFT DESIGNER


13/108

Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages1900 A.D to 1935 A.D1900 A.D to 1935 A.D

The Wright brothers cont inued to perfect their planeThe Wright brothers cont inued to perfect their planeand it was in a Wrightand it was in a Wright biplanebiplane that the firstthat the firsttranscontinental flight was made bytranscontinental fl ight was made by CalbraithCalbraith P.P.Rodgers,Rodgers, in 1911in 1911 ..

The key to their success was to learn how to controlThe key to their success was to learn how to controlthe plane. How were they able to accomplish thisthe plane. How were they able to accomplish thistask?task?

In 1914 World War IIn 1914 World War I broke out . At f irst planes werebroke out . At f irst planes wereused most ly for reconnaissance, but l ater planesused most ly for reconnaissance, but l ater planesdeveloped intodeveloped into biplanebiplane andand triplanetriplane fighters andfighters andbombers. Exper iments were done with even morebombers. Experiments were done with even moresets of wings, but most failed. The main fighters ofsets of wings, but most failed. The main fighters ofthe war were thethe war were the BritishBritish SopwithSopwith " Camel"Camel ," its cousin,," its cousin,"The Snipe,""The Snipe," and the famousand the famous German FokkerGerman Fokker Df.IDf.Iwhich was flown by the infamouswhich was flown by the infamous RedRed BaronBaron ..TheThe compasscompass was an important instrument to thesewas an important instrument to theseearly f ighters. How do they work? How has theearly f ighters. How do they work? How has thetechnology changed over the decades?technology changed over the decades?


14/108

1414

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I19141914 -- 19181918

WAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE BETWEEN ENGLANDWAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE AGAINST GERMANY AND AUSTRIA AND FRANCE AGAINST GERMANY AND AUSTRIA

GREAT ADVANCES IN BOTH SINGLE ENGINE ANDGREAT ADVANCES IN BOTH SINGLE ENGINE ANDMULTIMULTI--ENGINE AIRCRAFT AND DIRGIBLESENGINE AIRCRAFT AND DIRGIBLES


15/108

1515

WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II19391939 -- 19451945

WORLD WAR II INVOLVED ALL OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES OFWORLD WAR II INVOLVED ALL OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES OFTHE WORLD. AVIATION MADE GIANTIC ADVANCES DURINGTHE WORLD. AVIATION MADE GIANTIC ADVANCES DURINGTHIS PERIOD.THIS PERIOD.

PRESSURIZED BOMBER CABINSPRESSURIZED BOMBER CABINS

ALL WEATHER FLIGHT ALL WEATHER FLIGHTJET PROPULSIONJET PROPULSIONENORMOUS NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCEDENORMOUS NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCEDRADAR AND RADIORADAR AND RADIO NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION

Altimeter & Airspeed Indicator Altimeter & Airspeed Indicator were installed (1930s)were installed (1930s)Most innovative period of AviationMost innovative period of Aviation


16/108


1935 A.D to 1950 A.D1935 A.D to 1950 A.D

New technologies developed throughout theNew technologies developed throughout thecourse of World War II. The motto wascourse of World War II. The motto was if youif youcommanded the skies you could win the war commanded the skies you could win the war ..

WorldWorld War IIWar II implemented almostimplemented almostexclusivelyexclusively monoplanesmonoplanes . Both sides of. Both sides ofthe war manufactured li terally thousandsthe war manufactured li terally thousandsofof fightersfighters andand bombersbombers . The main All ied. The main All iedplanes included the Briti shplanes included the Briti sh SupermarineSupermarineSpitfireSpitfire Mk.IVMk.IV, the American, the American PP--5151MustangMustang , the American, the American CC--4U Corsair 4U Corsair , the, the

American American BB--1717 , and the American B, and the American B- -2929

SuperfortressSuperfortress. .TheThe GrumannGrumann F6F HellcatF6F Hellcat was first usedwas first usedin 1943 and became the premier carrierin 1943 and became the premier carrierfighter plane.fighter plane.


17/108


The major air battle of WW II wasThe major air battle of WW II wasthe Battle of Britainthe Battle of Britain . For days the. For days themuch larger German Luftwaffemuch larger German Luftwaffeattacked the Brit ish Isles, but theattacked the Brit ish Isles, but thesmall number of British Spitfiressmall number of British Spitfiresalways seemed to know exactlyalways seemed to know exactly

where and when the Germanwhere and when the Germanbombers would be attacking andbombers would be attacking andhow large of a force.how large of a force.The reason for this was aThe reason for this was arelativelyrelatively new technology callednew technology calledradar radar allowed the British groundallowed the British groundstations to detect and identify thestations to detect and identify the

size, speed, dis tance, andsize, speed, dis tance, andtrajectory of the Germantrajectory of the German bombersbombersand send their Spitfires on perfectand send their Spitfires on perfectintercept missions.intercept missions.


