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Unit 1. # 1. Middle Ages. Review: Periods of History. Period between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. D ating approximately 476-1450. MARK FOR REVIEW. SHOW. NEXT. # 2. Vernacular Languages. Review: High Middle Ages/Renaissance. The common speech of the masses. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Unit 1

Unit 1

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• Period between the collapse of the Roman

Empire and the Renaissance.

• Dating approximately 476-1450.

Middle Ages#2

SHOW NEXT

MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Periods of History

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• The common speech of the masses.• They were the alternative to Latin, the

language of the learned.• The late Middle Ages saw the rise of the

vernacular l iterature, though Latin remained the universal tongue of

scholarship, polit ics, and the Church in Western Europe unti l after the Middle

Ages and the Reformation.

Vernacular Languages#3

SHOW NEXT

MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: High Middle Ages/Renaissance

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• Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1479, which united Aragon and Castil le

into one Spanish nation.• During their reign, they captured

Granada from the Moors in 1492, took powers away from the Church courts

and Spanish nobility, and forcibly united Spain along a Catholic identity

through the Inquisition.

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille

#4

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Growth of Nations

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• Holy Roman Emperor elected in 1273. He began a long line of

Hapsburg emperors.• His marriage caused the Holy

Roman Empire to gain the Netherlands, Luxemborg, and

Burgundy.

Maximilian I#5

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Growth of Nations

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• Latin translation of the bible by Jerome (348-420 C.E.) and adopted as the standard version by the

Catholic Church.

Vulgate#6

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Life in the Middle Ages

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• Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state

that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East,

North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Ottoman Empire#7

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Life in the Middle Ages

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• Groups of religious and ethnic minorities who formed administrative units.

• These units were governed by laws particular to their needs

within the Ottoman Empire.

Millets#8

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Life in the Middle Ages

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• Epidemic that broke out in 1347 due to growing urbanization and

unsanitary conditions.• It spread along major trade routes,

and may have killed nearly 30 percent of Europeans between

1347-51. • Also known as the Bubonic Plague.

Black Death#9

SHOW NEXT

MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Life in the Middle Ages

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• War between the York and Lancaster houses in England for control of the

English crown. • The white rose symbolized the York House and the red rose symbolized the

Lancaster House.• By 1485, Henry Tudor of Lancaster

defeated King Richard of York. Tudor set up a strong monarchy in England.

War of Roses#10

SHOW NEXT

MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Growth of Nations

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• War between England and France which lasted from 1337-1453. King Edward III

(England) claimed the French throne despite France’s appointment of Phil ip

VI of Flanders as King.• France officially won the war and

expelled the English from all French lands except Calais.

Hundred Years’ War#11

SHOW NEXT

MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Growth of Nations

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• Era from 1300-1500, sometimes called the “Age of Transition,” as it marked a period of innovation toward modern

Europe from the Middle Ages.• Literally meaning “rebirth,” this epoch saw a return to classical Greek and Roman concepts and a flourishing

of humanism.

Renaissance#12

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Periods of History

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• Renaissance sculptor, scientist, engineer, architect, and painter.

• His most famous works include The Last Supper and Mona Lisa .

• His artist ic style embodied the spirit of Renaissance investigation and its focus on the real ist ic portrayal of human l ife.

• He l ived from 1452-1519.

Leonardo da Vinci#13

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Italian Renaissance

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• Florentine diplomat and historian who lived from 1469-1527.

• Wrote the famous essay, The Prince , which described his view of realistic

government with a strong leader concerned only with polit ical power

and success and embracing the ideal of seeking to be feared rather than loved

by the masses.

Niccolo Machiavelli#14

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Italian Renaissance

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• Italian diplomat who lived from 1478-1529.

• Published the most famous Renaissance book, The Book of the

Courtier. This became the archetype for the “Renaissance man,” who was versed in liberal

arts and social graces, as contrasted to the more unrefined

Middle Ages knight.

Baldassare Castiglione#15

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Italian Renaissance

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• Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism.

• He lived from 1304-74 as a cleric and committed his l ife to humanistic pursuits

and careful study of the classics.• He resisted writing in the Ital ian

vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his “lady love” who

spoke no Latin.

Francesco Petrarch#16

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Review: Italian Renaissance

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• Renaissance scholars of classical Greek and Roman

works of literature and thought who were great advocates of liberal arts

education and the importance of the individual.

Humanists#17

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Review: Italian Renaissance

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• Wealthy merchant family of bankers who controlled the Italian city-state of Florence during the

Renaissance era.• Their subsidization of the arts,

especially under Lorenzo, supported the flowering of the

Renaissance.

