Union of Crete with Greece

8/12/2019 Union of Crete with Greece

1/88


2/88

, $!# !# # !

100

$ 4& / %$ $ && *)&& 1+$"%*+ &1$ &* " 6+ $ *$ )

0&) %) *%", $/#/ )/ #$%)5

+5) +/6 %$ &6 &/#+$) -

$!&) $ " %$4" %)" )/ "-

+$)5 0$+6).

7 $ $ " *+6" 0)+ *)/ $6$-

% /+ ) ... %+0)/,

/#)/ %$ /#)/ " $)+ )/ 4*)/

, " /+ $ *&$ %&%6 */-

$%6 #+6*3, *$"43, $)+$%6, 13-

+ " )#$ 3 )*)3 # / "

*+)/" )$3 $)+$%6 +$6.

#/3 / $ *)/ $ %4$:

% #!, %' %, $-

"'' # 01/ (*.).

*)/ $)+$% +/ - +, *)/

*$"% %$ /4$ ) %) *%" %$

*)/ *$53 4$ # *)&)5 *" "+3"

%$ ) &&), $ 4)/ # #&)/ +-

()/ " $)+ )/ 4*)/, *+43* %$ %-

$ *)/ "2 )&4%&"+ 1+)$% *-

+$4)/ %$ *)& / $ "$-

)/+$% *)+.

)+ , "$)/+$% *)/ 1+$!$ %$ +

) 4*), %#6 $6)/ " &" 0#)+ )/ *-

+4).

+%" $ " "' & %& % !!.

$6$% , ) +/ +/6 %$ -

&6 &/#+$) $!&) )/ %$ *&$ ) *-

+6. +))& %$ $(" ) #) /4 '

&) )4.

)4, $ *+(" &" *)/ %+2 "

$)+ 1+$, $, " *+)/ 4 -

&)/ +"$%)5, 4 &)/ &&", )/ !-

%# "!#.

)/ !%# "!# *)/ %0+

($)*)$$ / *)/ ) &&" *!)+0) " -

$ )/ 9;8 + /+$&" +0 /) - +$

% :

" & %$ # # , ( " ()" %$ "#$

$ $/, "( ()$ # ) ()$, ("# -

# * "%# ) $, %#+ () / )+#

!. ) ) )$" %$ %$)!$# )# *# $!)),

%)$# *!") # "!$ "$ % ) %$

%$#" )$ %$)"# ( " )#) -

#)$"!$ #", #/)$# )$# %# ) $"$#-

, # &($#, ($ #) %$ %*#, )$ "!$

'%' ) !. %$() ()$ !(" ) $.

$ " 3" " +" " && -

!' & #%& *)/ ) &/#+$) $!&)

0" 05$ %&&/).

&4) -+*4 *+)0)+$%4- $ " $)-

+, *) %), /*3$%4, &-

%/$%4. *4 *&$ 1+$ %$ +.

+) /1-*/% )4, *+43*, %-

$, 5#$ & " $)+ - *$-

". ;

) *+ 3 1+43, 3 $63, 3 1$&$$6,

(1)/ *+)3*$%4", $)", 0$&4)0)$,

$)+$%), * ) +4&), " ", " (

" $)+.

+#$, %"+), *+4%&"" %$ *+4%&"" ' -

!"$ ' /)5 " *"" ) $ ) -

%& " $)+ %$ 41$ $ $%$ )/ /-

%$+$% 0)+.

(:

#)%$$)#()$"!)(,))$)

)$%$!)%#()#)()$,$)$$#-

)$.$#

(:

()$#*")$!"!+#%+#,")-

)$%!*#)$,%"(!$)$%-

#"!$("$!$)$"!!$#.!#

(:

"!))()$"%$%$!#(#)!(()-

*+()$$)+##*&%+#,)%')%$/"()

%$!!($$)").#

(:

()$#$"))+#%$,!"%)!-

*,/+)"#",$(!$)/+,$!$-

$)))."

(:

%$$)#()$)$)##,)$%&)$-

)&)!#,()"*)$($)

"#/"$#%')"()#!!"

.

%!

(:

(*()()$)*%("# %+)$%-

!*#)$"!!$#"%$$##(#%$#()$%#.

' )(-:

#()$"!)%"$, ))("#$)$#-

)($)/+($*"#$ ("()#

#*&%#$#+#, !!)$"!($$()-

$()$.!#

O

2| & .


3/88

o . a .

H2!5) #%:"4)' %+# 5) ''6'2"#

5)3 1'2+44;5'20 #1; ' 0 05+

506 )+40''$2"06

@D@B 0+ #20" #+ 4)20" #%='3 5)3

&+#+=)# ''6'2=)' #+ %+'

. 5) #2+


4/88

4| & .

1'Y%%^"+V.)Y1913

;:


5/88

.

1 1913$'( '(" !& ".

( $'( $&!(((

(+ $&%(+ + (+ #&+ $*#:

"*'+ "(#+.

/ " #-" ( !(, " #-&'(#" ( -(,

" '#-" ( &, " !-&' !(,

" -( %'', " "%' # "#-+

(# '%! (+ #&(+.

$*+ # $$$#+ !+.

& $#+ #&+ (#-+ '.

(# &( &.

% $#-, '! (+ +,

$&%( #& $'!*+,

-!(' '(#" &( #-&"

'("#"(+ $&*('(*+,

(# - (+ -)&+ '$'!,

+ (+ -+, #$#

" -('" " '*'".

" !

(" - ! ") , %#$&


6/88

6| & .

,

,

1913-2013 Facebook

{ }# ! # #, & # ' !##!(& #! "&) ## "!,!' ! $# " , %& "#%, ' $! #& $& #!##& # N" #% $!% #.

1868

* 934& $934 4* / 4+2 &* &+&-

/2 / 35$$162 0/5, &0*+&419/2 34

14 +* 1&/2 0 4/ 0/*4*3 +* 4

*34/1 42, $&* 4/ 3 3& /*+/5&*+

+41/, *%&4 9343/ +* 3& &$/ # &*-

%*+&5/. 2 2 35$$162 (&

4 &1&3, 653*+, 4/5 %1/5 0-

%*4- 0 &+&/2 & %*6/1&4*+ 6/2 +*

%*6/1&4*+ *%&//$) %& 6*&1


7/88

2


8/88

8| & .

-

*# '* # !+'1*

*"+* *%+( ##-%*%+( +&' "+'(

2#( *%+ !'*!%1 "%1

% %&%%( #*)*!

)+!"%#)*! ++

! +*%+) "2-

#%#*( * *# !%#

""#! )+#)) *( #)( *# "".

#) &%+ !!! &0 2#( # -

# &'*+* &*) *%+ !'*!%1 "%1 &0*# &% *( %!'*(, *( #*%!'*(, ! !+-

'( *( *%+'!%!'*(.

)+#( )*)( ! +&'**( +)(.

# !'+ % "0%( #) #*%( 5 0"( -

#( * *# #! )*) *%+ 3643. ( #-

) ')*! &%""%1( ""%+( 2#( &%""( +)(

! %"%!+*2*.

"" ! &%""%1( &'%"")#*( ! &'%-

)#*( *# &'*) +*%1 *%+ "%+ %#'%+.+*% % *'*% 2#(, *%+ &%"+)#)#%+ !

2#( !*0#%+ &0 $#( +#( !'*!%1 "%1,

## *# "+' *( '*(, *%+ "%+ #-

!%1- +'&/!%1 &%"*)%1. 2#( +*% )+#)*!#

( *# +*%#% *( '*(, * )1) *( "-

&( &%+ &%*") * ) * *&* #$'*)

*( )%+ * %+' *( '*!( %"*(.

{ } " " !" $$ # - ! !. " " $#". " " " $" $$" ! ! ! $ %" ", " $$ !" ! .


9/88

/! 23 246%! /0!2% 23 82 31 % 3 +-

$!, %/ /084/40#!1 34 +%4%04 %&+4. 81

, 23 +"!*: 38/.

:3% *03*:1 +!:1 2% 746! % :+%1 31 /%050%%1

1 %++*1 %/*03%!1, % ! /%;! *! ! 746, 4/%0-

*!% 3 $*330! *! 341 6!2;1 34 5!223*; *!-

23


10/88

/C +J9M?K L? U?K MCK JHA=H?F?K D;MH8K ? ;8-

MJAMHNK ;=WF?K MAK 8QNAK DJAMCD9K ??NB?JHJHLFAK

J;=;MHHAL;F ;8MJAM?K ?;F;LM7L?CK, LADRHK, ??-

=8JL?CK =C; MAF ?AFHQN9 MHNK LNF8FRLA, ? QCLMH ;=;-

BU MAF ?FUMAM; =C; ??NB?J;. F7FMC;, 7FM;, LMCK NH-

>HNRMCD8K D;MH8K MAK 9LHN MHN N?J-HLCHN CFRCDH

HCMCLH. $7 D;C MRF ?F LNF8?C; HCMCLMCDWF ;J;-

RF ?AFCDWF ;CWF D;C MRF ?M8?CM; JCLMC;FCDWF C7MRM?K, ? HHD;NMW;M;, ? ;N-

MHBNLC;@U?FHNK JU;HNK MAK ?=7AK 8FFHC;K D;C HNL;K

=C; MAF ??NB?J; D;C MAF 8FRLA ? MAF 7>;. 0;J7 >? MHNK

?=7HNK D;M;MJ?=HK D;C D;M;LMJ?HK MRF ;U MHNK ?D7-

LMHM? D;M;DMAM8K A B8ALA MRF +JAMWF =C; FRLA ?FC-

LNUM;F? ?JCLLUM?JH =C; ?M?NA MAK ??NB?J;K.

&C; MHF ;F8F>HMH ;NMU LDHU MAK LNF?HK ;=RFCLMC-

DUMAM;K MAK DJAMCD9K QN9K ?CLA;FHFM;C (LMHF MUH $-

% MAK CLMHJ;K %. 6C7DA) ?LM; UL; =C; MHF HCMCLU, =C;

MAF ??NB?JHJHLFA D;C =C; MAF DJAMCD9 ?AFHLFA. 2N-

=D?DJC8F;, LMA L?>; A' MAK ?CL;=R=9K MHN JWMHN MUHN

H LHN>;HK *M;UK ;J;CHU=HK D;C ;J;CH>AK MRF

DJAMCDWF ;J;CHM9MRF . ;JC7FAK =J7?C UMC: +J9MA

?F;C 7C; ??NB?J;K, ?CK 8FHF @N=UF >?F NHM7LL?M;C, HN>'

?7F ? ;CWF;K ?LUMAF

HBF?HF A>8F; DMAL7?FHC D;M?>HNWBAL;F.... $DU; H =?J-

;FUK Ostin Prokesk Von Osten LMH 8J=H MHN Ersh und Gru-

ber 3Z Z[a ??: "MAK +J9MAK A CLMHJ; ?J;MHMA UHN 7J-

?M;C A CLMHJ; MHN HCH DULHN"

: - ...

+C ;DU;, H A8M?JHK *. &?F7>CHK ? ;HJ9 MCK ?=7?K

L;=8K ;U MHNK 3HJDHNK LMAF +J9MA MH 7CH MHN Za_

8=J;Q? LMH ?JCH>CDU CB?WJALA MHN HF>FHN (MH 2?-

M8CHN JUFHN), ; ?? >HNRB? ?M7 MAF D;M;LMJH9 MAK +H-

JFBHN MH Z]_ .5. ;U MHF ;MH HCH. &C; F; ;FM8?C ?J

M; Y JUFC; ??B?JA RK MAF D;M7DMAL9 MAK ;U MHF LMJ;-

MA=U 8M?H, MHF +JAMCDU, HN MAF >HRL? MH _-_` .5.

#RK, =C; MAF ?FR8FA QN9 +J9MAK ? 7>; H ;?-

FALMHK ?J?C;FUK LMHF MJMH MUH "0?J +HJ;9 LN==J;9"

=J7?C: ... $' A CDJ7 AWF ?F MA ?LH=?R 9?CJHK, A =?-

F8M?CJ; ;NM9 MHN ?H MRF ?AFCDWF $JRF CUK D;C MHN

?F >HN ?C>CD;LMH FRHK, D;M8LMA ?JC7AMHK HN U-

FHF D;M7 MRF ;JWF MHN ?BFCDH AWF ?BA ;NMUJA; "7>HK 7K D;C MHN

?AFCLH ??>HK $DJUHCK...

#RK C; ;U MCK CH LA;FMCD8K ;FMCLM7L?CK ?;F;-

LM7L?CK MHN +JAMCDH ;H =C; MAF ??NB?J; MHN 9M;F A >C'

;8LHN ?;F7LM;LAK D;C >C;;JMJALAK 8DJAA ;=;F7-

DMALAK =C; MAF ;?UALA (JH>HL;) D;C ?WFALA (;=H-

J7 RAL;) MAK ?F>HUM;MAK 9LHN +J9MAK ? MH ?-

HA; MAK LMHNK F?MHK...

? LDAJ9 D;MH9 ;U MH Z[Y]-Z__ >A;>9 M?MJ;DU-

LC; HUDAJ; JUFC; MNJ;FF;K (?NJR;SD9K). &C; F; MAF >C;-

>?B? A ?U?FA MNJ;FF;, A HBR;FCD9, =C; 7; ]YY ?-

JHN JUFC;.

+J9MA: ;=WF?K LNF??K =C; MAF ??NB?J; D;C =C; MAF ?FC-

;; 8DJ;LA MAK ?AFCD9K QN9K. $=WF?K HN LNF?LMA-D;F ?;FWK ;U MAF ?;F7LM;LA MHN Za[Z D;C ;DU; JCF

;U ;NM9, =C; MAF ?AFCD9 ??NB?J;, =C;M H DJAMCDUK ;UK

HN>8HM? ?FFUAL? F; ?;=HJ;LM? ;7 HM? F; M;? ?BFC-

D7 D;C DHCFRFCD7.

? ;NM9 MAF 8FFHC; MAK ??NB?J;K D;C MAK FRLAK ?

MAF 7>;, H +JAMCDUK ;UK ;=RFLBAD? ;F8F>HM; ;U MH

Za[Z D;C ?M7 RK MAF ?JCUBAMA A8J; MAK FRLAK HN ;U

MUM? DN;M@?C A ?AFCD9 LA;; MAK DJAMH=?FHK D;C ?-

AFH=?FHK ?FR8FAK QN9K.

3WJ;, ? MHF ?HJM;LU MRF ZYY JUFRF ULH DC ;F HC H-

8K ?D>AWL?CK L? UA MA >C7JD?C; MHN [YZ\ N?FBCL;F

?D?FA MAF 8F>HA 8J; MH ?D8; D;BWK D;C H BF7JAK

%?FC@8HK B; ?F;C UHC ?JNHC, =C;M A +J9MA L9?J;, ;@

D;C A 7>; >?F ?F;C C; ??B?J?K, ;F?7JMAM?K D;C DN-

J;J?K HFMUMAM?K, 8L; LMAF ?FC;; LQNA ?AFCD9 MHNK

HFMUMAM;.

&C;M ;NM9 A HFMUMAM; 8?C 8HF >HNRB? D;C ?DRAB?

L? ;F?F>H;LMHNK ?;=HJ;LM8K MAK 8=CLMAK +JAMH- ?AFCD9K

;K DAJHFHC7K, MAF HH; ??K ;FM;7;? ? 8F;F N-

>;H D;C HCJ;H Q?N>H?N>;CHFCLU. / HHHK, URK, ?;-

MLBAD? LMA C8H>HN HCMCLH...

&C; F; JH


11/88

- /$#$ $ 9;3#4

&4 $21#54 *

!0* 617 1+1>

1651> 56*/ 3"-

.

- 9/* 6*4 2$$=6-

*4 $/+3?2/*4 2$317-

$4 56*/ 3"6* /61-

56*$/ 56$ $6?63$

3?$6$ 6*4 /;51>

!14 F*4 96#$4 2..).

- *$/6 /1+-

73"$6$ 561/ $-

$2, 6* =367/$, 56$

2"$$ 6*4 $1>4,

4 +7#$4 56*/

/5=, 6*4 3$2!$4

1 $5#+ $ 5 52"-

$ 6*4 '76"4 3"6*4.

