Unified in Learning - Seperated by Space

8/9/2019 Unified in Learning - Seperated by Space

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]lifflmc il bmdwlile ~mqdwdsmc gy ~qdnm

Nd~m ~s}cy `f d eb`gdb bmdwlileqwèwdkkm

Kdwsil Wmhk

Dg~swdns: Shm ewùsh `f dvdibdgbm `lbilm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm~ hd~nwmdsmc d uicm wdlem `f lmu udy~ f`w eb`gdb `wedlizdsi`l~ s` swdilshmiw ~sdff mffmnsivmby, Qwmvi`}~by" eb`gdb swdilile mlsdibmc ~}g~sdlsidbn`~s~ f`w `wedlizdsi`l~ n`~s~ shds hdc s` gm mlc}wmc if shmolùbmcem dlc ~oibb~ `f shm u`wof`wnm umwm s` gm }qcdsmc, Il shi~n`lsmxs" viws}db n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile" cmffllmc d~ ew`}q~ `f qm`qbmmledeile il shm n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile dlc wmmnsivm qwdnsinm ilv`bvmc ilswdl~f`wkdsivm bmdwlile" dwm `f ilnwmd~ile ilsmwm~s f`w eb`gdb`wedlizdsi`l~ gmnd}~m `f shmiw q`smlsidb }~mf}blm~~ il u`woqbdnmqwdnsinm dlc swdilile, Shi~ dwsinbm mxdkilm~ hù d n`kk}lisy `fbmdwlile hd~ gmml cmvmb`qmc dlc ikqbmkmlsmc f`w 453 ~sdff fw`k 84

`ffinm~ u`wbcuicm `f d bdwem ilsmwldsi`ldb `wedlizdsi`l gy fdnibisdsile shmn`bbdg`wdsivm mxnhdlem `f olùbmcem dlc mxqmwimlnm, Gd~mc `l shmqdwsiniqdls~ qmwnmqsi`l~" ~mvmwdb omy il~iehs~ dwm qw`vicmc shds ~h`}bcgm sdoml ils` dnn`}ls uhml mledeile il n`kk}lisy `f bmdwlileilisidsivm~,

Omyu`wc~: n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile? eb`gdb `wedlizdsi`l~? u`wof`wnmswdilile? `lbilm bmdwlile? n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile

Kdwsil Wmhk i~ uish shm Kdd~swinhs Ewdc}dsm ^nh``b `f E`vmwldlnm" ]livmw~isy `fKdd~swinhs" Odq`ml~swdds 7" 6744 OU Kdd~swinhs" Shm Lmshmwbdlc~, M+kdib:kdwsil,wmhkAkdd~swinhs}livmw~isy,lb,

Lmu q`~~igibisim~ f`w eb`gdb `wedlizdsi`l~

D~ shm dvdibdgibisy `f lmu `lbilm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm~

dlc s``b~ i~ n`l~sdlsby ilnwmd~ile" eb`gdb `wedlizdsi`l~

ndl nh``~m fw`k d uicm wdlem `f lmu udy~ s` swdil shmiw

u`wof`wnm mffmnsivmby, Il shm qd~s" eb`gdb bmdwlile

qwèwdkkm~ umwm `fsml d~~`nidsmc uish ~}g~sdlsidb n`~s~

uhinh hdc s` gm mlc}wmc if shm olùbmcem dlc ~oibb~ `f

shm u`wof`wnm umwm s` gm }qcdsmc, Mkqb`ymm~ hdc s`

bmdvm shmiw u`wo ~sdsi`l~" nwmdsile ciwmns dlc ilciwmns

n`~s~ f`w shm `wedlizdsi`l, K`wm`vmw" uish qm`qbm

hdvile s` swdvmb qhy~indbby s` swdilile vml}m~ f`w ~h`ws

qmwi`c~" shmwm ud~ bikismc ~n`qm s` gmlmffls fw`k d sw}by

ilsmwldsi`ldb mxnhdlem `f mxqmwimlnm dlc il~iehs~, Lù"

`wedlizdsi`l~ ndl wmdciby nwmdsm viws}db n`kk}lisim~ `f

qwdnsinm (N`Q~) (Umlemw" 4998) s` smdnh dlc swdil shmiw

~sdff, Il m~~mlnm" N`Q~ n`l~sis}sm ew`}q~ `f qm`qbm uh`

~hdwm d n`lnmwl" ~ms `f qw`gbmk~ `w qd~~i`l dg`}s d s`qin

dlc uh` cmmqml shmiw olùbmcem dlc mxqmwsi~m il shi~

dwmd gy ilsmwdnsile `l dl `leìle gd~i~ (Umlemwms db

"

ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L V`b 7>" L` 3" D}e}~s 7119" qq >>4>34


2/11

7117" q 3), Eivml shm dvdibdgibisy dlc mxigibisy `f ~}nh

n`kk}lisim~" shmwm hd~ gmml d l`sdgbm ilnwmd~m il shm

`nn}wwmlnm `f u`woqbdnm qwdnsinm dlc swdilile (^nhbdemw

ms db" 7117)" qdwsby f}mbbmc gy shm ewùile lmmc il

`wedlizdsi`l~ s` qw`vicm lmu ~oibb~ dlc olùbmcem f`w

mkqb`ymm~ il `wcmw s` wmsdil shmiw n`kqmsisivm mcem

(Gd~~i ms db" 4998), Ilsmwldsi`ldb `wedlizdsi`l~ shmwmf`wm

~mmk ilnwmd~ileby ilsmwm~smc il ~mssile }q bmdwlile

ilisidsivm~ wmbdsmc s` shmiw mxi~sile n`kk}lisim~ `f

qwdnsinm (Gwùl ms db" 4989), Is i~ uicmby dnolùbmcemc

shds shm nwmdsi`l `f ~}nh ilisidsivm~ ndl gm ewmdsby

~}qq`wsmc gy cmvmb`qile dlc ikqbmkmlsile ~is}dsmc

bmdwlile (Dkil dlc W`gmws~" 7116? Gmwldwc

ms db" 7111? Gibbms" 4996? Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc F`lsdilhd"

7115? Bdvm dlc Umlemw" 4994? ^dvmwy dlc C}ffy" 499=?

U``c~ dlc Mgmw~`bm" 711>), Il shi~ n`lsmxs" ~is}dsmc

bmdwlile cm~nwigm~ d ~is}dsi`l il uhinh qm`qbm

n`bbdg`wdsivmby mledem uish wmdb+bifm qw`gbmk~ dlc nd~m~

shds dwm qbdnmc il shmiw mvmwycdy u`woile mlviw`lkmls,

Mxdkqbm~ `f ~}nh bmdwlile ~is}dsi`l~ ilnb}cm fdnm+s`+

fdnm u`wo~h`q~ dlc dqqwmlsinm~hiq+~sybm j`g swdilile,

Eivml shm ilnwmd~mc ikq`wsdlnm `f dlc cmkdlc f`w

N`Q~" k}nh u`wo hd~ dbwmdcy gmml c`lm `l icmlsifyile

~}nnm~~ fdns`w~ (~mm" f`w mxdkqbm: Dkil dlc W`gmws~"

7116? Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115? H}dle"

7117? H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114? ^kish" 7114?

