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CHA PTER: NAT URA L RESO URCES (MA NG RO VES (Pg: 94 � 97)
Q.2 How do mangrove trees growing on the coast get rid of the salt in the sea water?
Q. 3 How do mangrove trees reproduce?
Q.4 How do mangrove trees act as a barrier?
CHAPTER: Weather and Climate � Class 8 ProjectQ.1 –State the meaning of the term “weather”.
Q.2 –State the meaning of the term “Climate’.
Q.3 –Differentiate between Weather and Climate.
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Q.5- List down the Climatic Zones of the Earth.
Q.6- Describe the location of the Climatic Zones of the Earth.
Q.7- Explain the reasons of the temperature variance in climatic Zones of the Earth.
Q.8- Describe the weather and Climatic conditions of Pakistan based on the Climatic Zones it is divided into.
Q.10- Describe the sources of rainfall in Paistan.
Q.11- Interpret the main features of the temperature and rainfall graphs.
CHAPTER: POPULATION
Q.1 State the difference between distribution and density of population.
Q.2 State the meaning of the term ”natural increase” explain how the government of Pakistan istackling with the issue of population growth in the country?
Q.3 Discuss the importance of population control in Pakistan if the country is to develop?
Q.4 How can educating girls lead to population control in Pakistan?
Q.5 Define infant mortality rate. Explain the relationship between infant mortality rate and population growth.
Q.6 State the meaning of the term “migration”. Explain reasons for different types of migration.
Q.7 Explain with respect to both “push” and “pull” factors the movement of population from ruralto urban areas of Pakistan.
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Q.8 How does different types of migration affect socio – economic setup of Pakistan.
Q.9 Describe the measures which may be taken to help solve the problems related with migration of different kinds.
Q.10. Explain the natural and human factors that result in forced migration.
Refugee Economic Migrant
Planned migration Forced Migration
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Q.11. State the meaning of term ͞Urbanization
Q 12 Explain the impact of ͞Urbanization on a developing country like Pakistan
Q.13- Differentiate between :
Q.15- Identify the renewable sources of energy which can be harnessed and used in Pakistan.
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Ql-State the meaning of the term sustainable development.
Q2-Discuss the importance of recycling for the environment.
Q3-Explain UN efforts towards sustainable development in a developing country.
Q4- How is the environment affected in Pakistan?
QS- Describe sustainable fishing .QG-State the meaning of the term ͞over- fishing Outline the reasons of over- fishing in Pakistan.
Q7-Describe the economic and ecological effects of over- fishing in the coastal areas of Pakistan.
Q9- Explore a few ways to make fishing sustainable
QlO- Describe the problems in forestry section in Pakistan.
Qll- Investigate the ways to overcome the problems of forestry in Pakistan.
Ql2-Define bio- fuels.
Ql3-State the significance of bio- fuels. Are sustainable fuels?
Ql4-Discuss how bio fuels are environmental friendly.
Q16- Find out which renewable energy sources are being used for power generation in Pakistan.
Q17- Explain the features of sustainable tourism.
Q18 -Describe the main features of the World Bank’s report on Pakistan’s environmentalassessment done in 2006.
CHAPTER: THE LAND OF PAKISTAN
Q.1-Name the largest cities of Pakistan.
Q.2-How many wars did Pakistan and India have after independence? ------------------------
16. What step was taken by the government in 1960,s for the settlement of the immigrants in
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Q. 5.Which two cities have gone down in importance since 1951?----------------------------
Q. 6. Which cities have not changed places?---------------------------------------------
Q. 7. Why is there no population shown for Islamabad in 1951 ?-----------------------------
Q. 8.In how many ways do the cities grow?----------------------------------------------
Q. 9.Which cities have grown in
(a) area---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) population---------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) importance---------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.10.The reason for increase in
(a) area---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) population---------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) importance---------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.11. What are two types of growth of cities?--------------------------------------------
Q.12. What type of growth do you think is better? why?
THE GROWTH OF KARACHI
Q.13. How many Muslims had migrated to Pakistan from India by 1951?----------------------
Q. 14. How did the migrants in Karachi settle?
Q 15.What did the authorities do for the settlements of those immigrants in Karachi?
Pakistan?