- 3=1'14 56* '1-

" 6;/ 1*6;/,

17'?$6$, 2/+=6-

$ 6#3$, $6$57"/ $2= 2*=,

$=5*5* $ 3&$#;/ $2= #+174, 73#;4 1:$/=, 156

0>$. 8/5* 6;/ 23?6;/ ';#;/, $+56?/ &7/$#;/

138?/, ;4 #$ 23?6* !/'0* $63#$4 $4 &7/$#$4 +=-

6$4.

) (2600-1!00 ..)

- *$/6" 6$%1" 5 =174 6174 61#4 6*4 1/;/#$4

6*4 11/1#$4 6*/ #51'1 617 9$1>.

- /2670* 6*4 /$76#$4, 6*4 &;3$4 $ '*173$ 21-

?/ !/63;/ 73#;4 56*/ /63" 3"6*.

- 8/5* 15?/ #9/* 211'1"4 13&/;5*4, 6-

;/ $39661/= 59!'1 $ 0!0* 6*4 3$"4, 6*4

6$169/#$4, 6*4 9375191$4, 6*4 +169/#$4, 6*4 583$&-

&78#$4 $ 93"5* 6*4 23?6*4 138"4 &3$8"4, 6*4 31-

78"4.

) (1!00-100 ..)

- /$30* 6*4 23?6*4 5*$/6"4 23='17 617 /;1>

21651>, 6*/ $$6?'* $/2670* 6*4 216"4, 1-

/;/"4, 11/1"4 $ +3*576"4 ;"4.

- '375* 6;/ 23?6;/ $/$6=3;/, 6356;/ $ 217'$#-

'$;/, 56*/ /;5=, 6* $56=, 6$ $ $ 6* 31.

- @*173$ 5973"4 /$76"4 '>/$*4 $ $" 6;/ 6-

9/?/, 73#;4 6*4 3$"4 ($&$ $$3$ 37+1>).

- $6$56318" 6;/ $/$6=3;/ &>3; 561 BFAA 2.. 6 $2=

5973= 55= 217 !2*0 61 /*5#.

) (100-1400 ..)

- '375* /!;/ &$1232!563;/ $/$6=3;/, 56*/ #'$

+!5* 6$ 2$ $ !/$30* 6*4 21 $23"4 23='17 617 -

/;1> 21651>.

- &$>631 $ 5*$/6=631 61 $/6131 6*4 /;51>,

57/1"4 !6$5*4 CC.AAA 6.., 23%$/ 217?318$

';6$, 8;6$&;&1>4, $21+"4, +*5$73187$, 3&$56"-

3$, $63761>4 $ 174 9?3174.

- /2670* &>3; $2= 6$ $/613$ 2172*+?/ 2=;/, 21-

76?/ 2$>;/ $ $&31?/.

- /$7:* $356173&*$6?/ 73*6;/, =2;4 61-

91&3$8?/, 66173&?/ $&/, 15*6;/, ';#;/, -3$?/, #+/;/ $ 6$?/ 57?/, 583$';/, =2;/

$ 2/$#';/ 3$"4 $ 3$"4 &3$8"4.

- 356" $6$56318" 6;/ $/$6=3;/ 561 6!14 6*4 -

1$/$613"4 23='17, 0$6#$4 55?/ $ 2$331 #&1 6 61 BDAA

2.. $ $/2670* /!;/ !/63;/, =2;46*4 3&17, 6*4 1733"/$4, 6*4 7-

';/#$4.

- 8/5* 7*/$8;/$ 61/

*31, $39*&= 6174 61/ '1/!$.

- $6$56318" 6;/ 7*/$


12/88

D195*, A5*


13/88

- 3&/;5* &$ '=1 23#217 $>/4, '$'19>/ 2$/$565;/

2< $391/6!4 3*6!4 11&!/4, //6$ 56*/ $6$256"

/6" 73$39#$, /$), 732174, 61/ 65!/61

13/31 $ 61/ >3&1 1366*.

- ?$/ '*/ //6$

561/ 6173< 7&/ 56$ 8$ $/#;/ (BI $17 AHBA).

- $6$561" 6*4 $2< 61 176/1 6* 57/'31" 617 ;-

96 * 6*4 &=2617 (AHBD).

- /$;2=3;5* 6*4 2$/56$5*4 6*/ $6*:* 617

83173#17 6*4 3$%1=5$4 $2< 6174 2$/$5664 (AHBEAHBH).

66$ 617 23>6* $6*9* 6$/* 564 AH $17 561

3$&1561.

- 2175#$ 6*4 3"6*4 $2< 61 /15=56$61 */< 3614,

5=8;/$ 61 3;6( =/K'&",(!&$*&"LouisDuprG/$&(B/$+B0(&!B&$=:&(H&K).

90%J=$+$I &=Morosini,'I%# %"$+&",(&'$%'J %' &"AI% 0%,$%B0(&!B ).

@&$* ('&HE$)#%;.3#$I*&".$"I%% ,H!EH&%J#%K&'$#%% ='%I =&"1821 %$B %%I&=0(&!B ).


14/88

1841- /#+71& +!0 %!-

12!1&0 !9 230 !$%*4:0

!/2& 12& $32 /2& !

+ !1*#;/#& 12&+ !+!-

*. 235! %!+12!-

&0 ! %!+!4/ 23 3-

!4 !1 (>EA?) 70 %+-

: EB@-

), % 2&+ $1& !32/!-

/: $!2#!20 (22

3!#:+, >EBC).

- $*71& +!20

!3/#+&, *9#7 27+ +7+ 49/7+ ! 2&0 !32!/50 $&1&0

%2350 "!1 23 % 2&+ !/!5;/&1& +7+ /+7+ (>EBE).

1866-69

- +!/& %#*&0 /&20 %!+12!1&0 % !2&! 2&+ +7-

& (:#3120 >ECC !+3/0 >ECF).

- *!:27! 2&0 +0 /!$3 12 '3+ (F %"/3

CC).

- !/!5;/&1& /+7+ 1230 5/12!+:0 % 2&+ 3#/!-

23 /#!+: 93 (!+3/0 >ECE).

1878

- !/!"!1& 27+ $!2%7+ 23 /#!+: 93 !9 230 3-

13*+30.

- 4!/# /#!+: 93 %2 !9 2&+ 22! 2&0 3/!0

12 7123/9 9*% ! 2 3+$/ 23 %/*+3 (>@ 3-

+3 >EDE).

- /&& %!+12!1&0 1% 9* 2 +&1.

- !/!5;/&1& &!32+!0 ! +7+ 4*%*%:'%/7+ /-

+7+ % 2&+ 3#/!4 2&0 :"!1&0 2&0 !*!0, 12 ;+3-

/12 27+ !+7+ (2;"/0 >EDE).

1889

- ! %!+!12!2 +&2&1&, %2 2&+ !2'%1& 6&4-

1!20 !9 2 9! 27+ 3+2&/&2;+, 3 /3% 2&+ +71&

2&0 /2& % 2&+ **$! (C !3 >EEF).

- /3& 2&0 %!+12!1&0 !9 2&+ 3"/+&1& 23 !/-

*3 /:&.

- !& !+2$/!1& !9 2&+ 3/! % 2&+ %"* 12/!272-

: +93, !+*&1& 27+ $!2%7+ 2&0 :"!1&0 2&0 !*!0 !

%/2&1& !'%12;20 2//!2!0 (>EF=->EFB).

1895 - 1896

- /#+71& 2&0 %2!*2%320 2/0, 2 >EFB !9 2+

!+:1 :+$3/ (/72$&0 12+ !+7+), % 19

2&+ %!+!4/ 27+ /+7+ 2&0 :"!1&0 2&0 !*!0.

- +!/& %!+12!1&0 ! */! 2&0 23/0 4/3/0 233 !+7+ (A->E !3 >EFC).

- 4!#0 ! *%&*!1%0 %+!+2+ 27+ 5/12!+;+ 3/70 12! !-

+ ! 12 /*% (>EFC).

- $5 23 +3 /#!+1: /2&0 !9 2+ 3*2+, %2

!9 1%0 27+ %#*7+ EFD).

- /#+71& %!+!12!2: 12/!2$3 12 /72/ !+7+,

% 19 2&+ +71& 23 +&1: % 2&+ **$!.

- 12* %**&+: 12/!2: !250 39 2+ *+2! 1-

1 (> %"/3!/3 >EFD).

- "!/$190 23 12/!2$3 /72&/3 !9 2 129* 27+

%#*7+ EFE) ! 2%/!2190 2&0 !/!7+&0 23/0 !250.

- /17/+ $!3"/+&1& 23 +&1: !9 2 2%*%129+

/2&0.

(1840 - 1898)

;=;"#$;#%;#$=#$#;$'#%%+%$%;.=).

;$2;!2,;;#%=%;$;$;$2;2

(#$$%>;$$>;&$.;/;(:%2;'%:2


15/88

1899-1905

- #2/ #65;03 25+!3 0+5'"#3 #+ &+02+4;3 2"-

+1# ':2%"06 :3 1#506 2045! 2!53 (0$2+03 @FGF).

- *064+=&3 610&08! 506 #1; 50 25+; #; #+ 5063

628063 5: '%: >6':, #5 5 7+/! 506 450

+ 53 0''$2"06 @FGF).

- !7+4 506 12=506 65%#503 53 25+!3 0+-

"#3 #+ 48#5+4;3 53 12=53 6$243 (12"+03GG).

- 6'508! 506 '6*'2"06 '+06 45 6$24

3 6$0'$2+03 @G?D) #+ 48-

#5+4;3 #3 6$243, ' 5 46'508! 506 '6*'2"-06 '+06 :3 6$0+#0#5+!3 6$243

(5=$2+03 @G?F


16/88

/218 2&0 /1&0 (9"3120 =D). *9'&1$ & /&& 23

*+9 *3 (@ 27!/3 =D=>).

- ;/180 23 /:23 "$+9 ;&2 /2&0, 23 2-

+3 ;/"9& (2:!/0 =D=>).

- "/4 2&0 3+'&0 23 +#+3 12& *& 23

*+9 *3 (=B 3 =D=?). /2&1& 23 3*-

+3 8 '$ #7 $3//50 12&+ /2& -

/#1 2&0 12 !*+ /2&.

- "/4 2&0 3+'&0 23 33/$123 12& *&

23 *+9 *3 (>C 3*3 =D=?). /2&1& 2&0

3*"/0 27+ **7+ !*+:+ /2:+ 8 '$ 7-

1& 12&+ /2& /#1 2&0 12&+ **#.

- "/4 2&0 3+'&0 27+ '&+:+ $29 **#0

3/0 (= $!/3 =D=?), " 2& /9'1& 27+ $-

/30 '$27+ 3 4/91+ 2 +&1.

- /3& 2&0 +71&0 2&0 /2&0 $ 2&+ **# 1$ $-

1&& 2$*$2 12 /9/ / +7+ (= ;$$!/3 =D=?),

$ 2&+ /31 23 !1* 7+12+2+3, 23 /7'3-

3/"9 *$3'$/3 $+%*3, /347+ "7+12:+, 870

+"+:12&0 +20 2% 5*&0 ++/&0

*'0 813.

OF4! E#&>F%E&>,F/&FF/&!,FC&F(#%F/%%D#BF/&!FF/%F B%FF%F%HF/%F(#" !(&!#CF/>F4H>F 1910).

=/E+%&>F,(#D/&>F%*>F7#B/>.

F/&F8&%C%&,FG/HF/FB$F/&!FF*%*&J;&EG&!F F1912).FLFIllustration,F11F6%&!#C&!F1913.F

:F4! E#&>F%E&>,F&FE/>F*F&F%/(#&"(C>F/"%*%*D%F7#/D%,F*/HF/%F!(+BF/>F=!% B*>F/&!&!*&!#/C&!F 1913).

5F(CGF//BF/>F?%">F/>F7#B/>F/&F+#&J#&F'#*HF 1


17/88

(1916)

- 0#82' !31 *1 ;'1 23' %22!+*',

3 3' $0*%! 34 !#*24 +4, !/: "%&%+-;1 !8!3*;1 (@G 4#;234 ?G?D).

- /346! 34 %&+4 ! %3!/%2% 3 "!2+ 8-

!3 81 /01 3' %2$ 3'1 6> 424+8 !/: 3' 03'.

- !023* ' 24"+ 341 23' !#03* !/34'

3'1 03'1, % 3' !;'2' 3'1 !/%+*!++0#%!1 *! 3'1

*!/*!++0#%!1 *! % 3' *!3!2*%4 23!5$%0#-

23!28.

- 2642' 3'1 *!1 *! 34 %/04 34 '-

2;, +:#8 3'1 !1 3%6#82!1 /4 %2#!#! -

*0!23%1 /0:254#%1.

(1936)

- !31 34 +%4%04 %&+4 23 !02, 23 $!-

02! 3'1 $; /&: @@, %3 !/: %#*%5!+* 245:0'2'(?F !034 ?GAD).

- 5' 3'1 20; 23 /03& 3'1 3!+!1 *! /!0!+!-

" 3'1 !/: 3 /+%*: /+ !;+1 4340


18/88

(1938)

- #*71& +20 12 + 8 *290 8-

230 7290 " 2&+ +2/ 2&0 #22/0 23

++& $2 (=B 3*3 B).

- #1& #""*20 8 2 /#47+8 12'8 27+ -7+, $ 2 *91+ 2 *8, 20 +*$0 #3+$0 2

1* + +2/63+ 2& #22/ + $+4/3+ 2&

&/2.

- /72$/"2$0 23 +20 2+ /12+&0 &-

2&0, $/*0 /"3/83*0, 12/2&"80 +20, -

910 *3#&0, +3* *2%0, 7++&0 3-

&0, /19!3*0 *#0, 7++&0 %&0, *35/8+&0 -

5/+#&0, 3""$*0 2%&""$*0, 0 192&0, 3"-

*0 212&0, 312/20 $7/"*#&0 **.

- +3* 13#$/80, 3/$ 3/82$/0 5/&2-

2&0 23 +20.

- +2& 23 +20 1$ $3/92$/& $+122 #/-

&, 3 /"+:'&$ 8 $2/ *2:+ 12&+ '+.

- $1& & +2#/1& 23 $2, / 2+ /58 4+-

18, $ 2&+ 12* 12/272:+ +32:+ #3+$-

+ 12&+ /2& 2& *, 70 !1& $5$/1$7+ 2 27+

+&2:+.

- 235 23 +20 *8"7 2&0 0 /"+71&0 $-

9 27+ 13+2$*$12:+ 23, 2&0 310 *20 12/-

720 12/&0, 2&0 $9*&0 212*0 23 70 $//1+3

9 +20 3/70 *8"7 2&0 **$6&0 23 /293

30, 23 *$3'$/3 $+%*3 (=C 3*3 B).

1941

- $"+80 "810 $!*$0 & $ +2121& 27+ /&-

:+ $++2+ 2&0 "$/+ $1!* 2 2& #/$ 23

"13 *3.

- 2/2&"0 1&10 & 2*&6& 23 +&19, *8"7 2&0

"$7"/40 23 '1&0.

- 2*&6& 2&0 '+0 8 230 $/+90 $"2-

121& 23 !1* $7/"3 2&0 $**&+0 3!/+&1&0

12 + (=> /*3


19/88

A

(1821-1913)

&*#1+!2 #4"34#3 48 14*-

+; #4"/ 48 +#4#+44;

4/52, *&*#"41# #09 4/ =?/ #*-

;# .. #*;# +#* 0*4#, "-

#* 6#*9/ /#&*+9 34

34/1"#. "+/3* 04 %2 !

*+19412 0##343*2 3-

*;/4#* 4 01"/&/ 42

4/+1#4"#2. 09 4/ =B@A, 94# /* /1+/* +#4#$# 4# #-

, 82 4/ =CDC 41 &;&+# 0##343*2 +#* +*!#-

. *+! 35"&3 48 14; !4# &*#/168 #*-

2 01* #09 4/ =D/ #*;#, 4/ #*;# 48 *+*3;, / /0/"-

&*/1%3 4# 3%71/# +14. ;5/* +#* 0;5/*

1!42 #%8*342 /1%8# /0 #4"34#3 34/52 +#4#-

42 (8#"/52, 1#$2, 4/2, /1+/52). 43* &*#-

16;+ / 40/2 4/5 +14*+/ 0##344, 0/5 "7 4# -

1*# 4/5 34# /1* 781* +#* 34*2 &3$#42 +14*+2 #&12:

#"/2, +#141*+92, //52.