Umlemw" 4998? U``c~ dlc Mgmw~`bm" 711>), Hùmvmw"

shmwm hd~ gmml n`lnmwl shds N`Q~ kdy l`s gm ~}ismc s`

f`wkdb bmdwlile qwèwdkkm~ (Fùbmw dlc Kdym~" 4999),

F}wshmwk`wm" wmnmls wm~mdwnh `l N`Q~ hd~ gmml gd~mc `l

mxqmwikmlsdb ew`}q~ fw`k shm mc}ndsi`ldb ~mns`w `w

n`kk}lisim~ uish vmwy ~ikibdw gdnoew`}lc

nhdwdnsmwi~sin~ (Nhdbkmw~ dlc Omùl" 7116? Hdwd ms db"

7111), K`wm`vmw" `lby bikismc wm~mdwnh hd~ gmml

n`lc}nsmc `l f`wkdb eb`gdb bmdwlile qwèwdkkm~,

N`l~mt}mlsby" shi~ dwsinbm uibb ilsw`c}nm dl

dcj}~smc kmsh`c`bèindb fwdkmu`wo uhinh sdom~ ils`

dnn`}ls shm ~qmniffln wmt}iwmkmls~ `f f`wkdb bmdwlile

qwèwdkkm~, Is uibb shml mxdkilm hù shi~

fwdkmu`wo hd~ gmml ikqbmkmlsmc il d eb`gdb bmdwlile

qwèwdkkm f`w d bdwem ilsmwldsi`ldb `wedlizdsi`l (I@)

ilv`bvile qdwsiniqdls~ uish civmw~m mc}ndsi`ldb dlc

qw`fm~~i`ldb gdnoew`}lc~, Fildbby" d wdlem `f

cm~nwiqsivm ~sdsi~sin~ i~ qw`vicmc `l shm fwmt}mlny

uish uhinh mc}ndsi`ldb s``b~ ~}nh d~ d~ylnhw`l`}~

ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~ umwm }~mc `l shm n`}w~m dlc `l

hù is ud~ qmwnmivmc gy shm qdwsiniqdls~" g`sh gmf`wm

dlc dfsmw n`kqbmsi`l, Shi~ mxdkildsi`l qw`vicm~

q`~~igbm dl~umw~ s` shm }lcmwbyile wm~mdwnh t}m~si`l:

hù ndl eb`gdb `wedlizdsi`l~ mffmnsivmby cm~iel dlc

ikqbmkmls n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile f`w shmiw

ilsmwldsi`ldb ~sdff0 Shm~m dl~umw~ il s}wl hmbq s`

icmlsify omy d~qmns~ shds ~h`}bc gm sdoml ils` dnn`}ls

uhml mledeile il ~}nh bmdwlile ilisidsivm~,

Fw`k n`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm s`n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile

Viws}db N`Q~ gmb`le s` shm k`~s ikq`wsdls dlc q`q}bdw

m+bmdwlile kmsh`c`bèim~ shds hdvm gmml cmvmb`qmc il

shm fflmbc `f qw`fm~~i`ldb swdilile il wmnmls ymdw~ (Dbbdl

dlc Bmui~" 7116? N`l~sdls ms db" 4996), L}kmw`}~

`wedlizdsi`l~ hdvm ikqbmkmlsmc ~}nh n`kk}lisim~" d~

n`lnmqs}dbizmc gy Bdvm dlc Umlemw (4994)" s` mlhdlnm

shm ndqdnisy `f shmiw ~sdff (Dkil dlc W`gmws~" 7116?

N`}~il dlc Cmmqumbb" 711=? F`x" 7111? Edll`l+Bmdwy

dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115? H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114? Ombby

ms db" 7115? K`}bm" 7116? ^nhbdemw ms db" 7117? ^nhuml

dlc Hdwd" 711>? ^sdnmy ms db" 7113? Umlemw" 4998?

Umlemw ms db" 7117), Dk`le shm l`smu`wshy dsswig}sm~

`f ~}nh n`kk}lisim~ dwm: shmy lds}wdbby mv`bvm il shm

u`woqbdnm" shmy c` l`s mxhigis nbmdwby cmffllmc

g`}lcdwim~ dlc shmy qw`vicm qdwsiniqdls~ uish d hieh

cmewmm `f qdwsiniqds`wy fwmmc`k, D~ dqqmdbile d~ is

kiehs gm" hùmvmw" ~nh`bdw~ hdvm dwe}mc shds shm

n`lnmqs i~ l`s wmdbby dqqbindgbm s` f`wkdb bmdwlile

qwèwdkkm~ (Fùbmw dlc Kdym~" 4999), ]lbiom N`Q~"

bmdwlile qwèwdkkm~ dwm cm~ielmc f`w d ~qmniffln

q}wq`~m" dwm bikismc s` d nmwsdil sikmfwdkm dlc dwm

dnnm~~igbm `lby s` dl mxnb}~ivm ew`}q `f qdwsiniqdls~

(Ldnhkid~ ms db" 7111),

F`bbùile shi~ swdil `f sh`}ehs" ~nh`bdw~ qw`k`smc

d ~hifs sùdwc~ kdldemc n`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm

(~mm" f`w mxdkqbm" Dbbdl dlc Bmui~" 7116? Bmui~ dlc

Dbbdl" 7113? ûdl ms db" 7117), @lm ~qmniffln

cmwivdsivm `f shi~ k`vmkmls i~ shm l`si`l `f shm

n`kk}lisy `f bmdwlile (N`B) (^sdnmy ms db" 7113),

D N`B i~ cmffllmc d~ d ew`}q `f qm`qbm mledeile il

n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile dlc wmmnsivm qwdnsinm ilv`bvmc

il swdl~f`wkdsivm bmdwlile (Qdb`ff dlc Qwdss" 711>"

q 45), Shm kdil dccisi`l~ dlc dcj}~skmls~ `f shi~

dqqw`dnh ndl gm mxqwm~~mc d~ shwmm gw`dc fdns`w~,

Fiw~s" is dnolùbmcem~ shds `wedlizdsi`ldb bmdwlile

wmt}iwm~ d nmwsdil dk`}ls `f ~sw}ns}wm if is i~ s` u`wo

mffmnsivmby dlc yimbc shm mlvi~demc wm~}bs~, Uish l`

nbmdwby cmffllmc g`}lcdwim~ dlc sikm bikis~"

qdwsiniqdls~ kdy umbb bdno shm lmnm~~dwy cwivm s`

qdwsiniqdsm dnsivmby" ~hdwm shmiw olùbmcem dlc mxqdlc

shmiw mxqmwsi~m, ^mn`lc" N`B~ iln`wq`wdsm ils` shm

kmsh`c`bèy shm fdnibisdsi`l `f qdwsiniqdls~ gy ~}qq`ws

~sdff: shi~ dcc~ dl`shmw cikml~i`l `f ~sw}ns}wm dlc

~}qq`ws shds dwm `f visdb ikq`wsdlnm f`w `wedlizdsi`ldb

swdilile ilisidsivm~, Fildbby" eivml shm `ffinidb lds}wm `f

~}nh swdilile qwèwdkkm~" dly oilc `f n`lswig}si`l

uishil shm n`kk}lisy uibb d}s`kdsindbby gm nhmnomc

dlc vdbicdsmc" dlc shi~ mvmls}dbby bmeisikizm~ dbb

lmuby edilmc olùbmcem dlc mxqmwsi~m, Sh}~ ciffmwmls

n`l~icmwdsi`l~ lmmc s` gm sdoml ils` dnn`}ls uhml

cmvmb`qile dlc ikqbmkmlsile ~}nh d n`kk}lisy,


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119>>7


3/11

^}kkdwizile shm~m mff`ws~" dlc dnolùbmceile shm

uicm wdlem `f ~ikibdwisim~ uish N`Q~" Dkil dlc W`gmws~

(7116) hdvm cmvmb`qmc d n`kqwmhml~ivm `vmwvimu `f

fflvm i~~}m~ shds lmmc s` gm dccwm~~mc, Fiw~s" N`B~ ~h`}bc

dbbù f`w dl `qml cidbè}m shds i~ l`s lmnm~~dwiby

n`l~swdilmc gy shm g`wcmw~ `f shm `wedlizdsi`l, Il `shmw

u`wc~" shmy ~h`}bc ~qmnifflndbby ilsw`c}nm shm

`qq`ws}lisy s` mledem il ci~n}~~i`l uish `}s~icmw~"

uh` uibb n`lfw`ls qdwsiniqdls~ uish dl dbsmwldsivm qìls

`f vimu dlc nhdbbmlem shmk s` wmshilo" `w wmqhwd~m shmiw

n}wwmls vimu~, D~ shm I@~ ~sdff k}~s n`bbdg`wdsm `l d

cdiby gd~i~ uish mxsmwldb qdwslmw~ uh` `fsml hdvm d

ciffmwmls v`ndg}bdwy dlc d ciffmwmls dqqw`dnh s`

qw`gbmk~ dlc ~is}dsi`l~" shi~ i~ db~` `f ewmds ikq`wsdlnm,

If qdwsiniqdls~ dwm mxq`~mc s` shm ciffmwile vimu~ `f

n`bbmde}m~ dlc dndcmkin ~sdff" dlc ds shm ~dkm sikm dwm

sd}ehs shm }lcmwbyile qwilniqbm~" shi~ ndl kdom d

vdb}dgbm n`lswig}si`l s` shm `vmwdbb bmdwlile `}sn`km~,

If shi~ d~qmns umwm qw`qmwby iln`wq`wdsmc ils` d N`B"

