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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

THERMODYNAMICS & RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

Dr Hassan

Who is your Course Instructor What is this course about How will we conduct the course Assessments Home work Come to class. Par?cipate, ask ques?ons don't be afraid, KNOWLEDGE is acquired, is not hereditary. Study your lessons and chapter guides

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

The Book to have For TB 1 Chapter1: Components of Naturally Occurring Petroleum Fluids (p.1-45) Chapter 2: Phase Behavior: Pure Substances (p.46-61) Chapter2: Phase Behav ior : 2 component systems (p.63-75) Chapter 3: Equa?ons of State (Gas): Ideal Gases (p.90-102) Chapter 3: Equa?ons of State (Gas): Mixtures of Ideal Gases (p.102-112) Chapter 4: Equa?ons of State for Real Gases (p. 129-146) Chapter 5: Five Reservoir Fluids: Black and Vola?le Oils (p.147-158) Chapter 5: Five Reservoir Fluids: Retrograde, Wet & Dry Gases (p.154-158)

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Technical Requirements for HOMEWORK and REPORTS

Your demonstrated ability to properly analyze and solve problems will determine your grade in this course. There are three objec?ves which you must sa?sfy for full credit on each problem: (The three C's). 1. Is it CLEAR? The deni?on of the problem, the methods and procedures you apply, and your results should be clearly presented so that anyone who is unfamiliar with the problem could easily follow what you have done by looking at your paper (report). If I can't tell what you did, it must be wrong. 2. Is it COMPLETE All given data and unknowns, all symbols, all equa?ons represen?ng the principles you use, all calcula?ons with units, and all results should be iden?ed and presented in a logical, complete and comprehensive form. 3. Is it CORRECT? The right answer is important. You may get par?al credit for wrong answers in school, but there is no par?al credit for wrong answers in the real world.

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Achieve These Objec?ves

1. Draw a diagram (beger than 1000 words). This needs not to be a "work of art", but it is usually a graph or a block diagram which represents the process you are analyzing, with appropriate lines represen?ng "paths", and "outputs" to the problem, and all reference points are properly iden?ed.

2. Label the Diagram. Symbols represen?ng all variables and parameters of signicance in the problem should be placed at appropriate points on the diagram. Values of quan??es which are given or known should be indicated, and those quan??es which are to be found should be iden?ed. The symbols used to represent the physical quan??es should be obvious, or clearly dened.

3. State your Assump?ons. Major assump?ons as to the nature of the system, uid proper?es, pressure and temperature condi?ons, etc. which limit or restrict the range of applica?on of your solu?on should be stated explicitly.

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4. Write Equa?ons. All general principles which are applied to problem solu?ons that should be expressed in equa?on form. These general equa?ons can then be reduced to a form consistent with your assump?ons, and should be wrigen using the symbols which you have used to label the diagram.

5. Solve Equa?ons. The equa?ons should be solved for the unknown quan??es in terms of the known quan??es. The solu?on should be carried out in terms of the symbols represen?ng the variables, whenever possible, before introducing an numbers or data. This procedure ojen saves a lot of ?me doing unnecessary calcula?ons. Some?mes, for complex problems, doing some intermediate calcula?ons will simplify the solu?on, but otherwise save the "number crunching" un?l last.

6. Calculate Answers. Introduce known quan??es and appropriate data with units in consistent form (including conversion factors where needed) into the equa?ons and calculate the answer. All answers should be clearly iden?ed, and expressed in a number of signicant digits consistent with given data.