/ =D/ #*;# /* 71*34*#/" 42 1!42 0// 4*#

/ /54/ %16/4#2 34*2 3#"2 4/52: 51"# ! -

#4/2, 83*2 ! #4/2. *34/1*+92


20/88

20| & .

1*%71, 81 +=8/>88" 839, 81 :038%&1 839 /& 81

$1 839 [...]. 91348/$ 4&5397%&7 86 4"06 8=1 5-/@1 * 8396 3?5/396 831 CI3 &@1& /& 86 435*%&6 839

8/3? +8$&836 #;5 81 1=7 *4;*5*%8& 786 *4>-

1*6 4&5&5":396.

824> 83 CHCG #;391 /&8#' 781 5$8 /$59/*6 86 0-

$6 8&5*%&6, 3 343%3 453*83%&7&1 81 *4&1"78&7. *-

2? &98@1 $8&1 3 &139$0 *51"536, 3 &51"'&6 "/&036

3 *4%7/3436 *0;7*#/ A*7438"/6. 43:&7%+*8& /$-

2 86 *4&1"78&76 * 791#0*97 781 &1&%& 9&1$

=1 :&/%=1. 86 CE 391%39 7*@1*8& 45@8 "; 86

&1"78&76 839 DC 781 5$8, 7831 3?03 !&1%=1. 3?5-

&4&183?1 * &18%431&. 4&;31%+391 831 *4%7/343 -

"39 *0;7*#/ /& 7:"+391 *5=#1396 /& 0&> 783 5"-

*3 86 5$86. /05#6 ";*6 7*@/&1 783 #573 /&

1 43/>5=1&. 3?5/3 41%391 * /&41> CFB 91&/>-

&& 783 74$0&3 86 5931*5%&6. 536 83 8#036 839 ;5>-

9 :8"1* 781 5$8 =6 *1/>6 #4&5;36 3 ;&$0 3-

11>6 :*183?06.

822 45374"*& & 81 /&8"0 8396 58/3?6 &4389;"1* /& 3 "0036 :0#001&6

&0#785&6 7/38@1*8&. 3 "3 78396 5#1396 43/35@-

9 /&43 5&/0*%39. 3 ;*@1& /&8&785#:* 83 3534#-3 &7%39.

8233 "3 :8"1* 781 %7&3 3 &139$0 34"+6 =6

&5378$6 /& /95*?* 83 :53?53 839 &78*0%39 7"39.

3?5/3 43035/3?1 8396 ;578&13?6 78& 74$0&& 86 -

0"839 /& 839 *031%39 903438"39, 8396 343%396 /&

&1&8@1391. #*6 91"*6 395/3&948%=1 * &5;> 83

&45> 839 =;"*8 0 :8"1391 781 5$8. 30?1*/5*6

";*6 *2$;7&1 786 395#00*6 /& 781 %& &5'"-

5&. 91#0*97 8=1 58@1 1 86

*1&97%39 834/$6 3/$7*=6 86 1$739 5$86.

824 !397*1 0*0&8*% 8& ;=5" 839 43/>5=1& /& *7'"-

0* 78& :&/", 781 %7&3 /& 83 #013. :&$ 783 &-

:31$7. &/>6 */4&857>6 58/@1 &4> 83 3985> /&

8 A98/$ 5$8. #0 &39 3 !397*1 &1&:#5* >8 /&8#-

412* 81 *4&1"78&7 781 5$8.

825- 826* *9:9#6 7;#3 3 58/3% /&8&0&'"1391 8 5&-

'3?7&, 343%& & 85%& ;5>1& (CHDF-CHDH) %1*8& 83 >13

*0*?*53 8$& 86 5$86 &4> 83 343%3 2*/13?7&1 3 5&-

'397&13% $ &074#5*6 /& 8=53?7&1 8396 3?5/396.

8 5&'3?7& 35&1@/* 3/7>6. *4&1&78"8*6 & 1&

*4'@7391 781 "31 '5&;317%& &7;30$/&1 * 81

4*5&8*%&.

827 5&'397&13% 45374&3?1 1& &1&+=495@7391

81 *4&1"78&7 781 5$8 * 785&8303%*6 58/@1 &4>

81 *034>1173, #87 @78* 5$8 1& 794*50:*% *

86 *4%7*6 91$/*6 781 *001/$ *4/5"8*&. 43'-

'"+391 4309"53 785&8> * &5;> 831 ="11 !"0 786

&1&830/#6 *4&5;%*6 839 173?.

=6 *4;*%57 781 &1&830/$ 5$8 8*0/" &43-

89;"1* /& 3 5&'397&13% *4785#:391 78 5&'3?-

7&.

828 !&8+;"06 8&0"16 * 45>7/07 /& 733-

7%& 8=1 5&'397&1@1 &43''"78/* 78 5&'3?7& /&

&4> */*% &43:"77* 1& &18*8=4%7* 8396 3?5/396 783

5&/3/"78*003. */785&8*%& 78& :&/" /&8#02* 783 "-

1&83 83 8&0"1 /& 8=1 785&8=8@1 839.

9'*51$86 &43%785&6 &43:&7%+* 1& 4&8"2* 81

4*5&8*%& 8=1 5&'397&1@1. 03"003 /&8&785#:391

83 78>03 8=1 5&'397&1@1 /& 4&5&%391 8 5&'3?-

7& 7831 03 7918&&8"5; 95/39"8. 1&35&1@1*-

8& 83 58/> 9'3?03 * */4537@4396 &4> >0 81 5$-

8. 8 *7&5" 3 ;578&13% &1&8@1391 831 *1%87&53

530%.

8291845>7=436 839 &43%785& 781 5$8 35%+*8& 3 -

/>0&36 *1#56. ;*>1 >0 ?4&536 86 5$86 '5%7/*8&

78& ;#5& 8=1 *4&1&78&8@1, */8>6 &4> 8& :53?5& 78& 343%&

#;391 /&8&:?* 3 3?5/3.

!$!"$!!#!" !!!!!!# !

"!!!!! !!! !#

!! !!1866


21/88

183' 50 25;00 506 0&"06 506 @FA?,

2!5 '+ / #1; 5# ;2+# 506 06 '-

0< 25063. + 2!5'3 #%##506-

68=3 #+ #65! 5 702 &' 10-


22/88

;0 !A0D8. &: #. NE=6:B 2@24?A6L?E= CD8=


23/88

E A ,

(1830-1913)

{ } #% +%, !%# %* $* %( *#'!(!%(, & % 1830 !$)$ % *#'!!'% '( % 1913. # % &'#$ $'%# %*(*!&$, $% &!& $* % %,' %( #$( '!%( &$( %( #%(, !* $%&$% % % %( "#*( %* *+.

! -

& $

#!( !(, !

# $-

!, -

( $ !

' '.

,

& & (, " ! -

( & ! # ! &

, ! "! !"

! !$% , ! !# " -

'.


24/88

39 72= 6*/ $2" 6*4 3;5"4 231?+*5*4 561

&$#1, '$58$#56* * +/" $/0$36*5#$ 6*4 -'$4 61 3;61=17 617 1/'#/17 (BIDA) 217

;4 =3 61/ $215= 6*4 3"6*4 $2= 6$ */

/13$ 2$3 64 '2;$6!4 '$$3673#4, $ 64

$/$56$6!4 $/6'354. $ =* 6*/ 2=/* '-

6#$ * 3"6* 23"+ 56174 &>26174. 61 6!14

4 * 23=6$5* 23# *&1/#$4 6>217 17 $2133#-

+* $2= 6174 3*61>4 (BIDJ), /? * 2316$+#5$

&" 23156$5#$ '/ %3" $/6$2=35*. 3"6*,

6* 5>%$5* 617 1/'#/17 (BIEA), 2$/"+ 56* '-

1'15#$ 617 176/17, /? * 2$/$56$6" -

*6121#*5* ($3!6*) 617 BIEB $2!%* $32*.

017 "'* 6 61 BIDA 1 23;6$&;/56!4 6*4

*6"4 2$/56$5*4 $/$"6*5$/ $6$8>&1 561

>+31 */= 3614, 8$/=/1 217 +$ 2$/$-

%$/=6$/ 561 6!14 + $21679*!/*4 0!&35*4.

76= 7/=*5 6* '$=38;5* /=4 59731> 2$3-

/6$ /#5975*4 6;/ 3*6?/ 2$/$565;/ $ 5>-

80*4 6;/ +/?/ '5?/, /? 2*3!$5 $+13-

6*/ 2"6*5* 6*4 !/;5*4 6=51 $2= 6*/ 3*-

" =51 $ $2= 6*/ */" 273.

$3=$ $76 $6 $31>4 !&/$/ 231654

3*6?/ &$ $&&" 231536*5*, 217 '/ $2!';-

$/. 3"6* "6$/ +$75$... ;4 2314 61 !'$814,

#$, 6* 563$6*&" +!5*, =;4 6*/ $611>-

$/ CAA.AAA */4, =2;4 !& 9$3$6*356 &-

14 563$6;6=4. (/'$8!3175$, 56$, #/$ *

1757*6*!/* %36$/" 2316#*5* &$ 6*/ >231.)

4 * >5* $2=52$5*4 $2= 6*/ 1+;$/" 7-

$39#$ 57*6"+* * *&1/#$, 217 721/+$/ $

1/1$5#4 +5?/ $ 564 583$'4 6;/ 2$/$-

$6?/ 617 BIEB $ 617 BIFI, 2$3 6*/ $6$'#* 6;/*/?/ 7%3/"5;/. 3*61#, ;56=51, '$3-

?4 $/$*61>5$/ $>631 216$= $+56?4.

6 61/ 3$;/ "/;/, 93#1/6$/ $6 $31>4 *&!-

4 '$8136" 81518#$: 72156*36"4 6*4

&*4 '!$4 1 !0$/'314 1717/'1>314, 217 #9+ $ ;4 +1/6"4 $9*6"4 56*/ 3"6*, 1/

1/56"4 1 @. 1>&$3*4, 12$'1# 6*4 $/$"6*5*4

2;$6?/ >5;/ 1 . @*&?3&*4 $ 1 . 3-

>2*4, 217 !%2$/ 61 3*6= ;4 2679" 617 /$-

1>, 2561# 12$'1# 6*4 1&*4 565*4 1 6 61

JH 7%3/?/64. 1 6174 =;4 $/ $ $11>-

*5$/ '$8136!4 6$6!4, #9$/ 1/= 01/$ 6*/

2187&" */16173"4 3"0*4, =&; 6;/ 73;-

$


25/88

7&8. /B8 A6758 6735A9 93 **201& +0-

='709, 93 7& 65+0+@3 *3>9& 9A9

8 #2%68. 90, *1/0+7A/1 1/9B8 0;-

535'8 95 39', 36A99538 3 1501& 30-

67$/9 10 67057'538 5 3+098. 65;=' ;5A 5; 3%5; 1/-

9B58 $3504 5 +7@5 *0 5 %258 8 5/>301&8

15=&8.

0 7*+'8 652001%8 42'408 93 **A8 35-

2&, 650101& 4$62>9 **2>3 $22>3 10 2B393 9 8 5;2*-

7'8 3 6759$79 8 35201&8 >;2'8 10

+;301& +0'9+;9 8 ;97'8 9 21301& +01-

+'19, 3 3/$77;39 8 **2'8 *0 2@*5;8 *-

*257>9015A 3*>3095A, 67%93 1/570901$ 3

3/B79 8 9$98 >3 09=;7B3 95 35201@

&. 5 4A 93 7& *0 2@*5;8 1;7'>8 50-

1535015A8 4%969 63$99 5; EHHI, 65; 5+&-

*9 93 $79 @2>3 >3 67535'>3 5; EHGH 10 93

637'8 3 ;659&-

704& 8 5 EHIF 93 7& 4%969 6520-

;01& 63$99, 65; 652&/1 %353 6@ 5

22301@ 17$58. 5253@0 50 7&8 65/5A903 ... 3

$ 8 22$+58 %3>903, +3 65175A5;3 3 652';

;652%8 3 > 5;2$3>... @>8 **;%353 67$

>3 *$2>3 C;3$>3, %*7


26/88

2+ & 0$ '1*$ 0$ $0&' 5$, " "-

&' 1+'$$ ("0&+). 0$ !&"%

9&$ 05 5 '&'9 *&'+$05& 0$ "&5 05 "$&'9 %"9 0$ 0$,

5$ 0 ++": +80" 7 !&"%+8 74"5

3" 5&%" +80" 7 "$&' "3" 10""-

. $ "5+&0&' 00$&' 05 15-

0$ "&+3 "3" !$ !&2+++&$%".

+


27/88

{ }

'! !&' &'! (! '" #'%" '" 1910, " !"* '! !*$%"* #"'* (!"* ##". '! !* ""%)!"* #"'* &'' '" "" &$'"* '* ''"")'*, #" '"! #%$'" & %()! "' &'* "*- &(' &)*, ! ! + & ! &!!'* '", ! + #%""(& !" '* &* '! !'#%(&

'" '"! %# $%" '" %" '" &'" %&".

)) 0)/# %0'/# *%#

&)*1*!# !2! 0*#

)# *( %'1)( *%+, )*#

"* +#**%( )*( 7 -

&*'%+ ! )* ') )*( 46

%'%+. ) *# ''%-

' *%+, *( &')( !

%'1)( *%+ *( &'2*( &'0-

+, &')/ # )+#)/ *%+( &'%'*!%1(

0%+( *%+ #"%+ *( &'0%+ 443-53 *( -

'( *( )!( *%+. #( %( &0'%+ &%+ )* )

+ 4%+ 2#, &%) # )&%+) #%! ) #

)!0 &)*% # &0 0#% *%+ # " &'%(

&'%)!%1( %'%#*(. " *% %&%% )+#*")*!

# &% &%+ ! ""% #% %!%#2# )*! %-

#%! #) ! )*! &"* &%)# #

#%+# *'% !0'%, ) # &'""%# &%+ '-

# %'2#* * * " '*! )*)

+ 4988-8.

&0 &%"1 #/'(, % #"%( &!*) * 0

!': &0! &%( )* )+# #

)*# )!) )*( $#( "2))(- ! !""'-

) * ""! &0 *% )%"% )*# #, * '#-

E I-A %## # # " " " # !# " " , #" " #" . $"

4#3-4!3-44 0456-442-44'.4+65.

424#4&0-441898,44446444".+444#3-4!3-,%6-46-4 -)44(-"56-4444 .4/6-,4".'6-,4#55.4$6-.4

(.4*6-,4#.4!3-,4&.45-,/.4*6-,4 . 40-44".'6-,4534-4#0-4#434 ,41897.

4#3-4!3-,4-4-440-,45444'4#44&.


28/88

"

# "

" " ,

#. "

" ".

/ $ 216>/ 2-

*>/ 61 AEAE, " 61 (7871/ 617,

6/ '(>/ 217 1 #'14 3*6 $/&( 564 $39!4 6*4 $-

"4 2$/56$5*4, "6$/ * (8*(3#'$ ' 217

(0!''( $2< 6$ 6!* 617 ADDD 4 6$ !5$ 617 ADDE 4

!14 6*4 1'$4 6/ (713(6>/.

'* $2< 6$ 23>6$ 617 (#(/$ +!6( 6* (!6* 617

56*/ 72*3(5#$ 6/ (29(3*6/ 617. $3'(&$

* $/$813 617 561/ Mirabeau &$ /$ 56*3#0( 61 (2-

9(#3* 617 617 8=17 (#-

/$ * (2#6(70* 6*4 231


29/88

#!.&.& (!,&.&%!,&.&(!$!.& $ / *+* 0+*1!% 4 !0&*!/# # !/-0$%/%& +*%#, * +*'%/%&6 1%'!'!0$!%6

! /# '!%/*0 /*0 &*%(**0'!0/%*7 &% /#( (/%-

+$!# /4( &*/4( &% /#( ) /# &*/%-

/# 9%*#, 0(*+/%&, *% 2 % &*%(4(%& +6-

** &% !0#! $!!'%4(! /* !6 /4( (-

$4+(4( %&%4/4( &% /*0 (/%+*4+!0/%&*7 +*-

'%/!7/*.

'' &% /* +!* /# +&/%& +*'%/%&, # +*-

8$## /4( !$(%&8( /624( ++!% ( !+%%42$! /*(

&/''#'* 26(* &% +6 /#( &*%(**0'!0/%& %-

%&.