De Medicis#18

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Italian Renaissance

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• German artist who l ived from 1471-1528.

• Famous for his woodcuts and copper engravings.

• Influenced by Venetian artists, he was versed in classical teachings and

humanism. • He was also the first to create printed

i l lustrations in books.

Albrecht Dürer#19

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Northern Renaissance

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• Flemish painters who applied great attention to the details in their work,

particularly in their capturing of human facial expressions.

• Their altarpiece for a church in Ghent captures the expressions of Adam and

Eve in a way that is more realistic than the symbolic depiction of the Middle

Ages Artists.

The Van Eyck Brothers#20

SHOW NEXT

MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Northern Renaissance

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• English humanist, contemporary of Erasmus, and author of Utopia , in

which he condemned governments as corrupt, and private property.

• As the first lay chancellor of England, he was later executed by Henry VII I

when he refused to agree that the King was the supreme head of the English

Church.

Thomas Moore#21

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Northern Renaissance

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• Dutch scholar known as “Prince of Northern Humanists.”

• Lived from 1454-1536.• He crit icized the lack of spirituality in

the Church in The Praise of Folly , which ridicules the superstit ion, ignorance, and

vice of Christians on pi lgrimages, in fasting, and the Church’s interpretation

of the Bible.

Desiderius Erasmus#22

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Review: Northern Renaissance

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• The European inventor of the printing press, which allowed books to be printed quickly and economically.

• He used his invention to print copies of the Bible. This innovation aided

the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe.

Johannes Gutenberg#23

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Northern Renaissance

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• 1842 agreement ending the Opium War between China and

England and giving England control of Hong Kong and regional ports, as well as awarding British citizens extraterritoriality rights.

Treaty of Nanjing#24

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Age of Exploration

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• Founded in 1602, this joint-stock company had total

control over trading (mainly in spices) between

the East Indies and the Netherlands.

Dutch East India Company

#25

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Age of Exploration

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• A period of economic innovation that was a result of colonization and exploration between the late

fifteenth and eighteenth centuries.

• The Commercial Revolution saw the rise of joint-stock companies and the growth of mercantilism.

Commercial Revolution#26

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Review: Age of Exploration

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• Portuguese navigator whose crew first circumnavigated the globe and thus

proved that the world was round and that the New World was not a part of

Asia.• Furthermore, Magellan’s exploration

of the Pacific Ocean yielded its name because of its pacific, or calm, nature.

Ferdinand Magellan#27

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Review: Exploration and Colonization

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• Italian navigator who crossed the Atlantic several times and

officially called the land thought by Columbus to be Asia the “New

World.”• Later, a German cartographer

renamed this land “America” in honor of Vespucci’s work.

Amerigo Vespucci#28

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Review: Exploration Colonization

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• Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide from north to south the

Atlantic Ocean so that the two nations would not be competing for the same lands in their zealous explorations.

• Spain was to explore the lands west of the l ine, while Portugal was to have

the eastern region.

Treaty of Tordesillas#29

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Review: Exploration Colonization

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• Italian explorer commissioned by Queen Isabella of Spain to find a shorter route

to Asia by sail ing westward.• In 1492, Columbus sailed on the Nina,

Pinta, and Santa Maria going west across the Atlantic.

• He landed on what he called the Indies but were actually islands in the

Caribbean.

Christopher Columbus#30

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Review: Exploration Colonization

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• Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and thus found the route

to the Indian Ocean.• This helped establish an overseas

trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies, which provided

Europeans with the cargoes of jewels and spices they so desired.

Bartholomeu Dias#31

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Review: Exploration Colonization

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• Second leg of the three-part trade between Europe, Africa, and the

Americans in which African slaves traveled across the Atlantic.

• The slaves were sold for products produced on the large farms, or plantations. This passage was

cruel and fatal for many.

Middle Passage#32

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Review: Exploration Colonization

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• Fifteenth-century English explorer explorer who traveled

to the coasts of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and New

England.• His voyages led to England’s

claim in North America.

John Cabot#33

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Review: Colonialism

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• Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Walter Raleigh

were among this group of adventurous English sea captains who challenged Portuguese and

Spanish sea trade supremacy and robbed foreign vessels of their

valuables.

Sea Dogs#34

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Review: Colonialism

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• Dutch sailor who searched for the Northwest Passage

and claimed much of Northern Canada when he

was employed by the British.

Henry Hudson#35

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Review: Colonialism

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• England’s first permanent settlement (1607) in North America, it was located in

what is today Virginia.

Jamestown#36

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MARK FOR REVIEW

Review: Colonialism

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The End

REVIEWEND