VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

UNIT – I

Introduction

Although the modern automobiles have established an excellent reputation in regard to good service and reliability, there are a number of important items which require periodic attention or inspection if the car is to be maintained at its best over its useful period of life, with greater immunity to break down and with minimum expense to upkeep.

Maintenance means keeping all the systems and features functioning as possible to the manufacturer’s original design intent tons.

Maintenance helps the vehicle to start run and stop as the manufacturer intended, so that maximum amount of performance, reliability and service life are achieved.

Purpose

(i) To keep the vehicle in good running condition(ii) To keep the operation cost less(iii) To provide safety on vehicle operation(iv) To give feed back to manufactures for development and rectification(v) To adhere to the legal requirements of vehicle operation.

After the completion of the recommended running-in period for the new or reconditioned vehicle, and during the subsequent normal working period it is necessary to give maintenance attention to specified items at regular intervals to ensure satisfactory operation and freedom from trouble. This routine maintenance is to be done according to the manufacturer’s instructions is the maintenance manual.

With the majority of vehicles, it is used to assume that at the end of the first 500/1000 kilometers miles if the vehicle has been driven below the stipulated maximum speed, the vehicle will have attained it proper working condition.

The most important faults found in vehicles delivered by the manufacturers selling agents are:

(i) incorrect valve stem clearances(ii) wrong ignition timing(iii) water leakage around windscreens(iv) wrong setting of carburetors(v) wheels out of balance(vi) faulty door and boot locks (vii) incorrect front wheel alignment(viii) improperly adjusted brakes(ix) Non aligned head lamps(x) Incorrect spark plug gaps

(xi) Incorrect levels of lubricants and(xii) Insufficiently tightened nuts, bolts and fasteners.

Once these faults are rectified, the vehicle need not require much attention apart from the routine check-up of fuel in the tank, water in the radiator, charging of battery, level of water oil etc.

Maintenance works carried out after covering first 1000km

At the end of the first 1000 km, the engine-sump gear box, back axle casing etc: are drained and filled up with recommended grade of lubricants. All cylinder head nuts are checked for tightness, and the inlet and exhaust manifold ends are also checked. All working joints of the vehicle, carburetor dried pump, clutch, brake mechanism joints are oiled well. The steering system and spring shackles are lubricated. The cooling system is checked for leakage. Spark plugs, and automatic ignition controls are cleaned. Fuel filters are inspected and wheel alignment and lightness are checked.

Types of Maintenance

Preventive maintenance or scheduled maintenance

Predictive maintenance

Breakdown maintenance or unscheduled maintenance

Preventive Maintenance

It is a schedule of planned maintenance actions aimed at the prevention of breakdowns and failure.

Primary goal is to prevent the failure of equipment before it actually occurs Preserve and enhance the equipment or vehicle reliability by replacing worn components before

they actually fail.

Preparation of checkup

One should have the good understanding of the entire system and parts involved in it. Identifying the parts and the interval of which it has to be done. Identifying what has to be done

Maintenance Records or log

It is a journal or book of all maintenance performed on a particular vehicle. Each entry includes a date, mileage as of that day, details of about the type of work done, and who performed the service.

If also include receptor and a schedule for further maintenance.

It will clearly tell the frequency at which the oil changes, fire rotations, Brake inspections or replacements etc are done hence monitoring activity an be done early.

Determining preventive Replacement Time

Figure: Optimum Age Replacement Model

It can be seen that the corrective replacement cost increases as the replacement interval Increases. And the preventive maintenance cost decreases. On combining both cost we can get an optimum point that minimizes the cost.

Checklist

A check is a simple, usually usual, confirmation that the equipment or vehicle is ready for further use. A checklist gives us the list of components that has to be checked at regular interval time. It may be

1. Daily check2. Weekly check3. Monthly check4. Yearly check

Points to be taken care in establishing an automobile Service station/workshop

1. Service enhance: The approach to the service reception should be smooth.

2. Reception/Diagnosis (Service adviser)

(i) Warm and friendly Reception(ii) Careful listening to customer’s Requests correct diagnosis.

3. Filling Repair order and Estimates (Service adviser)

(i) Accurate preparation of Repair orders(ii) Clear Explanation of work and cost estimate agreement obtained.