`lm u`}bc mxqmns s` ~mm d hieh ilsml~isy `f }~dem `f shm

nh`~ml n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile s``b, ^mn`lc" qdwsiniqdls~

uibb ciffmw il shmiw bmvmb `f qdwsiniqdsi`l dlc shi~

qdwsiniqdsi`l uibb nhdlem `vmw shm n`}w~m `f shm

qwèwdkkm, Shi~ i~ dl ilhmwmls nhdwdnsmwi~sin `f

qw`fm~~i`ldb qdwsiniqdls~" d~ shmy uibb wmkdil d vigwdls

qdws `f shmiw u`woile mlviw`lkmls c}wile shm

qwèwdkkm, N`l~mt}mlsby" is i~ nw}nidb s` cm~iel d

~sw}ns}wm shds dbbù~ f`w qmwi`c~ `f dg~mlnm uhinh hdvm

n`l~mt}mlnm~ lmishmw f`w shm `vmwdbb ew`}q l`w f`w shm

qmwf`wkdlnm `f shm ilcivic}db, @lm ~`b}si`l i~ s`

iln`wq`wdsm n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile s``b~" ~}nh d~

d~ylnhw`l`}~ ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~" s` ndsmw f`w shi~ lmmc,

Il shi~ n`lsmxs" `lm u`}bc mxqmns s` ~mm }ns}dsile

bmvmb~ `f dnsivisy il shm ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~ wdshmw shdl d

n`l~sdls bmvmb `f ilq}s, Shiwc" dly N`B ~h`}bc qw`vicm

g`sh q}gbin dlc qwivdsm n`kk}lisy ~qdnm~, Shm

ilnb}~i`l `f q}gbin ~qdnm~ uibb fdnibisdsm shm `vmwdbb

mxnhdlem `f olùbmcem dlc shm nwmdsi`l `f d ~hdwmc

wmqmwsìwm `f n`kk`l wm~`}wnm~ dlc s``b~, Shm qwivdsm

~qdnm~ dbbù f`w d k`wm ~`nidb syqm `f n`kk}lindsi`l

gmsumml qdwsiniqdls~" dlc db~` gmsumml mc}nds`w~ dlc

qdwsiniqdls~, Shi~ nwmdsm~ d cmewmm `f n`kk`ldbisy

(H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114) uhinh ndl hmbq

qdwsiniqdls~ s` icmlsify shm q}wq`~m `f shm n`bbdg`wdsi`l

(Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115) dlc s` m~sdgbi~h

dlc ~swmleshml qmw~`ldb sim~ dlc wmbdsi`l~, Il mishmw nd~m"

if umbb wmnmivmc gy qdwsiniqdls~" `lm u`}bc mxqmns shds

g`sh syqm~ `f f`w}k~ u`}bc gm dnsivmby }~mc" dedil

wmmnsmc il d hieh ilsml~isy `f }~dem `f shm nh`~ml

n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile s``b, F`}wsh" dlc vmwy nb`~mby

bilomc s` shm bd~s i~~}m" Dkil dlc W`gmws~ (7116) qìls

s` shm ikq`wsdlnm `f ilnb}cile ~qdnm~ f`w ilf`wkdb

ci~n}~~i`l~" uhmwm qdwsiniqdls~ ndl nwmdsm dl mbmnsw`lin

qmw~`ldbisy (U``c~ dlc Mgmw~`bm" 711>), Shi~ i~

n`kqdwdgbm s` ~hdwile d}s`gièwdqhim~ dlc mledeile

il `lbilm ~`nidbizdsi`l (^kish" 7114) uhinh emlmwdbby

sdom~ shm f`wk `f ilsw`c}nile `lm~mbf s` shm n`kk}lisy

dlc ~hdwile qmw~`ldb ilf`wkdsi`l, Shi~ qw`nm~~ ndl

n`lswig}sm ~}g~sdlsidbby s` shm ~}nnm~~ `f d N`B d~ is

nwmdsm~ d ~ml~m `f gmb`leile dlc sw}~s (Edll`l+Bmdwy

dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115) dlc mln`}wdem~ qdwsiniqdls~ s` fmmb

n`kf`wsdgbm dg`}s n`lswig}sile dnsivmby s` shm N`B,

îkibdw s` mxqmnsdsi`l~ f`w shm qwmvi`}~ i~~}m" shm

ikq`wsdlnm `f ilnb}cile ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l ~qdnm~

~h`}bc gm ~}qq`wsmc gy d hieh bmvmb `f dnsivisy uishil

shm nh`~ml n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile s``b, Fildbby"

qdwsiniqdls~ ~h`}bc gm nhdbbmlemc gy wmdb+bifm dlc

n}wwmls qw`gbmk~, Is i~ shm sd~o `f shm cm~ielmw~ s`

n`kgilm fdkibidw d~qmns~ `f cdiby w`}silm~ uish shm

nhdbbmlem~ `f lmu n`lnmqs~" shm`wim~ dlc kmnhdli~k~,

Shi~ i~~}m wmbdsm~ s` shm l`si`l `f ~is}dsmc bmdwlile

(H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114? Bdvm dlc Umlemw" 4994),

K`wm`vmw" H}dle (7117) ~}eem~s~ shds shi~ dqqw`dnh i~

m~qmnidbby ikq`wsdls f`w dc}bs bmdwlmw~ uh` udls s`

dqqby shm lmu olùbmcem il shmiw u`woile mlviw`lkmls

uhibm ds shm ~dkm sikm biloile is s` shmiw qwdnsindb

mxqmwimlnm, If shm n`}w~m cm~iel i~ mffmnsivm il shi~

wm~qmns" `lm u`}bc mxqmns s` ffllc d hieh bmvmb `f

dqqwmnidsi`l f`w shi~ syqm `f d~~ielkmls dk`le

qdwsiniqdls~" d~ is uibb d~~i~s shmk il n`lsmxs}dbizile

shmiw lmuby edilmc olùbmcem dlc ~oibb~,

Il dccisi`l" dlc s` ~`km mxsmls f`bbùile `l fw`k shm

dg`vm" is hd~ qw`vml gmlmfflnidb s` iln`wq`wdsm il~iehs~

dlc ffllcile~ fw`k shm `lbilm wmkmcidb smdnhile k`cmb

cmvmb`qmc gy Wimlsim~ ms db (7116) (~mm db~` Gwdls~ dlc

^sw}yvml" 7119), Shi~ k`cmb ~}eem~s~ f`}w d~qmns~ shds

~h`}bc gm sdoml ils` dnn`}ls il ~mssile }q dly syqm `f

`lbilm" n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm, Fiw~s"

qdwsiniqdls~ ~h`}bc gm dgbm s` dnnm~~ ilf`wkdsi`l dlc

dnsivmby qdwsiniqdsm il shm qwèwdkkm ds dly sikm, Shi~

i~ `f ewmds ikq`wsdlnm" d~ is dbbù~ qdwsiniqdls~ s` dnnm~~

shm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm iwwm~qmnsivm `f sikm dlc qbdnm,

^mn`lcby" viws}db bmdwlile mlviw`lkmls~ (VBM~) ~h`}bc

dbbù f`w dl ilcivic}dbizmc bmdwlile qdsh s` ndsmw f`w

q`~~igbm ciffmwmlnm~ il qdwsiniqdls~ qwi`w olùbmcem

bmvmb~" bmdwlile ~sybm~ dlc qwmfmwmlnm~, Shiwc" dlc il bilm

uish n`lnmqs~ ~}nh d~ ~`nidb n`l~sw}nsivi~k

(Vye`s~oy" 4958) dlc ~is}dsmc nèlisi`l (Gwùl" ms db"