&/#%/%& !(% !)''*0, +6 /#( 2 /# +*-

'%/%& /*0 +*0 # +/# % 0+6!0# ! /#($( /* "/# /# '7# /*0 /%&*7 "#//*:

1!% /% A *0 ;AAB, ! (4+ /#( &0)# /#

(4# +6 /# 0(/##/%& (/%+*'/!0#, &%8

6,/% '!! /* ;B;;: $'%& & %%&, (# " (-

&/, " ! "+!%" ('$"" ' 21 & #'$'

& "&! / +"/ (&& & ('$"'%&& !/

*)(!/, (*'/ ' $$!&"& &'/. '' &&'! (

& "&&& / 0/ ' $$!&"+%' " " '' ("-

++'+" !+0&, (/ ' $$!&"+%/ (*++ "

*+! & ! $$$ (*"++". $& +%*'& &

(*$+! !& &"& (*+& " !& &*-

+"& & '"'&'%")& ' $$!&"' &'/ "(*" $!-

%, "(*" *'& &"(*""&.

!/ /* ;AB@, '' &04 !/ /* ;B=, +*/-

$!/% &% ''# +!/* /#( %**+ /4( 2!%%-

8( /*0 !$(%&*7 "#//*. /%, /# 0(/&/%& 0-('!0# /*0 ;B? /*("!% /# '&(%& %/# /*0

/%&*7 "#//*, ! )*( /4( !(!!%8( +(/ /*

!''#(%&6 &/*:

&/ "&'$''% "" & *)+%& &

'*&)+%& +*& &%&'& & +! !%/ "/ !& -

& (*$$!$'& !/ +*""/ '*&)+/ $$&

*)& ' %', " %/ %" (("+%&'/ ", &

+"%& ' $$!&"& *'/ $ *+! +*& -

&%&'& & "/ !& & (*$$!$'& (*'/ '/ +*-

'/ & $$& *)& ' %', ' (*& !/ %-

&/ & &%& &" " ('$ +('"*'/

" !%/ (* '& (*'& !/ +*""/ %/ '*-

&)+/. (% &%8 # &/!7$0(# +*0 $!! !

!1* 4 +4$0+*06 /# '' /* ;B;.

0(*'%&6/!, *% "! /*0 +*'%/%&*7 +*/*

! /* *+** !1(/#&! /#( $( /* ;B; (%-

2(!7*(/% # +6 /* ;AAB. (% # 0(/## /# !+%-

4)# /*0 !$(%&*7 /62*0 /# (4# ! /*( &*%-

(4(%&6 /62* /# !0#! &% /# (+/0)#. +*-

/%& '4# /*0 &6/* /4( %'!'!0$4(

/ !0& # (1!%:

' ! ($*+"/ & &")& !%)& (& & #*-

" ('$"+")/ & &%& ' (', $$ +-

%()+/ ('$$)& (*"++&, '$'%& &%&'&/, &

($'% !/ "*/, !& (*0" ' "('& !%/ ('-

$%, (/ &(0)+"& & %* "& " !" " $"-

&%"/ ' *!"' $', " '/ %&+*'&,

& (*)! "*, ("$+" ' *#%&'& *'&.

'"'& '+)& & ('$"")& !%)& (('"+& "

*0)&, $'%& ("")#" !& &*+"& & '"'&'%"-

)& ' (' " %%*!%&& " $& '"'&'%")&,

!& %0+"& !/ */ " ' %('*' , !& %-

'$& ' '*'$'"' ++%'/ , !& *(& &

"& !/ 0"/ ++/ !/ (* !%& ("-

/ " !& %0+"& !/ ""'+&!/ "/ !& %(*('-

+& +"&.

% *'%/%& +*%# 2&/#"!% /% +*-

/%& /*0 *%'! /* 1$%(6+4* /*0 ;B;.

!0&% % '!2* /4( %!8( /*0 /* +!* /#

+&/%& +*'%/%& $! ! /#( (!%) /*0 ! #!-

/%& *1 +6 /#( +(/# /*0 ;AB@ &% /%

!/*' +*0 &*'*7$#(. ( &% '* /# !%*-3#1%& ! /* +!* /*0 +*'%/%&*7 (/4(%-

*7, &/1!! 1!(6 ( *!% ! !'* $6 /%

+*'%/%& !)!')!% ! /# # /*0, 1!/*0 ( -

'!% /# 1 /4( %!8( /*0 / 0(// /*0

;ABB &% /*0 ;B@.

+('"'* & "#& ' +0' ' -

&%'/, [] ' &*'& (* ' '(''& +*" $'/ '

%!0&"+%/ ' &%'/, !$ $" " $$" "#"/

' &%'/, +'(& 0'+" & ++'& +-

$+*& !& (*'++& !/ (*'+("/ $*/.

"" *'/, ' '(''& '*)&" & +$+! !& (*'-

+("& $*& & ('$")&, ($!*' '& *")-

'&, & 0" '& %&'&, +'(& !/ ('+'$/ '.

/62* /4( 0(/&/8( /*0 2!*0, 6+4 !)#!,

!(% # 7(/)# 0(//* &*%&*7 &/*0 ! /6-2* /#( 0'%& !0%*( /*0 '*7 ! +'% &*%-

(**0'!0/%&*7 +*'%/%&*7 (/4(%*7, ! /*( +6-

!* /# 0!(!4 ( +*2!/% +6 /#( #!

/4( &*/4( ! # /#( 2 /# !#'4(# &%

/# %&%# /4( !)*0%8(.

% 2 0/, ( &% 0(%/*7( /$!*7 *#-

*7 /# +*'%/%& /*0, * !(%"'* (/%'(!/% !

/#( !'/%&6/#/ +*0 +%/! * +*'%/%&6 /*0 !'%-

6: +!%, *% (/%'3!% /*0 % /* 6'* /#

!&/!'!/%& !)*0 /*0 $!*7 /# %&%*7(#

&% % /# $# /*0 (4//*0 2*(/ /#( +0-

/*0 +*'%/%&*7 0//*. 6&!%/% % /#( ''#

63# /# +*'%/%& /*0 10%*(4, 0/ +*0 2!-

/"!/% ! /*( +*'%/%&6 /*0 !'%6, /#( $## /*0

!1%&/*7. +!+%"6!(* /* 2%* /*0 0(//*/# 0('!0# /*0 ;B?, !&$/!% ! 1(!% /*0 )*-

(! /# +*'%/%& /*0 &% /#( ( 7+)# ! &%

62% !((/4# +* /% !'! 90(!% % /# /-

%& +*! +* /*( !$(%&6 /62*. 2*(/ /#( -

$## /*0 !1%&/*7 /#( +*'%/%&, ('(!% &% /*

&* /# !+(//%& /&/%& 6(* 6/( +%/!7-

!% 6/% *% 0($&! !+%/+*0( /#( !04+5& !+#

+* 61!'* /*0 &*+*7 /*0. * +/02! /* ;AB@ &% /*

;B>. * !+('! /* ;B;?-;@. '' +(4 +6 6' #

$## /*0 !1%&/*7 &% # ('#3# '!'*%(*0 -

&*0 &/#7$0(( /# 0(*'%& +*%# /# '-

&(%& /*0 +*'%/%& /#( /*0 ;B;


30/88

+#""* '"%* "'* #&'*, !#&'" (!$!,

#&'"!* &+!%'* (!" %'"* +(%"* . !"*

- (1901-1906)

{ }&% +!& +& 1901, *+& *-+! + +! !+ '& $#!/ *$'#*! & /%! -, # $ *& '!+!*. !' 2!&, '+& $&*+ +-% #-% 3%$-%*+& %*, '#* +&% *$& ('&) +& ' + 3!!&*%#!& %!#&, '!, *$-% $ +% '*$ !+!&, #-%$&- '*+!" ! $&* " %$ ' *'&!&++&+$+& +& +'&, %+!+& '& +& %$ ! +% %+% [+&].

30| & .

/ 1901 / &*:/ 4" 37 &4, %*"&*;/ %*>/

"* % ""6*;/ /*4*> 4/ !. > 4"

'/*44*= 4/ >*" 4 5" &!& &%&* 4/;"4/ &%*"'/ 4/ *" 4/ 4*> :4;". / 1889

&+& &+/?*/ %6!", 6 ;/ 4 ""&64*

/;=%" 46 &/&*4, 4 4&&4"!" & *

"> 4 "4=& 4/ "5&44/ 4 ?;#" 4

"". "%&!5& & &4* '*/6;!" 4

&"=4" 4/ 1897-98, %*"!5& 6 *">

%*"";"4&4 ;& 4/ "=/ "* 4/ /+/

46 =;&6 "* 6 ;/ 4 ;&4"#"4* 4&&4*

*4/, * "> 4 &"5!% 4 4* /*4&!".

32// !*" &*/, %&4&>4// */

4/ #"**= 46 6, #*>4" 4 4

6 &4//%>/ 46 =;&6 "> 4/ &;#*/4/ 1898. 4" &/> 4/ "**= 4 "!" "*

4/ &=/ /> 4 6!".

/ 1891, 4 %*=&*" &> 4"+*%*/? ""$

4 6 "4/, %*6& 4/ &+=%&'> 4/, ;&4&*4"

=/ *>"/ 4 6!" (/;">'),

"> ">&*" %//'/!" &"4!/ 4/.

>4&", 6 "+*6;"4*> 4/ &*/? "4*/?,

;;&4&!& 4/ "/&*;> 4 4 "*

4/ &/4/*> >&;/ 4/ 1897.

$222" 7 /!7 $2=

*/ 7%!3/*5* >3&*5 ;4

$$>*4 &$ * '*73$'> $/+!/;/ 2=;/, ;/

5727=/;/ (23&2?/)

$ ;/ $/27=/;/ (%-

/?/). 2= #/*$ *4

2$375#$4 7 5 /*5#, -

3&4 # $$5"5 5$8!4 = '/ "$/ '$+!-

4 /$ 2335# 54 $3'=*4 27 23'!&3$8

$ $7=/ >/$&$ 7 ABCC, 2$3= 23= &$

$/ $$5$= 3* $3 &//$=';3 234

3=5;2= 7.

$/ 57/'*" * 2&" ;/ 57/$?/ 7 /$ $2-

?57/ 72375#4 5 !/$ !4 *4 */"4 %$5-

"4 &!/$4, 27 # +;3*+# "&'* '"+ %-

$! '* !)&*, 5 2$#5 /=4 $+5?4 23-

;3/= $ $%$= $3$"3$. 3='34 *4 16-

>4 232"4, 27 '$=38;5 $3= 5!', $4 7/$"4 7/!75*4, * 2#$, $2= 57//-

"54 / ?3&, 352#*5 57/$&$-

#/, "$/ ;//*4 8$$/*4. /!4

23;$&;/5= 3= $ 5$ '> 5?$$. 8$-

$/*4 !/ %3=/*4 =$/ ?3&4 / 2*-

8=3*5 &$ */ 23=+5" 7 /$ '"5 /*5# $2-

$3 $ %#$$, =2;4 !&$4 !34. 2&*-

7!/4 $ $7=3/$ 25>/$4 = 35"4 '/

$/ $/=4 /$ '$35# 27?4 +/= "*$,

/"+* */ 7273&" +!5* 27 7 23=583 $ $2-

3+* $2= */ 2". /!4, 27 57/3&$=$/

/ 8$$/*, /#5*. 35 $ $7-

4 /$ 5%$3 /'=/ /$ */ 5

*/ 23?* 7%!3/*5* *4 #$4. 8$$/*4

/ $2!3: * &( !"* !&( ! #&'.

$2?3*5" 7 / '3= 5/ $ 16 3=/$

=3= 7 /! &$ /$ $/$'+# 5 *&!* *4 -

(%* 2"4 3#'$4.

4 $3!4 7 1901 "$/ 8$/3= = @7/4 '/

$/ '$+!/4 /$ '+>/ 2$'"2 $%" 7

atus quo, 27 +$ $2>5 */ >+3$75* 5332#$

*/ 73>3* 23". 5=5, 3#&2$4 2!/ =

23>5 /$ 2> */ !/;5* $>3 '7/$=, $-

?/$4 4 57&&/!4 7 5!54 4 73;2$/

+5?4 '/ "$/ 23$&$" $7/#$, ''!/7 =

/=$/ * 53$;" $" $2= !5534 !/4 @7-

4 $ $/?$4 3/$4 "$/ /'=4 74.


31/88

#?B >?> ; A B BA A ABK@ >-

C@ CB=;=/@. )B AC;E, >I C;=HIB? A, B=C@

B=C@ >GB=J@ E?A=J@, >=?=JA ; /-

! "$ $ $. $ I?=C@, >=C B/@ ?IB?

A=>=; B; >??D BG; ;BK; >-

K; AB= #C>?I B, = K?=@ >/G B= '",

;=@, >;B?G; B@ >?=A>@ B=C AB= ", G@

A >=BABIB? /A B=C '"'.

(? >I B ABA >IFG; AB= ;I B, B@ >=-

B@ ;BF@ BG; J= >C?K; EK? CAA=@. )J-

G; B=C@ >?>=J@, A B=C ?=AB B; =

>?BB=@ ;I=@ B@ (=B/@ B B@ C?;A@

C >?> ; C>=BAA=;B A CB. ! E/?A B=C #?-

=J BB=@ >=B=JA >=ABI >?=;I= B@ -

;@ C;AB/@. ;BBG@, B=C@ ;=J@, B= )J-

>=B=JA B A AJDG; B; =>=/ B=C?-JA " &. ! AB=B C?;A B;

I; C>JC; B; B?A B=C. ' ?BI@ I@, = -

?IAG>=/ B=C - B/ B=C

?B=J BB=@.

T=; +?=C?= B=C 1901, = LC;@ =/;GA B=C@

>A; B=?B B; ;GA, B= >E/? IB

AC;@ ; B; I K?@, GABIA= /G;;

B A B=C@ ; AC=C; AB B/GA B@ AGB-

@ BABA@ AB= ;A/. ' K?=@ A B=C@ C>=C?-

J@ B=C ; BA=C; >?=BA@ B B@ ?=I-

B@ B=C@, >?=;=C ; B?BAB/ ; C>I; >?=-

;I;@ BKA@. &DJ=;B@ >I CBI B= CAB?I >/-

=, AB ? AC;?/A@ B=C =;=J AC=C/=C,

;=@ B=>=B >/ B=C ;=J BB=@, -

?=;B@ B; >=F IB = LC;@ /E; >?=; B= -

=@ ; BBI ABK@ >?=C@ CB=;=/@.

' (?/>@ B= >?=; B=C K?A; IB >=-

=> B=C >/?E=C AC=J=C ; B; ?B. /E;

>?=AB B=C@ / C?/ ; B=; =B

BCBIE?=; ; ?G=J; AB; ;B/F B@ =-

@ ;K@ G@ = >=AB=/ D?AB@ B@ ;@ -

AB= ;A/. ' ;=@ ;BD B@ >?=A@ B=C@

E/?A ; >GAB/, IG@ = K?=@ ?; ;

; B@ B@ =E@ >?BA@ >=C C>. >-

=JA, D?K;B@ B=C B C;BIBB ; =B B; I B; C?;A. (?-

, ;B AB?B/ >=IA@ B@ >?=AG>IBB@

B=C ;=C >I B@ AB@ B=C ?B=J B=C ;H-

=J *J>=C, =>=/ /E I B= =/? B=C 1900.

) CB; >?GB=ABB=JA = /B?=@ ?B@ ;?@ (-

>;BI>=C=@ = C=/ >?=;B@, I>G@ = ;=-

I@ AJ=C=@ "G;;@ )BA=J;@.

' >IF@ B=C ;=C AB?K;" !

", I>G@ A/G; = /=@. *=; D;; ; C>=AB?/-

B; /?CA I;@ =;/@ ; ;BB/B AB;

;GA. B; !#%, " " # ,

"% "% #% %, #% %. >=;G@,

= #?B=/ >?=CA=;B; AB; ; ; =;

;K EA;= A ;GB=J@ ;;GB=J@. )B;

>?KB B=?/ ;BAA=;B; = (?/>@ ' "% -

%, >=B=/, I>G@ = $;=JA=@ #=J;=C?=@, =-

A=?D=, ;IB? = "" " "%.

)JDG; B; C >?=>;, = /;C;=@ ; /; B=;A/ =?AB BI@ B=C ;=J =?=J /E >=A=/ I;=

E? AB B=C@ A;? ;B/ABA.