Repair orders have log A and log B charts log A log B – distance traveled, Fuel filling details

Rough Estimate should be given to the customer. Service people should be allowed to service the parts which are not covered by the

agreements. (gets signature from customer).

4. Work allocation/Instructions (Fore man / Technician)(i) Work allocated for efficiency (considering technician skill level completion time-outside work

required etc).(ii) Accurate work instructions (eg. Nature of problem). Repair procedure proper steps completion

time etc).Upholstery seat cover worksBody Trim Bonnet (Engine Compartment cover)Fender (Wing) The panel above the wheel and side of the vehicle

5. Repairs (Technicians)(i) Reliable work, quickly accomplished(ii) Work performed neatly, observing proper safety rules.

6. Final Inspection [Foreman / Chief Technician](i) Quality of work checked (correct items Repaired)

7. Delivery preparation (Service Advisor)(i) Check on what work was done(ii) Clean inside and outside of vehicle(iii) Prepare Documentation

8. Delivery (Service adviser)(i) Explain Details (work done, charges, spare parts)(ii) Receive payments

9. Post service follow-up (service Adviser)(i) Check with customer Regarding work quality (ii) Enquire About customers satisfaction.

TYPES OF PREVENTIVE (SCHEDULED) MAINTENANCE Daily Maintenance Weekly Maintenance Monthly Maintenance Quarterly Maintenance Half yearly maintenance or fitness certificate work Yearly maintenance or Full fitness certificate work

Daily Maintenance

1. Clean vehicle2. Check engine oil level and top up if necessary3. Check radiator water level and top up4. Inspect tyre for normal pressure and ensure that no tyre is fist5. Check for fuel in tank6. Check up whether light and electrical accessories are functioning well7. Check up brake for normal functioning8. Start engine and check up performance

Weekly Maintenance

1. Check electrolyte level in battery and add distilled water if necessary2. Clean battery terminals and apply vasoline to prevent corrosion3. Check tyre pressure and inflate if necessary to correct pressure4. Check brake fluid level and top up if necessary5. Check tyres for abnormal wear. If abnormal wear is noticed check wheel alignment, chamber

etc.6. Wash vehicle with water mixed with detergent or with soap water.7. Check oil leak if any from engine, transmission and differential and arrange to rectify.8. Clean plays and refit if the vehicle is petrol driven9. Tighten joint belts and axle bolts.10. Tighten spring and shackle bolts and nuts if necessary11. Adjust fan belt play if necessary.12. Check up water pump grease cup and repack, if necessary13. Check whether Dynamo is functioning well. Adjust regulator if necessary.14. Check oil in steering box gear box and differential and top up if necessary.

Monthly Maintenance

1. Service vehicle at appropriate data2. Check up and adjust free ply of brake3. Check up and adjust free ply of clutch4. Soap wash vehicle, polish if the vehicle is station wagon.5. Change engine oil at appropriate mileage.6. Check up and tune up vehicle (minor) petrol driven7. Tighten engine gear box and body mounting bolt.8. Remove all the wheels, check brake drums, brake linings, change brake linings and turns up

brake drums if necessary.9. Examine all wheel bearings for what before refitment.10. Remove old grease and repack with fresh grease.

Quarterly Maintenance

1. Tighten body bolts and change packing if necessary2. Blow and adjust brakes

3. Carry out engine tune up if petrol driven vehicle4. Check up pedals side play and rectify5. Check up and renew engine counting beds6. During service, remove and clean shackle pin if necessary.7. Check up steering linkages and play and adjust if necessary8. In case of diesel engines overhaul injectors, besides the above items of wash, all the items

mentioned in the monthly maintenance schedule should be carried out during quarterly maintenance also.

Half yearly maintenance or fitness certificate work

1. Remove gear box2. Check differential3. Overhaul all four wheel brakes and the Universal joints4. Top over haul engine end decarbonizes5. Over haul carbonator6. In diesel overhaul injectors and pumps and recalibrate (This should be done by the authorized

agencies and preferably in air conditioned rooms).7. Overhaul water pump8. Overhaul dynamo and self starter9. Overhaul exhauster or air compressor10. Check all wirings and switches11. Carryout body repairs, including linear work 12. Repaint vehicles, if lorry or van.