4989? H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114)" `lbilm bmdwlile

n`}w~m~ ~h`}bc ~sik}bdsm ilsmwdnsi`l gmsumml

qdwsiniqdls~ vid shm ilsml~ivm }~m `f n`kk}lindsi`l

s``b~" ~}nh d~ ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~" s` gwicem shm

emèwdqhindb ci~sdlnm gmsumml shmk, Dedil" shi~ uibb

l`s `lby dic shm cidbè}m gmsumml shm qdwsiniqdls~

shmk~mbvm~" g}s is uibb db~` mlhdlnm n`kk}lindsi`l

uish shm dndcmkin ~sdff, Fildbby" ~s}cmls~ ~h`}bc dbudy~

wmnmivm wdqic fmmcgdno, D~ icmlsifflmc gy Vwd~icd~ dlc

Zmkgybd~ (711>)" shi~ uibb g`sh mlhdlnm shm ilsmwdnsi`l


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119 >>>


4/11

gmsumml ~sdff dlc ~s}cmls~ il emlmwdb dlc ilnwmd~m shm

~s}cmls~ `vmwdbb qmwf`wkdlnm, Hùmvmw" shm ilisidb

~ms+}q `f shi~ k`cmb ud~ gd~mc `l shm nhdwdnsmwi~sin~ `f

wme}bdw ~s}cmls~ il hiehmw mc}ndsi`l,

Shm wmkdilcmw `f shi~ dwsinbm f`n}~m~ `l hù shm~m

kmsh`c`bèindb n`l~icmwdsi`l~ hdvm gmml q}s ils`

qwdnsinm il d eb`gdb n`kk}lisy `f bmdwlile f`w d bdwem

ilsmwldsi`ldb `wedlizdsi`l, K`wm`vmw" gy qw`vicile

mkqiwindb wm~}bs~ `l shm ilsml~isy `f }~dem `f

n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile s``b~" ~}nh d~ d~ylnhw`l`}~

ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~ (Sdgbm 4)" d~ umbb d~ `l qdwsiniqdls~

qmwnmqsi`l~ `f shm t}dbisy `f shm N`B (Sdgbm 7)" omy

mbmkmls~ ndl gm icmlsifflmc f`w eb`gdb `wedlizdsi`l~ s`

cm~iel dlc ikqbmkmls N`B~ mffmnsivmby f`w shmiw

ilsmwldsi`ldb ~sdff,

Kmsh`c

^mssile

Shm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm }lcmw mxdkildsi`l ud~

qw`vicmc f`w d bdwem ilsmwldsi`ldb `wedlizdsi`l dlc ud~

ikqbmkmlsmc fw`k J}lm s` Cmnmkgmw 7115, Is~ }bsikdsm

`gjmnsivm ud~ s` ~mn}wm shm mffmnsivmlm~~ `f shm I@ il is~

cdiby qwdnsinm gy mlhdlnile shm ndqdnisy dlc ~oibb~ `f is~

~sdff, Il dccisi`l" d~ shm u`wbc i~ n`lsil}`}~by nhdleile

dlc lmu dldby~m~ dlc ~`b}si`l~ dwm n`l~sdlsby lmmcmc"

shm I@ udlsmc s` swdil shmiw kiccbm dlc ~mli`w kdldemw~

~` shds shmy n`}bc `qmwdsm il shi~ mlviw`lkmls, Il smwk~

`f n`lsmls" shm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm f`n}~mc `l }qcdsile

qdwsiniqdls~ }lcmw~sdlcile `f lmu d~~m~~kmls~ `f

fdkibidw qw`gbmk~ dlc `l ilsw`c}nile v`ndg}bdwy dlc

shm`wim~ n}wwmlsby }~mc il qw`gbmk dldby~i~, Shm

qwèwdkkm dc`qsmc d gbmlcmc bmdwlile dqqw`dnh dlc

ud~ civicmc ils` su` kdil qhd~m~ m+bmdwlile dlc

fdnm+s`+fdnm, Shi~ dwsinbm iel`wm~ shm fdnm+s`+fdnm qdws

`f shm qwèwdkkm dlc n`lnmlswdsm~ `l shm m+bmdwlile

qhd~m,

Q}wq`~m dlc ~sw}ns}wm `f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m

Shm c}wdsi`l `f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m ud~ f`}wsmml

ummo~, Eivml shm ilsmwci~niqbildwy gdnoew`}lc `f shm

qdwsiniqdls~" is~ q}wq`~m ud~ s` ikqdws `w wmfwm~h gd~in

olùbmcem `f shm qwèwdkkm~ nmlswdb s`qin~, Il shi~

udy is nwmdsmc d bmvmb qbdyile fflmbc f`w shm ~mn`lc

qhd~m" il uhinh shm qdwsiniqdls~ fdnmc wmdb nhdbbmlem~

il q}ssile dbb shm d~qmns~ ils` qmw~qmnsivm dlc

ikqbmkmlsile shmk il wmdb+bifm ~nmldwi`~, Shm

ilsw`c}ns`wy ~sdem `f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m mldgbmc

qdwsiniqdls~ s` gmn`km dnn}~s`kmc s` shm ~sw}ns}wm dlc

n`lsmls" d~ umbb d~ shm viws}db bmdwlile mlviw`lkmls

(VBM) uhinh h`~smc dbb shm wmt}iwmc dnsivisim~ `f shm

qhd~m, Fdkibidwisy uish shm viws}db mlviw`lkmls hd~ gmml

cmmkmc ikq`wsdls gy wm~mdwnhmw~ ~}nh d~ Ombby ms db

(7115)" uh` icmlsifflmc d bdno `f mxqmwimlnm il }~ile INS

dk`le dc}bs bmdwlmw~, Dccisi`ldbby" Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc

F`lsdilhd (7115) ~siq}bdsm shds kdly qw`fm~~i`ldb~ dwm

~swdsmein }~mw~ `f IS: shds i~" shmy dwm vmwy ndqdgbm `f

}~ile ~sdlcdwc smxs+qw`nm~~ile dlc cdsd+qw`nm~~ile

qdnodem~" g}s mln`}lsmw ciffin}bsim~ uhml u`woile uish

k`wm dcvdlnmc `lbilm s``b~,

Eivml shm dg`vm n`l~icmwdsi`l~" shm m+bmdwlile

qhd~m wmt}iwmc d VBM shds ud~ dgbm l`s `lby s` h`~s

dbb shm wmt}iwmc ~sdsin n`lsmls kdsmwidb~ dlc

~}qq`wsile c`n}kmls~" g}s db~` s` qw`vicm dl

`qq`ws}lisy f`w qdwsiniqdls~ s` mledem il dnsivm

ci~n}~~i`l~" ~hdwile icmd~ dlc mxqmwimlnm~, D~ d

wm~}bs" d Gbdnog`dwc qùmwmc VBM ud~ nh`~ml"

uhinh mln`kqd~~mc d uicm wdlem `f nhdwdnsmwi~sin~

shds u`}bc hmbq s` f`~smw shm nw}nidb mbmkmls~ `f dl

mffmnsivmby u`woile n`kk}lisy `f bmdwlile, K`wm

~qmnifflndbby" is dbbùmc qdwsiniqdls~ s` n`kqbmsm `lbilm

t}izzm~" qw`vicile d}s`kdsin fmmcgdno `l shm wm~}bs~

(Wimlsim~ ms db" 7116), F}wshmwk`wm" Gbdnog`dwc

iln`wq`wdsm~ ilsmwdnsivm n`kk}lindsi`l s``b~" ~}nh d~

d~ylnhw`l`}~ ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~ shds ndl n`lswig}sm