) AC;@ ?/@ >IGA@, = J= >C?@ ;B>?B-

; AB=; =I AB/= B= 1903. ' /=@ = (?/>@ >?-

B=>=/A ;B; >?=/, >?=A/=;B@ =F-

DABI E?B? AB@ =CCB@ =@. ! FD=@ AB=C@

>?>=J@ C>=FD/=C@ A=C;=JA FD= AB; ;GA,

;B/B FD=@ AB=C@ ;=J@ >?I B; ;

D?; >= =;B B I; =;/. *; / K?, = >?-

>=/ GA IB ;GA B; E?I;=C. >I B; , >A;

D=?@ >@ AEB B@ ;==IB@ >?=A@ BG; ;B-

>G; B=C@ ; >B?F=C; B; BABA =G;K; AB?-

BCBG; ; ;A=C; B=; K?= ; B/F B= ;A/

; ;?J-

; >C/ B?A E?I; ?IB?.

' ;=@ ?AIB; A A C;@. ;;K?A IB

>?IBA B=C BBI ABK@ >?=C@ CB=;=/@

; B; D?IA IB = K?=@ B; B= G;B;I AJ-

== B@ ;@ @. ! >?BA B@ >?>@ >C-

?@ AB@ =@ B=C 1903 B; AC;B?>B. ) AJ;== 64 =C-

CBK;, AK; I@ 5 ;=/. G@, AJ;B= ;/

BG; >?>K; >=/E >J??=@. *= >I;= AB-

, C??E/ B=C (?/> ?EA ; =;/B A=?.

(? B@ C>=AEA@ B=C, B= ;I B >?; ABA-

=. *= ABK@ E?B?IB; ", ?=J@ AGB?@ =/A@ B@ CB?E@ C-

?;A@ >=C /E >. >>=;, = K?=@ IE I;= ;

C; B; B ABA B=C >;;B AB=C@ BB-

;=C@ ;=J@, ? A ??E=C; A=-

?=/ I=, G;AB@ BG; ?BK; >;ABAG;

AEC?=J@ >=B=J@ >?=;B@.

$ CB B =;, >?=ADC A >;ABA B;

=;I?==@. ' ;=@, = =>=/=@ /E ;E/ A C?/?E=

D?AB B=C BB=@ B@ @, ;B;IB; IB CB

B D=? >?> ; ;B=>=A B=C@ C>=AB?B@ B=C

B /A B@ ;GA@, I ; = /=@ ; >/ABC

IB >=?=JA ; /; A DB. ' K?=@ /E >-

CB/, K@ B; ;A;=@, B AC;?= /A / ?/ #?BK; >=C

E=;B; B; ;GA. >G@ ;;IB;, ;GA ; >-

BJE, IG@ = ;=@ ;/E ;B@. *= #?B-

I B AC;B?G; >=; B= >?BI ;D?=; BG;

LC;G;. )C?=B ;@ B?=>, >=C>?IB; A? B??C/AG;. ' (?/>@ B AB= >-

?K?= =CAAB ?/BA. (?-

B, B=; )>B?= B=C 1906, BF B; #?B.

! ;BBABA B=C >I B=; =/A B=C ABKB=@. *=; )>B?= B=C 1908, AK >=-

B B=. ' #?B=/ ?CB?=> AB= I;= B=C A BG; ;G;. * >I;

E?I;, A>AG@ ?@ ;?@, = ;B/>= B=C

;=C >E/?A; ; A=C; B; ;;K?A B@ ;GA@

>I B; B@ LC;@. ! de facto ;GA BAB C-

;B AB@ >?=;@ B@ ;?==C, B=;

'BK?= B=C 1912, >?GC>=C?I B@ @, >I -

B/@, B=; ;=. ! >BCE@ A BG; ;K; >=B-

A /GA BG; AB?BK; >=K; B=C. ! >A=>=/A B@

=?AB@ BB@ ;GA@ ; 14 ;@ ?IB?.

' (?/>@, B B; >=EK?A B=C >I B; #?B, -

A B >?AAIB? E?I; B@ G@ B=C AB /. $? E?I-

; ?IB?, AJCI@ B=C $?/ =;>?B, ?;F B=C

$=C %>==;B, ?; FCE;JB? -

B? B=C +?I;B, ?D: ( #$ "' #"%

! '" $% & "& !" ! "' "

'. ! ! % &! 34 . ' K?=@ >-

AD B; #?B J= D=?@, B= 1937 B= 1954. L; >I-

?A ; >?KA B; >C/ B=C ; >?C?/AB AB

>=C>B? B=C BI@ B=C AB )=J, B=; $= B=C

1958. *=; /E >?= = ;B=@,


32/88

(1830-1913)

{ } !$%$ %* 1821 $%%$ % !#) '-"%" % #% !* $ % !# %( % !90 !#!* )#, )# % 1913. ' %( !#%%( !(!#* !&*$( "& #$% ! 270.000 !#!$%%$ 160.000 %*( % % 1840.

E

$&-*"+!" '&'$*++!"

!*&&' 0* + * + '2 +&

695 * *$+!" '& +0$ !-

*+!$4$, &! &'&&! '&+#&3*$ '! +

+& '#*&3. $ "! *+! '2#! *-$!$ $ "!&3$ &! &*$&!

('&+#&3*$ + +& '#*&3+&), 0*+2*& *+$ 3'!& +**!

*+& '$+ "+&"& +$ !*+!$&.

"!2+ 20 ''+0* + '$*+* +& 676"!+& *+& $'$20+& '# '& +"$ &! !

+2+ "&! + '& "! '. 4

"+ +$ '++$ '$*++!" '&& 3'!&

'!#! *+ ! +0$ !*+!$4$, 2*&! '2 +& -

"! ' '*$, "!4"$, "+#!/$ +

*'+! "! +! ! '!&* +& "! +"!$"$

+ '& +! '2#! + +, + * ## '!& +

0$!" +&"+&. +& '* + +

*+&$ !'+!"2 #& (685-95) +* '& !-

&0 '2 +$ '$*+* 2! 2$& $ $+!*+-

" ## '!+". 4 & 0+ # '&*"&'&3*

*+$ &!"&$&!" "+##* +& $*!&3 * '2 +$

$20* + &+!" &!"&$&, $2* +$ '!*+&

+0$ !*+!$4$ *+$ 3'!& "! "0% +& &*-

$& #&1!&"++ 3&$+ * "+ '!-

'+4*! + +&. $ ! *+! +& '&$0$ '&-

#!+!" '&&$+ *+& !*+!$&3 *+0 "! ! "+ '-

* *+& *+ 2$ + +&'!" +&!&"*.

'&+#* + '!+!" +& 0+ # &-

*$!" '$&3* $++!"&3 &3 * !-

*+!$!" ! ' '& *+&&+&3* *$+!" -

+ *+& *0+!"2 + &!"&$& "! + "&!$0$

+ '&: #&!&"+* "++" "! !-

"&1!&"+* '&+#* + * + "&!$0$!" *-

"2+* *+! '!**2+ '!&. '2"+* $

&&3* 2$& +& !*+!$&3 &! &'&&! &$+$ "!

&3*$ *+! '!$ '!& + #&!&"+*,

## "! * +&3 +0$ &!$2+0$ '!&4$.

32| & .


33/88

+", ''"'3%% %* /"+"%"#2* '"#"-

2* 0% "' "%4% "'/4%, 2/" %0* 0% "4%

2$0%, #!4* * '$+% '% '%'"#2 /4'

0+* 0% '+'$%0%.

% 3+ '!0%"# '/ (6=95->=) '" #'"-

0%"#'-'"#'%'"#* +%!#* ' /% "'0!

% "#'+ 6=76-95 $!#% '+"04*.

#2* 2 % 3&+ ' $!+'3 !/#% '"

%'-!+#"#* %$'*, %4 +%/+# 2-

+ '+'$%"#* * 2 '* /"+"%'3* #"

!''* 0% $0% 2 "* '"%* +"* "%* -'/*. #!''* "#'$3%!# 2 % &%"+ *

%4$*, ' /" % %++ ' 6=76 %"-

% %"# #" 2 '% "'"+2 0% +!%"4%

"* $4"* "%* "'/*.

$$$ 2 + ' 6>' "4% / +"*

/%'$'"#* &$&"* ("+0 ' '3 +% %-

$, $"# +3%+) %+00%2%

"* #2+"* '* #" %++2% +' "!% #-

"+2 +*. '"# 0 '-

''"'3%% + % &0"# + ' $-

* '* % +! ($"2$'-' #3"' #"#2

'12%, +'3%", /'3", 3$, +"'") #"

$* '* +#"# (#" # ' 4' "+2

* #* ' 6=;5 #" + # "* #*

6=). 0* 2 '


34/88

*17+"" 3' #3'$%7' +3' (-

$ :=>=) %$ " '%+" " ' (8%+$

>=) '6"%' *5 " !$% /:9

' *$ 1+$$'$%5. '" *5 %$'3'$%, $%'$%

%$ $&$% *2" 1 &&"'*$"#. de facto '3-

" &&"'$%5 %+ (:>9=) +&6 %$ "' de

jure '3" (:>:;).

$%%#%$.

%"(%%$%%(%%$%%%%(%%'%'.

!%#&%%#%(%%"'%%$%(%%$%%#%&(

34| & .


35/88

{ }! % 16 ., !% &%* !#"% # # $%),)# $#, !$%"% % !&*$( %( #%( "#$*"$(: $ % % 16, '$ % % 17, $% 18, '$ % % !$%$ %* 1821-1830 $% $*)$% $ )# $#.

.

I

, 19 20


36/88

#/%& /* /# 02!% /*0 +'#$0*

&% /# &/* /*0 /* 26* &/ / !-4/! 24% +*/'! * #/%&4 +4'!*

/* 8>* %. &% *% !+/!% /*0 8@*0 %.

/% ! &0%2!, *% # #/%&*

/%+*6+!0 +*'5 %&4 +**/4 /*0

+'#$0*5 /*0 #%*5. 4* &/ /# +!-

** /# !!/%& 4* &% /# *$3%&

&0%2, /* # !&//$#&! %&4 %$4 +*-

&3, 0+'''3 &% //%3/6. !'* %$4 /3 *0-

*0'3 # +4 / +6/ 24% /# *$3%& &/-

&/## +*'$! &/ &5%* '4* +4 !%'%*5, /*%&*5

*%&*5, &$6 &% +4 !%&/*5 *0.

!%**/%& !$*$#&!0/%& *! &/*%&*5 &03

/% +4'!% /*0 #%*5. 2% /* 8>* %. /* !'5/!* *

/*0 &/*%&*5! /* &, !6 +4 /* 8?* %. / %.

/# 0/ !%25$#&! / /*0 8@*0 %. &% +4 /# !-

/1* /# +3/!5*0 /*0 #%*5 +4 /* &'!%* / -

%. % &0%4/!! +4 /% *! 0/ / *% &4'*0$!:

*%: !3!/% 4/% 0+2 *% /# /# # +%

+4 /# &/&/# /# +4 /*0 !!/*5. +*'!0 /*0

! / !%, &/*%&*5 &03 /% +4'!% &% / *-

3*% ! &*%4/#/!, /*0 &4'+*0 /3 *+*3 !1-

"*/% #/%& &*%3%& &% *%&**%& %$!%, &-

$6 &% %1**+*#!% /# !+!'/%& +24'##. *

8=* %. *% *% !+!*5 /*0 8.777, # +'!%*4/#/ /3

*+*3 &/*%&*5! /# +4'# /*0 & ! !%%& 0*%&

/# +4'#, /# %&. *0 3 #*!5!/% &%

/# 5+%$* /*0 %!/* /*0 &. % +!%4/!-

*% +4 0/*5 +!% /# /# &% !/ /# &/&/#-

/# +4 /*0 *5&*0. 3 /* 8>* %. *% *% &*-

/ !&/!/#*% &03 /# +4'# /*0 & &% / +!-

23 /#, !6 +4 /* 8?* %. !'5/!* %$4 1-!/% /# +4'# /3 3. * 8??8 +*1#& =;> -

*% (+4 0/*5 *% / %), /* 8@77 >9? (*% =@ / -

%) &% /* 8@88 ;?8.

: &//# !3 #*!5!/% % +6-

/# 1* /* 8;* %., + 43 +4 &+*% /*+35%, ! 0+-

2*0 %%/!! 1* /# +*0 /*0 &/ /# +!*-

* /# !!/%& &0%2. !3!/% 4/% !&//$#& /#

/#, &% &03 /* &, !/ /# *$3%& &/&/##,

1*5 +*#*03 !2 2#%*+*%#$! +4 /*0 *5&*0

&/ /# +*'%*& /# +4'# 3 0+***+*%*. &/4 +4 /*

&, %*% &/*%&*5 &% / %. * 8?*0 %. '43 /3 %*-

", ! ! ) -.

36| & .


37/88

!0#6* ' 080* 02*&6 1 #!!# 12

72 ' 12 "'61'8 22. 8 2-66* 3&0# 01%* 1% #1 1 ;, 01%* #'-

71%1 12 #*1*', "%" 26' "% #!-

01%*' 01%* *1, #*9 '&7 16* +*6* &

2*90#' 1 1 1##21 111 12


38/88

{ }! ! !! !$ !$ ! 1669, ! !!" ! ! !!$ .!!" ! ! ! !% . %! , ! %! ! %! !# #.

! H A !-!, #""! ! !

! ! $ !" # !# !# (1669-1898)

H

""#* $# + '&$2! (-

&!, !3!, "), '"+* $&-

!" '2*+* "! &!"&$&!" 3-

$ &&!" '##

+& "#& "! +0$ &$4$, "&*

+0$ "! +0$. 2*

*'& '* *+& '2-& "! '+/ +&$ !"2 %!-

!*2 + +. ! &3"&! $2*$ +$ $'+%

0$ !*4$ &$*+!4$ "! *$ $'2!*+ + #-

+& &+!"&3 '#*&3. "+&$+ &$*+-

+ $+&"+ "+*"$ '!&*"$ "!

* '!$$ '"+*$ %!2#& '!&*. +*! $

$+2++ $ /&$ &$&3, *$ +&, &!-

$! +4$ "! +04$, ## $ !"$&'&!*&$ "!

"2*+ '!+*! +0$ 0$ "! +0$ $$!+*0$.

$*"&+"$ &!"&$&!", !$$ &2&% "$+ "!

+20*$ $ *"*&$ +&$ '$+!"2 '&&!*2

. 0 20 '2*$ *+$ '! &'& "-

+& +#!"2 "! "!& '# *+&$ $*+. & !-

$!"2 '+!& +$ '#/ "! +$ $"-

'#4$ &$*+!4$ * *+&'! + '&*++*,

** +&$ &$!"2 &, +$ *! "! +$ '!.

! "+"++ "#!*$ + * "! !0%$ +& -

#&. &$*+! 20 *$+*$ * "! &!

&$& !$$ &! *"#&!, &3 &! &3"&! $ '&&3-

$ $ $&3$ +$ "++!* +0$ *+#4$ + ""#-

(!0$, $$0*+4$, /#+4$ "#'.). *&! !*+!$& $&!

+$ *+! &$ "! $ * *+ +, !-

*"&$+$ '2 + #!+&!" !# + "$ +0$ '-

0$ "! +0$ 0$ ##$0$. * * #!+&3-

$ +$ $& +& "+"++ '2 +! +& 6:& !-

$ +&&+"$ '2 + &$*+!. +*! '!

!$ !+ +0$ '$*+*0$ + +.

+ +$ &$0* +0$ 5&&$+!4$ +& 6987 '2

$ '& +0$ '!*"2'0$, ""#* **'0* +& !-

!$!"2 '#*2, $ *"#& '2 +$ ##, '&-

!# "! '&0&3* +& + * *'&-

*+& %0+!"2 "! "0 *+$ ##. ! *"#&! $

!&&$+$ 2$& *+ !"+!" +& ""&$+, ##

*"&3*$ "! !4+!*. +*! ""#* '2* *+&

'2& +& * + '$! "! + !" '-

0 $+& *+&$ '#&3+& "! + 3$ +& "+-

+.

+ + *3* + #' ' +! $&1" *$-

" + '+ +$ '# "! '&!"#. *+"$

&! ! +$ '! '& !$ 2*!. ! + 20

!$$, !3&$+$ $ *, %$&$+$ &! '!+-

!, ## &! '2&! '!&&$+$. &$*+! &$+

'&*+ # "+*+& '2 +! ##'### %-

"$! !. "$! !. !%"!!!!#.!!

!%"!!!#"!#.