Road Test Report:

1. The road test inspector or the machine makes the road test report after the completion of the maintenance operation.

2. This report contains the vehicle registration number, chassis number; job no, data of test etc.

3. The parameters to be checked included the following:

Front side and rear side abnormal noise. Steering and brake caliper noise. Misfiring, sudden stoppage of vehicle. Brake condition. Wheel and bearing check. Pick up of the vehicle. Mileage of the vehicle etc.

The road test report gives a fare idea of the condition of the vehicle before and after the maintenance operation.

Table: Road Test Report

S. No. Parameter to check Before work After work

1 Front side abnormal noise

2 Rear side abnormal noise

3 Front/rear suspension noise

4 Steering noise

5 Brake caliper noise

6 Misfiring / starting

7 Hunting problems / Stopping problems

8 Underbody noise

9 Abnormal noise from doors/glasses and body operation10 Overheating of engine AC and Non AC operation

11 Brakes poor / Weak line effective / noisy

12 Wheel bearings noisy

13 Drive shaft noise / vibration

14 Vehicle pulling to one side

15 Poor pick up of vehicle (with AAAC and without AC)

Trip sheet

The trip sheet gives the entire details of the vehicle before and after a trip. The starting km and ending km, time of start and closing of the journey time and the charges per km and also the overall cost of trip is described in the trip sheet.

TABLE: TRIP SHEET

Name and Address of the Agency REPORT TO

Mr. / Mr.-------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------

Engaged by Arranged by----------------- No.------------------- Date:-------------------

Vehicle Number----------------------------- Driver Name : ……………………………………

Rupees Paise

Closing Time ------------

Starting Time------------

TOTAL Time------------

Signature of the Customer

Hire Charges

Charge Per km

Driver Batta

Excess Hours

Excess Kms

Service Tax

Permit Charges

Advance Rs………… TOTAL

Driver’s Signature For Agency

Logbook

The logbook of a vehicle gives the details of the vehicle, which will be useful not only for the owner of the vehicle but also to the mechanic who might take the job of vehicle maintenance latter.

The logbook contains the following details: Distance covered Fuel consumption Average fuel consumption Best and worst mileage Total maintenance cost Running costs Faults in the vehicle Likes and dislikes Date of the previous maintenance report

Vehicle Log Book

Vehicle Reg. No: ………………….. Gas Diesel Miles Kms Kms

Week Beginning: / / Vehicle Name: …………………………….

Mileage: …………………… Driver:……………………………………..

Start Mileage

Finish Mileage

How many Journeys

Daily Total Signature

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Weekly Total

Gas/Diesel Engine Oil

Odometer Reading

Fuel in litres Product (gas, diesel or oil)

Cost

SundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturday

Total

Comments (Repairs, Accidents. Etc.,)

Vehicle Monthly Maintenance Form (T1)

Cooling system

Part Condition Comments

Radiator

Coolant

Hoses

Water Pump

Fan

Dashboard warning light

BrakesFront Brakes

Part Condition Comments

Master Cylinder

Brake Fluid

Hoses and brake pipes

Brake pedal (any play?)

Disks

Pads

Rear BrakesPart Condition Comments

Hand brake

Hoses and pipes

Shoes

Front Lights

Part Condition Comments

Side light-left

Side light-Right

Headlight-Left

Headlight – Right

Full beam – Left

Full beam – Right

Indicator – Left

Indicator – Right

Rear Lights

Part Condition Comments

Tail light – left

Tail light – Right

Brake light – Left

Brake light – Right

Indicator – Left

Indicator – Right

Charging System

Part Condition Comments

Battery Fluid level

Battery Terminals

Alternator

Fan belt

Dashboard warning light

Ignition System

Part Condition Comments

HT leads

Distributor Cap

Rotor Arm

Coil

Spark Plugs

Tires and Wheels

Part Condition Comments

Front Right

Front Left

Back Right

Back Left

Spare Wheel

Jack and Lu tool

Steering

Part Condition Comments

Steering fluid

Steering wheel play

Track rod ends

Upper ball joints

Lower ball joints

Wheel bearings

CV Joints

Gear Box

Part Condition Comments

Gearbox unit

Transmission fluid – auto

Gear Box oil – manual

Vehicle Service Form (T2)