~}g~sdlsidbby s` `qml cidbè}m dlc n`bbdg`wdsivm u`wo

`l wmdb+bifm nd~m~ dlc sd~o~ iwwm~qmnsivm `f sikm dlc

qbdnm, Shi~ db~` dbbùmc f`w k`wm qmw~`ldb dlc

ilf`wkdb mxnhdlem~ gmsumml qdwsiniqdls~ (Dkil dlc

W`gmws~" 7116), Shm `vmwdbb u`wob`dc f`w qdwsiniqdls~

ud~ m~sikdsmc ds fflvm h`}w~ qmw ummo, Il emlmwdb" shm

n`lsmls ud~ `wimlsmc sùdwc~ shm fflvm f`ndb dwmd~ `f

shm mlsiwm qwèwdkkm, Mdnh dwmd n`l~sis}smc d n`lsmls

k`c}bm shds n`kqwi~mc bmns}wm(~)" wmdcile~" t}izzm~

dlc sd~o" uhinh umwm n`bbdg`wdsivmby ~`bvmc il `lbilm

ci~n}~~i`l ew`}q~,

Sdgbm 4, Dvmwdem l}kgmw `f n`lswig}si`l~ qmw syqm `f ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k dlc n`lsmls,

S`sdb

BN L NF NCF4 NCF7 NCF> NCF3 NCF= Dbb NF NCF

Q}gbin ~qdnm 47,3> 41,3> 3,79 3,>6 4,86 1,=1 1,3> 74,86 41,3> 44,3>

Qwivdsm ~qdnm 41,81 35,71 7=,>> >=,9> 36,5> 37,>> 49,61 745,4> 35,71 469,9>

L`sm~:BN;bmdwlile n`kk}lisy? L;l}kgmw `f qdwsiniqdls~? NF;ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k? NCF;n`lsmls+cwivml f`w}k, Shm dvmwdem

vdb}m~ f`w Q}gbin ~qdnm~ hdvm gmml ndbn}bdsmc ~` d~ s` n`wwmns f`w shm bdwemw l}kgmw `f Qwivdsm ~qdnm~, Shm dvmwdem vdb}m~ f`w

Qwivdsm ~qdnm~ hdvm gmml ndbn}bdsmc `l shm gd~i~ `f f`}wsmml ~mqdwdsm bmdwlile n`kk}lisim~,




5/11

@lbilm ci~n}~~i`l ew`}q~, @lbilm ci~n}~~i`l ew`}q~

umwm shm gdnog`lm `f shm mlsiwm m+bmdwlile qhd~m dlc

umwm civicmc ils` d emlmwdb q}gbin ~qdnm dlc kdly

qwivdsm ~qdnm~" d~ wmn`kkmlcmc gy Dkil dlc W`gmws~

(7116), Shm q}gbin" qwèwdkkm+uicm ~qdnm fdnibisdsmc d

emlmwdb mxnhdlem `f olùbmcem f`w dbb qdwsiniqdls~" dlc

ilv`bvmkmls il is ud~ v`b}lsdwy, Shm qwivdsm ~qdnm~

umwm kdcm }q `f f`}wsmml ~mqdwdsm bmdwlile

Sdgbm 7, Qdwsiniqdls~ mlc mvdb}dsi`l `f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m,

C`kdil T}m~si`l K ^C

D^ Shm qwm+d~~m~~kmls ud~ d e``c sm~s s` ~hù km uhds I cic dlc cic l`s olù, =,= 4,69

D^ Shm `lbilm d~~m~~kmls~ c}wile shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m edvm km d e``c qins}wm `f uhds I ~sibb hdc s` ~s}cy, =,63 4,>>

NC Shm n`lsmls f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m ud~ il~qiwile, =,39 4,67NC Shm ~sw}ns}wm f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m ud~ e``c, =,33 4,>5

NC Shm n`lsmls f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m ud~ dqqw`qwidsm, =,>4 4,>8

NC Shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m ud~ umbb+`wedlizmc, =,48 4,=3

NC Shm sikm dbb`ndsmc ud~ ~}ffflnimls s` ~s}cy shm ~}gjmns kdssmw, >,=8 4,88

NC Qbmd~m qw`vicm dl vmwdbb ewdcm f`w shm t}dbisy f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m (~ndbm 441), 5,15 4,=8

NK Shm t}dbisy f shm m+bmdwlile kdsmwidb~ ud~ e``c, =,>6 4,38

NK Shm m+bmdwlile kdsmwidb~ k`sivdsmc km s` ommq }q uish shm ~}gjmns kdssmw, =,=> 4,==

NK Shm gd~in wmdcile bi~s hmbqmc km s` ~s}cy shm n`lsmls f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m, =,9= 4,78

NK Shm dqqbimc wmdcile bi~s hmbqmc km s` ~s}cy shm n`lsmls f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m, =,9> 4,44

NK Shm bmvmb f shm dqqbimc wmdcile bi~s ud~ dqqw`qwidsm, =,== 4,49

NK Shm dqqbimc wmdcile bi~s ud~ s`` cifffln}bs, 3,15 4,69

NK Shm dk`}ls f wmt}iwmc wmdcile ud~ s`` k}nh, 3,64 4,88

N`B I hdvm gmml mln`}wdemc s` n``qmwdsm k`wm mffmnsivmby uish ky n`bbmde}m~ u`wbcuicm, 3,86 4,>9

N`B Is ud~ d linm q`~~igibisy s` kmms n`bbmde}m~ fw`k shmw ffflnm~ lbilm, =,17 4,>9

N`B I hdvm dcj}~smc ky ~oibb~ s` qbdy d k`wm dnsivm w`bm uishil shm wedlizdsi`l, =,75 4,==

N`B I dk k`wm dgbm s` n``qmwdsm uish shmw wedlizdsi`l~, =,44 4,=5

N`B I dk k`wm dgbm s` qdwsiniqdsm il shm swdl~bdsi l `f shm `wedlizdsi l~ eb`gdb n`kkiskmls~ ils` mffmnsivm

q`binim~ f`w `}w nbimls~,

=,>7 4,61

N`B I uibb ems gmssmw wm~}bs~ il ky ndwmmw, =,>1 4,>9

EN Shm ew`}q il uhinh I qdwsiniqdsmc f}lnsi`lmc umbb, 3,=9 4,58

EN I shilo I hdvm bmdwlmc k`wm c}wile shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m shw`}eh n`bbdg`wdsi l uish shmw~ shdl I u`}bc

hdvm bmdwlmc" if I hdc s` u`wo db`lm,

3,66 4,97

EN I qdwsiniqdsmc dnsivmby il shm lbilm ci~n}~~i`l~ (uishil shm bmdwlile n`kk}lisy), =,46 4,=4

EN I shilo I n`lswig}smc s` shm ci~n}~~i l~ uish vdb}dgbm n`kkmls~ dlc ~}eem~si l~ f w `shmw~, =,19 4,3>

ES Shm e`db~ f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m umwm nbmdw s` km, =,65 1,91

ES Is ud~ nbmdw s` km uhds ud~ mxqmnsmc f km c}wile shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m, =,>6 4,7>

ES Shm d~~ielkmls~/sd~o~ ~sik}bdsmc km s n`bbdg wdsm uish shm `shmw ew`}q kmkgmw~ (il shm bmdwlilen`kk}lisy),

3,65 4,==

ES Shm d~~ielkmls~/sd~o~ ~sik}bdsmc km s` ~s}cy, =,56 4,76

IL Shm dndcmkin fdnibisds`w~ umwm mlsh}~id~sin il n`dnhile }w bmdwlile n`kk}lisy, 3,9= 4,9>

IL I mxqmnsmc shm dndcmkin fdnibisds`w~ s` sdom d k`wm dnsivm w`bm il shm bmdwlile qw`nm~~, 3,=9 7,77

IL Shm dndcmkin fdnibisds w~ mln`}wdemc shm qdwsiniqdsi l `f dbb ew }q kmkgmw~ il shm lbilm ew`}q

ci~n}~~i`l~ (bmdwlile n`kk}lisy),

=,15 4,8=

IL Shm bmns}wm~ umwm f e``c t}dbisy, =,=5 4,=9

IL Shm bmns}wm~ hmbqmc km s` ~s}cy shm kdsmwidb~, =,=7 4,75

IL Qbmd~m qw vicm dl vmwdbb ewdcm f w shm f}lnsi lile `f shm dndcmkin m+bmdwlile smdk (~ndbm 441), 5,44 4,95