18/108


After After Chuck Yeager'sChuck Yeager's supersonic flight insupersonic flight in1947, aviation entered a new era1947, aviation entered a new eradominated by jets.dominated by jets.

TheThe years following the war saw theyears following the war saw theaviation industry grow in leaps andaviation industry grow in leaps andbounds. The militarybounds. The military airforceairforce developeddevelopedmore effective planes to address the armsmore effective planes to address the armsrace with Russiarace with Russia. .TheThe BB--47 and47 and BB--5252 bombersbombers were buil t towere buil t tobe used to deliver nuclear bombs. Theybe used to deliver nuclear bombs. Theywere the world 's heaviest bombers andwere the world 's heaviest bombers andcould hold up to 99,206 pounds of bombs.could hold up to 99,206 pounds of bombs.Early bombers flew so high that the crewEarly bombers flew so high that the crewhad to wearhad to wear pressure suitspressure suits but later theybut later theywere used at low altitude because theywere used at low altitude because theywere harder to locate withwere harder to locate with radar radar ..


19/108


1975A.D to 2000A.D1975A.D to 2000A.D

Aviation Aviation hashas changedchanged muchmuch sincesince thethe beginningbeginning of of ti metime..

TheThe wor ld'swor ld's f ir stfirst supersonicsupersonic commercialcommercial passenger passenger aircraftaircraftoperatingoperating regular regular scheduledscheduled flightsf lights waswas thethe ConcordeConcorde. . ItIt waswasdevelopeddeveloped jointly jo int ly byby GreatGreat BritainBritain andand FranceFrance duringdur ing thethe 19601960ssandand 19701970ss whenw hen thethe CometComet 44,, thethe DCDC--33,, andand thethe ConstellationConstellationwerewere inin regular regular serviceservice. . NoNo other other supersonicsupersonic aircraftaircraft cancan fl yfl y asasfastfast andand asas far far asas thethe ConcordeConcorde withoutwithout needingneed ing midmid--flightflightrefuelingrefueling. . SomeSome militarymilitary aircraftaircraft cancan f lyfly faster,faster, butbut needneed inin--flightflightrefuelingrefueling. . TheThe ConcordeConcorde fl iesfl ies l i teral lyl iteral ly onon thethe edgeedge of o f space,space,highhigh throughthrough thethe atmosphereatmosphere. . PassengersPassengers areare eveneven capablecapable of of seeingseeing thethe earth'searth's surfacesurface. .

TheThe NighthawkNighthawk (F(F--117117A) A) firstf irst f lewfl ew i nin 19811981 andand beganbegan combatcombat inin19891989. . ThisThis jet jet waswas designeddesigned toto avoidavoid detectiondetection andand mountmount

precisionprecision attacksattacks. . ItIt isis thethe fi rstfirst stealthstealth combatcombat aircraftai rcraf t inin thetheworldworld.. ItIt hashas aa toptop speedspeed of of 593593 mphmph ((955955 kphkph)) andand isis loadedloadedwithwith 55,,000000 lbslbs.. of of weaponsweapons. . TheThe choicechoice of of weaponryweaponry variesvaries fromfromlaser laser- -guidedguided bombs,bombs, air air--toto --air air missiles,missiles, or or air air--toto --surfacesurfacemissilesmissiles. . Tw oTwo typestypes of of weaponsweapons cancan bebe carriedcarried atat oneone t imetime.. TheTheoutsideoutside of of thethe NighthawkNighthawk isis coatedcoated withwith aa specialspecial materialmaterial thatthatabsorbsabsorbs somesome of of thethe radar radar signalssignals thatthat str ikes tr ike i tit .. ItIt isis protectedprotectedbyb y 2424 hour hour securitysecurity withwith armedarmed guardsguards allall aroundaround itit.. Authorized Authorizedpersonnelpersonnel mustmust passpass aa palmpalm printprint testtes t toto getget near near thethe aircraftaircraft. .