Vehicle Name : ………………………… Vehicle Reg. No. : ……………………

Date of Service : ………………………. Mileage : ……………………………

Servicing to be carried out every 3 months

Unit Yes No Comments

Oil/ Oil Filter change

Air filter

Distributor cap or rotor arm

Oil spindle

Ignition leads

Check spark plug gap

Check and adjust fan belt

Check and adjust power steering belt

Check OHC belt

Check and replace broken light bulbs

Check front brakes

Check rear brakes

Adjust hand brake

Renew brake fluid if necessary

Check battery electrolyte level

Check and clean battery connections

Check wing mirrors

Check exhaust condition and mountingsCheck tyre pressure and type

Check wiper blades

Check front and rear suspension

Change differential oil

Grease wheel bearings

Grease steering

*Please see any additional notes on back of service sheet

Mechanic Signature: ……………………………….

Supervisor Signature: ………………………………

Vehicle Accident Report Form (T4)

Employee : ………………………… Age : ………. Sex : ……………..

Department : ………………………… Supervisor : …………………………….

Date of Accident : …………………………

Nature of Injuries:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Cause of Accident:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

If employee left work, time of leaving: ………………………

If employee returned to work, time of return : …………………………

Name and address of Physician:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

If hospitalized, name and address of hospital:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Actions taken to avoid similar incidents:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Comments:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Supervisor: ……………………………. Date : ……………

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN MAINTENANCE

Safety means protecting yourself and others from possible danger and injury.

HAZARDS DUE TO FAULTY WORK HABITS OR CONDITIONS

1. Smoking while handling dangerous materials such as gasoline or solvents.2. Careless or incorrect handling of gasoline, alcohol, solvents or other flammable fluids.3. Blocking exits.4. Spilled oil or antifreeze not cleaned up.5. Lack of shop exhaust system or failing to connect the system to the tail pipe of a vehicle

with a running engine.6. Allowing dangling hair, ties, sleeves or jewelry to fall into the engine fan, drive belt or

other moving part.

HAZARDS DUE TO EQUIPMENT DEFECTS OF MISUSE

1. Incorrect safety guarding of moving machines.2. Asbestos dust from brake and clutch lining.3. Misuse of compressed air.4. Flexible electric cord with worn or forward insulation.5. Compressed-gas cylinders improperly stored or missed.6. Hand-held electric tools not properly grounded.7. Automotive lifts not properly used.8. Jacks or safety stands improperly placed.9. Using a wheel-aid-tire balancer, without the hood in place.10. Letting tester leads fall into the engine fan.11. Sudden startup of the electric fan for the engine cooling system.12. Leaving a running power tool unattended.13. Playing with a fire extinguisher.

FIRE PREVENTION

1. Do not smoke or light cigarettes around gasoline or other flammable liquids.2. Leaking or spilled gasoline quickly vaporizes. Keep the shop doors open and the

ventilating system running. Wipe up the spilled gasoline at once. Put the rags or towels outside to dry.

3. Sometimes you must work on a vehicle that is leaking gasoline. Be very careful. Catch the leaking gasoline in a container or on rags. Put the soaked rags outside to dry. Do not make sparks, such as by connecting a test light to the battery.

4. Store gasoline in an approved safety container. Never store gasoline in a glass jug. The glass could break. An explosion and fire could result.

5. Oily rags can catch fire, without a spark or flame, by spontaneous combustion. To prevent this, always store oily rags and waste in a fireproof safety container. The lid should close completely.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

A fire extinguisher is a portable container filled with chemicals which can be discharged in a stream to put out small fires. The most common shop fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry chemical type. It can be used to fight ordinary combustible fires, flammable-liquid fires and electrical fires.

SHOP SAFETY RULES

1. Work quietly and give your full attention to the job you are doing.2. Keep your tools and equipment under control.3. Keep jack handles out of the way. Stand the creeper against the wall when not in use.4. Never put screwdrivers or other sharp objects in your pocket.5. Make sure your clothes are right for the job. Dangling sleeves or ties can get caught in

machinery and cause serious injury. Do not wear sandals or open-toe shoes. Wear full leather shoes with nonskid rubber heels and soles. Steel-toe safety shoes are best fir shop work.