17. Was that step of the Govt. successful? if not, why?
18. How did the problem of settlement increase in the early in 1960’s in Karachi?
19. What other step was taken by the city authorities in 1960s against the squatter settlement?20. What was the effect of that step of the city Authorities?21. What does S-1-T-E stand for ? How did that area grow in population ?22. How did the increase in area of Karachi affect the poor farmers?23. What is the shifting of people from villages to cities called as ?24. What does the natural increase in the population mean ?25. Compare the population of Karachi in 1961. 1981 and 1998. What was the difference ? What caused that difference?
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26. Which city became the capital of Pakistan after Karachi?--------------------------------
27. Highlight the reason for increased importance of Karachi even when the capital of Pakistan was changed.28. Choose and encircle the best option.
(a) Karachi has [ 95% , 75% , 25% + of Pakistan’s foreign trade
(b) Karachi has * 60% , 20% , 30% + of Pakistan’s industrial production.
(c) Karachi has [ 40% , 10% , 95% ] of employment in large scale industries.
(d) Karachi has [ 90% , 75% , 25% ] head offices of banks and other companies.
T HE GR O W T H O F GUJ R A N WA L A
Q .2 In 1960’s why did some farmers and workers lose their jobs and how did they survive?
Look at the picture below.
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Q .3 Which main road passes through the centre of Gujranwala? Which two cities does that main road through Gujranwala connect ? Q .4 Which canal goes along the by-pass ?
Q .5 Is the growth in Gujranwala vertical or horizontal?
Q .6 Which industry Gujranwala is famous for?
Q .7 In what area has the city grown up?
Q .8 What other way the farming was affected in 1960’s in Gujranwala?
Q . 9 How did Gujranwala increase in its area?
Q .10 What development was done in 1971 in the town?
Q .11 How was the city grown in area after the development done in 1971?
Q .12 From where is the railway line passing through the city?
Q .13 How many road bridges are built on the railway line?
Q .14 What is a by- pass?
Q .15 Which road is passing through the centre of the city?
Q . 16 How many roads emerge from that road and which cities do they connect to Gujranwala?
THE GROWTH OF GILGIT
Q.1 Why is Gilgit called as the bridging point?
Q.2 What led to the growth of Gilgit?
T HE GR O WT H O F F AI SA L A B A D
Q.1 How was Faisalabad established?
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Q.2 What factors led to the growth of Faisalabad?
Q.3 What were the problems in Faisalabad?
Q.4 What factors show that Faisalabad is going to have a bright future?
Q. 5- Which motorway connects Faisalabad to Lahore ?
Q.6 Which motorway connects Islamabad to Lahore ?
Q.7 Which motorway connects Islamabad to Lahore ?
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROWTH OF CITIES page no 21-25
Q 1.What is the task (job/responsibility) of a city authority?
Q 2. List the provisions (things that are provided) in the framework of a city authority that make life of citizen better?
Look at the table given below and answer the question.
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Q 3. Which city produces the largest amount of waste per day?
Q.4 Look at the table given below ( Fig-1.20) and separate the types of solid waste under the two headings .
Separate the types of a solid waste under these two headings.
Bio degradable Non Bio degradable
Q 5. What factors caused the problems even worse in Karachi from 1951 till present?Q 6. List some main problems in the major cities of Pakistan.Q 7.Should the solid waste be collected separately e.g hospital and industrial waste .If yes , why?Q 8 (a) RMC launches a cleanliness campaign. Who launched it?
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(b) How did ͞The city commissioner encourage people for keeping the city Rawalpindi clean?
(c) What do you think is it only the fault of the city authority that our cities look dirty due to thesolid waste? Explain.(d) What do you think Why is Lahore city not mentioned in the waste producing cities in Fig1.20.Q.9 What are the problems of disposal of waste in Karachi?Q.10 What are the effects of lack of proper disposal of waste in Karachi?
Q. 11 What are the common reasons for illness of children living in poor areas of Karachi?Q.12 What could be the possible reasons for lack of adequate sewage system of Karachi?Q. 13 What does KWSB mean? How is this department responsible for the sewage destroying areasin Karachi?Q. 14 What is the purpose of a sewage treatment plant?
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Q. 15 Do all cities and villages have these sewage treatment plants ? What are the effects of sewage and industrial waste being thrown into the rivers and seas?
Q. 16 What are the two big issues which cause lack of satisfactory planning in Karachi?
Q. 17 How does the struggle of different groups of people to develop land through legal and illegal means affect the people in Karachi?
