Unit 1 History of Madness

8/7/2019 Unit 1 History of Madness

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Unit 1 History of Madness

Pascal: men are so necessarily mad , thatnot to be mad would amount to another

form of madness


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Ancient beliefs

There is evidence from Neolithic times of thepractice of trepanation cutting large holes

into the skull), possibly as an attempt to cure

ailments which may have included mental

disorders.

Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior

dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt,

Greece, China and India.


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Fifth century Greek physician Hippocrateswas one of the first to reject the belief that

psychopathology was a result of

possession. Instead he believed that

psychopathologies were a form of braindisease.

Hippocrates recognised three types of

brain disease; mania, melancholia andphrenitis.


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Along with physical ailments, he believed

that psychopathologies were caused by animbalance of four bodily fluids that

maintained good health; blood, black bile,

yellow bile and phlegm.

Although his theory was a far cry from the

scientific classification system used in

psychology and psychiatry today, he was

one of the first to believe that it wassomething wrong with the physical body

that caused psychopathology.


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Further, he left records of symptoms

describing illnesses that are recognisedtoday as epilepsy, alcoholic delusion,

stroke and paranoia.


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The Middle Ages

Split between reason and unreason. Two

distinct entities were created. Madness

was the voice of unreason.

The birth of the asylum

Madness on the fringes of society.

Mental illness a cause for persecution. Stultifera Navis- the ship of fools.

Quarantining the insane.


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Treatment was harsh and inhumane.

Psychopathology affected many lives

throughout history. Until the end of the

dark ages Psychopathologies were

thought to be caused by supernaturalforces


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Enlightenment Era

Madness was increasingly seen as an organicphysical phenomenon, no longer involving the

soul or moral responsibility. The mentally ill

were typically viewed as insensitive wild

animals. Harsh treatment and restraint in chainswas seen as therapeutic, helping suppress the

animal passions.

Towards the end of the 18th century the moral

treatment movement developed, that

implemented more humane, psychosocial and

personalized approaches.


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Notable figures included the medic Vincenzo

Chiarugi (Italy) , the ex-patient

superintendentpussin and psychologicallyinclined medic Phillipe Pinel in revolutionary

France,the Quakers in England led by William

Tuke and Dorothea Dix in United states.

Torture was no longer thought to be

necessary. Humane treatment was advocated.

Mental illness was no longer thought to be sent

from God. Newer explanations came up. Mental illness was being seen from the

medical perspective.


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However the abuse did not stop

institutionalization continued.


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20th century

Rise of psychiatry and psychotherapy.

A deeper understanding of the mind

through psychoanalysis and biology. Institutionalization continues.

Different schools of thought emerge.

Psychology emerges as a separatediscipline.


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Pathology was located in the brain.

Genetic connections were explored aswell.

Mesmerism was used which later became

hypnosis which later became freeassociation.

With psychoanalysis came the talking cure

mind was explored.

Structuralism attempted to quantify

psychological phenomena. A research

tradition was born.


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Behaviorism negated the role of inner

states pathology was observable and

learnt and therefore could be unlearnt.

Cognitive psychologists took this further

and also attempted to study behaviour but

keeping in mind the mind. Biological schools go deeper in the human

body and locate pathology with the

individual- brain and genes.


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In the 1960s the anti psychiatry

movement begins. ( Foucault, Szasz,

Laing, Basaglia and Cooper) It challenges

psychiatry on the following grounds.

Institutionalization

Diagnostic categories.

Abuse of patients.

And other oppressive practices.


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However institutionalization remains a

problem today.

Abuse of mad people remains rampant.


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Question 1 Who is the patron saint of

mental illness? Question 2 Who was the founder of

psychology in India?

Question 3 Who is mesmerism named

after?

Question 4 What branch of early genetics

had a disasterous effect on the population

across Europe?


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Question 5 What is the study of measuring

the skull and attributing mental qualities todifferent physical attributes called?

Question 6 what is a mad pride?

Question 7 who wrote the Cannon ofMedicine?

Question 8 Who is the Greek God of

healing?


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Documents

Unit 1 History of Madness