6. Do not wear any rings, bracelets or watches when working around moving machinery or electrical equipment.

7. Wipe oil and grease off your hands and tools. You need a good grip on tools and parts.8. If you spill oil, grease, or any liquid on the floor, clean it up.9. Never use compressed air to blow dir from your clothes. Never point a compressed-air

blowgun at another person.10. Always wear protection when liquid spray or particles are flying about and using a

grinding wheel.11. When using solvents or other chemicals, wear goggles to protect your eyes. If you get a

chemical in your eyes, flush them with water at once. Then go to the doctor or a hospital emergency room.

12. Always use the right tool for the job. The wrong tool could damage the part you are working on or could hurt you.

13. Keep your hands away from the engine fan and accessory drive belts when the engine is running.

14. Do not stand directly in line with the engine fan when it is turning or the engine is running. Some fans, especially fans with flexible blades, have thrown off a blade while spinning. A flying fan blade may injure or kill anyone it strikes.

MOTOR VEHICLE ACTAn Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to motor vehicles.This has been amended several times to keep it up to date. The need was, however, felt that this Act should, now inter alia, take into account also changes in the road transport technology,

pattern of passenger and freight movements, developments, of the road network in the country and particularly the improved techniques in the motor vehicles management.

POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO MAKE RULES

(1) The central government may make rules regulating the construction, equipment and maintenance of motor vehicles and trailers with respect to all or any of the following matters, namely:(a) the width, height, length and overhang of vehicles and of the loads carried;(b) the size, nature, maximum retail price and condition of tyres including embossing thereon of date and year of manufacture and the maximum load carrying capacity.(c) brakes and steering gear;(d) the use of safety glasses including prohibition of the use of tinted safety glasses;(e) speed governors;(f) signaling appliances, lamps and reflectors;(g) the emission of smoke, visible vapour, sparks, ashes, grit or oil;(h) the reduction of noise emitted by or caused by vehicles;(i) the embossment of chassis number and engine number and the date of manufacture;(j) safety belts, handle bars of motor cycles, auto-dippers and other equipments essential for safety of drivers, passengers and other road users;(k) standards of the components used in the vehicle as inbuilt safety devices;(l) provision for transportation of goods of dangerous or hazardous nature to human life;(m) standards for emission of air pollutants;(n) installation of catalytic convertors in the class of vehicles to be prescribed;(o) the placement of audio-visual or radio or tape recorder type of devices in public vehicles;(p) warranty after sale of vehicle and norms therfor.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section;(a) the Central Government may exempt any class of motor vehicles from the provisions

of this Chapter(b) a State Government may exempt any motor vehicle or any class or description of motor vehicles from the rules made under sub-section (1) subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by the Central Government.

POWER OF STATE GOVERNMENT TO MAKE RULES(1) A State Government may make rules regulating the construction, equipment and

maintenance of motor vehicles and trailers with respect to all matters other than the matters specified in sub-section (1) of Section 110.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, rules may be made under this section governing all or any of the following maters either generally in respect of motor vehicles or trailers or in respect of motor vehicles or trailers of a particular class or description or in particular circumstances, namely:-(a) Seating arrangements in public service vehicles and the protection of passengers

against the weather;

(b) Prohibiting or restricting the use of audible signals at certain times or in certain places;

(c) Prohibiting the carrying of appliances likely to cause annoyance or danger;(d) The periodical testing and inspection of vehicles by prescribed authorities [ and fees

to be charged for such test];(e) The particulars other than registration marks to be exhibited by vehicles and the

manner in which they shall be exhibited;(f) the use of trailers with motor vehicles;

RULES OF THE ROAD REGULATIONS1. Short title and commencement – (1)These regulations may be called the Ruled of the

Road Regulations, 1989.(2)They shall come into force on the first day of July 1989.

2. Keep Left – The driver of a motor vehicle shall drive the vehicle at close to the left side of the road.

3. Turning to left and right – The driver of a motor vehicle shall4. Passing to right – Except as provided in regulations 5, the driver of a motor vehicle shall

pass to the right of all traffic proceeding in the same direction as himself.5. Passing to the left – The drive of a motor vehicle may pass to the left of a vehicle the

driver of which having indicated an intention to turn to the right has drawn to the center of the road and may pass on either side, a tram car or other vehicle running on fixed rails whether travelling in the same direction as himself or otherwise provided that in no case shall he pass a tram car at time or in a manner likely to cause danger or inconvenience to other users of the road including persons leaving or about to enter tram cars.