Q. 18 What problem does Karachi development Authority (KDA) face while carrying out any new developments ?
Q. 19 How did the richer and poor areas in Karachi show different developments and why?
THE GROWTH OF GWADAR Pg 16-17
6) The Chinese ships pass continent of -------------------- while going to Europe from
13) What is Urea? What is it made from? What are the uses of urea?
Weather
Weather is the combination of the current meteorological components e.g. temperature, wind direction and speed, amount and type of precipitation, sun shine hours etc. at a particular place over a short period of time (from one up- to several weeks)
Weather condition is describing typical weather phenomena e.g. a series of blizzards in winters or a rainy day in late summers.
Climate
Climate is the average weather conditions of a specific area over a long period of time (minimum 30 years) e.g. maritime climate, tropical climate etc.
Components of Climate
• Temperature• Wind speed and direction• Air Pressure• Humidity• Evapotranspiration• Precipitation• Condensation• Cloud cover• Radiation
Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
This document is the intellectual property of ffhe City School and any unauthorised use is prohibited.Any amendments in this document shall be controlled by the Studies Department only.
Unit: Weather and Climate
Class 8 Project
The Material
T h e Ear t h ’s Cl i ma t i c Z o n e s
There are four major climatic zones in the world.They are:
Tropical Zone: This region lies between the equator and both the tropics (From 0° to 23.5° North and South) The solar radiation reaches the ground almost vertically at noontime during the entire year. Due to this, it is very warm in this region. Through high temperatures, more water evaporates and the air is often moist. This results in frequent and dense cloud cover which reduces the effect of solar radiation on ground temperature. This zone is also called the‘Torrid Zone.’
Temperate Zone: This zone lies between 23.5° North to 66.5° North to the North of Equator (North Temperate Zone) and 23.5° South and 66.5° South of the Equator (South Temperate Zone). This zone has the highest variation in temperatures.
The sub-tropical areas between 23.5° North to 40° North and 23.5° South to 40° South, receive the highest radiation in summer, since the Sun’s angle at noon is almost vertical to the Earth, whereas the cloud cover is relatively thin. These regions receive less moisture which increases the effect of radiation. Therefore, most of the deserts in the world aresituated in this zone. In winters, the radiation in these regions decreases significantly and it can temporarily be very cool and moist.
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Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
From 40° North to 60° North and 40° South to 60° South, the solar radiation reaches with a smaller angle and the average temperatures here are much cooler than in the sub-tropics. The seasons and the length of the day differ significantly in the course of a year. The climate is characterized by less frequent extremes, a more regular distribution of the precipitation over the year and a longer vegetation period therefore the name ‘temperate.’
Polar Zone: This zone lies from 60° North to 90° North and is called the North Polar Zone and from 60° South to 90° South called the South Polar Zone. These areas receive less heat through solar radiation, since the Sun has a very flat angle toward the ground. Because of the changes in the angle of the axis of Earth to the Sun, the length of the day varies most in this zone. In the summer of each hemisphere, the polar days occur. This zone is also called the Frigid Zone.
Below is the diagrammatic representation of the Earth’s Climate Zones.
Fig 1
World Map showing the ‘Climate Zones of the Earth’
Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
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Fig 2
Weather and Climate of Pakistan
Pakistan lies in the Temperate Zone. The climate is generally arid, having hot summers and cool to cold winters. There are wide variations between extremes of temperatures at given locations. On the whole, the rainfall is little and it can be unreliable; sometimes coming early sometimes late. The overall amount may also vary.
Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures of the world i.e. 53°C on 26 May, 2010. Pakistan lies a little to the north of Tropic of Cancer, a fact that places Pakistan in the Temperate Zone. It has a continental type of climate which means that there are great variations in its temperature, both seasonal and diurnal. (Diurnal means daily)
Climatic Zones
Pakistan has a vast latitudinal extent. The northern and western parts consist of lofty mountains and hills. There are lowlands, plateaus and coastal areas. Due to the topographical diversity, Pakistan experiences a variety of climate. The four climatic divisions of Pakistan are:
A. Highland Climate Zone B. Lowland Climate Zone C. Coastal Climate Zone D. Arid Climate Zone
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Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
It is important to remember that classifying a place in a climatic zone does not suggest that the whole zone will have the same climate. Within a zone, there will be variations in the amount of rainfall, temperature, humidity, winds etc. The best example of this is the northern and western highlands of Pakistan which fall in the same climatic zone but the amount of rainfall and temperature is different within the zone.