20/108

2020

JETS AND SPEEDJETS AND SPEED

THE POST WORLD WAR II ERA PROVIDED THE AVIATIONTHE POST WORLD WAR II ERA PROVIDED THE AVIATIONCOMMUNITY WITH THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS AIRCRAFT ANDCOMMUNITY WITH THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS AIRCRAFT ANDTRAINED PILOTSTRAINED PILOTS

MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THIS WOULD CAUSE ANMANY PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THIS WOULD CAUSE ANEXPLOSION OF PRIVATE AVIATION, HOWEVER THIS DID NOTEXPLOSION OF PRIVATE AVIATION, HOWEVER THIS DID NOTHAPPEN AS EXPECTEDHAPPEN AS EXPECTED

THERE WAS A GREAT INCREASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OFTHERE WAS A GREAT INCREASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF

HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING INFORMATION PRIMARILYHIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING INFORMATION PRIMARILYGATHERED FROM GERMANY SCIENTISTSGATHERED FROM GERMANY SCIENTISTS


21/108

2121


THE EARLY AMERICAN JET FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE INTHE EARLY AMERICAN JET FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE INDEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF WORLD WAR IIDEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF WORLD WAR IITHESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE PTHESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE P- -59 AIRACOMET AND P59 AIRACOMET AND P- -8080SHOOTING STARSHOOTING STAR


22/108

2222


EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET AIRCRAFT WERE DEVELOPED TOEXPERIMENTAL ROCKET AIRCRAFT WERE DEVELOPED TOREACH VERY HIGH SPEEDSREACH VERY HIGH SPEEDS

THE BELL XTHE BELL X--1 AIRCRAFT PILOTED WORLD WAR II FIGHTER1 AIRCRAFT PILOTED WORLD WAR II FIGHTERPILOTPILOT CHUCK YEAGERCHUCK YEAGER BROKE THE SPEED OF SOUNDBROKE THE SPEED OF SOUND


23/108

2323


THETHE KOREAN WARKOREAN WAR BROUGHT THE FIRST JET VERSUS JETBROUGHT THE FIRST JET VERSUS JETCOMBAT WHEN THE NORTH AMERICAN FCOMBAT WHEN THE NORTH AMERICAN F- -86 SABER JET86 SABER JETFOUGHT THE RUSSIAN MIGFOUGHT THE RUSSIAN MIG- -1515


24/108

2424

JETS AND SPEED JETS AND SPEEDJETS AND SPEED JETS AND SPEED

BOTH MILITARY FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS BECAME CAPABLEBOTH MILITARY FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS BECAME CAPABLEOF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT IN THE 1950s WITH THE CENTURYOF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT IN THE 1950s WITH THE CENTURYSERIES FIGHTER AND THE BSERIES FIGHTER AND THE B- -58 HUSTLER BOMBER58 HUSTLER BOMBER


25/108

2525


THE PRESSURES OF THETHE PRESSURES OF THE COLD WARCOLD WAR LED TO THELED TO THEDEVELOPMENT OF BOTH MEDIUM RANGE ANDDEVELOPMENT OF BOTH MEDIUM RANGE ANDINTERCONTINENTAL RANGE BALLISTIC MISSLES SUCH ASINTERCONTINENTAL RANGE BALLISTIC MISSLES SUCH ASTHE REDSTONE, ATLAS AND TITAN MISSLESTHE REDSTONE, ATLAS AND TITAN MISSLES


26/108

2626

SPACE EXPLORATIONSPACE EXPLORATION

THETHE RUSSIANSRUSSIANS SHOCKED THE WORLD WHEN THEYSHOCKED THE WORLD WHEN THEYLAUNCHED THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE IN OCTOBERLAUNCHED THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE IN OCTOBER 19571957 ..THIS BASKETBALL SIZED, 183 POUND SATETLLITE WASTHIS BASKETBALL SIZED, 183 POUND SATETLLITE WASCALLED SPUTNIKCALLED SPUTNIK


27/108

2727

SPACE ExplorationSPACE Exploration

THE UNITED STATESTHE UNITED STATES FOLLOWED THE RUSSIANS BYFOLLOWED THE RUSSIANS BYLAUNCHING A 32 POUND SATELLITE CALLEDLAUNCHING A 32 POUND SATELLITE CALLED EXPLOREREXPLORER ININJANUARYJANUARY 19581958 . THE SPACE RACE HAD. THE SPACE RACE HAD STARTED.STARTED.