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Exam Rules & Format

1. Be able to derive equa?ons from given Informa?on 2. Bring your own calculator, ruler, pencil, and eraser 3. Cell phones must not be used or be on your person 4. Write down clearly and show all intermediate

work or NO CREDIT 5. Highlight / box nal answers

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Moodle

Lectures Addi?onal Reading Material (papers) Some Solved exercises Syllabus, Study Guide Mock exam papers

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Read Chapters 1 from McCain's book. Assignment # 1 Fluids Solve Exercise Problems from W.D. McCain, Chapter 1 (pages 42-44): 1.3 (Table 10-2 in on page 270) 1.5 1.12 1.13 1.14

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Organic Naming Rules

For complete Rules go to: hgp://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/

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Organic Compounds

Consist of mainly four elements

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

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Numbers and Types of Bonds for Common Elements in Organic Compounds Applica'on of the octet rule indicates that these elements

should bond as shown below:

Section 14.1

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14 | 13 Iden?fying Valid & Incorrect

Structural Formulas An Example

Two structural formulas are shown above. Which on does not represent a real compound? In structure (a) each H and halogen has one bond, each C has four bonds, and each O has two bonds. This is a valid structure.

Section 14.1

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14 | 14

Iden?fying Valid & Incorrect Structural Formulas

An Example

As we examine (b), we note that each H has one bond, each C has four bonds, the N has three bonds, BUT the O has three bonds. The O should only have two bonds. Therefore (b) is not a valid structure.

Section 14.1

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14 | 15 Iden?fying Incorrect Structural Formulas

Condence Exercise

The structural formula above appears in a recent chemistry book. Check the number of bonds to each atom and determine whether any bonding rules are violated.

Section 14.1

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Iden?fying Incorrect Structural Formulas

Condence Exercise

This is not a valid structure for caffeine!

O should have two bonds, C should have 4

bonds

Each N should have 3 bonds

Each C should have 4 bonds

Section 14.1

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14 | 17 Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic compounds. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen. (H) For classica?on purposes, all other organic compounds are considered deriva?ves of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons can be divided into aroma?c and alipha?c hydrocarbons.

Section 14.2

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Why Do We Need a Separate Set of Rules?

Examine some typical organic compounds CH4 C2H6 Name these using typical covalent rules

Carbon tetrahydride

Dicarbon hexahydride

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

So?

That wasnt so bad, right? How about these: C4H10 C5H12 See my point?

Tetracarbon decahydride

Pentacarbon ??? hydride

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Isomers If thats not enough, how about this one:

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H

Formula?

C4H10

C

H

H

C

H

H C

H

H C H

H

H

H

Formula?

C4H10

Dierent Structure

Same

Formula

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Overall Problems

Memorizing too many prexes for large numbers Dierent chemicals having the same formulas Keep in mind that thus far weve only dealt with TWO dierent elements!

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So what to do? Number of hydrogens is going to be the same, regardless of isomerism

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H H

C

H

H

H H

C

H

H C H H

C

H

H

C

H H

C

H

H

H

H

C

H

H

C5H12 C5H12

C5H12

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

Solu?on

Since number of hydrogens dont change with isomerism, why bother naming them? Name the molecule simply based on number of CARBONS We can always add prexes or suxes later for dieren?a?on

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Name based on number of Carbons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

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Did that Really Help?

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H

C

H

H

H H Carbon tetrahydride becomes: Methane

Dicarbon hexahydride becomes: Ethane

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

CH4

C2H6

Octacarbon ???hydride becomes:

Octane

C8H18

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Branches

Straight-chain alkanes (Just C & H with single bonds) are now easy

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H C4H10 Butane

But how do we deal with branches?

C

H

H

C

H

H C

H

H C H

H

H

H

C4H10 ????

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Rules pt. 2

Iden?fy the longest unbranched chain of carbons Name it as normal Iden?fy the branch Name it but give it a yl sux Put the names of all branches rst, then put name of longest chain

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Example

C

H

H

C

H

H C

H

H C H

H

H

H Longest unbranched chain of

carbons is three long propane

Branch is one long methyl

Methyl Propane

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Prac?ce C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H C

H

H

H

C

H

H H

Methyl butane

H H H H H

C

H

C

H

C H C

H

C

H

H

C H H

C

H

H H

Ethyl pentane

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One More Prac?ce C C C

C

C

C C C

C

C

It doesnt mager which way you go! (Provided you correctly pick the longest unbranched chain)

Methyl Butane

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Be Careful H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H

C H

H H

Hexane This is your longest uninterrupted chain

Methyl

Methyl Hexane

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A Small Wrinkle H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

Methyl Pentane

Methyl Pentane

These are dierent molecules, though!!!