The Seasons
Pakistan has four seasons which are:
a. Winter (mid-December to March) - b. Early Summer (April to June)c. Late Summer or Monsoon (July to September)d. Post Monsoon (October to mid December)
Rainfall
Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
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Most of the areas in Pakistan are arid or semi-arid. Humid conditions are found in the northern areas of Pakistan. As we move from the north to the south of Pakistan, the rainfall decreases.
Sources of Rainfall
These are:
a. Monsoon rainfall: One of the major sources of rainfall in Pakistan, monsoon winds are seasonal winds, which bring heavy rainfall. These winds blow from the Bay of Bengal and cross Bangladesh and India before reaching Pakistan and lose most of their moisture in these countries. Northern Pakistan gets the tail end of these winds and receive rainfall from July to September. Sometimes the over active monsoon system brings heavy rainfall in Karachi and the coast of Sindh.
b. Western depressions or cylones: These originate in the Mediterranean Sea and travelacross the landmasses of Afghanistan and Iran before reaching the western areas ofPakistan. Peshawar gets the maximum of rainfall from this source but as the windsmove towards western and south-western parts of the country, they lose their moisture already. The rainfall in these areas come from December to March.
c. Convectional currents causing thunderstorms: Only the northern and north-westernareas of Pakistan receive rainfall from convectional currents. When hot, moist air rises and reachers the higher layers of the atomosphere, condensation begins which causes rainfall.
d. Relief rainfall: Relief rainfall occurs when the moist air moves up a cool to cold mountain. Low temperature causes precipitation.
e. Tropical cyclones: These occur on the coastal areas and may bring heavy rainfall for afew hours. They originate over the Arabian Sea quite often but usually they don’t make landfall in Pakistan but are diverted to India, Oman or Iran. Each year before the monsoon season and after its withdrawal, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. Cyclone Phet in 2010 was the wettest cyclone so far in Pakistan.
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Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
Reading Graphs
These are rainfall graphs of two locations in Pakistan; Karachi and Lahore. They show an annual pattern of rainfall in both the cities. Study the graph of each city and then compare both the graphs.
Which city has more rainfall in the month of July? The answer is Lahore. Look at the scale of X axis of the graph. Lahore has 200 mm of rainfall whereas Karachi has 85 mm of rainfall. When reading a graph, consider these questions.
a. Which is the wettest month? (the month receiving the maximum rainfall)b. Which is the driest month? (the month receiving the minimum rainfall)c. What is the pattern of rainfall? (Does the place receive rainfall all year long? Is the
rainfall equally distributed or concentrated in a month or months?d. What is the yearly average? (Calculate the average of rainfall from January to
December)
After you get this information, you can go one step further. Ask yourself why does a place have a certain pattern of rainfall? Why only in monsoon months? Or why the place receives rainfall throughout the year?
Now copy and paste the given link on google and find out rainfall graphs of any two cities andinterpret the same using the guidelines from ‘a to d’.
ht t p : // www .el d o r a d oc o unt y w e a t h e r . c o m / c limate /p a k is t a n / p a k is t a n - c lima t e - li s t i n gs - a -z . ht ml
Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
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These graphs show the temperature of two cities; Sibi in Balochistan and Drosh in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The red line shows the maximum monthly temperature and the blue line shows the minimum monthly temperature of both the cities. Which city has the highest temperature? Which city has the lowest temperature? Which month has the maximum difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures? Are there warmer months more as compared to cooler months or vice versa? Study the graph of each city and then compare both the graphs. Consider these questions while you read the graphs.
a. Which is the hottest month?b. Which is the coldest month?c. Are there more warm/hot months or cool/cold months?d. Which month has the maximum difference between the minimum and maximum
temperatures?
After you get this information, you can go one step further. Ask yourself why does a place have a certain pattern of temperature?
Now copy and paste the given link on google and find out the maximum and minimum temperature graph of any two cities and interpret the same using the guidelines from ‘a to d’.
ht t p : // www .el d o r a d oc o unt y w e a t h e r . c o m / c limate /p a k is t a n / p a k is t a n - c lima t e - li s t i n gs - a -z . ht ml
