Unit #1 Case Studies Diseases of The Central & Peripheral
Nervous Systems ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2013-2014
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The Nervous System The nervous system is the part of an animals
body that coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions of the
animal and transmits signals between the different parts of its
body.
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Central v. Peripheral Divisions Central (CNS) o Form: Brain,
Spinal Cord, Optic Nerve o Form: Protected by bone and/or
blood-brain barrier o Function: Integrates messages received from
extremities, sensory organs and internal organs Peripheral (PNS):
Form: Nerves and Ganglia outside of CNS. Includes 10 of 12 cranial
nerves Form: Not protected by bone or blood- brain barrier
Function: Relays messages between CNS and extremities.
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Autonomic v. Somatic Divisions of PNS Autonomic Divison (ANS) o
Function: Involuntary control over heart rate, breathing,
perspiration, salivation, pupillary dilation and digestion o Form:
Afferent (sensory) & Efferent (motor) neurons o Subdivided in
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Somatic Division (SoNS)
Function: Voluntary control of body via efferent motor neurons SoNS
also encompasses reflex arcs, which do NOT travel to brain but
instead rely on association neurons Form: Comprised of three types
of nerves Spinal Cranial Association
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Somatic Division (SoNS) The SoNS is responsible for controlling
voluntary movements, using efferent (motor) neurons, and reflex
arcs, using association (inter-) neurons. Three types of nerves:
Spinal: Innervate much of the body, and connect through the spinal
column to the spinal cord. (letter-number designations according to
the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column)
Cranial: Innervate the head, and connect directly to the brain
(especially the brainstem). (Roman Numerals 1-12 + descriptive
names). Association: Connects other neurons (not projection
neurons)
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Somatic Reflex Arcs A reflex arc is a neural pathway that
controls action reflexes (ex: patellar reaction) by synapsing in
the spinal cord (not the brain). This allows for faster response
time. Sensory information is still relayed to your brain, as the
reflex action occurs.
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Autonomic Division (ANS) The ANS is responsible for controlling
involuntary movements, such as heart rate, breathing, perspiration,
salivation, pupillary dilation, and digestion. It is composed of
afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons. The ANS is further
subdivided two divisions: The Sympathetic Division (Fight or
Flight) The Parasympathetic Division (Feed & Breed)
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the ANS
Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) Elevates blood pressure via
vasoconstriction Increases respiratory volume via dilation of
bronchioles Inhibition of peristalsis Dilation of pupil
Parasympathetic (Feed & Breed) Decreased blood pressure via
vasodilation Decreased respiratory rate Increased digestion,
urination and defecation
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Parasympathetic Shock?
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Lower Sodium Conductance
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Botox Protein derived from Clostridium botulinum bacteria
Prevents the release of acetylcholine (ACH), the neurotransmitter
than stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscle at the synapse
By preventing contraction of the pretarsal, preseptal and orbital
muscles of the face, glabellar lines do not form
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Five Major Diseases of the CNS & PNS Amyolateral Sclerosis
(ALS) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Muscular Dystrophy (MD) Parkinsons
Disease (PD) Tay-Sachs Disease All show similar physical
manifestations. All have very different causes and treatments