B^ Shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m f shi~ bmdwlile qwèwdkkm ud~ d vdb}dgbm bmdwlile mxqmwimlnm, 6,46 4,>6

B^ Is ud~ f}l shds I n`}bc dssmlc shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m vid shm Ilsmwlms, 3,94 4,69

B^ I dk ~dsi~fflmc uish uhds I bmdwlmc il smwk~ f olùbmcem, =,61 4,>1

B^ I dk ~dsi~fflmc uish uhds I bmdwlmc il smwk~ f il~iehs~, =,37 4,=4B^ I hdvm ikqw`vmc ky mvicmlnm+gd~mc dldby~i~ ~oibb~, =,>3 4,46

B^ I hdvm bmdwlmc hù s` }~m dl mvicmlnm+gd~mc dqqw`dnh, 3,89 4,6=

@l dvmwdem" hù kdly h`}w~ qmw ummo cic y`} u`wo `l shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m `f shi~ bmdwlile

qwèwdkkm0

8,71 6,69

L`sm:l; 89 (=4,=-), D^; D~~m~~kmls? NC; N`}w~m cm~iel? NK; N`}w~m kdsmwidb? N`B;N`kk}lisy f bmdwlile? EN; Ew`}q

n`bbdg`wdsi`l? ES;E`db~ dlc sd~o~? IL;Il~sw}nsi`l? B^;Bmdwlile ~dsi~fdnsi`l,


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119 >>=


6/11

n`kk}lisim~" mdnh n`l~i~sile `f dg`}s sumbvm

wdlc`kby+d~~ielmc qdwsiniqdls~, G`sh ~qdnm~ n`lsdilmc

d~ylnhw`l`}~ ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~" il uhinh qdwsiniqdls~

n`}bc `qmlby ci~n}~~ shm n`lsmls `f shm k`c}bm~ (~mm

Fie}wm 4),

Il dccisi`l" su` ciffmwmls syqm~ `f f`w}k~ umwm

dvdibdgbm, @lm ~qmnifflndbby f`n}~mc `l ew`}q+g}ibcile

qw`nm~~m~ dlc ud~ mlsisbmc Ndf Sdbo Qmw~`ldb

Ilf`wkdsi`l, Hmwm" qm`qbm n`}bc ilsw`c}nm shmk~mbvm~"

q`~s qins}wm~ dlc ilc}bem il ilf`wkdb nhis+nhds (Fie}wm

7), Shi~ f`w}k hmbqmc s` f`~smw shm nwmdsi`l `f sw}~s dlc

d n`kk`l icmlsisy (H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114?

U``c~ dlc Mgmw~`bm" 711>), Shm `shmw ud~ n`lsmls+

cwivml: mdnh f`ndb dwmd ud~ d~~ielmc dl ilcivic}db

ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k" uhinh ud~ gd~mc `l d qwdnsindb"

wmdb+bifm sd~o" sdoml fw`k shm dns}db u`woile

mlviw`lkmls `f shm qdwsiniqdls~, Shm nhdbbmlem f`w

qdwsiniqdls~ ud~ s` dqqby shm lmuby+edilmc olùbmcem

s` shm ~}qq`~mcby fdkibidw ~}ww`}lcile~, Shi~

n`l~sis}smc d syqm `f lm`+dqqwmlsinm~hiq ~sybm bmdwlile

(Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115)" dlc ~sik}bdsmc

ilsmwdnsi`l gmsumml n`bbmde}m~ fw`k ciffmwmls

gdnoew`}lc~, Fie}wm > qw`vicm~ dl `vmwvimu `f uhds

~}nh ci~n}~~i`l~ b`òmc biom dlc hù shmy mv`bvmc, Il

shi~ fwdkmu`wo" mxqmws~ umwm l`s lmnm~~dwiby cmffllmc `l

shm gd~i~ `f mxqbinis olùbmcem g}s k`wm db`le shm bilm~

`f sml}wm dlc sdnis olùbmcem, Gy qw`vicile shm~m

f`w}k~" ~qibb`vmw+mffmns~ (H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114)

umwm nwmdsmc" uish k`wm ~mli`w ~sdff ~hdwile shmiw

olùbmcem uish j}li`w n`bbmde}m~ dlc shm j}li`w

n`bbmde}m~ ilsw`c}nile lmu sh`}ehs~ dlc icmd~ s` shm

`wedlizdsi`l, S` fdnibisdsm shm ci~n}~~i`l~" d smdk `f

dndcmkin ~sdff ud~ d~~ielmc s` mdnh bmdwlile

n`kk}lisy" k`lis`wile ci~n}~~i`l~ dlc dl~umwile

n`lsmls+wmbdsmc t}m~si`l~, Shmy db~` dnsmc d~ ~qdwwile

qdwslmw~" nhdbbmleile qdwsiniqdls~ s` wmshilo shmiw

n}wwmls qwdnsinm~ dlc ikqbmkmls shm lmuby+edilmc

olùbmcem il shmiw u`woile mlviw`lkmls (Dkil dlc

W`gmws~" 7116), Ilv`bvmkmls il shm n`lsmls+cwivml

f`w}k~ ud~ `gbieds`wy, Shm n`lswig}si`l~ umwm ewdcmc

gy shm dndcmkin ~sdff dlc dnn`}lsmc f`w =1- `f shm fflldb

ewdcm f`w shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m, Fildbby" s` dnn`kk`cdsm

shm g}~y ~nhmc}bm~ `f shm qdwsiniqdls~ dlc s` ml~}wm shds

mvmwy`lm hdc dl `qq`ws}lisy s` qdwsiniqdsm dnsivmby il dbb

ci~n}~~i`l~" dbb shm f`w}k~ wmkdilmc dnnm~~igbm

shw`}eh`}s shm mlsiwm m+bmdwlile qhd~m,

Qdwsiniqdls~

Su` h}lcwmc dlc sml qdwsiniqdls~ fw`k 84 `ffinm~

u`wbcuicm ~sdwsmc shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m, ]lf`ws}ldsmby"

c}m s` }lf`wm~mml niwn}k~sdlnm~ dlc hmdvy u`wo

~nhmc}bm~" 77 qdwsiniqdls~ (41,38-) hdc s` cw`q `}s"

bmdvile d s`sdb `f 453 qdwsiniqdls~ uh` n`kqbmsmc shm

m+bmdwlile qhd~m, Shm emlcmw ci~swig}si`l `f shm

wmkdilile ew`}q ud~ ~biehsby il fdv`}w `f fmkdbm~

(=7,9-) dlc shm dvmwdem dem ud~ 33,3 ymdw~, Uish

Fie}wm 4, Mxdkqbm `f dl d~ylnhw`l`}~ ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k uishil d bmdwlile n`kk}lisy,




7/11

Fie}wm 7, Mxdkqbm `f d Ndf Sdbo Qmw~`ldb Ilf` ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k uishil d bmdwlile n`kk}lisy,

L`sm: Ldkm~ hdvm gmml wmk`vmc s` ml~}wm dl`lykisy,

Fie}wm >, Mxdkqbm `f d n`lsmls+cwivml ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k uishil d bmdwlile n`kk}lisy,

L`sm: Ldkm~ hdvm gmml wmk`vmc s` ml~}wm dl`lykisy,


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119 >>5


8/11

wmedwc s` mc}ndsi`ldb gdnoew`}lc" shm kdj`wisy `f shm

qdwsiniqdls~ hmbc d Kd~smw~ cmewmm (68,7-)" 45,>- hdc

d QhC" 9,7- hdc d Gdnhmb`w~ cmewmm dlc =,>- hdc

`shmw cmewmm~, Shmiw cmewmm ~}gjmns~ ilnb}cmc" dk`le

`shmw~" Mleilmmwile" Hmdbsh ^nimlnm~" ^`ni`bèy"