!%"!!"! ! .

!"#.

38| & .


39/88

24'+3, !5# 82':# ' &'+# #+ #&6#50=4# # #-

1506 5+3 #%'3 5: 480'":. , !5# 0+ =2+-

82#50&2%+03 +##3, '5+03 +8'+-

&3). 0+ 610+0=4# 267 ! 7#'2 50 # 0+ 7+ !5# %'+#5 5063

*26+. 105'4# 5 968! 506 #%># ' 5 46'508!

5063 45# '1##45#5+ +!#5# #+ ' 50 #2#"0 2:+4

128B; 86@?;A9*7412>: ! I4@=6;>, 75404@>

@4> ";86@67> !67;9;> ?@49 .$.!... (KLM-KO)

76 ; D*994>, 75404@> @4> 884967> &68;8;0>

?@; "92 @4> 714>.$@ '96* ?A92C326 88* 76

56*?;A> 76 C;=;. %; KLL, F@9 ; 2*74> ?A92=0?2>.

$@ '96* ;91A8*74>, F,

(=*9@4>) 76 ; 8E7F> I68A9;6C*84>.

=72@; 2A=D 06;0=*B;A> 3D-

0=B3;A9 76 7;?67* 5+@, F ; ";8*74>, ;

", ; 8291=14>, ; G?91=;> 2D=-

06*14>, ; '=?@;A. ! I4@=6;> ;7F@?4>, ;676?;G> ;6 0A9-

72> 296 9@A+92> ?@ G= 76 B;=;G9 G=; @?2 ? F84 @4

3D @;A> 7*


46/88

$9 13@>C9A 4>D;59A 5=1>;>D8>K< ?1@4>C> C@J?>: > 8@>A 5 C1 4@5-

?, C> ;0F 8@98591 C>D 1@1. '9C@9 19 @9-

8@9 ?@ F@5965C19 391 C9A 19-

>3

@;59>, ?1@359 ?5@95DJ5 K-

@9> 59J471 J;7 C7< @C7 50 ;49. $9 5;9A

165K>9 1;5DA 391 D3@J C>DA. > ;49 F@5965-

C19 7 >9>3?081@1 9 J> ?5-

@95K59 ?>D;9C19 C>DA ;14>131645A. 85 35-

H@3JA F59 D @1?5;J C>D, J> C>D

EC @10 C7A F@>DD ?>D;>K @10 C>DA. 79 50 910C9> 19 C>

1;52969LC9> @10. 1 @H91 C1EK;91 ?1C9-

>K9 ?>@C>1;9A 9 >919 CH< ?>@C>1;>FH@9LK C-

;>A C7A 4515C01A C>D QN, HA >9 ?;>D9JC5@>9 13@J-

C5A C>D >K.

CJA 1?J C1 K@91 C>KC1 ?@>IJK?91, ?1CC5A (?@>-

?@>?491 C>D $1;>K 19 C>D !1989-

>K), C1D &58D), 1K341;1 (C> !1-

089).

'C1 >@59@59E01 1?>C5;50 1 @>A C7A 6HA CH19@9KA 9 ;;. 91 ?>9>K< C> 1;-

;0 CH< ?@>2CHD ;L8>D< >9 35@>?;C5A, 5 @1G1 @;59>, C9A "1@31@0C5A C> &85, C7 +1;?1

C1 +1 5D ?@>E>@9JA ;J3>A. >9-

9>35 ?59

9 12;K;>D850 HCJ> @59FA, J?HA C1 'E19,

J?>D =5FH@06>D< >9 1;J59@>9 1?J C>KA 1J-59@>DA 9 1?>E5K3>9 5C1=K C>DA 3>9.

?@>2>; C7A >9>35 C> J9 19 =5?;KDA,

2@0>FJA C>DA 19-

8< 19@J CH< 1?5;5D85@HC9LD 1K 9 5?5?>087A C>D.

'C> 3> 50D; CH< 3>DA. > ?0C9 C> 1C15D659 > 31?@JA, 5 C7

2>8591 C7A >9>3D, ;7@>50 C> ?1C@9J

?0C9. $ L31?@>A 1?>C5;50 5=10@57. >9 19 21-

EC059A C5;>K 85 C9

30C5A D9>39 1;59 26>D< C1 4D-

DA KA 5DF1@9C>D 3; C@1-

3>K49 9 > F>@JA 50D8>KDA ?1;9>KA 1?1@21C>DA 1;K, 5 C9A 3D?1@8D@1 C>D

?9C9>K ?>D FCK?75 > +@>A ?1@1D< ;59C

391 53;> 49C71 9 D K.

$9 9 CH< FH@9L< C7A @C7A JHA D-

DDA 9 >9 1C5F@745A 497-

3>K@05A 5K8D1 D C1 F@H1C06>D< 7 ?73101 ;1I E@17,

7 8D>>E01 9 7 ;1I 59@H9F59, 85@9 19 @DDA 871D@>KA 03>D< 5 C9A

1?7F59A 1?J C9A 5?94@>A CH< '1@17@5K>< @HCJ@9C>. $9

?@9> C7A %J;7A 19 C 1ELD D;;>0 >@31?10FC5A C7A @7-

C9A >D9A DC1;9@7A, >

1;>35@047A, > M5@9C6>39DC9@745A, C@1-

3>D49C45A, DF #9J;1>, DD< OVSU. 9A 4@11C9A DDA ?5@93@E>D< 7 1;C591 161;9C501

(OVOR), > >A >@A C7 '?9 >D;9;>A ?>C C> D-

89CJ@7 C>D 7 19 A C>D 13@>C9>K ?;78D>K D-

KA 19 5 391C@>JE91 1?J

2JC1D50> "?5


47/88

H++3!" 42 142 6"!&4"*

092 "*/0/!3& 0/"0 4/

+"*4&7*+ "54 %5"*+

+"* 4*2 &2 %5"444&2 0/5

42 01/36&1& 0"*%&!" 4/52.

" 1$" 49 . &"%1!%, .

4"51+, =. "4' 9/5,

. +"* . "0"%+, . +"* .

"*4&1+, . *$*'+, . "/5%!%, . *7&*%+,

5$1"!'/5 4


48/88

*E*4+AG#*"D"$A,G#%,G1882,GF!+G#IAG4#4/+AG$A.

6HHJ$H+DAG5G"HE*.7/K'$/+!DABradburyGWilkinson GCoGLtd.,G:+*"D*+,# +&I4+AG1905.('[email protected]*I/$)

5

6#E!4+AG6$*JA,G#%# #!,G1913G(;)GI"4G#G/H I(4".G&+!G.G4*I/$).6

>4+*K4+A4*+!4**I/$AG(7D/++A=#%KH*$AG/4G&++IH+&),G#%# ,G1903-1905,GI"4G#GK+,G#4/J*FH+&,G#JAG/5 %40>0+ %3/+7-

# 3%4286$% 728 67>/28 7028 % 0 0"% %0767%842924$%. 7"02 72 "4'2

87> 67+0 %$286% >328 8!7*%0 % 6+%$% + 4+7# %

//+0# +/93/% % 7289"% 728 A%6%/2'!00+ % 728 '42-

@67% 6+2 7+5 4+7#5 2/7$%5 9"4 7+0 9%/%2'4!%7+

3'4%9# % $% %$74% 3426'"0+ %3>06+

5 34$9++5 . 20#5 4%$28 9>072 7+0 + (. 5).

20# + 232$% $ %0%$ 6 %7 12#0 6?&2/2 728 '@-

% 7 720 68&2/> 7+5 %-

%7#4% % 0% %67! 7+ 6?06+ %3/# %327?342, 34267!7% 3/"20 7+5 4#7+5 %

84$ 7+5

074#5 ?/+5 7+5 20#5 (. 6).

40 > 7+0 //+0# 6+%$% 728 %/+02?, % !-

67% 7+0 $% 420! 328 8/2924$ 72 '4%%7>6+2, "0%5

%+7>5 4!4+5, 83"4%25 7+5 05, 328

% %7+'24+$ '% 04'> 6872# 672 $0+% % % 7$

83> 37#4+6+ %7+'242?025 % 5 728 4$'3%,

2/2/+4@0 07>5 7+5 $%5 7+5 20#5 4%$28 "0% %3> 7%

32 %1234>67% 202'4%9! 342'4!%7% 7"3/28 (CIBD-CIBE). 3674%7?207%5 75 4%670"5 728

'0@65 % %07'4!9207%5 87! %4%7! 6?967%1 7+0 +428 (DE %4-

7$28) 9>072 4@%725 8%02?, +/28 7+5

8%02/?28, 7+0 232$%0 7>6% '0%$ 20423>/+6%0.

% 7+0 342'4%%7# 674!786+ 7+5 *3/% 7% 920!, 7% >3/% 728 32/"28, %0%-

/%&!020 7% >3/% 7+5 4#0+5. 2? +$5 %+7%$ 728 ?2-

0725 CI28 %@025, %@025 >675 7! %7%/86>0 %!7


49/88

O O , !

,

A4858D2; /*+3 434 +-

55+ ; /8/5534;. #8>; D; >+38D; +3-

/; 4+3 2 //553- ?34' 4+3 8?85834'.

434 3'5/48; 3//*8 + +*/> +C @3 /*-

8> /4+/*+ 8> 1960. /*+ 8 +; +C 8>; -

8>; / /*+3 34C;, 3'8*;) ; 5/C/; 434; 484+*+; ++ 4/-

348D +8; ; /+58 @8/ +84 4+3 + 434' 834' +8D3+

*34+, +48; +3+, + +8>8D +3-

23; 43, C;, / /C3*+ 5 / /34+/* 8 ? , , ! 84C+, 4+3 '55+ ?34' ?+3C/+ @++43 /+?+334 8>


50/88

&(?.) -(5.) .C.%&= %0&, -

&, = , *#!& = *#!&, '*-

= #0!(.

@@ @EA ?IA (#& @>

> > (! ?@ A@

@ (& ?@ @ (.C. (# +%

! / (##$(& = (#+%(#& / (#$-

(#&).

@?@G @> @> @5?>

?C@?G> @E @I 5I,

@* @ ?@, @ @* !& .C.

*!&, %'!&, !&, '(-

!&, ($!&, #%!&, !-

!&.

!((:

@EA @ @5@ @* @

(.C. %1'= '$, $#0!&

& $!). !* @ +C@

A> @EAH> A@H> @HA> ? @I? -

@ @@>, .C. *+%'(1 '#, -

0#! (#, #0 '#, *1!" (#

#! %, @ ' +%'(1, (#!0-

!, ' , *1!" (# # ! %.

#+> B+> @EA @ -

@H @HA ?@@> (.C. (#

= (#, (#), (' #

= ('$& #).

"#:

& G @> @> +@A -

@ G +> > G ?@G

??@G @I +E A @@*??@

> > @>:

%( #%(:

!(; = @; !(;= @; $ = I,

= @I, #!(; (@. @) = *; # -

( = , $% = @@, #$!

= ?@, +B, #+& = -

*, ## = * , $#0% = +,

1 = @+CE, %! %! = -

?@+BE, +! = B@, %#1 = HE,

"!# = A@@*E, ! '' = ?+-

C>,1 = I, !'(#%#0 = 5A*,

! = A@*E,!* =

AE ?GE> @> ?> A, * =

+E, E, # 0%& = @+> (:

@A AH), = *, (# #$ = @

, # '0!(!#& = A*> G *B@?,

'!%*# = A@* +B, ('*%

= C, % %'! = @ A*-

@G, # = A+@, != B-

?, '& = @A*C?@, '0#& = @I>

*5>, (0( = %$.

) "& %+#!&, (*& -

#!&:

%1 = +E, %1 ( G , '(!

= @ G@,# $(& = @ ?@5>, %-

'( = @ @A G, '!(##& = AG>,

*('#& = B@?G>, !( = H?

?A, $%#' = +, #% = -

B?>.

) ! $ (! (#% 1'':

!(!& = >, %( = A,

'( (< ?+@) = @ E+, !(( =

?A5, +5, $!(! = @ @C>, $-

% = *, #0#& = @+@?, % = ?+-

, $%# = @A*C?@, !(#'#!(

!(#+#!( = ?+B@, ?A,

''%!( ++%!(= @ C*E, +E

@ *E, !(#'#!& / !(#+#!&

= C5G>, !(& = >, *?>,

$( = @I, .

'*C + 5> E@I -

B*?E ?@ @ *@. H +>:

1% (! ! = GA +C@,

(# ' %# #0 = * @ @+, %#'

(' %#''!& = @@ @I>, (#! (#

'$#0 (# (A> ?G@@>,

*@ A *>), - (+ =

5 @ *E, ! $( = B?@ ?A-

C, #%'& (# #0 (' %& = 5G @ +, (# -$ = *@-

? @ G A (? * +>), A@G> @+C

@ 64 CE* @> %@> ( * ?A-

?+), @ B " '# ( >.

! @ *E @ *E> -

B G@ I?@> 5 +C ?C-

@? ?B G @ *@ @> -

@>. *@> A@ I??-+@>,

BH AB?@@ ?@ ? G @ -

. A@G *E> @ ?A ? G

@> CI> GA @+> E??+> A5

AB?@@ @ ? @> 5> (?> I?-

?>) ACEH ?AC* +C A> ?-

?E>. A @+, G@ H, @ *-

@> I??-G@> E?@G. J +-

@+ ?C@ +A. #5G *?? -

? ?@ G ?* @* @ @+

@A 17A I G@ C 5, ?@ *A-

5 AE>, E@G@> * + @> -

@> ?C>. A@ ?C@

+A G @?A> BGA>-E??-

GA>.

+@> @ A @A @?H @> -

@?@> @A G @ E? @> @>

@ AG * @ 1913, 5A5H

@ ?B* @> @> ?@ E?-

? A ?A+? @ A5+E? @

!?A ?@ A5?? +E?

@> @ *. #G@ @ I -

@*, @ ?BG E??G A +B ?@

CI > @?HC A@-AEF E?-

? +A, @ +@ @> B

B> @E E??I, @* ?A+ @E -

@I I @A>. " .@*>, -

+> ? CEG @A H $5H> A

@+> @> > E??>. -

5@> ?@ #?@ @E 5I ?@ -

1890-1923. J@? ? G @ E @@ *@ @ B*. J *B? -

G ?H @> @> +@A, *

? G> @> E??+> +@> @A A? -

@ @E BGE B+E G @

@ BE ?I@> +@? * -

@* C@?@* @> +> @+

+> A?*@> A@G @ @G @,

GA A@ A*C, E-@ @A> H,

?@ GE?? CI.

+"2$*2-0*2 /252$!%2$2#$2$2$2192%0.

'$%2'$,2$2#%2$2$%%6.2Nellys,219392(#/2().

%2$*2%*. 2!%2$2&$62%$2R.2Pashley,21834.

50| & .


51/88

&DGOEBC8 HI9EB KM-

E6IL@K@ LQE BKLGIBCVE CB CGBEQEBCVE

KMEA@CVE LGM. B AQEG9 GDGCD8IQKE

L@E CL6CL@K@ L@J I8L@J LG Y^â. 0@-

ELBC7J CI@LBC7J GBCGB>J >BPE LTL>

LG E@K9 J H>IBGO7J L@J %E>LBC8J W@-

GCIL9J.

2HGDGLB HQJ LG Y`ZY \]b LQE CLG9CQE LGM E@KBGU 8LE

MKGMD6EGB LG HIQLTCGDDG LGM *GE=9EGM (Y`[X) 6N@K> KL@E

MIC9 L@E I8L@. "DD6 GB KME>O>9J >HEKL6K>BJ (Y`^ , Y`à, Yà],

a_) >FE6IBGO7J LGMICBC8J CMIBIO9J CB >9OE >BVK>B LTKG LG HG-

KLT LQE GMKGMD6EQE, VKL> LG YaXX H>IBGI9KL@CE KLG YYb

YaZ\, > L@E ELDDEHG>9EEL>J GM-

MD6EGB >LG9CBKE HT L@E I8L@ KL@E 1GMIC9.

"HT LG Y^â 7QJ LG Yà` GB KMEA8C>J ?Q8J KL@E I8L@ MH8I-

E LTKG KCD@I7J, VKL> >6E MH8IF> C6HGB DGOEBC8 HICLTJ I8L@J. 1G Yà`

LGMICBCTJ TODGJ CL7KNF> >CLGEL6=>J I@LBCVE CB LTL> GB +>-

D>J WME6>BJ HI>OVI@KE MLGEG9 KLG E@K9 CB =@BGUI9 (Yà`-YaY[) HT L@E >HGO8 ML8 CB H7I

HB=>9 KLG E@K9 HIGKN7I>LB >D>UA>I CB GB 7N@;GB =>E F>EB-

UGELB HB BI6 HI7LIQE.