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So Now What?

Since two dierent molecules cant have the same name, we must dieren?ate If we look closely, though, the only dierence between them is the posi?on of the methyl group

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Posi?oning

H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

Here the methyl group is on the second carbon from the end

Here the methyl group is on the third carbon from the end

Methyl Pentane Methyl Pentane

So

2- 3-

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Rules pt. 3

Iden?fy the longest unbranched chain of carbons Name it as normal Iden?fy the branch Name it but give it a yl sux Put the names of all branches rst, then put name of longest chain Put the number of the carbon the branch is on (start numbering from the closest single end)

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

Prac?ce H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

C H

H

C H

H

H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

C C H H

H H

C H

H

2-methyl heptane

4-methyl octane

H

C C C C H H H

H H H

H

C H H H

C H

H

H C H

H 2-methyl hexane

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Mul?ple Branches

So far weve only had one branch What happens when there are multple branches? Just add a prex to indicate the number of a par?cular type of branch

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Prac?ce

H

C C C C C H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

C H

H

C H

H

C H H

H

heptane

methyl

methyl 2-

2-

2-methyl, 2-methyl heptane Sounds

redundant 2,2 dimethyl heptane

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

More Prac?ce

C H H H

H

C C C C C H H H

H H H H

H H C C H H

H H

C H

H

C H H

H

C C C C C H H H

H H H

H H

C H H H

H

C H H

C H H

H

C H H H

2, 6-dimethyl octane

3 ethyl-2,4-dimethyl pentane

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

Shorthand nota?on

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H Keep in mind that we have been ignoring the hydrogens for a long ?me.

Our names have been based en?rely on the posi?oning of the carbons.

So lets now ignore the hydrogens

completely!

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Is it that easy? H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H H

H H

C H H H

C H

H

C H

H

C H H H

H

C C C C C H H H

H H H H

H H C C H H

H H

C H

H

C H H

H

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Mohamed.hassan@port.ac.uk

One More

C C C C C H H H

H H H

H H

C H H H

H

C H H

C H H

H

C H H H

C H

H

Shorthand nota?on?

Name? 3-ethyl-2,4 dimethyl hexane

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Rings

Thus far we have dealt with chains that are straight or branched. If hydrocarbons are long enough, one end can wrap around and link up with itself! We call these cyclic hydrocarbons.

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Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Name the molecule as normal Add the prex cyclo- to the front of the name of the longest chain Start numbering from the most important branch in the ring

Cyclohexane

Cyclooctane

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More Examples

Methyl cyclopentane

1,2 dimethyl cyclohexane

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Try These

1 ethyl, 3 methyl cyclobutane

3 methyl, 1 propyl cylclohexane

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Mul?ple Bonds

So far, even with the cyclic structures we have dealt only with single bonds Carbon can make mul?ple bonds to another carbon This changes the name Why?

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Examine Structures

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H C2H6 Ethane- no?ce that each carbon has four bonds

What will happen to the structure if we double bond the two carbons?

C

H

C

H

H H C2H4 Each carbon s?ll has four bonds BUT now the hydrogens have changed!!

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Naming molecules with mul?ple bonds

Name the molecule as normal Change the sux of the longest chain name Double bonds = ene Triple bonds = yne Use numbering and prexes for posi?oning and mul?ple mul?ple bonds.

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So.

C

H

H

C

H

H

H H C

H

C

H

H H C C H H

C2H6 C2H4 C2H2

ethane ethene ethyne

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Prac?ce

C C C C H H

H H H

H

H

C H H

H

C H

H 3 methyl-1-pentene

H

H

C C C C C H H H H

H H H

H C H

H

C H

H

2-heptene

H

H

C C H

H

H C H

C H

H

1-butene

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How about in Shorthand?