28/108

2828

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDSCOTT CROSSFIELDSCOTT CROSSFIELD WAS ONE OF THE GREAT TEST PILOTSWAS ONE OF THE GREAT TEST PILOTSDURING THIS ERA.DURING THIS ERA.HE FLEW MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT AND WAS THEHE FLEW MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT AND WAS THEFIRST MAN TO FLY TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THEFIRST MAN TO FLY TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THE

DOUGLAS SKYROCKET. HE WAS ALSO THE FIRST MAN TODOUGLAS SKYROCKET. HE WAS ALSO THE FIRST MAN TOFLYFLY THE XTHE X--15.15.


29/108

2929

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDNACANACA (NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE for AERONAUTICS)(NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE for AERONAUTICS)BECAME NASABECAME NASA (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS and SPACE(NATIONAL AERONAUTICS and SPACE

ADMINISTRATION) IN ADMINISTRATION) IN 19581958 . ONE OF FIRST EXPERIMENTAL. ONE OF FIRST EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT FROM NASA WAS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL AIRCRAFT FROM NASA WAS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL XX--1515 ..THE XTHE X--15 EXPLORED FLIGHT OUT TO MACH 6.7 (6.7 TIMES15 EXPLORED FLIGHT OUT TO MACH 6.7 (6.7 TIMES

THE SPEED OF SOUND) AND ALTITUDE OF 354,200 FEET (67THE SPEED OF SOUND) AND ALTITUDE OF 354,200 FEET (67MILES) ON AUGUST 22, 1963MILES) ON AUGUST 22, 1963


30/108

3030

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYOND

CIVILIAN BUSINESS AVIATIONCIVILIAN BUSINESS AVIATION BEGAN MOVING INTO THE JETBEGAN MOVING INTO THE JET AGE WITH THE BEECHCRAFT TURBO AGE WITH THE BEECHCRAFT TURBO- -PROP POWEREDPROP POWEREDKINGAIR ANDKINGAIR AND THETHE JET POWERED NORTH AMERICANJET POWERED NORTH AMERICANSABERLINER AND LEAR JET.SABERLINER AND LEAR JET.


31/108

3131


VERY LARGE JET AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED AND PUTVERY LARGE JET AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED AND PUTINTO COMMERCIAL SERVICE DURING THE 1960S. THESEINTO COMMERCIAL SERVICE DURING THE 1960S. THESEINCLUDEDINCLUDED THE DOUGLAS DCTHE DOUGLAS DC- -10, LOCKHEED L10, LOCKHEED L- -1011 AND1011 ANDBOEING 747BOEING 747 ..


32/108

3232

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDIN APRIL 1961 THE RUSSIANS AGAIN STARTLED THE WORLDIN APRIL 1961 THE RUSSIANS AGAIN STARTLED THE WORLDBY LAUNCHINGBY LAUNCHING YURI GAGARINYURI GAGARIN IN A VOSTOK SPACE CRAFTIN A VOSTOK SPACE CRAFTORBITING THE WORLDORBITING THE WORLD


33/108

3333


ON MAYON MAY 25, 1961,25, 1961, PRESIDENT KENNEDY ANNOUNCED TOPRESIDENT KENNEDY ANNOUNCED TOTHE NATION A GOAL OFTHE NATION A GOAL OF SENDINGSENDING AN AMERICAN TO THE AN AMERICAN TO THEMOONMOON BEFORE THE END OF THE DECADE.BEFORE THE END OF THE DECADE.

THIS BEGAN AN IMMENSE PROGRAM TO FLY MEN TO THETHIS BEGAN AN IMMENSE PROGRAM TO FLY MEN TO THEMOON. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXECUTED IN THREE STEPS:MOON. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXECUTED IN THREE STEPS:

PROJECT MERCURYPROJECT MERCURYPROGECT GEMINIPROGECT GEMINIPROJECT APOLLOPROJECT APOLLO


34/108

3434

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDON MAY 6 1961 NASA LAUNCHED ALAN SHEPARD INON MAY 6 1961 NASA LAUNCHED ALAN SHEPARD INFREEDOMFREEDOM 7,7, THE FIRST AMERICAN HUMAN SUBORBITALTHE FIRST AMERICAN HUMAN SUBORBITALFLIGHTFLIGHT


35/108

3535

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDMERCURY SPACECRAFT FRIENDSHIP 7MERCURY SPACECRAFT FRIENDSHIP 7 CARRIEDCARRIED

ASTRONAUT ASTRONAUT JOHN H. GLENN Jr JOHN H. GLENN Jr . TO BECOME THE FIRST. TO BECOME THE FIRST AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH ON FEBRUARY 20, AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH ON FEBRUARY 20, 1962.1962.GLENN CIRCLED THE EARTH THREE TIMES. THE SPACEGLENN CIRCLED THE EARTH THREE TIMES. THE SPACE

FLIGHT LASTEDFLIGHT LASTED 4 HOURS AND 55 MINUTES4 HOURS AND 55 MINUTES ..