6. Overtaking prohibited in certain cases – The driver of a motor vehicle shall not pass a vehicle travelling in the same direction as himself: (a) if his passing is likely to cause inconvenience or danger to other traffic proceeding in any direction. (b) if he is near a point, a bend or corner or a hill or other obstruction of any kind that renders the road ahead not clearly visible; (c) if he knows that the driver who is following him has begun to over take him; (d) if the driver ahead of him has not signaled that he may be overtaken.

7. Overtaking not to be obstructed.- The driver of a motor vehicle shall not, when being overtaken or being passed by another vehicle, increase speed or do anything in any way to prevent the other vehicle from passing him.

8. Caution at road junction.- The driver of a motor vehicle slow down when approaching at a road intersection, a road junction, pedestrian crossing or a road corner, and shall not enter any such intersection, junction or crossing until he has become aware that he may do so without endangering the safety of persons theron.

9. Giving way to traffic at road junction.- The driver of a motor vehicle shall, on entering road intersection at which traffic is not being regulated, if the road entered is a main road

designated as such, give way to the vehicles proceeding along that road, and in any other case give way to all traffic approaching the intersection on his right hand.

10. Fire service vehicles and ambulance to be given free passage.11. Right of way. - The pedestrians have the right of way at uncontrolled pedestrian

crossings. When any road is provided with footpath or cycle track specially for other traffic, except with permission of a police officer in uniform, a driver shall not drive on such footpath or track.

12. Taking 'U' turn. - No drive shall take a 'U' turn where 'U' turn is specially prohibited and on busy traffic road.

13. Signals to be given by driers. - (a) When about to slow down, a driver shall extend his right arm with the palm,

downward and to the right of the vehicle and shall move the arm so extended up and down several times in such a manner that the signal can be seen the driver of any vehicle which may be behind him.

(b) When about to stop, a driver shall raise his right forearm vertically outside of and to the right of the vehicle, palm to the right.

(c) When about to turn to the right or to drive to the riht hand side of the road in order ot pass another vehicle or for any other purpose, a driver shall exten d his right arm in a horizontal position ouside of and to the right of his vehicle wiht the palm of the hand turned to the front.

(d) When about to turn to the lect or to drive to the left hand side of the road a drive shall extend high right arm and rotate it in an anticlockwise direction.

(e) When a driver wishes to indicate to the driver of a vehicle behind him that he desires that driver to overtake him he shall extend his right arm and hand horizontally outside of and to the right of the vehicle and shall bring the arm backward and forward in a semi-circular motion.14. Direction indicator.- The signals referred to in regulation 13, may be simplified also by

mechanical or electrical devices.15. Parking of the vehicle. – (1) Every driver of a motor ehicle parking on any road shall

aprk in such a way that it does not cause or is not likely to cause danger obstruction or undue inconvenience etc other road users and the manner of parking is indicated by any sign board or markings on the road side, he shall park the vehicle in such manner.(2) A drive of a motor vehicle shall not park his vehicle:-

(a) at or near road crossing, a bend, top of a hill or a humpbacked bridge;(b) on a foot-path;(c) near a traffic light or pedestrian crossing;(d) in a main road or one carrying fast traffic;(e) opposite to another parked vehicle or as obstruction to other vehicle(f) along side another parked vehicle;(g) on road or at places or roads where there is a continuous white line with or without a broken line;(h) near a bus stop, school or hospital entrance or blocking a traffic sigh or entrance to a premises or a fire hydrant;

(i) on the wrong side of the road;(j) where parking is prohibited;(k) away from the edge of the foot-path.

16. Visibility of lamps and registration marks. - All registration and other marks required to be exhibited on a motor vehicle by or under the Act shall at all times be maintained in a clear and legible condition.

17. One way traffic. - A driver shall not (i) drive a motor vehicle on road declared ‘One Way’ except in the direction specified by sigh boards;(ii) Where any road is marked by a yellow-line dividing road, the vehicle proceeding in the same direction trying to overtake each other shall not cross the yellow line.

18. Driving on channelized roads (lane traffic). – (1) Where any road is marked by lanes for movement of traffic, the driver of a motor vehicle shall drive within the lane and change the lane only after giving proper signal.(2) Where any road is marked by a yellow-line dividing road, the vehicle proceeding in the same direction trying to overtake each other shall not cross the yellow line.