E A KME>CLB@A>9 @ >


52/88

&;4>52C7 54 9?=45G7 9;7C7, 6>;29< 7G=>2< >2< 56=45*< 9?=45*< (=G197>4 ;>4>9F-

< 0 =204G=04< >9?), 570 ?>* >2 0>@;=2 E > 6645.

>7 EC< >>94 2 2 >9? 4 >97 >9=>94=54, G=>0 30

G=45. >=4, E >97 +49 05E>2 05E3257 ;E>0; 66 F9 >9-

4 0 0>@;=04< >9? 05 >9? ;C==459F: >9 4*2 >9? 4-

964 5E596 0.+&0 % %&!+. $ +&% % !&!+.

RKK) 54 >9 4*2 >9? . 40;97>G@ !'!** (JRKM).

+4 A;E74, => &74 0+=22;49940+>4 54 9 =?73-

< 54 30>;45E< =?;@< 7E62< #59?69F2< (JRIJ ). #59?-

F2< +;?=0 >9 JRKM >9 +!% &% %%(=*0; 0741-

49 '0+9). ;*9; EC< *0 =>27 3*7. 50+ =?730=0 9?-

5* 4 966 30>;45 ; 54 ;B0 54 9 +49< 30>;45 ;,E > 99+ >9 7C=>E>0;9 0+74 2 4=50?* >9? #,!&0 >9? >9-

94=54 (JRMO), 66 54 019;@*>, EC< >9 ?34=>E;2

+#%.(JRPM).

#>9 ;56049, >9 =+>4 >9? 05E>2 #>?6479F 608+9? 54 >9?

9? >9? 0?>;2 608+9? ?*;80 >E9< =?77>2=2< >C7 >945G7

799?7C7 5> >2 4;504 >9? 0=9969? 2 96F5;9>2-

>9? &=9?7 (=0 0>@;=2 E > 79;245 >9? =9? H-

5652) *>7 >9 >060?>+9 46+9 9? 08C=0 9 608+9? =>27 3*-

(JRKJ), 66 E60< 94 ;929F070< 05E=04< >9? ;>994-

3257 =>9 ;56049. #>27 0;+99 ?>* 0@7+10>4 0 29=4-

=04< 54 9 +59< 17>152< (JQQL JRNP), 7 54 2 7066*-

54 5E=4 5>47996+ >9? ;9? >9? 0+74 0>96045*.

17>152< 30C;9F=0 >9 045E >9? 9+2 **!(JRKP) C45E>0;9 ;9 >9?, 66 470 7C=>E< 0 >27 04>?A+ 9?

A7 > ?34=>9;*> >9? &. ! '!++&0 #" &$'(JRMO),

'+% !/#.(JRNL), !*+. "%*+0%+! (JRNM) 54 #0+&. '!*$.(JRNN). $9 E79 >9 99+9 4;>+10>4 =>27

;*>2 0+74 9 '+% !/#., 66 2 30G;2=2 >9? 5E=9? >9F

17>152, 9 2;C45E< 2074=E250, A04 ;9-

7G< =?7030+ E >97 =?;@ 0 >27 44E>2> >9? 7 0+=4

;2>45E* >9? 5E=9? 0+74 7 6 0;-

745G7, 74>=0D5G7 54 ;84=>45G7 40G7 54 A;5>2;+10>4 E

7 >?>EA;972 =?7F;82 7>43=0C7 (>9? >F9? =;5/70F-

, ?B26E/A?+9, +=>2/4=>+, 56.), 9? 49;@G79?7 ;E-

C >;45, =;==E07 E 0=C>0;45< =?5;9F=044-

;30>45* >5>45* A;2=4994*3250 E >97 17>152 5E

4 C< >0A745* @*2=29 5@070+9 =>9 6474 >9? !04;4] 6?5E 619;=479

C< 0;A?=0 > ;G45 >14, *50 54 ?>E =>9 5@070+9, 5;0-

=>250 =0 A;4 54 F>0< 54 59F>06, *280 =>9 >154, *;7

C>4 94 9>+6409 @22>45E F@9< >9? 17>152 43>04

7 ;4662 92>0+, =>27 99+ >9 =F70>9 4;>+104

?;+;A9 ;E69:

[2 ;A* >9F !*+. "%*+0%+!] $;+>2 >2< ;*G;

60B0 2 604>9?;4. 6?54, >;?@0;* ;, *649 7>;, 7=>+79?7>4 >

AE;>, 70+704 9 &;4=>E< E 530 =96;54 AG.

17>152< 7?@0F3250 =0 ;G>9 9 >27 6>04, 5E;2

>9? 05E>2 #>?6479F 608+9?. > >27 0;+99 ?>*, >9? 0=9-

969?, 0@7+10>4 4 604 =?;@C7 9? 077*3257 =>27

;*>2. 4E< >9F 05E>2 #>?6479F, 9 0?>;2< (;56049 JQRI

JROM), *>7 @46E699*< (>9? >9F669?, >9?

#>@7 50E;50, >9? "+650) 54 942>*07=>0;0< =?77>*=04< =>9 =+-

>4 >9? 0?>;2 608+9? =>9 ?34=>E;2 >9? &**. +&0 -

&0*!& (JRMJ). 94*>;4, 019;@9< 54 30>;45* =?;@04 (608+9?) 17>152 (;56049 JQQO 3*7 JROK) 54

2 019;@9< 662 608+9? (;56049 JQRM 3*7 JRQQ) *>7 0;-

@< >9? 0?>;2. 6694 84E6994 =?;@0+< 9? 12=7 4 ;G-

>2 0;+99 >2< 1C*< >9?< =>9 ;56049 *>7 2 94*>;4 54 019-

;@9< #9@+ ?;904*!52 (%9?;7* =43+9? JQRQ 3*-

7 JRPP) 54 9 019;@9< 4772< #@54752< (0962 =4-

3+9? JRIL 3*7 JRQP). 9< 9;7;9< (#+ 0==;< JRIO

3*7 JRPI) 0+74 7< 5E 5;2>45E< =?;@< 9? 79< 0-

>9+52=0 =>27 3*7.

4 9 =?964=>G7 942>G7, 94 99+94 A9?7 0+>0 6-

45 0+>0 C7>64;45 ;E>? 5>97>4 E > &74: 7>G-

72< >19?;E< (* 069< 6954;47E2;4994*3250 4 0;+99 =>9 ;56049,

E9? 54 *>7 05E>;4 >9? 0;49459F +!. #., ;47 7 0-

>0+ =>27 3*7.

=27>45E>0;9< 5;2>45E< =?;@< >2< 074< >9? JRLI 0+-

74 9 019;@9*;45E< =?;@-

@;=>*< 54 5;4>45E< !7>06*< !;00652< ("3?79 JRIR 3*-

7 JRQO). & &%! $!. '!+.(JRLQ), 2 ?34=>9;45* >;469+

+!.(JRMQ JRNI) 54 >9 ?34=>E;2 #!&. +&0 ,%+&0 (JRNR)

=?74=>9F7 > A;5>2;4=>45E>0; ; >9?. 8+ >2< 019;@+9? !;00652 07 =>2;+10>4 =>27 6697 F72 695* >C7 @2-

2>C7 >9?, 66 =0 7 ;989 =?7?=E ?B26G7 40G7 0

4 6D5* 664;+19?= 29>45*.

4 1@>440< [>]97 0;=70 [>97 C7=>7>*] 079 E

>9?< ;E9?< 9+>80 >2 36== = 7 >27 9A4;0>9F=0 -

;4=>780 9 16227 ;F; >9 =>*39< >9? 54

>27 B4 ?;9?4 9F 77 9 >;=7< 54 > B;45 5-

>;4 54 06059F4, 54 6>4, 54 B;4 =4=79. (& 1%+&)

E >97#!& +&0 ,%+&0 54 ; 2 ;C* >9? !;006-

52 09>+10>4 0 0>@?=459F< 54 5947C7459F< ;962>4=9F2 4;504 >9? 0=9969?, EC< 54 =>4< ;929F0709? "97>4=9F (!;G>2 327D5* #A96*) 54 >2< 0-

74< >9? JQQI (H0F>0;2 327D5* #A96*), 2 699>0A7+ 9? ;0-

>4 E 5;2>459F< =?;@0+ >9 6697 * *>>97 >

;0F> >2< 3*74 2 04;>45* 019;@+ * 2 ?0;-

;064=>45* 9+2=2 9?=419?7, 2 019;@+ 5969?30+ 239;@4-

5 * ;064=>45 ;E>?, 07G 2 9+2=2 =?964=>45 ;E>?. =

=> A;E74 >9? H0F>0;9? !5E=49? !E609? 54 >9? @?6+9? -

;0>4 E >9?< F9 =27>45E>0;9?< =?;@0+< >2< 0;4E9?, >9

17>152 54 >97 !;00652, 4 0>6672 9;@* >2< 239;@+

>2< 074< >9? JQQI: >9 &. ! '!+ +&0 #" &$'29=40F-

3250 >9 JRMO 54 >9 H7>;9, 9 ;G>9< >E9< >9F ;2>459F, >9 JRMQ.

4 07G 9 !;00652< =>2;+10>4 0;4==E>0;9 =>27 76=2 >9

*39?< 54 >2< 6G==< >C7 64E>0;C7 ;2>45G7, ;+=50>4 2-

6* 62=4=>0; =0 4 0;4=>45* 7>+62B2 >2< 019;@+152< 964104 >27 239;@+ >9? 0 72=?A+0< 0>@?=45

(>9 7E2 >9? 5E=9?, >27 F;82 >9? 09F 54 >2< B?A*9 7E2-

>2< 73;G472< 1C*45< (077>+97 4< 9+2=2

5;4 E >2 1C*, EC< ?>* >9? 66;). 5;2>45* 4=>-

=2 >9? &$';+=50>4 =>9 E>4 ?>E< 9 2-;2>45E45E< A;5>*;45* 799>;9+ @0>;9?, 0 > 6E4 >9? 9? 9-

>069F7 >9 06F>0;9 ;9< >9? 50479? >9? ?34=>9;*>945* >2< ;;E>2>97 =?;-

@ 7>45>9>;+104 4 6D5* 54 5;2>45* 7>+62B2 4 >27 019-

;@+, 7>+62B2 7>+30>2 0 >2 6E4 07E< 56; =?;@.

E >27 662, 9 ;064=E< >C7 5;2>45G7 07 704 019;@C7,

5E 54 E>7 ;@7 239;@+, ;9=49;+10>4 =0 069 3-

E E >27 ;84=>45* 40969+ E694 94 019;@94 9? =>97 0-

=9E609 0+A7 07=>0;74=>0+ >27 599?74=>45* 40969+, ?>85> 57E7 >4< 4=32>45< >9?< 712>*=04< =>4< 07>96< >9? =9-

=464=>459F ;064=9F (94 06@< 608+9?, 2 #9@+ ?;904*-

!52, 9 9< 9;7;92< 239;@+< 0 >9 =9=464=>45E ;064=E

>4< ?;845< 72=?A+0< 95;2>459940+ 07 ;04 >97 5;2>45E =?-

7>060=>* >2< ;7C 699>0A745*< ;C*< 54 >=4, >27 07>=-

=04 =>9 7066*749 * 54 > 4037* (=>27 0;+>C=2 >9? 17>152)

699>0A745 ;0F>. 4 =?;@0+< 9? 29=40F9?7 > ;G> =2-

7>45 50+07 >9?< 0> >9 JRMN (H45>+92 2->945*, 7066*74 * 403745* 799>;9+, 5E-

54 E>7 2 ;*>2 C< >945E A;G * 44+>0;2 772=2

0+74 2 2* 54 >9 3 >C7 5047C7 >9?* 2 7 7>+62B2,

E9? 9 =>EA9< >9? =?;@ 07 0+74 2 4=>*, 0;4=>45* 7-

;=>=2 >9? >9459F, 66 6697 4 0+;=2 9? 0+74 0-

;4==E>0;9 0=2 ; 0=2, 0;4==E>0;9 70?>45* ; ?64-

5*, @+70>4 7 0+74 2 7E; 9? 4=AF04 E >9 >69< >9? H0F>0-

;9? !5E=49? !E609? C< =*0;. 4 >>94 4 7>+62-

B2 5969?30+ >27 086482 >2< 5E=4< 699>0A7+9?;-

64=E0A745*< ;@*< >9F< A9?7 7>45>=>*=04. 5E 54 >9 ;0-

64=>45E>0;9 019;@2 9? ;@0>4 E >E>0 54 08*45*< ;@*< 9? 956+79?7 E ?>9F< 9

49?7 > 50+07 >9? 615 54 >9? %6C;L.

+

6+.

"

+

&. $(1929)

*+

/6+.

' *57+ 5 6 .. /: 5 7 , 56 $.". %6+.! 5+ 7 6 75 7 655, + 5 5 8 55 ! &6,

+ + 57 8 208 -' + # 7 19 + 5.

52| & .


53/88

{ } # , , , " , % "% , $, ,, , !

"$'2 "

, &"0# -

'* (7568) % "'+' 655

1%" 1 1 (6-67-7568). "-

$'2 $, " $ #" "-

3%" $'% " % +"*

%'+%0%* +$* *

+'* *, '% * 6*

#' 6=68 #" $"+ 3 + %" * 02'+ 1

* *- +'% "+'"#1 "# #" +'% '$2' "+1 +*

* *!

% %&' +'% 2' * '* #%* #" $"+ 1"

'% #"#1 +#"%'2 2, "'%*, +$3*

# + ", $'*, 10*: (0'+$"'* $'* * %3%: ,

.;69/6-67-6=68) #%, .. 1 %: -

, '1", $. +' 2$$' * 7


54/88

0B?C ; D>@?9C @C 88:*C ?9+C C @; >-

@C >*@C 9 @;: ?@>@8@: ?8) @;: =@;: E@; 9-

E8;: E@* ;>@* @C -

@*C ;9;=?BC @C 8;:*?;E 9 @: 88, $$ $&

!#%&, AC (D 9:;:

>*@C, D 9:;: ; )B:, 88 8; ; &8-

:C @C 9+F;:;C 88;C A ?@;: :;>=C C @: ?E:@B@@:

8@*: @;E >. + @ @//?A 88:* ?9+ E@; A>*:;EJ C @: +: A)-

: 9)88 @: E>*: : ?@A* E*:;C + ?9+, ?9/;-

: @C ?E:@8?A+?C ;@@B:, AE?=: E:A>=/71" 42 932. 7"-1*3"4*+;2 %*51$;2 42 8&* $*" 4 &$ 1":

1 ("' 1913

1. 9)> +? ;>@:*, 9)> +? 98

?*9> > )* 8

:@88*?: @ /;E:, >*@ 9;E, ;?9):

FC, 9 @: 88 9C, C @; ?@)99

?; ; D>:; ;E:, =@ I9/>+;E

+:@ @>*, @;E 9>;8;+;E.

3. =:C, +9@, ?8/, =:B: ;ED+C,

?*9> D?@*:, )D;E: @)C, ?@: >*@ 9C @8;9,

AE99?@ @; ;:C, F;9 @: ?@;>+

:=A;E9 *:;, +:B: @ AE?+.

5. :/;E9 ?@ 9:*9 @;EC >+ E:B9;?:C

@; ?9 A /;: *@, :,

*@ 8A> D ?@: @>:.

+D :B>+? @;: FE, @B: :@=: #;>B:

=:C F;? 9@, 8?B: /;>B:.

'@: ; E:?@C @C, +?@@; ;:C

*A8: )8D;, C.

9: ::@>:+F;E:, A8;E @; 8,

: @; >@;: D98, BC @ FB* @: 88.

@;+, +D: ?@; 9E8 @;EC,

@ 8E@> ?: 9


55/88

K" +" ()(, " 2('"

#'3+ )# (2 "* (-

$"2)* %"*, ))'3% %

% ()'+(!" ' )"-#'3, + #")'3* +#'* #" +

)2%" ()"%, % #)+" $4-

% 2 '. %"

('#2 (2 '* ()"++2-

* 2" ' ()%* " ""4%"+ "* $* -

" ()'+ ' #" "") +'" (' +%-

'% % ('$""+"# ' '%2.

(2 +"#2) %" #" '+"#, (' %

0 % ('$ ( #)+*, "')* #"

'$""+'3. % )+#', # % %4 ',

("' 1%%2 #" ()2+')' (' #)+* #" ("-

"%1%*, 2$ 2+ +%!'% % 3()& *,

' ('$'3% ' %" *.

$3)* %')* 3)1 (2 % ()'+,

%$%' +)2( % %# ()'++*

*. $$ " #)"4* %%''3, % ' ()'+"')+-('. '3 %" '+"+"# ()2+; 5% ! ()-

" % %" " #('" ')"'!+ 1% ()+-

% (' ! (')'3+% % %'%; 5% ' -

)+" + * #2 +4*, % ! ()(" %

! ()'+ * + '+"# ()2(

% ! ()(" % %" " #('" ()+ %

'", #", (' ('$ (" 1% #")4% *.

% $$' &"'()2+#' +' %" ()'+(!"

' %", ' '3 ('$$* ')*, % ')%4%'%"

%$* ()'+"# * 2)% #" ",

" ' #)2 " "')"#* %#* (2 -

* (' " +"* #'"%1%"#* * #$4+"* $

'*, (+"* #$(. ('$3 +1+, +($)4%"

+ ' ()'+"#'3 * ')%"#'3 +%2$'

'+"# 2)%/')4 (' # % ("%

%4 % ($)4%'% % $$"0. 4 ()-

" % * ()'$" () ('$3, % )+#' '

', (' $"4%" ' +1+2 #" )" %'-

. " ()1'+')* * %'1 '% % -

!3% " 2.

()" " +%" +'% ')%"#2 * ($'3'

" $"+ %'1 2" 2% '% ')%"#2 ($'3' %

% " #" $$ ()")" * ()* *. -

1* $'"(2% + 2% ! ()(" % +)'3, 4+

+%$* * "$'3 (% " % )"# '-

# % )'% ' #)2 (' ()(";

$)#" $ % ) + ()'+"# *

'+"# 2)% ' "")' "#2 * 2)1.

A A ,

{ } # ! , $! # !, #!#! !. ! #!, #! ! #! , # !! #"! # ! .

, . Nellys, 1939 ).


56/88

!""*#! ( / *% *'%: "+'!, "2', '%#*1"+'. #* )!*1%+# 1* )*% )2#%"% */#

/# &%+ # +*1 *% *'% */# %'#/#, $!#3#*( &1 *% 2*'% % *( '%#*1"+'(

' *%# %$2*'% &%+ ( # *% "+'!, "&%+# % &%"2 ( %, +*% &%+ ) # %+-

)!1 '% # * " *( #'1#)( *%+.

% &'1" %+ *# # # **%% %+)!1 1'#% # *% !'*!1 1'/ 1&/(*% ". "! '! *%# #'/&% &%+ &%'%2) # %) ) +*1 *% &'. #

% 3'%( &"$!( &%+ !*)!+ "2'(. ! +&++#1** )!+ / )*% )-

% &%+ *%+ /). 4# )!*! %2* '1#% %2* '. &1 * ' *%+ ! # #% %+-

)!1 1'#%. /' &) "2', %#'3( )*# 1, "! )*% !%+) ! &1-

"+* &)* )*% !'*!1 1'/. &1 * &$ ' *%+ !*)!+)* ##! *% -

"% 1'#% )*% *'% "+'!, "2', '%#*1"+' ! &1 *%2 ! )*% $( # & 1

*% *'% "" *% !%+'**%, 1&/( '!*'* )*# # %'%"%, *%+ !'*!%2 %-

'3*%(. )+#*( , '%#*( # %+)!1 '%, +)! )*% '!*', 2%(, %(

! '+1 *( %+)!( ( " ! /# &%+ +)*1)* $+&'* !

*%+ %+)! )!.

%$2( *%+ %(, *%# !'1, +&%'/) )*

%+' *( '%#*1"+'(. %"2 )% %

1( ( ') # %+' %!%#

#/# " %)/) )*% !'*!1

1'/. &%* *% +* # &%% &-

*!1, * &1)*) */# /# &1 *%#

2 "+'! - )*%# '2 '%#*1"+' - *#

". # &1)*) +* &%"2 )%

"+ "2'. *) *% !'*!1 1'/-

%+'! %!%# %'#/#

"+'!, "2', '%#*1"+' - &%+ &'&,

%+ +&%'/), +*1 *% )2#%"% #

%+*%+ *% )+#+"!1 ( !'1.

* !1, !#%&%)%+# *) % &'/-)*%'( ( *%+( *%2"!( *( &-

%)( (. !#%*% &%+ # !

%+'!1 # &'%)! */#

'!%!%2%+#/#, &%+ *%# )+#*, -

# 1'/ %#!1 ) #"%

%+)! !1#. )*2/ *# *( '-

( */# '!%!%2%+#/# )* '+!

/ *( %+)!( (, *# /)# * "-

*/# &'%*/#. &1 +*1 "&%+ &1)%

%#! #%+# * &%"*)*! ! &'-

""%#*! )*%.

" +* #%#* !"2*' #*"&* #

&%)%+ 1* %+)! # # &%*

%+ !+". % &%* * ! +#3#

*%+( &'&1*%+(, &%+ # # *&%*

"% &' +) *%+ !""*#, *%+&"%2 +*%2 %+'%2 &%+ *% *'%%%*

&%+ *# %+' *%+ *% !# 1"%

&%% %'*!1, &%% +#!1. "" +*1

&%* &1 *( '( ! &%"*)%2 #

; &1 *( '( +*( $!#), !-

) )*% *%+ '+! ! &'&1*%+(

+*1 &%+ %2 )' # # *&%*

"%, &' *% ) *( +( */# -

%+'3#. & 1,* + &%!* -

*'% ))1, &""* &)*2/ #

'+# ) 1"% *%+ *% !%( ! &"*%( &1

*% 1#% &)*%#!1 %' *%+ #)%2 (,

##%3 *% &)*1 (. % %" )*

%+)! (. +*1 *# '+# *%+ %'%-

*) * #)1**, *# +#*!1**, *%

2%(, *% %( ! * '+! / *( %+-

)!( (. " +* !'2%+# # +)*'%

&%+ )* +&%'/#% # '+#)%+

! # &'%)%')%+.

!1 "3 &%)*%", #

3) *) )*% "% '3* &3(

#'%#)%+ *# !'*! %+)! ! 1

+)! # *# #'%#)%+. )*2/

!'2 ) *( # "%, !* *% *"-/( *'%, )*% %&%% &'& # %

+&2+# *). % *%2#% # #

# &'%+ *% %%/#!1 +'/&0!1 %!%-

1 ! ) ) +*1 ! *'1&% #

&'%)&)%+ # #*$%+ *# #'1#)

*( !'*!( %+)!(. *# !'*!

%+)! ' # % ""#!( !"!(,

1&/( ( *( !"'%1*)# % '% (

&'1%#%, )* )+'* *%+(. "!(

&%+ &%%+# ""#! + ! / )*(

%&%( &)*2/ '# " %+)!

', +* * %&% +)# *( *'-

/( *%+( ! &%+ +)*+3( # %+# -

) ' ) (, 1&/( * !# */# *'-

/3#.

#/ ) +*( *( !"!( '%+# %&'/*%)*%'( ( *( )*( "/-

( *%+( ! *'%+%2# *%+( !%2( *%+(

/'( # *%+( *( $ !#(. +*1

)*'% 1*# +&%)*'/ &/( * -

* +* &%!#2* )+# *( +-

"( (. * &"%2)** )+&&* %+-

)! !') */# &'%1#/# ( +* *%+

)'#%2 !""*#.

+*1 &%+ 3') +&%'/) %+ #

!* !&%% *'1&% # '/ )*# *'%+)

56| & .


57/88

{ }#& "(!$ 135 '! # (#( !'( !# #". 1878 !#& !&%& !& " "#& $& #& (#& #!(( #!( "# %" ! $(&.

*>*1, =+6 1 +@

3+; 1B34; /98@; 98> ?// +@+*8> 41=348D

4C. 3 F3C83 9+=/; =1;

1=34; +@+3858*+; + LG @C63+ (HG-HPJG).

"D5588; 5/3=8D191-

*1; +6


58/88

Q 8UX. < Stillm$n NOCZXO XQ 8UX ON XQ 8Q]-

, _Y O_Q CQ P`XN ONXUZ XV UN-

V Y [ QO\N 8PONUNQ_V X . 1_ X 1U-

NPNO_ 7QXNX`X XV 1UNOV QXCO XQ @UNI-

O PU IN`YQ X]Q UYQaQ XQ 8UX. ?_X UY-

O ON X NQ]NO_ PN X]Q 8UaQ.

>X O`OPV X]Q P]Q QOZC]Q INYU`QO

1UNOQ`V U[NP_YV, OUYZ XQ H$##iet

o"d X 8`N. >X _Q [U_QN H$##iet Bo"d Y-

UXO XQ Edit' H$ll ON XQ ic'$#d Se$&e# XQ Q-

Z X 3YUQN. ? H$##iet Bo"d `UO _V QOZCV XQ 8UX, PP QINZCUO N X PC-

ON IY X]Q QOZaQ XV (). XQ /QV [U]X` _[N _Q X YUX XY N-

]NO` PNXN`, PP ON XQ XU_ UQV XYV (C-

U, IRQCV OUaQ, PXU ICQIU]Q ON aQ OXP.).

X YOUNXNO XNO XY QCXR XQ OUXNO_ PNXN_

V [V XY [PO` X YU`XU PN X]Q PNXNaQ

V QXPNOV Y (NYXNO_, XNO_, N-

OUNXNO_) ON XV NU]XNOV ON QN]XNOV 4PPIV. 6

UZU XY XQ OXQ_ XY NQ]NO` PNXN`

XQ QXP] XY QOX_UY XQ 8Q]_ XQ P.

< D. Ho&$#t' QCO\ X NOX QXU, X Y[U_ ON

X 5OU, _Y QOPY\ XX XV NQ]NOV _PV. To

f o Bos$nqet QCO\ XQ =UN_ XV >XV ON XQ

IN [U_Q C[UN X j QCO\ X =POXU, K

XYV . . D$!kins, J. L. M"#es ON . ;. Tod. < D$!kins

XQ M. L. W. L$istne# QCO\Q X g X PN 8UaQ

X Q_XN PN XY PUX ON XQ =PX XY U-

IY 9NY.


59/88

{ }

$" $" #$ $" $' "$' "!% #$ $$ " $' $"$', " $ $ $' ' (16'-17' .)" $ $ $' ". $% # # "' "',$#' & #$' "' $ "& ##$$', $#-#$ " $$ $ " " .

& &+&!"2 *!& * #& 2

"&3* '#!2+ %! "! -

!+"+&$!" +& +$ '&*$ *+&

+& $+*!$!"& $!!*&3,

'& '!"+&3* +2+. + *+!" "-

+#/ + + '2 +& &3"& -

+%3 +0$ +4$ 5867 "! 5889 $ &*

+% "+*+" "0 *+! '2#!,

'& "!&3* !+!", %!&'&!4$+ +! '&*

'&&, 2'0 +$ + &0+!" , $&, 2*! "+-

, ## "! !!0+!" "+&!".

+! '&& +, '& $ '&*+ *$+!" &-

"+ + !"! +& '&, '&*+"$ $, 2'0 +-

(#!2+ *+! '2#! "#!& "! $!, '!**2+ *+&

$&) +& "+!*+!"&3 !$ +&, 2*!

+ () "! "$. +& '* +0$ 2$0$ '#-

$ "+ ## '& +& !2+&, +2*& *+$ "# &-

+0$ '2#0$, 2*& "! *+$ *+!" !+"+&$!" +$

&*" '2!0$, %3#!$0$ '"+*0$ ("!2*"!) "! ##0$

+*"4$. +*! & ! +2+ +!"&0'1"2 "+

0$ &!"!*4$, ' *!-*! $ $+&$ $++!"& 4.

!& +& !"&3 ##$!"&3 "+& '! *+-

" +$ !+"+&$!" "! *+! "+2$ "2 '2 +&

3"& '. $ ! '& 0$!" +&"+&

'&4$+! * '0*! *+! &*$!" &!-

++, &! &'& '#&$ &$+&$ $ "$&$ !*+ +$

$'*'!'"%!' %'1858).

,'(.' '(((*!''&.' P'Blanc,'+''1900).


60/88

/ 230 12 $$# 26+ 3#:+. /$9 23 +$-

*119 /5%$ + /5$2 8 2&+ $*$9'$/& **# $ + +2+ 13!*18, 3 13+#$2 $ 2& 13+5$ 23

+30. /5%$ + #$1#9$ 120 8*$0 23 +&19 13+-

%$2 281 $ 20 *1120 21$0 23 +$/19,

3 53+ $!:1$ 12& *7 /52$2+, **

+2*2 $*$218, 3 13+#$2 $ 2& 313*-

+82&2. 3+8$+& /31 26+ /122#6+

3+$6+ 120 8*$0, #60 2&+ 282$ /62$931 +,

/+$ 1$ $4 230 /&290 $ 2+ $3/678 2/8 %60.

$//0 $+ 4+$/0 12&+ /52$2+, $+: +$0 5/-

0 2/8 +6+0 13$/4/0 +3+ 2&+ $4-

1 230, $+%+20 2 13+2&/&28 +2

Union of Crete with Greece

Text of Union of Crete with Greece

Creta Maris Convention & Golf Resort in Crete Greece

EyeWide Internet Marketing Agency in Greece Crete

SPERM WHALE PRESENCE OFF SOUTH-WEST CRETE, GREECE, EASTERN

CRETE - greece-cyprus.co.uk GREECE/Crete-Summer-Tariff-20… · CRETE The southern most of the Greek islands, Crete offers an inexhaustible source of vivid impressions : tall mountains,

PV systems in Greece -Crete - SIEA · PV systems in Greece -Crete Z. Gkouskos, Environmental Engineer Msc; T. Tsoutsos, Assistant Professor Renewable & Sustainable Energy Systems

Location Location Location Invest In Crete Greece European Property

1 , Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Greece, Crete and the Dodecanese

Pantelis Topalis Ontology developer IMBB-FORTH, Crete Greece

The Battle for Greece & Crete

EUROPEAN CHESS UNION TOURNAMENT RULES€¦ · EUROPEAN CHESS UNION TOURNAMENT RULES approved by ECU GENERAL ASSEMBLY 2017 4TH November, Crete, Greece will apply from January 1, 2018

Rethymnon, Crete, Greece - isvc.net · 8 th International Symposium on Visual Computing (ISVC’ 12) July 16-18, 2012, Rethymnon, Crete, Greece

Greece, Crete

Crete : the forerunner of Greece - Christians for Truth · crete the forerunner ofgreece by c.h.&h.b.hawes harperx brothers lwdonxnewyork ^ crete theforerunnerof greece by charleshenryhawes

Villa for sale Elounda Crete Greece Europe

RETHYMNON - CRETE - GREECE

Top Crete Villas for Family or Couple Holidays in Crete, Greece!

GREECE CRETE TURKEY - cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com

Heraklion, Crete, Greece - iccmi2019.org · Heraklion, Crete, Greece The organizing committee of the 7th ICCMI 2019 (Heraklion, Crete July 10-12, 2019) invites authors to submit abstracts

Rethymnon, Crete, Greece - isvc.net · 9 th International Symposium on Visual Computing (ISVC’ 13) July 29-31, 2013, Rethymnon, Crete, Greece

Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Greece, Crete and the Dodecaneseaviationarchaeology.gr/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Airfields Greece, Crete and the Dodecanese

Regional disparities in Greece: The performance of Crete

336 - Greece-Crete-2

VERY ANCIENT GREECE MINOAN Civilization-Crete & other islands MYCENEAN Civilization – mainland Greece

Miramare Resort Hotels in Agios Nikoloas Crete Greece

Heraklion, Crete 2009. 12 – 19 July 2009 Hersonissos Crete Greece

CRETE isl, GREECE

Royal Blue Resort Spa in Rethymno Crete: hotel luxury greece, luxury holidays crete

Greece. Thessaloniki Athens Crete “ “ Toomba,” Thessaloniki, northern Greece

(1911) Crete: The Forerunner of Greece

Documents

Union of Crete with Greece

Text of Union of Crete with Greece