36/108

3636

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDTHE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN INTHE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN IN 19631963 AND ENDED IN 1972 AND ENDED IN 1972THE PROGRAM CONSISTED OF 11 MANNED FLIGHTS.THE PROGRAM CONSISTED OF 11 MANNED FLIGHTS.

4 MANNED EARTH AND MOON ORBITIAL FLIGHTS4 MANNED EARTH AND MOON ORBITIAL FLIGHTS7 FLIGHTS FOR MOON LANDINGS7 FLIGHTS FOR MOON LANDINGS

APOLLO APOLLO 13 DID NOT LAND ON THE MOON DUE TO AN13 DID NOT LAND ON THE MOON DUE TO ANEXPLOSION ENROUTE TO THE MOONEXPLOSION ENROUTE TO THE MOONNEIL ARMSTRONGNEIL ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST MAN TO SET FOOT ONWAS THE FIRST MAN TO SET FOOT ONTHE MOON, JULY 20, 1969THE MOON, JULY 20, 1969EUGENE CERNANEUGENE CERNAN WAS THE LAST MAN TO LEAVE HISWAS THE LAST MAN TO LEAVE HIS

FOOT PRINT ON THE MOON, DECEMBER 14, 1972FOOT PRINT ON THE MOON, DECEMBER 14, 1972


37/108

3737

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYOND APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON. APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON.


38/108

3838

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDLESSON FROMLESSON FROM THE VIETNAM WARTHE VIETNAM WAR WERE USED TO DESIGNWERE USED TO DESIGNNEW MILITARY FIGHTER AIRCRAFTNEW MILITARY FIGHTER AIRCRAFTTHESE AIRCRAFT WERE THETHESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE FF--15 EAGLE, F15 EAGLE, F- -16 FIGHTING16 FIGHTINGFALCON AND THE AFALCON AND THE A- -10 THUNDERBOLT II10 THUNDERBOLT II


39/108

3939

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYOND AS A CONTINUATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION NASA AS A CONTINUATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION NASADEVELOPED THE SPACE SHUTTLE. THE SPACE SHUTTLEDEVELOPED THE SPACE SHUTTLE. THE SPACE SHUTTLEWAS DESIGNED TO PLACE A CREW INTO EARTH ORBIT FORWAS DESIGNED TO PLACE A CREW INTO EARTH ORBIT FOREXPERIMENTATION PURPOSESEXPERIMENTATION PURPOSES


40/108


41/108

4141

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYONDMILITARY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED THE NEW FMILITARY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED THE NEW F- -117 FIGHTER117 FIGHTER

AND B AND B--2 BOMBER TO ENTER HIGH THREAT MILITARY AREAS2 BOMBER TO ENTER HIGH THREAT MILITARY AREASUNDETECTED BY RADAR. THESE AIRCRAFT USE THEIRUNDETECTED BY RADAR. THESE AIRCRAFT USE THEIRSEALTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR THEIR PROTECTIONSEALTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR THEIR PROTECTION ..


42/108

4242

SPACE AND BEYONDSPACE AND BEYOND AVIATION CONTINUES TO GROW EVERY YEAR AVIATION CONTINUES TO GROW EVERY YEAR

THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO WORK IN AVIATIONTHE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO WORK IN AVIATION ALSO CONTINUES TO GROW ALSO CONTINUES TO GROW

THE FUTURE WILL BRING NEW ADVENTURES THAT ARE NOTTHE FUTURE WILL BRING NEW ADVENTURES THAT ARE NOTYET UNDERSTOOD OR FORE SEENYET UNDERSTOOD OR FORE SEEN


43/108

Introduction to AircraftIntroduction to Aircraft

Prof. Ravi Kumar Specialization- Aerospace Engg.

SoME, SASTRA University.


44/108

Lighter than Air Flight

One of the first people to make significantdrawings of aircraft was the great artist andpainter Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was born April 15, 1452 inAnchiano, near Vinci, Italy, and died May 2, 1519in Cloux, France.


45/108

The first airships

that were inventedwere balloons.