No?ce the two lines means the double bond is there!

2 pentene

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Prac?ce!

Methyl propene

2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene

3-ethyl-2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene

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Tough Ones

2 methyl 1,3 butadiene

1,2 dimethyl-1,4 cyclohexadiene

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Triples?

3, 3-dimethyl-1-butyne

1,4 cyclohexadiyne

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Func?onal Groups

Nature has done us a favor. There are many common groups that we can organized or le into dierent categories. Then we can name them based on these categories. A group of atoms that, when added to a hydrocarbon chain, alter the chemical proper?es of the chain. Just a few dierent func?onal groups to know

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Func?onal Groups

Halogens Alcohols Ethers

Aldehydes Ketones

Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines

R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I R-OH R-O-R R-COH R-CO-R R-COOH R-COO-R R-NH2

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Halides

Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides Simply name the molecule as normal but add the prex Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, or Iodo as necessary

Cl

Cl

2, 3 dichlorohexane

I

I

3, 3 diiodo-1-pentene

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Alcohols R-OH Name like normal except add an ol sux

OH

OH C

H

H

C

H

H

H

OH

2 propanol

ethanol

1cyclobutenol

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Ethers

R-O-R Name two R groups with yl endings End name in ether

O Dimethyl ether

O Ethyl methyl ether

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Aldehyde R-COH This is a carbon to oxygen double bond with a hydrogen at the end. Name as normal except use a -al sux

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C H H

O

butanal

C

H

H

C

Cl

Cl

C

H

H

C H

O

C

H

H

H 3,3 dichloropentanal

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Ketones R-CO-R This is a carbon to oxygen double bond but in the center of a hydrocarbon chain rather than the end Name as normal but give it a -one sux

propanone

2 hexanone

C

H

H

C

H

H

C H H

O

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

O

C

H

H

H C

H

H

H

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Carboxylic Acids R-COOH or R-CO2H This is a carbon to oxygn double bond with the same carbon single-bonded to an OH group. Name as normal except give it the sux -anoic acid.

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C H OH

O

Butanoic acid

C

H

H

C

H

H

F C

O

HO 3-Fluoropropanoic acid

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Esters R-COO-R This is a carbon to oxygen double bond with a carbon to oxygen single bonded to another single bonded carbon Name by given secondary branch -yl sux and main branch

-anoate sux.

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

O

C

H

H

H C

H

H

H O

Secondary Branch

Main Branch

methyl pentanoate

Methyl Pentanoate

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Esters

C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

O

C

H

H

O C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

Butyl propanoate

C

H

H

H O

H

H

C

O

C

H

H

C C

H

H

H C

H

H

C

H

H

Methyl hexanoate

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Amines R-NH2 Name the R group or groups with -yl endings Add the word amine

C

H

H

N

H

H

H Methyl amine

C

H

H

N

C

H

H

H H

H Dimethyl amine

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Summary Cl R

Halide

OH R

Alcohol

R R O

Ether

H R C

Aldehyde

O

R R C

Ketone

O

OH R C Carboxylic Acid

O

O R C Ester

O

R NH2 R

Amine

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Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Halides Alcohols Ethers

Aldehydes Ketones

Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines

Summary - -ane = -ene -yne R-X -o R-OH -ol R-O-R -yl ether R-COH -al R-CO-R -one R-COOH -anoic acid R-COO-R -yl -anoate R-NH2 -yl amine

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Classica?on of Hydrocarbons

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Can You Do This?

YES! It takes: Memoriza?on Prac?ce Prac?ce Prac?ce Prac?ce And, oh yes Prac?ce!

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Read Chapters 1 from McCain's book. Assignment # 1 Fluids Solve Exercise Problems from W.D. McCain, Chapter 1 (pages 42-44): 1.3 (Table 10-2 in on page 270) 1.5 1.12 1.13 1.14