19. Stop sign on road surface. – (1) A line for this regulation shall be not less than 50 millimeters in width at any part and may be either in white, black or yellow.(2) No drive shall drive a motor vehicle so that any part thereof projects beyond that line at any time when a signal to stop is being given by a Police Officer or by means of a traffic control light or by the display of any traffic sign.

20. Towing.- (1) No vehicle other than a mechanically disabled motor vehicle or incompletely assembled motor vehicle, a registered trailer or a side car, shall be drawn or towed by any motor vehicle, except for purposes of delivery and to the nearest filling station or garage.(2) No motor vehicle shall be drawn or towed by any other motor vehicle unless there is in the driver’s seat of the motor vehicle being drawn or towed a person holding a license authorizing him to drive the vehicle or unless the steering wheels of the motor vehicle being towed, are firmly and securely supported clear of the road surface by some crane or other device on the vehicle which is drawing to towing it.(3)When a motor vehicle is being towed by another motor vehicle the clear distance between the rear of the front vehicle and the front of the rear vehicle shall at no time exceed five meters. It should be clearly displayed on the rear of the vehicle being towed in black letters not less than seventy-five millimeters high and on a white background the words ‘ON TOW’.

21. Use of horns and Silence Zones.- A drive of a vehicle shall not;(i) sound the horn needlessly or continuously or more than necessary to ensure safety;(ii) sound the horn in silence zones;(iii) make use of a cut-out by which exhaust gases are released other than through the silencer;(iv) fit or use any multitoned horn giving a harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise;(v) drive a vehicle creating undue noise when in motion;(vi) drive a vehicle with a muffler causing alarming sound

22. Traffic Sign and Traffic Police.- A drive of a motor vehicle and every other person using the road shall obey:-(a) every direction given, whether by signal of otherwise, by a police officer or any authorized person for the time being in-charge of the regulation of traffic;(b) any direction applicable to him and indicated on or by notice traffic sign or signal fixed or operated by an authority, competent to do so;(c) any direction indicated by automatic signaling devices fixed at road intersections.

23. Distance from vehicles in front. – The driver of a motor vehicle moving behind another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front should suddenly slow down or stop.

24. Abrupt brake.- No driver of a vehicle shall apply brake abruptly unless it is necessary to do so for safety reasons.

25. Vehicles to the uphill to be given precedence.- On mountain roads and steep roads, the drive of a motor vehicle travelling downhill shall give precedence to a vehicle going uphill wherever the road is not sufficiently wide to allow the vehicles to pass each other freely without danger, and stop the vehicle to the side of the road in order to allow any vehicle proceeding uphill to pass.

26. Obstruction of driver.- A driver of a motor vehicle shall, not all the person to stand or sit or anything to be placed in such a manner or position as hamper his control of the vehicle.

27. Speed to be restricted.- The drive of a motor vehicle shall, when passing or meeting a procession or a body of troops or police on the march or when passing workman engaged on road repair, drive at a speed not exceeding more than 25 kmph.

28. Driving of tractors and goods vehicles.- A driver when driving a tractor shall not carry or allow any person to be carried on tractor. A driver of goods carriage shall not carry in the driver’s cabin more number of persons than that is mentioned in the registration certificate and shall not carry passengers for hire or reward.

29. Projections of loads.- No person shall drive in any public place any motor vehicle which is loaded in a manner likely to cause danger to any person in such manner that the road or any part thereof or anything extends laterally beyond the side of the body or to the front or to rear or in height beyond the permissible limit.

30. Restriction to carriage of dangerous substances.- Except for the fuel and lubricants necessary for the use of the vehicle, no explosive, highly inflammable or otherwise dangerous substance, shall be carried on any public service vehicle.

31. Restrictions on driving backwards.- No driver of a motor vehicle shall cause the vehicle to be drive backwards without first satisfying himself that he will not thereby cause danger or undue inconvenience to any person or in any circumstances, for any greater distance or period of time than may be reasonably necessary in order to turn the vehicle round.

32. Production of documents.- A person driving a vehicle,-

(i) shall always carry with him his driving lincence, certificate of registration; certificate of taxation and certificate of insurance of the vehicle and in case of transport vehicle the permit and fitness certificate, also;(ii) shall on demand by police officer in uniform or an officer of the Motor Vehicle Department in uniform or any other officer authorized by the Government, produce the documents for inspection: