UNION CRAFT LABOR SUPPLY STUDY - TAUCOver three fourths (78%) of the study participants project growth for 2018 in the construction and maintenance industry. This is up significantly

2018

UNION CRAFT LABORSUPPLY STUDY

Measuring Today for a Successful Tomorrow

The Voice For Union Construction and Maintenance

TAUC: 2018 TAUC Union Labor Supply Study

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INTRODUCTIONThe 2018 TAUC Union Labor Supply Study marks the fourth year that The Association of Union Constructors (TAUC) has commissioned the Construction Labor Research Council (CLRC) to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the union construction and maintenance industry. The first study was completed in 2015. Copies of the previous year’s report can be obtained by contacting TAUC.

THE ASSOCIATION OF UNION CONSTRUCTORS (TAUC)The Association of Union Constructors (TAUC) is the premier national trade association for the union construction and maintenance industry. Membership is comprised of more than 2,000 contractors who utilize union labor for their projects, as well as local contractor associations and vendors in the industrial maintenance and construction industries. TAUC’s mission is to act as an advocate for union contractors and to enhance cooperation between the three entities involved in the successful completion of construction and maintenance projects: the union, the contractor, and the owner/client (the company for which the work is being completed). TAUC’s ultimate goal: to demonstrate that union construction and maintenance is the best option because it’s safer, more productive and provides a higher quality, cost-competitive product.

The Association of Union Constructors1501 Lee Highway, Suite 202Arlington, VA 22209Phone: 703.524.3336Fax: 703.524.3364www.tauc.org

CONSTRUCTION LABOR RESEARCH COUNCIL (CLRC)The Construction Labor Research Council (CLRC) is the nation’s foremost source of labor cost and related information for the unionized sector of the construction industry. It serves as a key resource for data on labor costs, workforce issues, market share, labor contract terms, safety, and associated topics. The CLRC database contains wages, fringe benefits and contract language information on nearly 3,000 contracts in 285 cities for 18 crafts. CLRC is supported by management associations whose member firms employ union construction craft workers.

Construction Labor Research Council1250 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20036Phone: 202.347.8440www.clrcconsulting.org

http://www.tauc.org

http://www.clrcconsulting.org


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TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY & KEY FINDINGS ...............................................................4

STUDY RESULTS ...........................................................................................................8I. Study Demographics ...........................................................................................................8

A. Role ...........................................................................................................................................8B. Industry ......................................................................................................................................9C. Region ..................................................................................................................................... 10D. Organization Size ......................................................................................................................11

II. Growth and Contraction in the Construction and Maintenance Industry ........12Part 1. Overall Growth/Contraction ............................................................................................... 12Part 2. Growth/Contraction by Demographic Data Cut .................................................................. 14

III. Union Craft Labor Shortage and Surplus ..................................................................24Part 1. Overall Union Craft Labor Shortage/Surplus .......................................................................24Part 2. Union Craft Labor Shortage/Surplus by Demographic Data Cut .........................................25

IV. Union Craft Labor Shortage and Surplus— Craft Comparison ...........................33Part 1. Actual Shortage/Surplus in 2017 ........................................................................................34Part 2. Projected Shortage/Surplus in 2018 ...................................................................................37Part 3. Actual Shortage/Surplus in 2017 for Apprentices ...............................................................39Part 4. Hard to Find, High Demand Skills ...................................................................................... 41

V. Absenteeism .......................................................................................................................42

VI. Safety ..................................................................................................................................48Part 1. The Perceived Relationship between Union Craft Labor Shortages and Safety ...................48Part 2. Participants’ Comparative Beliefs about Safety in their Organization Versus all Other Organizations .................................................................................................................52

DETAILED INDIVIDUAL CRAFT RESULTS ..............................................................561. Boilermakers ......................................................................................................................57

2. Bricklayers & Allied Crafts ............................................................................................ 60

3. Carpenters & Millwrights ................................................................................................63

4. Electricians ........................................................................................................................ 66

5. Heat & Frost Insulators ....................................................................................................69

6. Iron Workers .......................................................................................................................72

7. Laborers ...............................................................................................................................75

8. Operating Engineers ........................................................................................................78

9. Painters & Allied Trades .................................................................................................81

10. Plasterers & Cement Masons ......................................................................................84

11. Plumbers, Pipefitters & Steamfitters ........................................................................87

12. Roofers & Waterproofers .............................................................................................90

13. Sheet Metal Workers ......................................................................................................93

14. Teamsters ..........................................................................................................................96


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & KEY FINDINGSThe 2018 Union Craft Labor Supply Study was conducted by The Association of Union Constructors (TAUC) in conjunction with the Construction Labor Research Council (CLRC). This is the only national, union-specific study focusing on construction and maintenance. The findings will help create a detailed, data-driven picture of the current state of the labor supply throughout the United States.

TAUC launched the study in 2015 (you can read the full results and download a free copy of last year’s survey report here). It received a tremendous response from a wide cross-section of the entire industry—contractors, labor representatives, owner-clients and construction association representatives completed the survey. This year’s survey and associated report have been enhanced based on feedback from last year’s respondents.

The 2018 Union Craft Labor Supply Study drills down even further into the specifics of both regional and national labor supply trends. New to the study this year is an examination of two key issues: absenteeism and safety. Our goal is to provide the industry with an even more robust set of metrics. TAUC and its partners in labor believe that a data-driven approach is the only way to achieve our shared goals of planning for the future and increasing union market share.

STUDY FOCUSThis study covers the following topics:

• Overall growth in the construction and maintenance industry (union and nonunion)

• Labor supply shortage/surplus for union craft workers overall and for 14 specific unions, covering:

- Recent history - Projections for 2018 - Apprentice levels

• Absenteeism• Safety

- The relationship between labor shortages and safety

- Comparative perceptions of own organization’s safety performance versus others

• Difficult to Find, High Demand Skills

KEY FEATURES OF THE STUDYA number of features make this study a timely and useful resource for those interested in the construction and maintenance industry.

• The population from which the large sample (N=748) was drawn from is knowledgeable and engaged regarding the topic of craft labor supply.

• Respondents were instructed to describe their own experiences, not their perceptions of others’ experiences or what they may have read somewhere, which enhances the validity of the results.

• Thorough and detailed analyses of the data were conducted.

• A large amount of craft-by-craft specific results are included in the report.

• Detailed analyses, including data cuts by the four demographic variables (i.e., role, industry, region, organization size) and interactions among those variables, are presented throughout the report.

• Many charts and tables, along with helpful explanatory text, are included to make interpretation of the findings easy and accurate.

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTSThe demographic characteristics of the sample are shown in the tables below for the following categories:

• Organization Role• Industry• Geographic Region• Organization Size (Number of Employees)

https://www.tauc.org/files/2017_TAUC_UNION_CRAFT_LABOR_SUPPLY.pdf


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2017 2018

Organization Role Number Percent Number Percent

Association Employee 18 2% 20 3%

Construction Manager 15 2% 44 6%

Contractor/Subcontractor 353 45% 275 37%

Owner/Client 39 5% 40 5%

Union/Labor Representative 355 45% 343 46%

Other 11 1% 26 3%

Total 791 100% 748 100%

2017 2018

Industry Number Percent Number Percent

Civil 40 6% 37 6%

Commercial/Institutional 275 39% 252 37%

Manufacturing 112 16% 140 21%

Petroleum/Natural Gas/Chemical 89 13% 73 11%

Utility 131 19% 123 18%

Other 48 7% 47 7%

Total 695 100% 672 100%

Geographic Region – 2017

0–5%

6–10%

11–15%

16–20%

21–25%

26–30%

31% +

New England 12%

Middle Atlantic 17%

Southeast 14%

East North Central

29%West

North Central9%

South Central6%

Northwest3%

Southwest6%

Mountain Northern Plains

4%

Northwest3%

Southwest 6%


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Geographic Region – 2018

0–5%

6–10%

11–15%

16–20%

21–25%

26–30%

31% +

New England 11%

Middle Atlantic 20%

Southeast 14%

East North Central

29%West

North Central8%

South Central6%

Northwest3%

Southwest 5%


4%

Northwest3%

Southwest 5%

2017 2018

Organization Size Number Percent Number Percent

1-25 95 12% 55 7%

26-100 115 14% 82 11%

101-500 203 26% 214 29%

501-1,000 96 12% 129 17%

1,001-5,000 124 16% 117 16%

5,001-10,000 26 3% 28 4%

More than 10,000 132 17% 123 16%

Total 791 100% 748 100%


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KEY FINDINGS1. Continued Strong Growth ProjectionsOver three fourths (78%) of the study participants project growth for 2018 in the construction and maintenance industry. This is up significantly from two years ago (58%) and the same as last year.

• Union/Labor representatives were the most optimistic about growth.

• The manufacturing industry has the strongest growth prospects.

• Two regions had strong and increasing projections of growth: South Central and Southwest.

• There is a modest, positive relationship between organization size and projected growth.

2. A Growing Shortage of Union Craft WorkersMore respondents in the study reported that union craft worker shortages in their organization in 2017 were greater than in previous years. However, although a union craft labor shortage is prevalent, the vast majority of those with a shortage said it was a small shortage. Moreover, many also reported a surplus or the right number of workers in their organization.

The shortages are most likely to be manifested in the manufacturing industry, in larger organizations and in the following regions: Southeast, South Central, Mountain Northern Plains and the Northwest.

Data for the study came from both management and union workers. Fewer union than management respondents reported a union craft worker shortage.

3. AbsenteeismThirty five percent of the sample said they had a measurable union craft absenteeism rate in their organization. Of those, most reported a 1-10% rate.

• The civil industry had the lowest amount of absenteeism, the utility industry the highest.

• The Northwest region had the lowest absenteeism rate, the New England and Southeast regions the highest.

• The absenteeism rate decreases as organization size increases.

4. There is a Perceived Link between Labor Shortage and Safety Incidents

• Two thirds of the participants in the study believe that a labor shortage is related to a greater number of safety incidents.

• Seventy seven percent said their organization was “above average” in its safety incidence rate (a statistical improbability).

5. The Largest and Smallest ShortagesThe largest shortages of union craft workers are in the:

• Industry: manufacturing.• Regions: Southeast, South Central, Mountain

Northern Plains and the Northwest.• Organization Size: large organizations, those with

10,000 employees or more.• Crafts: Carpenters & Millwrights, Roofers &

Waterproofers, Iron Workers and Electricians. These were also the crafts with the greatest shortage last year.

Conversely, the least severe shortages, although still shortages, were found in the:

• Industry: petroleum/natural gas/chemical and utility.• Region: Southwest.• Organization Size: small organizations, those with

1-25 employees.• Craft: Teamsters.


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STUDY RESULTSA questionnaire focusing on the union craft labor supply in the construction and maintenance industry was circulated to individuals directly engaged in that industry on January 15, 2018. A total of 748 people responded, representing a variety of roles in their organizations, industries, geographic regions and organization sizes.

I. STUDY DEMOGRAPHICSA. RoleAs shown in Exhibits 1.1 and 1.2, in 2018 a plurality of the respondents represented the union/labor representative role (46%). A significant percent of respondents also represented the contractor/

subcontractor role (37%). The remaining roles combined received a greater percent of the responses in 2018 (18%) than in 2017 (10%).

Exhibit 1.1RESPONDENT ROLE TABLE

2017 2018

Organization Role Number Percent Number Percent

Association Employee 18 2% 20 3%

Construction Manager 15 2% 44 6%

Contractor/Subcontractor 353 45% 275 37%

Owner/Client 39 5% 40 5%

Union/Labor Representative 355 45% 343 46%

Other 11 1% 26 3%

Total 791 100% 748 100%

Exhibit 1.2RESPONDENT ROLE CHARTS

2%

2%

1%

201745%

5%

45%

Other

Contractor/ Subcontractor

Union/Labor Representative

Owner/Client

Association Employee

Construction Manager

2018

6%

3%

3%

37%

5%

46%

Other

Contractor/ Subcontractor

Association Employee

Union/Labor Representative

Owner/Client



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B. IndustryStudy participants were asked to indicate the industry in which their organization performed the most union construction and maintenance work. The commercial/institutional industry sector was again the most common one in 2018, representing 37% of the sample

(39% in 2017), as displayed in Exhibits 1.3 and 1.4. Manufacturing, petroleum/natural gas/chemical and utility were represented by 11% to 21% of the respondents in both 2017 and 2018. The final industry sector, civil, represented 6% of the data in both 2017 and 2018.

Exhibit 1.3INDUSTRY TABLE

2017 2018

Industry Number Percent Number Percent

Civil 40 6% 37 6%

Commercial/Institutional 275 39% 252 37%

Manufacturing 112 16% 140 21%

Petroleum/Natural Gas/Chemical 89 13% 73 11%

Utility 131 19% 123 18%

Other 48 7% 47 7%

Total 695 100% 672 100%

Exhibit 1.4INDUSTRY CHARTSExhibit 2

6%7%

201739%

16%

13%

19%

Other

Commercial/Institutional

Petroleum/Natural Gas/

Chemical

Utility

Manufacturing

Civil

2018

6%7%

37%

21%

11%

18%

Other



Chemical

Utility

Manufacturing

Civil


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C. RegionRespondents were instructed to indicate the region(s) for which they were most familiar with their organization’s union construction and maintenance work activity. In order to ensure reliable data from knowledgeable participants, respondents were instructed to provide data only for those regions they were familiar with and where their organization had performed work.

The East North Central region had the plurality of responses both in 2017 and 2018 at 29% both years, as illustrated in Exhibits 1.5 and 1.6. Other regions

with a double digit percent of the responses in 2018 are Middle Atlantic (20%), Southeast (14%), and New England (11%).

Note: The questionnaire was organized into nine sections, one for each region. Since respondents could provide responses to many questions for more than one region, the total numbers shown at the bottom of Exhibit 1.5 sum to values greater than the number of respondents. Exhibit 1.5 shows how many times a region was selected; respondents often provided data for more than one region.

Exhibit 1.5REGION TABLE

2017 2018

Region Number Percent Number Percent

New England 146 12% 127 11%

Middle Atlantic 210 17% 227 20%

Southeast 165 14% 165 14%

East North Central 359 29% 342 29%

West North Central 114 9% 94 8%

South Central 72 6% 71 6%

Mountain Northern Plains 50 4% 49 4%

Northwest 36 3% 29 3%

Southwest 80 6% 62 5%

Total 1,232 100% 1,166 100%

Exhibit 1.6REGION CHARTSExhibit 3

12%

3%

6%4%

201717%

14%

29%

9%

6%

Northwest

South Central


Southeast

Middle Atlantic

West North

Central

East North Central

New England

Southwest

2018Middle Atlantic

11%

3%

5%4%

20%

14%29%

8%

6%

Northwest

South Central


Southeast

Middle AtlanticWest

North Central

East North Central

New EnglandSouthwest


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D. Organization SizeExhibits 1.7 and 1.8 show that the participants in the study were fairly evenly distributed across various sizes of organizations. The most common size in 2018 was

101-500 employees (29%) and the smallest percent of respondents (4%) represented organizations with 5,001-10,000 employees. All other organization sizes accounted for 7% to 17% of the sample.

Exhibit 1.7ORGANIZATION SIZE TABLE

2017 2018

Number of Employees Number Percent Number Percent

1-25 95 12% 55 7%

26-100 115 14% 82 11%

101-500 203 26% 214 29%

501-1,000 96 12% 129 17%

1,001-5,000 124 16% 117 16%

5,001-10,000 26 3% 28 4%

More than 10,000 132 17% 123 16%

Total 791 100% 748 100%

Exhibit 1.8ORGANIZATION SIZE CHARTSExhibit 4

1–25

26–100

101–500

12%

14%

More than 10,000

17%

2017

26%

501–1,000

1,001 – 5,000

5,001 –10,000

12%

16%

3%

201816%

17%

11%

7%16%

4%

29%

1–25

26–100

101–500

More than 10,000

501–1,000

1,001 – 5,000

5,001 –10,000


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Section II refers to all construction and maintenance work, including both union and nonunion (the remainder of the report after Section II focuses specifically on union only). It documents the degree of growth or contraction projected by the study sample for 2018 (and for 2016 and 2017 as points of comparison) and how long they believe the growth or contraction will last.

Section II is divided into two parts:• Part 1. Overall Growth/Contraction• Part 2. Growth/Contraction by Demographic

Data Cut - Role - Industry

- Region - Organization Size

Part 1. Overall Growth/ContractionExhibit 2.1 illustrates how the study sample fell into each of the rating options for growth (i.e., modest

growth, growth, strong growth, very strong growth), contraction (i.e., modest contraction, contraction, strong contraction, very strong contraction) and no change for 2018. Data from the 2016 and 2017 studies are also shown in order to reflect trends.

With the exception of 2016, over 70% of the respondents since 2015 have projected some degree of growth for the ensuing year. More specifically, in both 2017 and 2018, 78% reported that they anticipate growth in their organization. In 2016, the outlier year, just 58% projected some sort of growth. Moreover, the optimism has been growing. At the most pronounced end of the rating scale, the right side in Exhibit 2.1, the percent of the sample projecting “very strong growth” has increased steadily since 2015, when it was 9% (see earlier report), to 24% in 2018. Conversely, very few believe there will be contraction in the construction and maintenance industry.

Exhibit 2.1GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE INDUSTRY: 2016-2018

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Very Strong Growth

Strong Growth

GrowthModest Growth

No ChangeModest Contraction

ContractionStrong Contraction

Very Strong Contraction

2016 2017 2018

6%

3% 3%

5%

1% 1%

8%

2% 2%

7%

4%3%

16%

12%13%

14%

16%16%

22%

23%

11%

13%

15%

22%

24%

17%

21%

Pe

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58% in 201678% in 201778% in 2018

II. GROWTH AND CONTRACTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE INDUSTRY


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The vast majority of people expecting growth in construction and maintenance opportunities said it would last two to three years, as shown in Exhibit 2.2. Most of the remainder thought it would last longer, four to five years or even more than five years. A few believed that the growth would last for a year or less.

As Exhibit 2.2 also shows, many fewer respondents indicated that there would be contraction in 2018. For those that listed contraction, the timespan ratings were spread across the range from 1 to more than 5 years. These results are similar to last year’s results, but slightly more growth oriented in the current study.

Exhibit 2.2TIMESPAN FOR GROWTH AND CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

More than 5 Years4-5 Years2-3 Years1 Year or Less

Growth Contraction

1%

6% 6%

53%

21%

2%

10%

2%

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Part 2. Growth/Contraction by Demographic Data CutExhibits 2.3 – 2.10 show results for growth/contraction by four data cuts: role, industry, region and organization size. The bars in the bar charts represent the percent of the sample providing each rating (i.e., growth, strong growth, contraction, strong contraction) not the actual percent of growth or contraction projected for the construction and maintenance industry.

In Exhibit 2.3, the results regarding growth/contraction projections for 2018 are shown by respondent role. For comparison, also included are growth projections for 2017 from last year’s study, conducted at the beginning of 2017. The

most noticeable characteristic of the results is the consistency between 2017 and 2018, after significant increases last year (from 2016 to 2017). A visual examination of the bars in Exhibit 2.3 readily shows that the length of the bars above and below the center “0 percent” line are mostly similar for 2017 and 2018 within each role, and especially for “Total.”

A second finding is that the most optimistic role in 2017 and 2018—union/labor—saw increases in 2018 in the percent projecting not just growth, but “strong growth” (2017 = 33%; 2018 = 44%). This was also true for construction managers (2017 = 30%; 2018 = 43%).

Overall, the percent projecting growth in 2018 was the same as 2017, but the intensity of growth projections increased in 2018.

Exhibit 2.3PERCENT PROJECTING GROWTH/CONTRACTION BY ROLE: 2017 & 2018

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

80

60

40

20

201820172018201720182017201820172018201720182017Association Construction

ManagerContractor/

SubcontractorOwner/Client Union/Labor

RepresentativeTotal

2017 AveragePe

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sG

row

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on

tra

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n 2018 Average

Strong Growth Growth Contraction Strong ContractionStrong Growth Growth Contraction Strong Contraction

20172018

43%30%

44%33%

78% 78%

Throughout this report, the dotted lines provide easy comparison of the results for each data cut (e.g., association, construction manager) to the results for Total/Average. In other words, the dotted lines are an extension of the rating categories (i.e., contraction, strong contraction, growth, strong growth) for the Total/Average bars for 2018 and 2017, respectively.


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In Exhibit 2.4, the average growth/contraction projections by role are shown. Whereas, Exhibit 2.3 shows the percent of responses for various response options (i.e., growth, strong growth, contraction, strong contraction) and does not show those who said there would be no growth or contraction, this analysis averages all ratings.

The consistency between 2017 and 2018 is readily apparent for contractors/subcontractors, owners/

clients and union/labor representatives in Exhibit 2.4. Association representatives and construction managers changed some from 2017, yet since they represent smaller percents of the overall sample the total results were less affected by them. Interestingly, association representatives went from providing the highest ratings in 2017 to the second lowest ratings in 2018.

Exhibit 2.4AVERAGE GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS BY ROLE: 2017 & 2018

Gro

wth

Pro

ject

ion

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

Union/Labor

Owner/Client

Contractor/Subcontractor


Association

2018

20172017 Average

2018 Average

Average Growth Projection by Role: 2017 & 2018

It is useful to note that the values shown for Exhibits 2.4, 2.6, 2.8 and 2.10 are the average of all ratings—those reporting growth, those reporting contraction and those reporting neither. Although the line graphs are valuable because they concisely and accurately summarize all ratings, the contraction ratings (negative values in the analysis) and growth ratings (positive values) tend to cancel each other out somewhat when calculating the average.

As a result, the averages contained in the line graphs look somewhat “muted.” In other words, if the average were calculated separately for only those reporting growth (or contraction) the values would be much larger or more pronounced.

The values in Exhibits 2.4, 2.6, 2.8 and 2.10 show the percent growth (or contraction) projected by the respondents for the construction and maintenance industry for 2018.


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Although there was consistency in the overall results from 2017 to 2018, Exhibit 2.5 below shows that there was variance when looking at the data by industry. One place where there was noticeable variance was in the growth ratings for the manufacturing industry. In manufacturing there were more projections for growth and fewer projections of contraction in 2018 than in 2017.

Conversely, the petroleum/natural gas/chemical and utility industries saw decreases in the percent of responses projecting growth (although a large majority continued to project growth. The utility industry in particular reflected less positive results than in 2017 since a greater percent also projected contraction in 2018.

Exhibit 2.5PERCENT PROJECTING GROWTH/CONTRACTION BY INDUSTRY: 2017 & 2018

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

80

60

40

20

201820172018201720182017201820172018201720182017Civil Commercial/

InstitutionalManufacturing Petroleum/Natural

Gas/ChemicalUtility Total

Pe

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of

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sG

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on

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2017 Average

2018 Average

75% 82% 80% 73%

67% 61%

17% 20%


20172018

11% 5%


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Exhibit 2.6AVERAGE GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY: 2017 & 2018

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

UtilityPetro/ChemicalManufacturingCommercial/InstitutionalCivil

2018

2017

2017 Average

2018 Average

Gro

wth

Pro

ject

ion

Exhibit 2.6 clearly illustrates the higher average ratings in 2018 compared to 2017. This is true overall (i.e., the averages shown by the solid lines) as well as for four of five industry categories. In the utility industry, however, the 2017 ratings were slightly higher than the

2018 ratings, and both years were much lower than the other sectors. All other sectors were very similar to each other in 2018, ranging from 6.1 – 6.6% average growth projection. In 2017 the averages for the non-utility sectors ranged from 4.5 – 6.1%.


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Region States

Northeast Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont

Middle Atlantic District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania

Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia

East North Central Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin, West Virginia

West North Central Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

South Central Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas

Mountain Northern Plains Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming

Northwest Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

Southwest Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada

Exhibit 2.7PERCENT PROJECTING GROWTH/CONTRACTION BY REGION: 2017 & 2018

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

80

60

40

20

'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17'18'17New

EnglandMiddle Atlantic

Southeast East North Central

West North Central

SouthCentral

Mtn Northern Plains

Northwest Southwest Total

2017 Avg

Pe

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2018 Avg

93% 79%

60% 71%

78% 87%80% 63% 69% 83%


20172018

Differences in growth/contraction projections among the nine geographic regions are displayed in Exhibit 2.7. Data for four regions remained mostly consistent with 2017 results: New England, Southeast, East North Central and Northwest.

Findings for five regions showed significant changes from 2017. The 2018 results indicate greater prospects

of growth and fewer responses projecting contraction than in 2017 for three of these regions—West North Central, South Central and Southwest. Conversely, the two remaining regions with changes—Middle Atlantic and Mountain Northern Plains—reported significant drops from 2017 to 2018 in the percent of respondents projecting growth and increases in the percent reporting contraction.


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2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

SouthwestNorthwestMtn Northern Plains

South Central

West North Central

East North Central

SoutheastMiddle Atlantic

New England

2018

2017

2018 Average

2017 Average

Average Growth Projection by Region: 2016 & 2017

Gro

wth

Pro

ject

ion

As shown in Exhibit 2.8, calculations to determine the average growth/contraction ratings show that six of the nine regions had higher results this year: New England, East North Central, West North Central, South Central, Northwest and Southwest. As a reminder, the analyses for these averages include all ratings—growth, shortage and neutral—whereas the statistics in the colored bar charts in this section look at just the growth and shortage data and show what percent of the responses fell into each rating category.

The most pronounced differences from 2017 to 2018 were for the Western part of the United States (i.e., Northwest and Southwest regions), where 2018 projections were around three to four percent higher than last year. Only in the Middle Atlantic region were the current year ratings substantially lower than last year.

The two remaining regions, the Southeast and Mountain Northern Plains, had slightly lower growth projections for 2018.

Exhibit 2.8AVERAGE GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS BY REGION: 2017 & 2018


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As is the case throughout this section for the three other data cuts—role, industry and region—the data in Exhibit 2.9 shows that the overall ratings for 2018 are similar to 2017 (see Total on the right side of each bar chart). What is interesting in 2018 is the somewhat different perspectives from those in smaller versus larger organizations. Data from respondents in organizations with 500 or fewer employees was less growth oriented and more contraction oriented than data from those in organizations with over 500 employees, with the odd exception of one organization size.

More specifically, for the smaller organizations, the percent of the responses projecting growth was

generally flat, or slightly less in 2018 than in 2017. Also, the percent projecting contraction was typically flat or greater from 2017 to 2018.

For the larger organizations, generally speaking, the percent of responses reflecting growth was greater, and the percent reflecting contraction was smaller, in 2018 than in 2017. However, as stated, within the group of larger organizations, there was one exception to this trend; organizations with 1,001-5,000 employees followed the pattern of the smaller organizations. This may simply be a spurious characteristic of the data sample this year or a unique pattern to follow in future years.

Exhibit 2.9PERCENT PROJECTING GROWTH/CONTRACTION BY ORGANIZATION SIZE: 2017 & 2018

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

80

60

40

20

20182017201820172018201720182017201820172018201720182017201820171–25 26-100 101-500 501–1,000 1,001–5,000 5,001–10,000 10,000+ Total

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sG

row

thC

on

tra

ctio

n

2017 Average

2018 AverageStrong Growth Growth Contraction Strong ContractionStrong Growth Growth Contraction Strong Contraction

20172018


21

Exhibit 2.10AVERAGE GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS BY ORGANIZATION SIZE: 2017 & 2018

Gro

wth

Pro

ject

ion

1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

10,001+5,001-10,0001,001-5,000501-1,000101-50026-1001-25

2018

20172017 Average

2018 Average

8%

Average Growth Projection by Organization Size: 2017 & 2018

The results shown in Exhibit 2.9 are accentuated in Exhibit 2.10, even though different types of analyses were used. Growth projections were more prominent in 2018 than in 2017 for larger organizations than for

smaller ones, again with the exception of organizations with 1,001—5,000 employees. In particular, growth projections were much stronger this year than in 2017 for respondents from organizations with 5,001–10,000 employees.


22

The growth/contraction projections were further analyzed by looking at the data in an even more detailed manner: industry by region. In other words, the growth/contraction ratings were examined for each industry in each region. Exhibit 2.11 shows the results by region and Exhibit 2.12 by industry.

Highlights of Exhibit 2.11 include the following:• The civil industry is strongest in the Southeast and

South Central regions.

• The commercial/institutional industry is strongest in the South Central, Northwest and Southwest regions.

• The manufacturing industry is strongest in the East North Central region.

• The utility industry is strongest in the New England region.

Exhibit 2.11GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS: INDUSTRY BY REGION

2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

SouthwestNorthwestMountain Northern Plains

South Central

West North Central

East North Central


New England

Civil Commercial/Institutional Manufacturing Utility

Pro

ject

ed

Gro

wth


23

Exhibit 2.12 contains the same data as Exhibit 2.11. It simply reverses the industry and region data to provide another way to understand the results. From this perspective, it is easy to see that the commercial/

institutional industry appears to have the strongest growth prospects overall, as well as in many of the regions individually. The utility industry has the weakest growth ratings overall.

Exhibit 2.12GROWTH/CONTRACTION PROJECTIONS: REGION BY INDUSTRY

2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

UtilityManufacturingCommercial/InstitutionalCivil

New England Middle Atlantic Southeast East North Central West North Central South CentralMountain Northern Plains Northwest Southwest

Pro

ject

ed

Gro

wth


24

Section III refers specifically to union craft workers. This section describes how respondents reported the union craft labor shortage or surplus in their organization in 2017. These can be considered as “actual” results since respondents reported their company’s experience from the previous year (not more subjective projections for upcoming years).

Similar to the layout of Section II, Section III provides results in two parts:

• Part 1. Overall Union Craft Labor Shortage/Surplus

• Part 2. Union Craft Labor Shortage/Surplus by Demographic Data Cut

- Role - Industry

- Region - Organization Size

Part 1. Overall Union Craft Labor Shortage/SurplusExhibit 3.1 shows that more and more people who are familiar with the union construction and maintenance industry are reporting a union craft labor shortage, and the degree of that shortage is growing. To illustrate, in 2015, 52% reported a shortage in their organization; two years later this had grown to 67%. As a result and necessarily so, the percent of respondents recording a surplus or the right number of workers in their organization decreased from 48% in 2015 to 33% in 2017.

While two thirds of the participants in this study reported a worker shortage in 2017, it is also important to note that the vast majority of these said they had a “small shortage” in their organization. Seventeen percent said they had a “large shortage.”

Exhibit 3.1UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE: 2015-2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

SurplusRight SizeSmall ShortageLarge Shortage

2015 2016 2017

8%

12%

17%

44% 45%

50%

32% 32%

26%

16%

11%

7%

52% in 201557% in 201667% in 2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts

48% in 201543% in 201633% in 2017

Sh

orta

ge

Rig

ht

Siz

e o

r S

urp

lus

III. UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE AND SURPLUS


25

Part 2. Union Craft Labor Shortage/Surplus by Demographic Data CutExhibits 3.2 – 3.5 show results for the union craft labor supply in 2017 (and 2016 for comparison) by four data cuts: role, industry, region and organization size. The different colors in the bars represent the percent of the sample providing each rating (i.e., large shortage, small shortage, right size, surplus), not the actual percent of shortage or surplus in the union craft workforce.

In Exhibit 3.2, the results for 2017 from Exhibit 3.1 are broken out by respondent role. As the exhibit illustrates, for each role the percent of respondents

noting a worker shortage grew from 2016 to 2017. Of particular interest this year is the owner/client category, which went from nobody reporting a “large shortage” for 2016 to nearly a fourth (24%) reporting such for 2017. Roles with the most people reporting a shortage for 2017 were construction managers, contractors/subcontractors, and owners/clients.

Consistent with historical data in this study, fewer union/labor representatives reported a union craft labor shortage than the other roles. However, their concerns over labor shortages also increased from 2016 to 2017.

Exhibit 3.2UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE/SURPLUS BY ROLE: 2016 & 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

201720162017201620172016201720162017201620172016Association Construction

ManagerContractor/

SubcontractorOwner/Client Union/Labor

RepresentativeTotal

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts

Surplus Right Size

Small Shortage Large Shortage

2016 2017

Union Labor Shortage/Surplus by Role: 2016 & 2017

2017 percent reporting

a shortage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Shor

tage

Shor

tage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize


a shortage


26

As shown in Exhibit 3.3, the industry with the greatest proportion of the sample reporting a union craft labor shortage for 2017 was manufacturing, where 83% reported a shortage of some type. Moreover, manufacturing also saw the largest increase from 2016 to 2017, a 20% jump, in the percent of respondents noting a worker shortage, large or small. The civil

industry also garnered a noticeable increase in worker shortage concerns.

For the petroleum/natural gas/chemical and utility industries there was a decrease in how many respondents claimed a worker shortage. These were the only industries where the reported worker shortage was less in 2017 than in 2016.

Exhibit 3.3UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE/SURPLUS BY INDUSTRY: 2016 & 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

201720162017201620172016201720162017201620172016Civil Commercial/

InstitutionalManufacturing Petroleum/Natural

Gas/ChemicalUtility Total

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts 2017 percent reporting

a shortage


a shortage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Shor

tage

Shor

tage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Surplus Right Size


2016 2017


27

Exhibit 3.4 shows analyses on the union craft worker shortage/surplus data by region. All regions except one, West North Central, saw an increase in the percent of the respondents saying they had a shortage of union craft workers. The largest increases from 2016 to 2017 were the Middle Atlantic and Southeast

regions. The regions with the greatest need in 2017 were the Southeast, South Central, Mountain Northern Plains and Northwest. The Northwest also had the largest percent reporting a “large shortage” (29%) in 2017, more than double the 2016 value (14%).

Exhibit 3.4UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE/SURPLUS BY REGION: 2016 & 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16'17'16

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts

New England

Middle Atlantic

Southeast East North Central

West North Central

SouthCentral

Mtn Northern Plains

Northwest Southwest Total


a shortage


a shortage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Shor

tage

Shor

tage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Surplus Right Size


2016 2017

Region States

Northeast Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont

Middle Atlantic District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania

Southeast Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia

East North Central Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin, West Virginia

West North Central Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

South Central Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas

Mountain Northern Plains Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming

Northwest Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

Southwest Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada


28

As displayed in Exhibit 3.5, none of the organization size categories experienced a meaningful reduction in the percent of respondents who said they had a shortage of workers in their organization. In other words, the shortage of workers affected all organization sizes, from the very small to the very large. The largest organizations (10,000+ employees) reported both the most significant increase in the

shortage (22%) as well as the plurality of respondents reporting a shortage. The least reported shortage of workers for 2017 was with the smallest organizations, those with 25 or fewer employees. Thus, very generally speaking, the larger the organization, the more likely it is to experience a shortage of union craft workers.

Exhibit 3.5UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE/SURPLUS BY ORGANIZATION SIZE: 2016 & 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2017201620172016201720162017201620172016201720162017201620172016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts

1–25 26-100 101-500 501–1,000 1,001–5,000 5,001–10,000 10,000+ Total


a shortage


a shortage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Shor

tage

Shor

tage

Surp

lus/

Rig

ht S

ize

Surplus Right Size


2016 2017


29

In order to gain an even better understanding of the worker shortage/surplus data, the interaction between industry and geographic region was studied. Exhibits 3.6 and 3.7 show detailed analyses based on those indicating they had a “large shortage” of union craft workers in their organization. Exhibit 3.6 is designed to make it simpler to view the results for each industry by region.

Highlights of Exhibit 3.6 include the following:

• A third or slightly more of the respondents reported a large shortage of workers in the civil, manufacturing and utility industries in the New England region.

• The Mountain Northern Plains region had a third or more of the participants in the study noting a shortage of workers in the civil and utility industries.

• The Northwest region had half or more respondents in the study reporting a shortage of workers in the civil and utility industries.

• The Southwest region also had notable shortages of civil and utility workers, but the most eye catching shortage was for workers in manufacturing.

Exhibit 3.6PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS REPORTING A “LARGE SHORTAGE” OF UNION CRAFT WORKERS: INDUSTRY BY REGION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


South Central

West North Central

East North Central


New England

Civil Commercial/Institutional Manufacturing Petroleum/Natural Gas/Chemical Utility

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts


30

Exhibit 3.7 contains the same data as Exhibit 3.6, but with the industry and region variables reversed. This

chart makes is easier to understand the results for each region by industry.

Exhibit 3.7PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS REPORTING A “LARGE SHORTAGE” OF UNION CRAFT WORKERS: REGION BY INDUSTRY

Northeast Middle Atlantic Southeast East North Central West North Central South CentralMountain Northern Plains Northwest Southwest

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

UtilityPetroleum/Natural Gas/Chemical

ManufacturingCommercial/Institutional

Civil

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts


31

While it is helpful to consider where major worker shortages exist, it is also useful to look at where there might not be shortages of union craft workers. Exhibits 3.8 and 3.9 focus on those instances when the study sample said they had the right number of union craft workers, or a surplus. Highlights of Exhibit 3.8 include the following:

• The petroleum/natural gas/chemical industry clearly had the greatest percent of the respondents indicate no shortage or a surplus of workers.

• A large contingent of respondents who addressed the East North Central and Southwest regions in their questionnaire for this study said these regions had the correct number or a surplus of workers in the commercial/institutional industry.

• Many organizations in manufacturing in the Mountain Northern Plains region had a workforce that was the right size, or had a surplus of workers.

Exhibit 3.8PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS REPORTING HAVING THE RIGHT NUMBER OR A SURPLUS OF UNION CRAFT WORKERS: INDUSTRY BY REGION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


South Central

West North Central

East North Central


New England

Civil Commercial/Institutional Manufacturing Petroleum/Natural Gas/Chemical Utility

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts


32

Exhibit 3.9 contains the same data as Exhibit 3.8, but with the industry and region variables reversed. This chart makes is easier to understand the results for each region by industry. According to this view, it is apparent that the petroleum/natural gas/chemical industry is much less likely to have a worker shortage than any other industry. The commercial/institutional industry in the Southwest and manufacturing in the

Mountain Northern Plains regions also have the right number of workers or a surplus according to a significant percent of the study sample. The utility industry had either the fewest or second fewest percent of participants indicating a surplus or the correct number of craft workers in their organization.

Exhibit 3.9PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS REPORTING HAVING THE RIGHT NUMBER OR A SURPLUS OF UNION CRAFT WORKERS: REGION BY INDUSTRY

Northeast Middle Atlantic Southeast East North Central West North Central South CentralMountain Northern Plains Northwest Southwest

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

UtilityPetroleum/Natural Gas/Chemical

ManufacturingCommercial/InstitutionalCivil

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts


33

The findings in Section IV are organized into four parts. Comparisons among the 14 crafts covered in this study will be shown for the first three parts.

• Part 1. Actual Shortage/Surplus in 2017

• Part 2. Projected Shortage/Surplus in 2018

• Part 3. Actual Shortage/Surplus in 2017 for Apprentices

• Part 4. Hard to Find High Demand Skills

Within Parts 1-3 listed above, results will be shown in two ways. First, by listing the percent of the study participants for each craft whose ratings fell into four categories:

• Shortage (1% – 6%)• Large Shortage (7% and greater)• Surplus (1% – 6%)• Large Surplus (7% and greater)

These results are shown in descending order.

Second, the results in Parts 1-3 will be displayed by showing the average shortage/surplus rating for each craft. Whereas the shortage/surplus colored bar charts described above show the percent of responses in each category (and do not include those who said their organization had neither a shortage nor a surplus), the line charts convey the average rating and take all ratings into consideration in calculating the overall average, including those who said 0% (i.e., no shortage or surplus).

Part 4 lists the results for open ended questions in the survey asking participants to list the skills/tasks that were the most difficult to fill in their organization.

It is useful to note that the values shown for Exhibits 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6 are the average of all ratings—those reporting a shortage, those reporting a surplus and those reporting neither. Although the line graphs are valuable because they concisely and accurately summarize all ratings, the shortage ratings (negative values in the analysis) and surplus ratings (positive values) tend to cancel each other out somewhat when calculating the average.

As a result, the averages contained in the line graphs look somewhat “muted.” In other words, if the average were calculated separately for only those reporting a shortage the values would be much larger or more pronounced. Similarly, an average calculated only on a subset of the study sample containing just those reporting a surplus would be more pronounced as well.

The percentages shown in the exhibits in this section that have colored bars may not sum to 100% within each bar. This is because those who reported that there was neither a shortage nor a surplus in their organization are not shown.

IV. UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGE AND SURPLUS— CRAFT COMPARISON


34

Part 1. Actual Shortage/ Surplus in 2017Exhibits 4.1 and 4.2 focus on the union craft labor supply last year, in 2017, with comparison data for 2016.

Exhibit 4.1 illustrates, by craft, what percent of the ratings in this study fell into the four categories of shortage, large shortage, surplus and large surplus. Data are sorted in descending order based on the percent reporting a union craft labor shortage in their organization in 2017. Results for 2016 are paired with the 2017 data for each craft as a useful point of comparison.

Results show that the most frequently reported shortages for 2017 are with Electricians and Carpenters & Millwrights, followed closely by Iron Workers, Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters and Roofers & Waterproofers. For example, 33% of the responses in the study reported a large shortage of Electricians and another 34% said they had a shortage. Conversely, 9% said they had a surplus and another 4% said they had a large surplus of Electricians in their organization. Teamsters had the smallest shortage, and was the only craft where nearly as many responses noted a surplus as did those noting a shortage.

These findings are consistent with last year when mostly the same crafts punctuated the top and bottom of the range of union craft worker shortages. The one exception is Boilermakers, which exhibited a lesser degree of shortage this year than last year when they were the craft with the second greatest shortage (i.e., 2016 shortage = 56%, 2017 shortage = 45%).

On average, 47% of the sample for these craft specific items said there had been a union craft worker shortage in their organization in 2017 and 17% said there was a surplus. These results are based on totaling the responses for each craft. An interesting point of comparison is the result for the more general question, “Did your organization experience a union craft labor shortage in 2017?” Results for this question were that 67% said there was a shortage in their organization (see Exhibit 3.1). Thus, tallying data for each specific craft results in a lower percent reporting a shortage than when a general question about union craft labor shortage is asked.


35

Exhibit 4.1PERCENT OF RESPONSES INDICATING A SHORTAGE OR SURPLUS IN 2016 & 2017 BY CRAFT—DESCENDING ORDER

Percent of Responses SurplusShortage80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Teamsters

Heat & Frost Insulators

Bricklayers & Allied Crafts

Plasterers & Cement Masons

Painters & Allied Trades

Boilermakers

Laborers

Average

Sheet Metal Workers

Operating Engineers

Roofers & Waterproofers

Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters

Iron Workers

Carpenters & Millwrights

Electricians

10 20 30

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

20162017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

Large Surplus

20172016

Large Shortage Shortage Surplus

The dotted lines are linked to the Average bar for 2017, near the middle of the chart. They help identify how each craft fell in relation to the all craft average for each of the four rating categories.


36

Exhibit 4.2AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS RATING BY CRAFT: 2016 & 2017

5

4

3

2

1

1

Team

sters

Shee

t Meta

l

Workers

Roofe

rs &

Waterpr

oofer

s

Plumbe

rs/

Pipefitters/

Steamfitters

Plaste

rers &

Cem

ent M

asons

Paint

ers &

Allie

d Trad

es

Operat

ing

Engin

eers

Labo

rers

Iron W

orkers

Heat

& Fro

st

Insu

lators

Electr

icians

Carpe

nters

&

Millw

rights

Brick

layers

&

Allie

d Craf

ts

Boiler

makers

Pe

rce

nt

2017All Craft Average

2017

Sh

ort

ag

eS

urp

lus

2016 All Craft Average

2016

0

2

Exhibit 4.1 contains results concerning the percent of the responses that fall into each of the four different shortage and surplus rating options. As a complimentary analysis, Exhibit 4.2 shows the average shortage or surplus rating for each craft. When combining these two sets of analyses regarding the crafts with the greatest shortage in 2017, these four crafts arise: Carpenters & Millwrights, Electricians, Iron Workers and Roofers & Waterproofers.

The average shortage in 2016 was 1.8%; it grew to 2.5% for 2017. Most crafts fell in the 2 – 5% range. The biggest changes from 2016 to 2017 were for Bricklayers & Allied Workers, Electricians, Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters and Teamsters. For all four of these, the average shortage increased substantially.

As a reminder (see note on first page of this section), these averages are the average of surplus and shortage data. The shortage and surplus responses tend to cancel each other out when calculating the averages, thus resulting in somewhat muted appearing results. If averages were calculated separately for those with a surplus and those with a shortage, much more pronounced averages would be produced. However, this would require multiple charts and more cumbersome interpretation of the data. Here, the analyses provide a useful overall indication, in one chart, showing whether there is a shortage or surplus for each craft, and the helpful comparative relationship among the crafts.

Note, the values used for “Average” shown in Section IV are different than the values in Exhibit 3.1 because the results come from different questions with different rating scales.


37

Exhibit 4.3PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE OR SURPLUS IN 2018 BY CRAFT—DESCENDING ORDER

Percent of Responses SurplusShortage80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Teamsters





Laborers

OperatingEngineers

Average

Boilermakers

Sheet Metal Workers


Iron Workers



Electricians

0 10 20 30

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

20172018

2017

2018

20172018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

Large Surplus

20182017


Part 2. Projected Shortage/Surplus in 2018Exhibits 4.3 and 4.4 focus on the projected union craft labor supply for the upcoming year, 2018.

Exhibits 4.1 and 4.2 in Part 1 look back in time at union craft staffing levels in 2017. Exhibits 4.3 and 4.4 provide a look ahead to respondent projections for 2018. These results are based on the study participants’ replies to questions asking them to project the shortage/surplus of union craft workers in 2018 in their organization. The crafts are listed in

descending order based on the 2018 data. Data from last year’s report are included as points of comparison.

Interestingly, the same four crafts found their way to being among those with the largest number of respondents projecting a shortage in 2018 as those reporting a shortage in 2017 (see Exhibit 4.1). Those crafts are: Electricians, Carpenters & Millwrights, Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters and Iron Workers. In fact, the rank ordering of all of the crafts was similar. This suggests that the degree of shortage in a given year is a good predictor of anticipated shortages the following year.


38

Exhibit 4.4AVERAGE PROJECTED 2018 SHORTAGE/SURPLUS RATING BY CRAFT

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1

Team

sters

Shee

t Meta

l

Workers

Roofe

rs &

Waterpr

oofer

s

Plumbe

rs/

Pipefitters/

Steamfitters

Plaste

rers &

Cemen

t Maso

ns

Paint

ers &

Allied

Trad

es

Operat

ing

Engin

eers

Labo

rers

Iron W

orkers

Heat

& Fro

st

Insula

tors

Electr

icians

Carpe

nters

&

Millwrig

hts

Brick

layers

&

Allied

Craf

ts

Boiler

makers

Pe

rce

nt


2017

Average Projected Shortage/Surplus Rating for 2017 by Craft: 2017 & 2018

Sh

ort

ag

eS

urp

lus

2018All Craft Average

2018

As shown in Exhibit 4.4, the average 2017 and 2018 ratings for projected union craft worker shortages/surpluses are quite similar. The average shortage for 2018 is 2.6% compared to 2.4% last year. The crafts with the greatest shortage projected for 2018 are Carpenters & Millwrights, Electricians, Iron Workers and Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters, as highlighted by the horizontal box in the exhibit. The crafts that had the biggest increase in their projected shortage

are Bricklayers & Allied Crafts, Electricians, Painters & Allied Trades, Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters and Teamsters. Combining projected shortage levels with shortage increases from last year points toward Carpenters & Millwrights, Electricians, Iron Workers and Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters as the four crafts with the most significant and growing worker shortages in the year(s) to come.


39

Exhibit 4.5PERCENT OF RESPONSES INDICATING A SHORTAGE OR SURPLUS OF APPRENTICES IN 2016 & 2017 BY CRAFT—DESCENDING ORDER

Percent of Responses SurplusShortage80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Teamsters



Sheet Metal Workers



Laborers

Boilermakers

Average



Operating Engineers

Carpenters

Iron Workers

Electricians

10 20 30

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

20162017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

2017

2016

Large Surplus

20172016


Part 3. Actual Shortage/Surplus in 2017 for ApprenticesExhibits 4.5 and 4.6 focus on the union craft labor supply of apprentices last year, in 2017. These results are based on respondents’ replies to questions asking them about union craft apprentice levels in their organization in 2017. The crafts are listed in descending order based on 2017 data. Data from last year’s report are included as points of comparison.

The ranking order of the crafts regarding apprentice shortage/surplus levels, shown in Exhibit 4.5, is roughly the same as the related analyses reported in Exhibits 4.1 and 4.3, which relate to journeymen. Interestingly, for many of the crafts, the percent of the sample reporting a shortage of apprentices generally is about 10% less than the percent reporting shortages in 2017. In other words, fewer participants in the study reported a shortage of apprentices than journeymen.


40

Exhibit 4.6AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS RATING FOR APPRENTICES BY CRAFT: 2016 & 2017

4

3

2

1

0

1

2

Team

sters

Shee

t Meta

l

Workers

Roofe

rs &

Waterpr

oofer

s

Plumbe

rs/

Pipefitters/

Steamfitters

Plaste

rers &

Cemen

t Maso

ns

Paint

ers &

Allied

Trad

es

Operat

ing

Engin

eers

Labo

rers

Iron W

orkers

Heat

& Fro

st

Insula

tors

Electr

icians

Carpe

nters

&

Millwrig

hts

Brick

layers

&

Allied

Craf

ts

Boiler

makers

Pe

rce

nt 2017

All Craft Average

2017

Sh

ort

ag

eS

urp

lus


2016

Exhibit 4.6 shows average apprentice shortage ratings in 2017. The most significant finding concerns the shortage of Electrician apprentices. Not only did Electricians have the largest shortage in 2017, they also had one of the biggest increases in their shortage from 2016 to 2017. Painters & Allied Trades followed

a similar pattern of significant and growing shortages, but with less of a shortage than Electricians. Carpenters & Millwrights had the second largest shortage of apprentices in 2017; their 2016 and 2017 scores were very similar.


41

Participants in the study had the opportunity to list, in an open-ended manner, the skills/tasks that were most difficult to fill in their organization, and thereby in high demand. Exhibit 4.7 lists those in descending order based on the number of times that needed skill was identified by the respondents in 2018. Results

for 2017 are also shown for comparison. The most highly demanded skill, by far, was welding, which was identified more than four times more often than the next highest skill. Welding includes all types of welding (e.g., Mig, Tig, alloy, certified pipe).

Part 4. Hard to Find High Demand Skills

Exhibit 4.7DIFFICULT TO FIND, HIGH DEMAND SKILLS—DESCENDING ORDER

High Demand Skills 2017 2018

Welder 36% 32%

Electrician 4% 7%

Equipment Operator 9% 6%

Ironworker 3% 5%

Pipefitter 7% 5%

Plumber 6% 5%

HVAC Technician 3% 5%

Service Technician N/A 5%

Carpenter 4% 5%

Roofer 6% 3%

Millwright 3% 3%

Rigger 4% 3%

Sheet Metal Worker 3% 2%

Other 11% 12%


42

V. ABSENTEEISMNew for the 2018 Union Craft Labor Supply Study are research findings for absenteeism and safety (see Section VI). Useful findings were discovered for both new topics.

Participants in the study were asked if there was a measurable absenteeism rate in their organization. As Exhibit 5.1 shows, 65% said “no” and 35% said “yes.”

Those that responded yes were asked to identify what the absenteeism rate was in their organization. Results are shown in Exhibit 5.2. As the exhibit conveys, the most common rate was 6-10%, followed by 1-5%. Thus, 76% of the respondents reported a 10% absenteeism rate or less. At the other end of the scale, 10% of the sample said they had at least a 16% absenteeism rate.

Exhibit 5.1MEASURABLE ABSENTEEISM RATE

65%

35%

No

Yes

Exhibit 5.2ABSENTEEISM RATE

0

10

20

30

40

50

Greater than 40%

31% - 40%21% - 30%16% - 20%11% - 15%6% - 10%1% - 5%

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

s

35%

41%

13%

6%

2% 2%0%


43

Exhibits 5.3 and 5.4 show the prevalence and average rates for absenteeism, respectively, as reported by the different roles used in this study. Association representatives and contractors had the largest percent of their respective groups saying there was a measurable absenteeism rate in their organization (Exhibit 5.3).

The average absenteeism rate is 8.4%. Interestingly, there is little variance from this mean based on the role the respondent held in their organization (Exhibit 5.4).

Exhibit 5.3ABSENTEEISM PREVALENCE BY ROLE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TotalOtherUnion/Labor Representative

Owner/Client

ContractorConstruction Manager

Association

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

s

Yes No

Exhibit 5.4AVERAGE ABSENTEEISM RATE BY ROLE

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

OtherUnion/Labor Representative

Owner/Client

ContractorConstruction Manager

Ab

sen

tee

ism

Ra

te

Average


44

The utility industry had the highest prevalence of measurable absenteeism (49%) and the civil industry the lowest (20%), as shown in Exhibit 5.5. The results in Exhibit 5.6 endorse the prevalence findings in Exhibit 5.5. That is, the civil industry is in the best

shape when it comes to absenteeism. It has both the lowest prevalence and the lowest average rate. The absenteeism rates clustered near the overall average for all other industries.

Exhibit 5.5ABSENTEEISM PREVALENCE BY INDUSTRY

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TotalOtherUtilityPetroleum/Natural Gas/

Chemical


Civil

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

s

Yes No

Exhibit 5.6AVERAGE ABSENTEEISM RATE BY INDUSTRY

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

OtherUtilityPetroleum/Natural Gas/

Chemical


Civil

Ab

sen

tee

ism

Ra

te

Average


45

Results for the geographic region analysis on absenteeism are contained in Exhibits 5.7 and 5.8. The most noticeable characteristic of this data cut is the very small percent of respondents in the Northwest region who said there was a measurable absenteeism rate in their organization (6%), as illustrated in Exhibit 5.7. The next closest region, West North Central, was 20% more. The regions with the largest percent

reporting measurable absenteeism were the Southeast (50%) and New England (44%) regions.

As Exhibit 5.8 displays, the average absenteeism rates for each region fell within a fairly tight range, from 6% for the West North Central region to 11% for the Southwest region. The Southeast has the greatest problem with absenteeism; it has the strongest prevalence combined with one of the highest rates.

Exhibit 5.7ABSENTEEISM PREVALENCE BY REGION

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TotalSouthwestNorthwestMountainNorthern

Plains

South Central

West North Central

East North Central


New England

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

s

Yes No

Exhibit 5.8AVERAGE ABSENTEEISM RATE BY REGION

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

SouthwestMountainNorthern

Plains

South Central

West North Central

East North Central


New England

Ab

sen

tee

ism

Ra

te

Average


46

Exhibits 5.9 and 5.10 show how the absenteeism data are related to organization size. There is a linear trend between organization size and absenteeism, with the exception of the largest companies, as outlined in Exhibit 5.9. In other words, in general, the larger the organization, the more prevalent or likely it has a measurable absenteeism rate.

In Exhibit 5.10 there is an inverse correlation—as organization size increases, the absence rate

decreases. However, when considered together the results for these two sets of analyses shown in Exhibits 5.9 and 5.10 are counterintuitive. Although the prevalence of absenteeism grows with organization size, the actual degree of absenteeism decreases with organization size. Generally speaking, this means that measurable absenteeism is more likely to occur in larger organizations, but the actual rate is lower, a “good news, bad news” type of scenario.

Exhibit 5.9ABSENTEEISM PREVALENCE BY ORGANIZATION SIZE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Total10,001+5,001-10,0001,001-5,000501-1,000101-50026-1001-25

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

s

Yes No

Exhibit 5.10AVERAGE ABSENTEEISM RATE BY ORGANIZATION SIZE

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

10,001+5,001-10,0001,001-5,000501-1,000101-50026-1001-25

Ab

sen

tee

ism

Ra

te

Average


47

A final aspect of absenteeism that this study covers is the relationship between absence and work schedule. The results are conveyed in Exhibit 5.11. A work schedule with 40-49 hours was the clear leader

pertaining to low absence rates; it was the best schedule to foster work attendance.

Exhibit 5.11BEST WORK SCHEDULES TO MINIMIZE ABSENTEEISM

0

10

20

30

40

50

More than 80 hours

70 - 79 hours60 - 69 hours50 - 59 hours40 - 49 hoursLess than 40 hours

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

s

17%

46%

20%

10%

5%2%


48

VI. SAFETYNew for the 2018 TAUC Labor Supply Study are research findings for safety. In particular, the study examined two key topics regarding the important subject of safety:

• Part 1. The Perceived Relationship between Union Craft Labor Shortages and the Occurrence of Safety Incidents.

• Part 2. Participants’ Comparative Beliefs about Safety in their Organization Versus all Other Organizations.

Part 1. The Perceived Relationship between Union Craft Labor Shortages and SafetyParticipants in the study were asked the question, “What do you think is the relationship between union craft labor supply and safety incidents?” As Exhibit 6.1 shows, two thirds (67%) believe a labor shortage is linked with more safety incidents. A little over one fourth (27%) stated that there was no relationship and a few (6%) suggested that a labor shortage actually associates with fewer safety incidents.

Exhibit 6.1PERCEIVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGES AND SAFETY

27%

6%

67%

None

Fewer incidents

More incidents

Note, this study focuses on perceptions of the relationship between labor supply and safety. It is beyond the scope of this study to state that labor shortages may actually cause an increase/decrease in safety incidents.


49

The safety data were further analyzed using data cuts for three demographic variables—role, industry and organization size. Exhibit 6.2 shows responses broken out by role. Results were quite consistent for four roles: contractor, owner/client, union/labor representative and other. About two-thirds of the respondents in each of these roles think that a union craft labor shortage is associated with more safety incidents. In addition, a fourth or a little more indicated they believe there is no relationship between labor shortages and safety incidents.

Data from respondents in the two remaining roles was much different. Association representatives gave a much stronger endorsement than the other roles regarding the detrimental role labor shortages can play in safety incidents. On the other hand, construction managers were the opposite. Compared to the other roles in the study, construction managers had the smallest percent saying there is a relationship between union craft labor shortage and more safety incidents (58%), and the largest percent noting that a labor shortage is associated with fewer safety incidents (25%).

Exhibit 6.2PERCEIVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGES AND SAFETY BY ROLE

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

Other

Union/LaborRepresentatives

Owner/Client

Contractor


Association

More incidents Fewer incidents None


50

Exhibit 6.3 displays the labor–safety linkage by industry data cut. Interestingly, the results are fairly homogenous, with 61% to 74% of the responses in each industry sector stating that there is an association between labor shortage and fewer safety

incidents. The civil industry stood out with the greatest percent noting that a labor shortage is connected to more safety incidents, and no responses saying a shortage leads to fewer incidents.

Exhibit 6.3PERCEIVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGES AND SAFETY BY INDUSTRY

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

Other

Utility


Chemical

Manufacturing


Civil



51

Exhibit 6.4 shows the analyses by organization size. There is a modest pattern between organization size and the relationship between union craft labor shortage and safety incidents. In other words, with the exception

of organizations with 26-100 employees, the data suggest that the larger the organization, the lower the belief that a labor shortage is linked to more safety incidents.

Exhibit 6.4PERCEIVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION CRAFT LABOR SHORTAGES AND SAFETY BY ORGANIZATION SIZE

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

10,001+

5,001-10,000

1,001-5,000

501-1,000

101-500

26-100

1-25



52

Part 2. Participants’ Comparative Beliefs about Safety in their Organization Versus all Other OrganizationsParticipants in the study were asked a second question concerning safety: “How did your organization compare to other similar organizations in its safety incidence rate in 2017?” Findings for this question were interesting. As shown in Exhibit 6.5, 77% percent (42% “lower” plus 35% “much lower”) claimed that

their incidence rate was lower than that of other similar organizations. Only 4% said they had a higher incidence rate (3% “higher” plus 1% “much higher”); 19% said the incidence rate in their organization was the same as that in other organizations. These results uncover a self-report bias in that well over half (over three fourths, actually) of the respondents believe their organization is “above average”. It is nearly impossible, statistically, to have 77% above average (based on the reasonable assumption that the sample used in this study is more or less distributed normally).

Exhibit 6.5INCIDENCE RATE COMPARISON

42%

1%

35%

Lower

19%SameMuch

Higher

3%Higher

Much Lower


53

As illustrated by Exhibit 6.6, well over half of the respondents in every role held thought that their organization had a lower or much lower incidence rate than other organizations. No role was aligned with a

normal statistical distribution where about half of the organizations would be above average and about half below average.

Exhibit 6.6INCIDENCE RATE COMPARISON BY ROLE

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

Other

Union/Labor Representatives

Owner/Client

Contractor

ConstructionManager

Association

Much Lower Lower Same Higher Much Higher


54

The petroleum/natural gas/chemical industry stood out from the other industries, as displayed in Exhibit 6.7. In particular, 62% of the respondents in the petroleum/natural gas/chemical industry think they have a “much lower” safety incidence rate than other

comparable organizations. Moreover, another 24% in the petroleum/natural gas/chemical industry said they had a “lower” rate, for a total of 86% reporting a lower or much lower incidence rate than other organizations (statistically speaking, highly improbable).

Exhibit 6.7INCIDENCE RATE COMPARISON BY INDUSTRY

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

Other

Utility


Chemical

Manufacturing


Civil



55

There was some variance among the different organization sizes, as shown in Exhibit 6.8, but no real

significant outlier. There was no correlation between organization size and the safety incidence rate data.

Exhibit 6.8INCIDENCE RATE COMPARISON BY ORGANIZATION SIZE

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Total

10,001+

5,001-10,000

1,001-5,000

501-1,000

101-500

26-100

1-25



56

DETAILED INDIVIDUAL CRAFT RESULTSDetailed results for each of the 14 crafts covered in this study are shown alphabetically in this section of the report. For each craft there are three areas of focus:

A. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017

B. Projections for 2018

C. Historical Results for Apprentices: 2016 & 2017

In each area of focus, two charts and a table are used to present the findings. Thus, for each craft there are nine presentations of the data, three (two bar charts and a table) for each area of focus listed above.

Additionally, results for all crafts combined are included in the charts and tables so that each craft can be compared to the overall average of all crafts included in this study. In some instances, the average turns out to be 0 or near 0 percent. That means the ratings for surplus and shortage canceled each other out. There very well could have been even strong shortage and surplus ratings, but there was a balance, an equal amount of each.


57

1. BOILERMAKERSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BOILERMAKERS

Percent of Responses Projecting a Shortage/Surplus - Boilermakers

0102030

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Boilermakers 2017

All Crafts 2016

Boilermakers 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Large SurplusSurplus

ShortageLarge Shortage

2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Boilermakers in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Boilermakers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 56%, 2017: 44%).

• surplus of Boilermakers in 2017 was greater (2016: 13%, 2017: 17%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Boilermakers in 2017 was smaller (Boilermakers: 44%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Boilermakers in 2017 was greater (Boilermakers: 17%, All Crafts: 10%).

In 2016, Boilermakers had a smaller surplus and larger shortage than all crafts combined, whereas in 2017 the opposite was true.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BOILERMAKERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Boilermakers 2017

Boilermakers 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Boilermakers

All Craft Average 1.8%


Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.5%2.2%

Compared to Boilermakers in 2016,• there was a smaller average shortage of Boilermakers in

2017 (2016: 2.5%, 2017: 2.2%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Boilermakers in

2017 (Boilermakers: 2.2%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

Boilermakers’ average improved from a larger shortage than the all craft average in 2016 to a smaller shortage than the all craft average in 2017.

2016 2017

Boilermakers All Crafts Boilermakers All Crafts

Average Shortage 2.5% 1.8% 2.2% 2.5%

Surplus 7% 8% 6% 5%

Large Surplus 6% 9% 11% 5%

Shortage 38% 27% 19% 28%

Large Shortage 18% 18% 25% 19%


58

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BOILERMAKERS

Percent of Responses Projecting a Shortage/Surplus - Boilermakers

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2018

Boilermakers 2018

All Crafts 2017

Boilermakers 2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Boilermakers in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Boilermakers in 2018 was smaller (2017: 58%, 2018: 52%).

• surplus of Boilermakers in 2018 was about the same (14%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Boilermakers in 2018 was greater (Boilermakers: 52%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Boilermakers in 2018 was greater (Boilermakers: 14%, All Crafts: 11%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - BOILERMAKERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Boilermakers 2018

Boilermakers 2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Boilermakers



Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.0%

2.4%

Compared to Boilermakers in 2017,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of

Boilermakers in 2018 (2017: 3.0%, 2018: 2.4%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of

Boilermakers in 2018 (Boilermakers: 2.4%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

Boilermakers’ average projection improved from a larger shortage than the all craft average in 2017 to a smaller shortage than the all craft average in 2018.

1. BOILERMAKERS (continued)

B. Projections for the Next Year: 2017 & 2018This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to project the union craft labor shortage/surplus for the upcoming year. Projections for 2017 came from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017); projections for 2018 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2017 2018



Surplus 10% 8% 3% 6%


Shortage 39% 29% 26% 30%



59

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BOILERMAKERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Boilermakers 2017

All Crafts 2016

Boilermakers 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - BoilermakersPercent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Boilermakers



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Boilermaker apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Boilermaker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 45%, 2017: 40%).

• surplus of Boilermaker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 17%, 2017: 10%).


• shortage of Boilermaker apprentices in 2017 was about the same (40%).

• surplus of Boilermaker apprentices in 2017 was about the same (10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - BOILERMAKERS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Boilermakers 2017

Boilermakers 2016

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge



Average Shortage/Surplus - Boilermakers

1.6%

1.8%

Compared to Boilermaker apprentices in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Boilermaker

apprentices in 2017 (2016: 1.6%, 2017: 1.8%).Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,

• there was a greater average shortage of Boilermaker apprentices in 2017 (Boilermaker apprentices: 1.8%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Boilermaker apprentices went from having a smaller shortage than all crafts in 2016 to having a larger shortage in 2017.

1. BOILERMAKERS (continued)

C. Apprentices: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the status of apprentices from the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus of apprentices for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017



Surplus 11% 6% 4% 4%


Shortage 27% 25% 24% 27%



60

2. BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017


All CraftsBricklayers

& Allied Crafts All Crafts

Average Shortage 0.0% 1.8% 2.0% 2.5%Surplus 9% 8% 1% 5%Large Surplus 12% 9% 3% 5%Shortage 20% 27% 22% 28%Large Shortage 10% 18% 15% 19%

PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Bricklayers

0102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Bricklayers& Allied Crafts

2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2017 was greater (2016: 30%, 2017: 37%).

• surplus of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2017 was smaller (2016: 21%, 2017: 4%).


• shortage of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2017 was smaller (Bricklayers & Allied Crafts: 37%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2017 was smaller (Bricklayers & Allied Crafts: 4%, All Crafts: 10%).

While Bricklayers & Allied Crafts reported a larger shortage in 2017, they still have a much smaller shortage than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Bricklayers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

0.0%

2.0%All Craft Average 1.8%


Compared to Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Bricklayers &

Allied Crafts in 2017 (2016: 0.0%, 2017: 2.0%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Bricklayers &

Allied Crafts in 2017 (Bricklayers & Allied Crafts: 2.0%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

Bricklayers & Allied Crafts had an average of a slight surplus in 2016, but in 2017 they worsened to a 2% shortage, but still had a smaller shortage than the all craft average.


61

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS


010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2018


2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2018 was greater (2017: 36%, 2018: 40%).

• surplus of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2018 was smaller (2017: 15%, 2018: 7%).


• shortage of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2018 was smaller (Bricklayers & Allied Crafts: 40%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2018 was smaller (Bricklayers & Allied Crafts: 7%, All Crafts: 11%).

While Bricklayers & Allied Crafts project a larger shortage in 2018 than 2017, they still project much smaller than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Bricklayers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

0.9%



Compared to Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2018 (2017: 0.9%, 2018: 2.6%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was about the same projected average shortage of

Bricklayers & Allied Crafts in 2018 (2.6%).

Bricklayers & Allied Crafts projected an average shortage smaller than the all craft average in 2017, but project a larger average shortage in 2018, equivalent to the all craft average.

2. BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS (continued)


2017 2018



& Allied CraftsAll Crafts



62

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS

010203040

5040302010

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s




2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2017 was greater (2016: 31%, 2017: 34%).

• surplus of Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 18%, 2017: 9%).


• shortage of Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices: 34%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices: 9%, All Crafts: 10%).

While Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices reported a larger shortage in 2017, they still reported a smaller shortage than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Bricklayers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge 0.2%

0.9%



Compared to Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2016,

• there was a greater average shortage of Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices in 2017 (2016: 0.2%, 2017: 0.9%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Bricklayer &

Allied Craft apprentices in 2017 (Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices: 0.9%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Bricklayer & Allied Craft apprentices had a larger reported average shortage in 2017 than in 2016, but still remained smaller than the all craft average.

2. BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTS (continued)


2016 2017



& Allied CraftsAll Crafts



63

3. CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017


All CraftsCarpenters

& Millwrights All Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS

010203040

706050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Carpenters& Millwrights

2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Carpenters & Millwrights in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2017 was slightly smaller (2016: 65%, 2017: 64%).

• surplus of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2017 was about the same (10%).


• shortage of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2017 was greater (Carpenters & Millwrights: 64%, All Crafts: 47%).


Interestingly, Carpenters & Millwrights reported nearly identical shortages and surpluses in 2016 and 2017.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Carpenters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.8% 3.8%

All Craft Average 1.8% All Craft

Average 2.5%

Compared to Carpenters & Millwrights in 2016,• there was about the same average shortage of

Carpenters & Millwrights in 2017 (3.8%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Carpenters &

Millwrights in 2017 (Carpenters & Millwrights: 3.8%, All Crafts: 2.5%).


64

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS

01020304050

706050403020100

All Crafts 2018


2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Carpenters & Millwrights in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2018 was smaller (2017: 70%, 2018: 65%).

• surplus of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2018 was greater (2017: 8%, 2018: 11%).


• shortage of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2018 was greater (Carpenters & Millwrights: 65%, All Crafts: 49%).


Carpenters & Millwrights project a smaller shortage and a larger surplus in 2018 compared to 2017, but still project a noticeably larger shortage than all crafts combined for 2018.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS

5

4

3

2

1

0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Carpenters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

4.5%

3.3%



Compared to Carpenters & Millwrights in 2017,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of

Carpenters & Millwrights in 2018 (2017: 4.5%, 2018: 3.3%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a greater projected average shortage

of Carpenters & Millwrights in 2018 (Carpenters & Millwrights: 3.3%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

Carpenters & Millwrights project a smaller average shortage in 2018, yet are still projecting larger than the all craft average.

3. CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS (continued)


2017 2018



& MillwrightsAll Crafts



65

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Carpenters



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 56%, 2017: 49%).

• surplus of Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2017 was slightly greater (2016: 9%, 2017: 10%).


• shortage of Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2017 was greater (Carpenter & Millwright apprentices: 49%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2017 was about the same (10%).

Carpenter & Millwright apprentices reported an improvement in shortages in 2017, but still reported noticeably larger shortages than all crafts combined for 2016.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Carpenters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.0% 2.7%



Compared to Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2016,

• there was a smaller average shortage of Carpenter & Millwright apprentices in 2017 (2016: 3.0%, 2017: 2.7%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Carpenter &

Millwright apprentices in 2017 (Carpenter & Millwright apprentices: 2.7%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Carpenter & Millwright apprentices reported a smaller average shortage in 2017 than 2016, but are still reporting a larger shortage than the all craft average.

3. CARPENTERS & MILLWRIGHTS (continued)


2016 2017



& MillwrightsAll Crafts



66

4. ELECTRICIANSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017

Electricians All Crafts Electricians All Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ELECTRICIANS

10203040

706050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Electricians 2017

All Crafts 2016

Electricians 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Electricians in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Electricians in 2017 was greater (2016: 54%, 2017: 67%).

• surplus of Electricians in 2017 was about the same (13%).


• shortage of Electricians in 2017 was greater (Electricians: 67%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Electricians in 2017 was greater (Electricians: 13%, All Crafts: 10%).

While the reported surplus of Electricians remained the same in 2017 as 2016, it was greater than all crafts combined, which was not the case in 2016.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ELECTRICIANS

5

4

3

2

1

0

Electricians 2017

Electricians 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Electricians

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.0%

4.6%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Electricians in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Electricians in

2017 (2016: 3.0%, 2017: 4.6%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Electricians in

2017 (Electricians: 4.6%, All Crafts: 2.5%).


67

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ELECTRICIANS

102030

706050403020100

All Crafts 2018

Electricians 2018

All Crafts 2017

Electricians 2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Electricians in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Electricians in 2018 was greater (2017: 58%, 2018: 69%).

• surplus of Electricians in 2018 was smaller (2017: 10%, 2018: 9%).


• shortage of Electricians in 2018 was greater (Electricians: 69%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Electricians in 2018 was smaller (Electricians: 9%, All Crafts: 11%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - ELECTRICIANS

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Electricians 2018

Electricians 2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Electricians

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

4.4%5.1%



Compared to Electricians in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Electricians in 2018 (2017: 4.4%, 2018: 5.1%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Electricians in 2018 (Electricians: 5.1%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

4. ELECTRICIANS (continued)


2017 2018




68

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ELECTRICIANS

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Electricians 2017

All Crafts 2016

Electricians 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Electricians



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Electrician apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Electrician apprentices in 2017 was greater (2016: 52%, 2017: 56%).

• surplus of Electrician apprentices in 2017 was slightly smaller (2016: 6%, 2017: 5%).


• shortage of Electrician apprentices in 2017 was greater (Electrician apprentices: 56%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Electrician apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Electrician apprentices: 5%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - ELECTRICIANS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0

Electricians 2017

Electricians 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Electricians

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.2%3.9%



Compared to Electrician apprentices in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Electrician

apprentices in 2017 (2016: 3.2%, 2017: 3.9%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Electrician

apprentices in 2017 (Electrician apprentices: 3.9%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

4. ELECTRICIANS (continued)


2016 2017




69

PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - HEAT & FROST INSULATORS

102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Heat & FrostInsulators

2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Heat & Frost Insulators in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2017 was slightly smaller (2016: 37%, 2017: 36%).

• surplus of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2017 was smaller (2016: 13%, 2017: 11%).


• shortage of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2017 was smaller (Heat & Frost Insulators: 36%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2017 was slightly greater (Heat & Frost Insulators: 11%, All Crafts: 10%).

While Heat & Frost Insulators had a slight decrease in their reported surplus in 2017 from 2016, their surplus remains slightly larger than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - HEAT & FROST INSULATORS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Insulators

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.0%



Compared to Heat & Frost Insulators in 2016,• there was a smaller average shortage of Heat & Frost

Insulators in 2017 (2016: 2.0%, 2017: 1.5%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Heat & Frost

Insulators in 2017 (Heat & Frost Insulators: 1.5%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

Heat & Frost Insulators improved in 2017, reporting a smaller average shortage, in addition to reaching a mark smaller than that of all crafts, which was not the case in 2016.

5. HEAT & FROST INSULATORSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017

Heat & Frost Insulators All Crafts Heat & Frost Insulators All Crafts



70

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - HEAT & FROST INSULATORS

102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2018


2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Heat & Frost Insulators in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2018 was smaller (2017: 45%, 2018: 38%).

• surplus of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2018 was greater (2017: 12%, 2018: 16%).


• shortage of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2018 was smaller (Heat & Frost Insulators: 38%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Heat & Frost Insulators in 2018 was greater (Heat & Frost Insulators: 16%, All Crafts: 11%).

In 2018, Heat & Frost Insulators projected an increase in surplus and a decrease in shortage, which resulted in a smaller projected shortage and greater projected surplus in comparison to all crafts (not the case in 2017).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - HEAT & FROST INSULATORS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Insulators

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.6%

0.9%



Compared to Heat & Frost Insulators in 2017,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of Heat

& Frost Insulators in 2018 (2017: 2.6%, 2018: 0.9%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of Heat

& Frost Insulators in 2018 (Heat & Frost Insulators: 0.9%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

Heat & Frost Insulators project a noticeably smaller average shortage in 2018, resulting in their projection being substantially smaller than the all craft average for 2018 (not the case in 2017).

5. HEAT & FROST INSULATORS (continued)


2017 2018




71

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - HEAT & FROST INSULATORS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 41%, 2017: 32%).

• surplus of Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2017 was slightly greater (2016: 11%, 2017: 12%).


• shortage of Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices: 32%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2017 was greater (Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices: 12%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - HEAT & FROST INSULATORS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Insulators

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.9%

0.1%



Compared to Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2016,

• there was a smaller average shortage of Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices in 2017 (2016: 1.9%, 2017: 0.1%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Heat & Frost

Insulator apprentices in 2017 (Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices: 0.1%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Heat & Frost Insulator apprentices improved in 2017, reporting a much smaller average shortage, in addition to reaching a mark smaller than that of all crafts, which was not the case in 2016.

5. HEAT & FROST INSULATORS (continued)


2016 2017




72

6. IRON WORKERSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017

Iron Workers All Crafts Iron Workers All Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - IRON WORKERS

0102030

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Iron Workers 2017

All Crafts 2016

Iron Workers

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Iron Workers in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Iron Workers in 2017 was greater (2016: 52%, 2017: 58%).

• surplus of Iron Workers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 16%, 2017: 8%).


• shortage of Iron Workers in 2017 was greater (Iron Workers: 58%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Iron Workers in 2017 was smaller (Iron Workers: 8%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - IRON WORKERS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0

Iron Workers 2017

Iron Workers 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Iron Workers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.8%

3.7%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Iron Workers in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Iron Workers in

2017 (2016: 2.8%, 2017: 3.7%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Iron Workers in

2017 (Iron Workers: 3.7%, All Crafts: 2.5%).


73

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - IRON WORKERS

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2018

Iron Workers

2018

All Crafts 2017

Iron Workers

2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Iron Workers in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Iron Workers in 2018 was slightly greater (2017: 57%, 2018: 58%).

• surplus of Iron Workers in 2018 was smaller (2017: 14%, 2018: 11%).


• shortage of Iron Workers in 2018 was greater (Iron Workers: 58%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Iron Workers in 2018 was about the same (11%).

Compared to 2017, the projection for Iron Worker surplus decreased for 2018, but remained on par with the projected surplus for all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - IRON WORKERS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0

Iron Workers 2018

Iron Workers 2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Iron Workers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.7%3.4%



Compared to Iron Workers in 2017,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of Iron

Workers in 2018 (2017: 3.7%, 2018: 3.4%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a greater projected average shortage of Iron

Workers in 2018 (Iron Workers: 3.4%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

Iron Worker projections slightly improved in 2018, however remain larger than the all craft average shortage.

6. IRON WORKERS (continued)


2017 2018



Surplus 9% 8% 7% 6%


Shortage 30% 29% 36% 30%



74

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - IRON WORKERS

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Iron Workers

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Iron Workers

2017

All Crafts 2016

Iron Workers

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Iron Worker apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Iron Worker apprentices in 2017 was slightly greater (2016: 51%, 2017: 52%).

• surplus of Iron Worker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 14%, 2017: 11%).


• shortage of Iron Worker apprentices in 2017 was greater (Iron Worker apprentices: 52%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Iron Worker apprentices in 2017 was slightly greater (Iron Worker apprentices: 11%, All Crafts: 10%).

Iron Worker apprentice surplus projections decreased from 2016 to 2017, but still was slightly larger than the surplus for all crafts combined in 2017.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - IRON WORKERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Iron Workers

2017

Iron Workers

2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Iron Workers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.9%2.2%



Compared to Iron Worker apprentices in 2016,• there was a smaller average shortage of Iron Worker

apprentices in 2017 (2016: 2.9%, 2017: 2.2%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Iron Worker

apprentices in 2017 (Iron Worker apprentices: 2.2%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Iron Worker apprentice average shortage improved in 2017, however remains larger than the all craft average.

6. IRON WORKERS (continued)


2016 2017




75

7. LABORERSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017

Laborers All Crafts Laborers All Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - LABORERS

0102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Laborers 2017

All Crafts 2016

Laborers 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Laborers in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Laborers in 2017 was greater (2016: 41%, 2017: 45%).

• surplus of Laborers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 19%, 2017: 9%).


• shortage of Laborers in 2017 was smaller (Laborers: 45%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Laborers in 2017 was slightly smaller (Laborers: 9%, All Crafts: 10%).

The reported surplus decreased and shortage increased for Laborers in 2017, however is comparable to all crafts combined in both shortage and surplus.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - LABORERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Laborers 2017

Laborers 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Laborers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.5%

2.0%All Craft Average 1.8% All Craft

Average 2.5%

Compared to Laborers in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Laborers in 2017

(2016: 1.5%, 2017: 2.0%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Laborers in 2017

(Laborers: 2.0%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

Laborers reported a larger shortage in 2017 than 2016, yet remain smaller than the all craft average.


76

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - LABORERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2018

Laborers 2018

All Crafts 2017

Laborers 2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Laborers in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Laborers in 2018 was slightly smaller (2017: 48%, 2018: 47%).

• surplus of Laborers in 2018 was smaller (2017: 15%, 2018: 10%).


• shortage of Laborers in 2018 was smaller (Laborers: 47%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Laborers in 2018 was slightly smaller (Laborers: 10%, All Crafts: 11%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - LABORERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Laborers 2018

Laborers 2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Laborers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.1% 2.5%All Craft Average 2.4%


Compared to Laborers in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Laborers in 2018 (2017: 2.1%, 2018: 2.5%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a slightly smaller projected average shortage of

Laborers in 2018 (Laborers: 2.5%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

The average projected shortage for Laborers was larger in 2018 than 2017, but remained slightly smaller than the all craft average.

7. LABORERS (continued)


2017 2018




77

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - LABORERS

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Laborers 2017

All Crafts 2016

Laborers 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Laborer apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Laborer apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 48%, 2017: 37%).

• surplus of Laborer apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 12%, 2017: 9%).


• shortage of Laborer apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Laborer apprentices: 37%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Laborer apprentices in 2017 was slightly smaller (Laborer apprentices: 9%, All Crafts: 10%).

In 2017, the shortage of Laborer apprentices noticeably improved from the previous year, resulting in a smaller shortage than all crafts combined in 2017, which was not the case in 2016.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - LABORERS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Laborers 2017

Laborers 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Laborers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.4%



Compared to Laborer apprentices in 2016,• there was a smaller average shortage of Laborer

apprentices in 2017 (2016: 2.4%, 2017: 1.3%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Laborer

apprentices in 2017 (Laborer apprentices: 1.3%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Laborer apprentices improved in 2017, reporting a smaller average shortage, in addition to reaching a mark smaller than that of all crafts, which was not the case in 2016.

7. LABORERS (continued)


2016 2017




78

8. OPERATING ENGINEERSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018)

2016 2017

Operating Engineers All Crafts Operating Engineers All Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - OPERATING ENGINEERS

0102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Operating Engineers

2017

All Crafts 2016

Operating Engineers

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Operating Engineers in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Operating Engineers in 2017 was slightly greater (2016: 49%, 2017: 50%).

• surplus of Operating Engineers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 14%, 2017: 7%).


• shortage of Operating Engineers in 2017 was greater (Operating Engineers: 50%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Operating Engineers in 2017 was smaller (Operating Engineers: 7%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - OPERATING ENGINEERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Operating Engineers

2017

Operating Engineers

2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Operating Engineers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.6%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Operating Engineers in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Operating

Engineers in 2017 (2016: 1.6%, 2017: 2.2%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Operating

Engineers in 2017 (Operating Engineers: 2.2%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

The average reported shortage for Operating Engineers was larger in 2017 than 2016, but remained smaller than the all craft average.


79

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - OPERATING ENGINEERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2018

Operating Engineers

2018

All Crafts 2017

Operating Engineers

2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Operating Engineers in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Operating Engineers in 2018 was slightly smaller (2017: 51%, 2018: 50%).

• surplus of Operating Engineers in 2018 was about the same (11%).


• shortage of Operating Engineers in 2018 was slightly greater (Operating Engineers: 50%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Operating Engineers in 2018 was about the same (11%).

Operating Engineers’ projected surplus remained the same in 2018 as 2017, but is now on par with the projection for all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - OPERATING ENGINEERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

OperatingEngineers

2018

Operating Engineers

2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Operating Engineers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.3% 2.4%All Craft Average 2.4%


Compared to Operating Engineers in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Operating Engineers in 2018 (2017: 2.3%, 2018: 2.4%).


Operating Engineers in 2018 (Operating Engineers: 2.4%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

The average projected shortage for Operating Engineers was larger in 2018 than 2017, but remained smaller than the all craft average.

8. OPERATING ENGINEERS (continued)


2017 2018




80

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - OPERATING ENGINEERS

01020

40

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Operating Engineers

2017

All Crafts 2016

Operating Engineers

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Operating Engineers



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Operating Engineer apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Operating Engineer apprentices in 2017 was slightly greater (2016: 43%, 2017: 44%).

• surplus of Operating Engineer apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 12%, 2017: 8%).


• shortage of Operating Engineer apprentices in 2017 was greater (Operating Engineer apprentices: 44%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Operating Engineer apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Operating Engineer apprentices: 8%, All Crafts: 10%).

In 2017, the shortage for Operating Engineer apprentices was very similar to 2016, but because all crafts combined had a smaller shortage in 2017, Operating Engineer apprentices have a larger shortage than the all craft combined shortage.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - OPERATING ENGINEERS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Operating Engineers

2017

Operating Engineers

2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Operating Engineers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.8% 1.9%



Compared to Operating Engineer apprentices in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Operating

Engineer apprentices in 2017 (2016: 1.8%, 2017: 1.9%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Operating

Engineer apprentices in 2017 (Operating Engineer apprentices: 1.9%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

8. OPERATING ENGINEERS (continued)


2016 2017




81

9. PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES A. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017


All CraftsPainters

& Allied TradesAll Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES

0102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Painters &Allied Trades

2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Painters & Allied Trades in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Painters & Allied Trades in 2017 was greater (2016: 34%, 2017: 42%).

• surplus of Painters & Allied Trades in 2017 was smaller (2016: 18%, 2017: 9%).


• shortage of Painters & Allied Trades in 2017 was smaller (Painters & Allied Trades: 42%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Painters & Allied Trades in 2017 was slightly smaller (Painters & Allied Trades: 9%, All Crafts: 10%).

Painters & Allied Trades had a larger shortage and a smaller surplus, but the reported shortage remained smaller than all crafts combined in 2017. The surplus was comparable.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Painters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.1%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Painters & Allied Trades in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Painters & Allied

Trades in 2017 (2016: 1.1%, 2017: 2.3%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Painters & Allied

Trades in 2017 (Painters & Allied Trades: 2.3%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

The average reported shortage for Painters & Allied Trades was larger in 2017 than 2016, but remained slightly smaller than the all craft average.


82

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2018


2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Painters & Allied Trades in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Painters & Allied Trades in 2018 was greater (2017: 39%, 2018: 46%).

• surplus of Painters & Allied Trades in 2018 was smaller (2017: 15%, 2018: 12%).


• shortage of Painters & Allied Trades in 2018 was smaller (Painters & Allied Trades: 46%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Painters & Allied Trades in 2018 was slightly greater (Painters & Allied Trades: 12%, All Crafts: 11%).

Painters & Allied Trades had a larger shortage projection and a smaller surplus projection, but the projected shortage remained smaller than all crafts combined in 2018. Projected surplus was comparable.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Painters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.3%



Compared to Painters & Allied Trades in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Painters & Allied Trades in 2018 (2017: 1.3%, 2018: 2.5%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a slightly smaller projected average

shortage of Painters & Allied Trades in 2018 (Painters & Allied Trades: 2.5%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

The average projected shortage for Painters & Allied Trades was larger in 2018 than 2017, but remained slightly smaller than the all craft average.

9. PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES (continued)


2017 2018


All CraftsPainters




83

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Painters



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 45%, 2017: 44%).

• surplus of Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 13%, 2017: 8%).


• shortage of Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2017 was greater (Painter & Allied Trade apprentices: 44%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Painter & Allied Trade apprentices: 8%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Painters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.4%

2.5%



Compared to Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2016,

• there was a greater average shortage of Painter & Allied Trade apprentices in 2017 (2016: 1.4%, 2017: 2.5%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Painter &

Allied Trade apprentices in 2017 (Painter & Allied Trade apprentices: 2.5%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

The average shortage for Painter & Allied Trade apprentices was larger in 2017 than 2016, resulting in their surpassing of the all craft average in 2017.

9. PAINTERS & ALLIED TRADES (continued)


2016 2017


All CraftsPainters




84

10. PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS A. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017


All CraftsPlasterers

& Cement MasonsAll Crafts


PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS

0102030

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Plasterers &Cement Masons

2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2017 was slightly greater (2016: 39%, 2017: 40%).

• surplus of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2017 was smaller (2016: 15%, 2017: 7%).


• shortage of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2017 was smaller (Plasterers & Cement Masons: 40%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2017 was smaller (Plasterers & Cement Masons: 7%, All Crafts: 10%).

Plasterers & Cement Masons had a larger reported shortage and a smaller reported surplus in 2017, but their shortage remained smaller than that of all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Plasterers/Cement Masons

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.9% 2.3%All Craft Average 1.8% All Craft

Average 2.5%

Compared to Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Plasterers &

Cement Masons in 2017 (2016: 1.9%, 2017: 2.3%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Plasterers &

Cement Masons in 2017 (Plasterers & Cement Masons: 2.3%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

The average reported shortage for Plasterers & Cement Masons was larger in 2017 than 2016, resulting in a smaller shortage than the all craft average.


85

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2018

Plasterers& Cement Masons

2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2018 was smaller (2017: 41%, 2018: 38%).

• surplus of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2018 was smaller (2017: 18%, 2018: 13%).


• shortage of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2018 was smaller (Plasterers & Cement Masons: 38%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2018 was greater (Plasterers & Cement Masons: 13%, All Crafts: 11%).

While Plasterers & Cement Masons had a smaller projected surplus in 2018, they remained larger than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Plasterers/Cement Masons

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.0%2.3%All Craft

Average 2.4%


Compared to Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2018 (2017: 2.0%, 2018: 2.3%).


Plasterers & Cement Masons in 2018 (Plasterers & Cement Masons: 2.3%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

The average projected shortage for Plasterers & Cement Masons was larger in 2018 than 2017, but remained smaller than the all craft average.

10. PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS (continued)


2017 2018






86

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Plasterers/Cement Masons



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 47%, 2017: 37%).

• surplus of Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 12%, 2017: 9%).


• shortage of Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices: 37%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2017 was slightly smaller (Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices: 9%, All Crafts: 10%).

Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices improved in 2017 in their reported shortage, resulting in a smaller shortage than that of all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES - PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Plasterers/Cement Masons

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.4%

1.4%



Compared to Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2016,

• there was a smaller average shortage of Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices in 2017 (2016: 2.4%, 2017: 1.4%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Plasterer &

Cement Mason apprentices in 2017 (Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices: 1.4%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

The average reported shortage for Plasterer & Cement Mason apprentices improved in 2017, resulting in a smaller shortage than the all craft average.

10. PLASTERERS & CEMENT MASONS (continued)


2016 2017






87

11. PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS A. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS

0102030

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017

Plumbers, Pipefitters &Steamfitters

2017

All Crafts 2016

Plumbers, Pipefitters &Steamfitters

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017 was greater (2016: 52%, 2017: 55%).

• surplus of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017 was smaller (2016: 23%, 2017: 15%).


• shortage of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017 was greater (Plumbers/ Pipefitters/Steamfitters: 55%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017 was greater (Plumbers/Pipefitters/ Steamfitters: 15%, All Crafts: 10%).

Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters had a larger reported shortage and a smaller reported surplus in 2017, but remained greater than both the surplus and shortage for all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Plumbers,Pipefitters &Steamfitters

2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Plumbers/Pipe�tters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.3%

2.7%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Plumbers/

Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017 (2016: 1.3%, 2017: 2.7%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Plumbers/

Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017 (Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters: 2.7%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

The average reported shortage for Plumbers/ Pipefitters/Steamfitters was larger in 2017, resulting in their larger shortage than the all craft average.

2016 2017

Plumbers, Pipefitters & Steamfitters

All CraftsPlumbers, Pipefitters

& Steamfitters All Crafts



88

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS

01020304050

706050403020100

All Crafts 2018


2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2018 was greater (2017: 59%, 2018: 62%).

• surplus of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2018 was smaller (2017: 16%, 2018: 10%).


• shortage of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2018 was greater (Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters: 62%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2018 was slightly smaller (Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters: 10%, All Crafts: 11%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Plumbers/Pipe�tters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.5%

3.4%



Compared to Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2017,

• there was a greater projected average shortage of Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2018 (2017: 2.5%, 2018: 3.4%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters in 2018 (Plumbers/Pipefitters/ Steamfitters: 3.4%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

11. PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS (continued)


2017 2018






89

2016 2017





PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2017 was greater (2016: 34%, 2017: 37%).

• surplus of Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 22%, 2017: 14%).


• shortage of Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices: 37%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2017 was greater (Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices: 14%, All Crafts: 10%).

While Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices increased in their reported shortage and decreased in their reported surplus, they remained smaller in shortage and greater in surplus compared to all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES- PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Plumbers/Pipe�tters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

0.7%

1.4%



Compared to Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2016,

• there was a greater average shortage of Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2017 (2016: 0.7%, 2017: 1.4%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Plumber/

Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices in 2017 (Plumber/ Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices: 1.4%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

While Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter apprentices had a larger reported average shortage, they remained smaller than the all craft average shortage.

11. PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS & STEAMFITTERS (continued)



90

12. ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS A. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS

0102030

6050403020100

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Roofers & Waterproofers in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2017 was greater (2016: 48%, 2017: 55%).

• surplus of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 13%, 2017: 6%).


• shortage of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2017 was greater (Roofers & Waterproofers: 55%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2017 was smaller (Roofers & Waterproofers: 6%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0

Roofers &Waterproofers

2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Roofers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

3.1%

3.8%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Roofers & Waterproofers in 2016,• there was a greater average shortage of Roofers &

Waterproofers in 2017 (2016: 3.1%, 2017: 3.8%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a greater average shortage of Roofers &

Waterproofers in 2017 (Roofers & Waterproofers: 3.8%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

2016 2017


All CraftsRoofers &

WaterproofersAll Crafts



91

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2018


2018

All Crafts 2017


2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Roofers & Waterproofers in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2018 was greater (2017: 50%, 2018: 54%).

• surplus of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2018 was smaller (2017: 14%, 2018: 11%).


• shortage of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2018 was greater (Roofers & Waterproofers: 54%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2018 was about the same (11%).

The projected surplus for Roofers & Waterproofers was smaller in 2018, but remained comparable to the surplus of all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS

4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.0


2018


2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices- Roofers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.9%



Compared to Roofers & Waterproofers in 2017,• there was a smaller projected average shortage of

Roofers & Waterproofers in 2018 (2017: 2.9%, 2018: 2.5%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,• there was a slightly smaller projected average shortage

of Roofers & Waterproofers in 2018 (Roofers & Waterproofers: 2.5%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

The projected average shortage for Roofers & Waterproofers improved in 2018, resulting in a smaller shortage than the all craft average (not the case in 2017).

12. ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS (continued)


2017 2018


All CraftsRoofers &




92

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017


2017

All Crafts 2016


2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2017 was slightly smaller (2016: 45%, 2017: 44%).

• surplus of Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 15%, 2017: 13%).


• shortage of Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2017 was greater (Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices: 44%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2017 was greater (Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices: 13%, All Crafts: 10%).

While Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices had a smaller reported surplus from 2016 to 2017, they still reported a larger surplus than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES- ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0


2017


2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Roofers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

2.6%

1.2%



Compared to Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2016,

• there was a smaller average shortage of Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices in 2017 (2016: 2.6%, 2017: 1.2%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Roofer &

Waterproofer apprentices in 2017 (Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices: 1.2%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Roofer & Waterproofer apprentices improved in their reported average shortage in 2017, resulting in a smaller shortage than the all craft average (not the case in 2016).

12. ROOFERS & WATERPROOFERS (continued)


2016 2017


All CraftsRoofers &




93

13. SHEET METAL WORKERSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017

Sheet Metal Workers All Crafts Sheet Metal Workers All Crafts

Average Surplus/Shortage 2.1% 1.8% 2.1% 2.5%Surplus 8% 8% 7% 5%Large Surplus 8% 9% 6% 5%Shortage 30% 27% 32% 28%Large Shortage 20% 18% 16% 19%

PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - SHEET METAL WORKERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Sheet Metal Workers

2017

All Crafts 2016

Sheet Metal Workers

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s

Percent of Responses Stating a Shortage/Surplus - Sheet Metal Workers



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Sheet Metal Workers in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Sheet Metal Workers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 50%, 2017: 48%).

• surplus of Sheet Metal Workers in 2017 was smaller (2016: 16%, 2017: 13%).


• shortage of Sheet Metal Workers in 2017 was greater (Sheet Metal Workers: 48%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Sheet Metal Workers in 2017 was greater (Sheet Metal Workers: 13%, All Crafts: 10%).

In 2017, Sheet Metal Workers had a smaller reported shortage and surplus. However, they still reported a larger surplus than all crafts combined and were comparable to all crafts combined in reported shortage.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - SHEET METAL WORKERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Sheet Metal Workers

2017

Sheet Metal Workers

2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Sheet Metal Workers

2.1% 2.1%

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge


Average 2.5%

Compared to Sheet Metal Workers in 2016,• there was about the same average shortage of Sheet

Metal Workers in 2017 (2.1%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Sheet Metal

Workers in 2017 (Sheet Metal Workers: 2.1%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

The reported average shortage for Sheet Metal Workers remained the same from 2016 to 2017, but in 2017 had a smaller average shortage than the all craft average (not the case in 2016).


94

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - SHEET METAL WORKERS

010203040

6050403020100

All Crafts 2018

Sheet Metal Workers

2018

All Crafts 2017

Sheet Metal Workers

2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s




2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Sheet Metal Workers in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Sheet Metal Workers in 2018 was greater (2017: 49%, 2018: 52%).

• surplus of Sheet Metal Workers in 2018 was smaller (2017: 17%, 2018: 10%).


• shortage of Sheet Metal Workers in 2018 was greater (Sheet Metal Workers: 52%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Sheet Metal Workers in 2018 was slightly smaller (Sheet Metal Workers: 10%, All Crafts: 11%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - SHEET METAL WORKERS

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Sheet Metal Workers

2018

Sheet Metal Workers

2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for Apprentices - Sheet Metal Workers

1.7%

2.2%

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge



Compared to Sheet Metal Workers in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of Sheet

Metal Workers in 2018 (2017: 1.7%, 2018: 2.2%).Compared to all crafts combined in 2018,

• there was a smaller projected average shortage of Sheet Metal Workers in 2018 (Sheet Metal Workers: 2.2%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

While Sheet Metal Workers worsened in projected average shortage and surplus, they remain smaller than the all craft average shortage projection for 2018.

13. SHEET METAL WORKERS (continued)


2017 2018




95

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - SHEET METAL WORKERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Sheet Metal Workers

2017

All Crafts 2016

Sheet Metal Workers

2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s




2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Sheet Metal Worker apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Sheet Metal Worker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 43%, 2017: 36%).

• surplus of Sheet Metal Worker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 13%, 2017: 8%).


• shortage of Sheet Metal Worker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Sheet Metal Worker apprentices: 36%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Sheet Metal Worker apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Sheet Metal Worker apprentices: 8%, All Crafts: 10%).

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES- SHEET METAL WORKERS

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Sheet Metal Workers

2017

Sheet Metal Workers

2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Sheet Metal Workers

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

1.7%1.5%



Compared to Sheet Metal Worker apprentices in 2016,• there was a smaller average shortage of Sheet Metal

Worker apprentices in 2017 (2016: 1.7%, 2017: 1.5%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Sheet Metal

Worker apprentices in 2017 (Sheet Metal Worker apprentices: 1.5%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

13. SHEET METAL WORKERS (continued)


2016 2017




96

14. TEAMSTERSA. Historical Results: 2016 & 2017This section shows results for questions where study participants were asked to report on the previous year. That is, the data for 2016 comes from last year’s study (conducted early in 2017) where participants were asked to rate the actual/historical union craft labor shortage/surplus for the previous year. Data for 2017 came from this year’s study (conducted early in 2018).

2016 2017

Teamsters All Crafts Teamsters All Crafts

Average Surplus 1.2% 1.8% 0.0% 2.5%Surplus 5% 8% 7% 5%Large Surplus 18% 9% 7% 5%Shortage 13% 27% 10% 28%Large Shortage 7% 18% 6% 19%

PERCENT OF RESPONSES STATING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - TEAMSTERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Teamsters 2017

All Crafts 2016

Teamsters 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Teamsters in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Teamsters in 2017 was smaller (2016: 20%, 2017: 16%).

• surplus of Teamsters in 2017 was smaller (2016: 23%, 2017: 14%).


• shortage of Teamsters in 2017 was smaller (Teamsters: 16%, All Crafts: 47%).

• surplus of Teamsters in 2017 was greater (Teamsters: 14%, All Crafts: 10%).

Teamsters had a smaller reported surplus in 2017, but remained greater than all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - TEAMSTERS

3.02.52.01.51.00.50.00.51.01.5

Teamsters 2017

Teamsters 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus for prentices - Teamsters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

& S

urp

lus

1.2%

0.0%


Average 2.5%

Compared to Teamsters in 2016,• there was a smaller average surplus of Teamsters in 2017

(2016: 1.2%, 2017: 0.0%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Teamsters in

2017 (Teamsters: 0.0%, All Crafts: 2.5%).

Even though Teamsters fell from a reported average surplus in 2016 to a slight reported average shortage in 2017, they still have a noticeably smaller reported average shortage than the all craft average.


97

PERCENT OF RESPONSES PROJECTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - TEAMSTERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2018

Teamsters 2018

All Crafts 2017

Teamsters 2017

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2017 2018≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Teamsters in 2017, the percent of respondents who projected a

• shortage of Teamsters in 2018 was greater (2017: 21%, 2018: 23%).

• surplus of Teamsters in 2018 was smaller (2017: 21%, 2018: 14%).


• shortage of Teamsters in 2018 was smaller (Teamsters: 23%, All Crafts: 49%).

• surplus of Teamsters in 2018 was greater (Teamsters: 14%, All Crafts: 11%).

Even though Teamsters had a larger projected shortage and a smaller projected surplus in 2018, they are still greater in surplus and smaller in shortage compared to all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS PROJECTIONS - TEAMSTERS

3.02.52.01.51.00.50.00.51.01.5

Teamsters 2018

Teamsters 2017

Average Shortage/Surplus for prentices - Teamsters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

& S

urp

lus

0.6%

0.3%



Compared to Teamsters in 2017,• there was a greater projected average shortage of

Teamsters in 2018 (2017: 0.6% surplus, 2018: 0.3% shortage).


Teamsters in 2018 (Teamsters: 0.3%, All Crafts: 2.6%).

Even though Teamsters fell from a projected average surplus in 2017 to a projected average shortage in 2018, they still have a noticeably smaller projected average shortage than that of all crafts.

14. TEAMSTERS (continued)


2017 2018


Average Shortage/Surplus 0.6% 2.4% 0.3% 2.6%Surplus 6% 8% 10% 6%Large Surplus 15% 7% 4% 5%

Shortage 11% 29% 17% 30%



98

PERCENT OF RESPONSES REPORTING A SHORTAGE/SURPLUS - TEAMSTERS

010203040

50403020100

All Crafts 2017

Teamsters 2017

All Crafts 2016

Teamsters 2016

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nse

sS

ho

rta

ge

Su

rplu

s



2016 2017≥7%1–6%1–6%≥7%

Compared to Teamster apprentices in 2016, the percent of respondents who reported a

• shortage of Teamster apprentices in 2017 was greater (2016: 19%, 2017: 21%).

• surplus of Teamster apprentices in 2017 was smaller (2016: 20%, 2017: 16%).


• shortage of Teamster apprentices in 2017 was smaller (Teamster apprentices: 21%, All Crafts: 40%).

• surplus of Teamster apprentices in 2017 was greater (Teamster apprentices: 16%, All Crafts: 10%).

Even though Teamster apprentices had a greater reported shortage and a smaller reported surplus in 2017, they are still greater in surplus and smaller in shortage compared to all crafts combined.

AVERAGE SHORTAGE/SURPLUS FOR APPRENTICES- TEAMSTERS

2.52.01.51.00.50.00.51.01.5

Teamsters 2017

Teamsters 2016

Average Shortage/Surplus - Teamsters

Ave

rag

e S

ho

rta

ge

& S

urp

lus

1.2%

0.0%



Compared to Teamster apprentices in 2016,• there was a smaller average surplus of Teamster

apprentices in 2017 (2016: 1.2%, 2017: 0.0%).

Compared to all crafts combined in 2017,• there was a smaller average shortage of Teamster

apprentices in 2017 (Teamster apprentices: 0.0%, All Crafts: 1.6%).

Even though Teamster apprentices fell in their reported average surplus in 2017, they still have a slight surplus, while the all craft average is a shortage.

14. TEAMSTERS (continued)


2016 2017


Average Surplus 1.2% 1.8% 0.0% 1.6%Surplus 3% 6% 10% 4%Large Surplus 17% 8% 6% 6%Shortage 13% 25% 16% 27%Large Shortage 6% 18% 5% 13%

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Documents

UNION CRAFT LABOR SUPPLY STUDY - TAUCOver three fourths (78%) of the study participants project growth for 2018 in the construction and maintenance industry. This is up significantly