NOTESNOTES Lighter than Air FlightLighter than Air Flight


46/108

NOTES Lighter than Air Flight

Two brothersTwo brothers , Joseph and Etienne, Joseph and EtienneMontgolfierMontgolfier , made, made mannedmanned, lighter, lighter--thanthan--air flight possible.air flight possible.


47/108

NOTES Lighter than Air Flight

TheMontgolfierbrothers aregenerallygiven credit forthe inventionof the hot airballoon.


48/108

Principles of Balloon Flight

A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy

If the air or gas inside a balloon is lighter thanthe air around it, it will floatHot air takes care of the first challenge offlightgetting up into the air


49/108

Heavier than air Aircraft

Fixed wing aircraft, powered by engines orwithout engines are heavier than air aircrafts.Wing is an airfoil, which is so shaped that upper

portion is having more curvature than the lowerpart.When air flows over it, according to Bernoullisprinciple, higher the velocity, lower thepressure, so due to pressure difference aresultant upward force acts on airfoil, i.e., Lift.


50/108

Types of Aircraft:

Twin-engine Sportplane

TurbopropCargo plane Business jet

Single-engine


51/108

low-wing , depending on where the wing attaches to the

body of the airplane.


52/108

Retractables fly faster than fixed gear airplanes,tucking the wheels inside between take-off and landing


53/108

Floatplanes land on water using pontoons or floats.Some also have wheels so they can land on runways.


54/108

Seaplanes put their fuselage in the water, and with retractablewheels, amphibians also can use runways.


55/108

This is a twin-engine airplane or twin because it has two

engines and propellers.


56/108

Jet Engine powered Aircraft:-


57/108

A turboprops propeller is powered by a turbine or jet engine.Smaller airplanes, like cars, use a piston engine.


58/108

Some business jets fly faster , and many fly higher ,than airliners.


59/108

THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE

WINGS

FUSELAGEEMPENNAGELANDING GEARSCONTROL SURFACEENGINES

PARTS OF AEROPLANE


60/108

Major Parts of Airplane

WING

EMPENNAGE

ENGINE

FUSELAGE


61/108

PARTS OF AEROPLANE


62/108

Parts of an AirplaneFuselage:

Basic structure of the airplane to which wings,empennage and landing gear are attached.

It is designed to hold passengers, crews & cargo.Empennage (tail):

Consists of vertical stabilizer & horizontalstabilizer.

It provides the greatest stabilizing influence of allthe components of an airplane.


63/108

Parts of an Airplane

Cockpit/ Flight Deck

Front part of the fuselage and contains all theinstruments needed to fly the plane.

The cockpits have hardened doors, securing them fromunauthorized persons during flight, takeoffs and landings.

Cabin

Section of the fuselage for passengers, cargo, or both. A

typical passenger cabin has galleys for food preparation;lavatories; one or more seating compartments & etc

Cargo

Below the passenger deck where cargo and baggage arecarried.


64/108


Engine:Provides the thrust necessary for powered flight.

The types of engine depends on the missionrequirements of the airplane.

Wing

The wing is an airfoil attached to the fuselage and

is designed to produce lift.It may contain fuel cells, engine nacelles andlanding gear.

Airplane control surfaces (aileron, flaps, slat and

spoiler) also attached on it.


65/108


Landing gear :The landing gear can be fixed in place or retractable.

Many small airplanes have fixed landing gear whichincreases drag, but keeps the airplane lightweight.

Larger, faster and more complex aircraft have retractablelanding gear that can reduced weight.

Most planes today use what is called a tricycle landing

gear arrangement.This system has two large main gear units located nearthe middle of the plane and a single smaller nose gearunit near the nose of the aircraft.


66/108

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION

POSITION OF THE WINGLOW WINGMID WINGHIGH WING

NUMBER OF WINGSMONO PLANEBI PLANETRI PLANE

SHAPE OF THE WINGSDELTA WINGDIAMOND WINGSWEPT WINGGULL SHAPED WING

POSITION OF THE WINGSCONVENTIONAL WINGNO TAIL OR TAILESSHORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED ABOVE THE VERTICAL TAILCANARD TYPE


67/108


68/108

High wing:-

ADVANTAGES:-Suitable for Transport aircrafts, because it simplifies thelanding processes.

More stable in terms of Lateral, rolling motions.

DISADVANTAGES-

As high wing configuration can be strongly stable in roll, so weuse an-hedral wing on some High wing aircraft to partiallynegate this overly stable behavior in Roll.