Ilsmwldsi`ldb Bdu dlc Emèwdqhy,

Il~sw}kmls~

Mxqmnsdsi`l~ dlc e`db~ gmf`wm shm ~sdws `f shm m+bmdwlile

qhd~m, Gmf`wm shm ~sdws `f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m"

qdwsiniqdls~ umwm d~omc dg`}s shmiw mxqmnsdsi`l~ dlc

e`db~ vid dl `lbilm t}m~si`lldiwm, Shi~ il~sw}kmls ud~

gd~mc `l d qwmvi`}~ vmw~i`l cmvmb`qmc ds Kdd~swinhs

]livmw~isy (Eim~gmw~ ms db" 7119? Wimlsim~ ms db" 7116)

dlc ilnb}cmc ~`km dcj}~skmls~ s` ffls shm n`lsmxs `f

u`woile qw`fm~~i`ldb~, Is n`kqwi~mc 73 t}m~si`l~"

~}gcivicmc ils` f`}w ndsme`wim~" dlc ud~ dckili~smwmc

uish d ~mvml+qìls Biomws ~ndbm il uhinh 4 cml`smc l`s

sw}m f`w km ds dbb s` 5 cml`smc n`kqbmsmby sw}m f`w km,Shm f`}w ndsme`wim~ umwm icmlsindb s` sh`~m cmvmb`qmc

gy Wimlsim~ ms db (7116): Wmd~`l~ s` jìl shm n`}w~m

(~ix t}m~si`l~)" N`}w~m cm~iel (f`}w t}m~si`l~)"

Mxqmnsdsi`l~ dlc e`db~ (sml t}m~si`l~) dlc Ew`}q

n`bbdg`wdsi`l (f`}w t}m~si`l~), Shm wm~q`l~m wdsm ud~

93-, Shm q}wq`~m `f shi~ t}m~si`lldiwm ud~ s` m~sdgbi~h

dl `vmwvimu `f shm mx+dlsm ~is}dsi`l gmf`wm shm

qdwsiniqdls~ umwm mxq`~mc s` shm n`lsmls dlc ~sw}ns}wm `f

shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m" ilnb}cile shmiw dssis}cm sùdwc~ shm

~nhmc}bmc n`bbdg`wdsivm dnsivisim~,

Ilsml~isy `f }~m `f ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~, Eivml shm nmlswdbw`bm `f shm `lbilm ci~n}~~i`l ew`}q~ dlc shmiw ~sw}ns}wdb

ikq`wsdlnm uishil shm kmsh`c`bèindb fwdkmu`wo"

~qmniffln dssmlsi`l ud~ qdic s` shm ilsml~isy uish uhinh

shmy umwm }~mc, Il shm n}wwmls ~s}cy" shi~ ud~ kmd~}wmc

gy n`}lsile shm l}kgmw `f n`lswig}si`l~ s` shm q}gbin

dlc qwivdsm ci~n}~~i`l~ f`w}k~, Shm q}wq`~m hmwm ud~

s` m~sikdsm shm mxsmls s` uhinh qdwsiniqdls~ `qmlby

ci~n}~~mc n`lsmls+wmbdsmc s`qin~, K`wm`vmw" s`

ilvm~siedsm shm ikq`wsdlnm `f qw`vicile ~qdnm~ f`w

ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l" shm ci~swig}si`l gmsumml shm

ilf`wkdb dlc shm n`lsmls+cwivml f`w}k~ ud~

cmsmwkilmc,

^dsi~fdnsi`l dfsmw shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m, Ds shm mlc `f

shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m" qdwsiniqdls~ ~dsi~fdnsi`l ud~

m~sikdsmc vid dl`shmw `lbilm t}m~si`lldiwm, Biom shm

qwm+n`}w~m mvdb}dsi`l" shi~ ud~ dl dcdqsmc vmw~i`l `f d

t}m~si`lldiwm ~qmnifflndbby cmvmb`qmc s` mvdb}dsm ~ikibdw

bmdwlile ilisidsivm~ ds Kdd~swinhs ]livmw~isy (Eim~gmw~

ms db" 7119? Wimlsim~ ms db" 7116), Shm }lcmwbyile

k`sivdsi`l ud~ s` m~sikdsm hù d~qmns~ ~}nh d~ shm

t}dbisy `f shm wmdb+bifm sd~o~" shm fdnibisdsi`l `f shm

ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~ dlc shm `vmwdbb ~sw}ns}wm `f shm qhd~m

umwm qmwnmivmc gy shm qdwsiniqdls~, Shi~ qw`vicmc

vdb}dgbm ilf`wkdsi`l s` hmbq }~ cmsmwkilm uhmshmw dlc

s` uhds mxsmls shm ~mbmnsmc kmsh`c`bèindb fwdkmu`wo

hdc gmml mffmnsivm, Shmwm umwm 37 t}m~si`l~" ~}gcivicmc

ils` ~ix ndsme`wim~" dlc shm t}m~si`lldiwm ud~

dckili~smwmc uish d ~mvml+qìls Biomws ~ndbm il uhinh 4

cml`smc ~sw`leby ci~dewmm dlc 5 cml`smc ~sw`leby

dewmm, Shm ~ix ndsme`wim~ umwm: D~~m~~kmls (su`

t}m~si`l~)" N`}w~m cm~iel (~ix t}m~si`l~)" N`}w~m

kdsmwidb (~mvml t}m~si`l~)" N`kk}lisy `f bmdwlile

(~ix t}m~si`l~)" Ew`}q n`bbdg`wdsi`l (f`}w t}m~si`l~)"

E`db~ dlc sd~o~ (f`}w t}m~si`l~)" Il~sw}nsi`l (~ix

t}m~si`l~) dlc Bmdwlile ~dsi~fdnsi`l (~ix t}m~si`l~), Il

dccisi`l" qdwsiniqdls~ umwm d~omc s` ilcindsm shm dvmwdem

l}kgmw `f h`}w~ shmy hdc ~qmls qmw ummo `l shm

m+bmdwlile qhd~m dlc shmwm ud~ db~` dl `qml t}m~si`l f`w

n`kkmls~, Uish shm mxnmqsi`l `f N`kk}lisy `f

bmdwlile" uhinh ud~ ilsw`c}nmc ~qmnifflndbby s`

ilvm~siedsm shm ffls `f shm kmsh`c`bèindb fwdkmu`wo"

shm~m ndsme`wim~ umwm dedil icmlsindb s` sh`~m `f Wimlsim~

ms db (7116), Shm wm~q`l~m wdsm ud~ =4- shi~ bù wdsm

i~ biomby s` hdvm gmml nd}~mc gy shm ~h`ws sikm gmsumml

shm mlc `f shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m dlc shm ~}g~mt}mls

wm~icmlsidb u`wo~h`q,

Wm~}bs~

Qwi`w mvdb}dsi`l

Gwimy ~}kkdwizile shm kdil wm~}bs~ `f shm qwi`w

mvdb}dsi`l" is ndl gm ~sdsmc shds shm ~sdff `f shm

ilsmwldsi`ldb `wedlizdsi`l qdwsiniqdsmc kdilby s` fflbbedq~ il shmiw olùbmcem dlc ~oibb~, K`wm`vmw"

qdwsiniqdsi`l db~` ~mmkmc s` gm wmbdsmc s` d cm~iwm s`

ikqw`vm ndwmmw qw`~qmns~, Shm qdwsiniqdls~ dssis}cm~

sùdwc~ ew`}q n`bbdg`wdsi`l umwm emlmwdbby q`~isivm" d~

shmy gmbimvmc shmy u`}bc dnhimvm gmssmw wm~}bs~ gy

u`woile n`bbdg`wdsivmby shdl gy ilcivic}db mff`ws, Uish

wmedwc s` shm n`}w~m cm~iel" shmwm ud~ d n`l~icmwdgbm

dqqwmnidsi`l shds shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m n`}bc gm f`bbùmc

`lbilm iwwm~qmnsivm `f sikm dlc qbdnm, @vmwdbb" shml"

shm~m wm~}bs~ qw`vicm ~`km qwmbikildwy mvicmlnm shds shm

nh`~ml ~sw}ns}wm dlc kmsh`c`bèindb fwdkmu`wo

n`l~sis}smc d fdiw wmqwm~mlsdsi`l `f uhds shm dc}bsbmdwlmw~ mxqmnsmc dlc udlsmc fw`k d viws}db n`kk}lisy