69/108

Mid Wing:-

ADVANTAGES:-It provides lowest Drag because wing body interference isminimized., as Both High and low wing configurationsrequire a fillet to help in decreasing interference drag.

Well suitable configuration for Airliners and Military aircrafts.

Examples: High performance combat aircraft, Weapon systems,

Multi deck large transport aircrafts.


70/108

Low wing:-

ADVANTAGES:-The major advantage of low wing configuration is thedesign of landing gear.

Landing gears can be retracted directly in to the wings.

DISADVANTAGES:-

A straight low wing configuration is laterally Unstableaircraft. That is why we use some dihedral.

As here fuselage requires some ground clearance forEngine or propeller installations. Hence will require longerlanding gears . ( weight penalty)


71/108

According to the number of wings:-


72/108

Cantilever wings:

Full cantilever:- This is Aerodynamically mostefficient wing. It offers minimum Drag.The strength of the Wing increases from Tip toroot. ( M increases from Tip to root)Used in Heavy aircrafts.

Semi cantilever:- When pure cantilever wing issupported by one or two diagonal Lift struts, itbecomes Semi-cantilever wing. Used in Light &trainer aircrafts.


73/108


74/108

biplane Aircraft because it has two wings, one high andone low.


75/108


76/108

Nose wheel undercarriage:-


77/108


78/108

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSEA. CIVILB. CARGOC. MILITARY

I. BOMBERSII. FIGHTERS

III. INTERCEPTORS


79/108

Types of Airplane

Commercial

Military

General/Private

Experimental


80/108

Types of airplane and their uses

Commercial airplaneScheduled and charter airline flights, carryingboth passengers and cargo.

The larger passenger-carrying types are oftenreferred to as airlinersSome of the smaller types are also used ingeneral aviation

Passenger/ Cargo Aircraft Airbus A380


81/108

Military airplane

Black WidowWorlds Smallest Spy Aircraft

Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber

Refueling an airplane inmid-air


82/108


MilitaryFighters and bombers (shooting, combat)Search and rescue, reconnaissance (spying),

observation transport, and tanker aircraft amongothers.

Fighter Aircraft

Private Aircraft


83/108

Private Aircraft

Crop Spraying

Medical Evacuations

Tiltrotor planes


84/108


General and PrivateGeneral- Business jets , trainers, aerobatictypes, racers, gliders, firefighters, medicaltransports, and cargo transports.Private- Light passenger, business, orrecreational types.

Used for a wide range of commercial tasks,such as flight training, policing, crop spraying,and medical evacuations.


85/108

Turboprops are fast business planes, but can still use small

or rough runways


86/108


Experimental aircraftBuilt and used to explore some aspect ofaircraft design.The Bell X-1 rocket plane, which first broke thesound barrier (travel more than speed ofsound-supersonic) in level flight, is a famous

example.

X-15


87/108

FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE

PRIMARY GROUPAILERONELEVATORRUDDER

SECONDARY GROUPTRIM TABSPRING TAB

AUXILIARY GROUPWING FLAPS

SPOILERSSPEED BRAKESLEADING AND TRAILING EDGE FLAPSLOTS

Boeing 747 Elevator


88/108

RudderAileronFlaps

Rudder


89/108

Primary Control Surfaces

Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wing tips.Provide roll control- Roll the aircraft to theright or left.

Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tailProvide pitch control-Nosing the aircraft upand down.

Rudder: vertical surface located on the tailProvide yaw control- turning the aircraft to theleft or right.

Auxiliary Control Surfaces


90/108

Auxiliary Control SurfacesFlaps:

A movable control surface on the aircraftwing, used to change the amount of liftgenerated.

Flaps deflect downward during take-off &landing to increase lift.

Flaps retracted immediately after landingto decrease lift.

Slats:

A movable control surface on the aircraftwing, also used to change the amount oflift generated.

Slats enable the airplane to get off theground quickly and to land more slowly.


91/108

Additional Control SurfacesSpoilers:

Located on the upper wing which, when opened,decreases lift and increases drag.

They reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over thetop of the wing.They are used during the descend prior tolanding and immediately after landing.

Spoiler


92/108

3 Main Control Surfaces

The main control surfaces for an airplane arethe ailerons (for roll), elevators(for pitch) andrudder(for yaw).Pilot control the movement of the airplaneusing the control sticks/ yokes and rudderpedals inside the cockpit.

control yokes


93/108

AileronsAilerons are used to roll or rotate the aircraftWhen the pilot moves the control stick to theright the right aileron moves up and the leftaileron moves down .

This causes more lift on the left wing and less lifton the right wing.The difference in forces causes the aircraft to rollto the right.


94/108

Ailerons

When the pilot moves the control stick to the left the leftaileron moves up and the right aileron moves down .

This causes more lift on the right wing and less lift on theleft wing.

The difference in forces causes the aircraft to roll to theleft.


95/108

Elevator:

Elevators are used to pitch the aircraft up ordown causing it to climb or dive

To climb, the pilot pulls the control stick backcausing the elevators to deflected up .

This in turn causes the airflow to force the taildown and the nose up.To dive, the pilot pushes the control stick forwardcausing elevator to deflect down.This in turn causes the airflow to lift the tail upand nose down.


96/108

Rudder:

The rudder turns the aircraft right or left .On the vertical tail, the rudder moves from side

to side, pushing the tail in a left or right direction.To turn right , the pilot steps on the right rudderpedals. This causes rudder tilt to the right .When rudder tilts to the right , more lift is

created on the right, which pushes the verticalstabilizer to the left.This in turn causes the airplane nose turn right .


97/108

4 F d i l


98/108

4 Forces acted on airplane

1. ThrustThe force that moves the aircraft through theair.Generate by the engine

2. LiftThis force is generated by the flow of airaround the airplane especially to the wing.

Amount of lift generated depends onairspeed , angle of attack, airfoil shape , wingarea.


99/108

Lift Equation

=density, V=velocity, S = wing area,Cl=coefficient of lift (vary wit h AoA).In designing an aircraft wing, it is better to getthe higher coefficient of lift.Coefficient of lift is vary with angle of attack.Thats why by changing the angle of attack, theamount of generated lift can be adjusted.


100/108

Forces acted on Aircraft

3. Drag

Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft feels as itmoves through the air.

Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reducedrag.

Drag important during landing in order to slowdown the aircraft.

4. Weight

Weight is the earths gravity pulls down on objectsand gives them weight.

It includes the aircraft itself, the payload and thefuel.


101/108

Airplane can fly because.Airplane can fly because.1. Four forces acted on the plane2. Thrust generated by the engine3. Lift force produced by airflow to the Wing.

4. Drag is air resistance5. Weight is gravitational pull

ThrustThrust LiftLiftBoeing 747


102/108

How Lift is Created

As airplanes speed up or move forward, air ismoving to the wings.

Due to the shape of the airfoil which is the topsurface more curve than the below, makes the

airflow travel faster over the top of the wing andslower below the wing. Lift

Slower Airflow

Faster Airflow


103/108

How airplane flies?

According to the Bernoullis principles , an increasein velocity leads to a decrease in pressure.

So that, the air pressure below the wing is highermeanwhile the air pressure above the wing is lower.

This difference in pressure pushes the wings up.

And as both wings are attached on the fuselage, the

whole airplane body also goes up.If enough lift is created or lift is greater than theplanes weight, the plane naturally lift into the air.


104/108

Airfoil SectionAirfoil is the cross section of the wing that produces lift or

any aerodynamic effect as it passes through the air.

Leading Edge: Front edge of wing

Trailing Edge: Back edge of wing

Camber: Center line between top and bottom of wingChord Line: Line connecting leading edge and trailingedge


105/108

Angle of Attack (AoA)

Relative wind: direction of the airstream inrelation to airfoil.

Angle of Attack (AoA): Angle between the chordline and the relative wind


106/108

Angle of Attack (AoA)

The angle of attack (AoA) is related to theamount of lift.AoA , LiftIt changes during a flight as the pilot changesthe direction of the airplane.Too high an AoA (exceed the critical value) can

cause the airplane stalls.Stall means airplane loss of LIFT force, thusthe airplane may goes down.


107/108

-

Aerodynamic Centre and centre of Pressure:-

Aerodynamic centre(A.C ) is the fixed point on the chord line ofthe airfoil about which pitching moment is independent of the angle ofattack.

it is a fixed point and does not change with change of aircraftincidence.

Centre of Pressure (C.P.) is the point on the chord line of theairfoil behind the Leading edge through which the resultantaerodynamic force is supposed to act or the point about whichpitching moment is Zero.

It is not a fixed point in the airfoil and moves with change of aircraftincidence. Aerodynamic characteristics can be represented only by liftand drag.


108/108

Documents

Unit-1 Intro to Ae. PDF