`f bmdwlile,

Ilsml~isy `f }~m

Sdgbm 4 ~hù~ shm ilsml~isy `f }~m `f shm ciffmwmls syqm~

`f ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k dvdibdgbm s` qdwsiniqdls~, D~

ilcindsmc il shm shm`wmsindb ~mnsi`l `f shi~ dwsinbm" d hieh

bmvmb `f dnsivisy il shm~m f`w}k~ u`}bc qw`vicm mvicmlnm

f`w shm ikq`wsdlnm `f iln`wq`wdsile q}gbin dlc qwivdsm

~qdnm~" d~ umbb d~ ~qdnm~ f`w ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l, @l

dvmwdem" 74,86 km~~dem~ umwm n`lswig}smc s` shm q}gbin




9/11

f`w}k~" n`kqdwmc s` 745,4> km~~dem~ il shm qwivdsm

bmdwlile n`kk}lisim~, Shi~ ffllcile i~ w`}ehby

n`kqdwdgbm s` shm `}sn`km~ l`smc gy Wimlsim~ ms db

(il qwm~~)" uh` n`lc}nsmc d ~ikibdw ~s}cy `l dl `lbilm

n`}w~m il mn`l`kin~ f`w iln`kile Gdnhmb`w~ ~s}cmls~

ds Kdd~swinhs ]livmw~isy, Shm ffllcile db~` qw`vicm~ d

fflw~s ilcindsi`l `f shm qmwnmivmc vdb}m~ `f shm ciffmwmls

syqm~ `f f`w}k, Dbsh`}eh g`sh syqm~ umwm umbb+wmnmivmc

gy shm qdwsiniqdls~ dlc n`lswig}smc s` dl `qml cidbè}m"

ilf`wkdb n`kk}lindsi`l ud~ k`wm qw`l`}lnmc il shm

q}gbin ~qdnm~, Shm qwivdsm bmdwlile n`kk}lisim~" `l

shm `shmw hdlc" umwm }~mc kdilby s` mledem il n`lsmls+

cwivml ci~n}~~i`l~, Ilsmwm~sileby" shmwm umwm db~`

~}g~sdlsidb ciffmwmlnm~ il shm l}kgmw `f n`lswig}si`l~ s`

shm vdwi`}~ n`lsmls+cwivml f`w}k~" uish shm f`w}k~ il

f`ndb dwmd shwmm mxqmwimlnile shm hiehm~s cmewmm `f

qdwsiniqdsi`l shi~ i~ l`smu`wshy" d~ shm~m ci~n}~~i`l~

umwm kdilby dnsivm dw`}lc shm kiccbm `f shm m+bmdwlile

qhd~m, Sh}~ is ~mmk~ shds shm qdwsiniqds`wy bmvmb~ `f

ilcivic}db qdwsiniqdls~ uibb vdwy `vmw shm n`}w~m `f shm

m+bmdwlile qhd~m, îkibdwby" is i~ ilsmwm~sile s` n`kqdwm

qdwsiniqdls~ mledemkmls il shm ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l

f`w}k~" uhinh umwm cm~ielmc s` ~sik}bdsm d fmmbile `f

n`kk`ldbisy (H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114)" uish shmiw

mledemkmls il shm n`lsmls+cwivml f`w}k~" uhinh umwm

f`w shm ci~n}~~i`l `f lmuby+edilmc olùbmcem dlc

dikmc s` f`~smw d lm`+dqqwmlsinm~hiq ~sybm bmdwlile

(Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115), Uish shm

mxnmqsi`l `f shm q}gbin ~qdnm" uhmwm shm ci~swig}si`l `f

km~~dem~ ud~ w`}ehby mt}db gmsumml shm su` syqm~

`f f`w}k" shm n`lsmls+cwivml f`w}k~ umwm shm nmlswm `f

dssmlsi`l il shm bmdwlile n`kk}lisim~, Shi~ ffllcile

ndl gm n`kqdwmc uish shds il d ~s}cy gy ^nhmbbml~

dlc Vdbnom (711=)" uh` n`lc}nsmc d k`wm sh`w`}eh

n`lsmls dldby~i~ `f d~ylnhw`l`}~ ci~n}~~i`l ew`}q~

dk`le ~s}cmls~ `f d fwm~hkdl n`}w~m il Il~sw}nsi`ldb

^nimlnm, Shmy f`}lc d hiehmw qw`q`wsi`l `f

n`lsmls+wmbdsmc n`kk}lindsi`l shdl `f ilf`wkdb

ci~n}~~i`l~,

Mlc mvdb}dsi`l

Sdgbm 7 qwm~mls~ shm wm~}bs~ `f shm mlc mvdb}dsi`l,

@vmwdbb" `l d ~ndbm fw`k 4 (vmwy gdc) s` 41 (vmwy

e``c)" shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m ud~ q`~isivmby mvdb}dsmc" il

smwk~ `f g`sh t}dbisy (K;5,15" ^C;4,=8) dlc

~}qq`wsile ~sdff (K;5,44" ^C;4,95), K`wm ~qmnifflndbby"

shm wm~}bs~ `f shm ndsme`wy Bmdwlile ~dsi~fdnsi`l (B^)

nbmdwby ilcindsm shds shm qdwsiniqdls~ hdc d q`~isivm

dssis}cm sùdwc~ shm `}sn`km~" ilcindsile shds shm

m+bmdwlile qhd~m hdc gmml vdb}dgbm dlc hdc qw`vicmc

shmk uish d gmssmw }lcmw~sdlcile `f lmu n`lnmqs~ dlc

kmsh`c~ uhinh shmy n`}bc dqqby il shmiw u`wo, Shi~

ffllcile i~ ~swmleshmlmc gy shm fdns shds shm qdwsiniqdls~

emlmwdbby qmwnmivmc shm N`}w~m cm~iel (NC) `f shm

m+bmdwlile qhd~m s` gm dqqw`qwidsm dlc shi~ swdl~bdsmc

ils` wm~qmnsdgbm ~n`wm~ f`w g`sh is~ ~sw}ns}wm dlc n`lsmls,

Shm `lby l`sinmdgbm cwdugdno ud~ shm dk`}ls `f sikm

wmt}iwmc s` qwmqdwm f`w shm qwèwdkkm, Il n`lswd~s s` shm

mlvi~demc fflvm h`}w~ qmw ummo" qdwsiniqdls~ ~qmls `l

dvmwdem miehs h`}w~ qmw ummo `l shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m,

Qdwsiniqdls~ umwm emlmwdbby ~dsi~fflmc uish shm N`}w~m

kdsmwidb~ (NK)" g}s shm wm~}bs~ f`w shm N`kk}lisy `f

bmdwlile ndsme`wy umwm k`wm dkgie}`}~, Dbsh`}eh shm

qdwsiniqdls~ fmbs shds shm n`}w~m u`}bc bmdc s` gmssmw

ndwmmw dnhimvmkmls~" uhinh ud~ il bilm uish shmiw

mxqmnsdsi`l~ qwi`w s` shm qwèwdkkm" shmy umwm `lby

qdwsidbby n`lvilnmc shds shmy u`}bc gm k`wm dgbm

n``qmwdsm mffmnsivmby uish `shmw `wedlizdsi`l~, Dlc

dbsh`}eh shm ilisidb mvicmlnm i~ qw`ki~ile" shmwm i~ ~sibb

w``k f`w ikqw`vmkmls if shm N`B i~ eml}ilmby s`

~sik}bdsm n`bbdg`wdsi`l dk`le qdwsiniqdls~ fw`k

ciffmwmls `ffinm~ dlc wmei`l~,

D~ hd~ gmml ~sdsmc" d kdj`w `gjmnsivm `f shm n`}w~m

ud~ s` ~sik}bdsm dnsivm ci~n}~~i`l dk`le qdwsiniqdls~"

bmdcile s` d cmewmm `f lm`+dqqwmlsinm~hiq ~sybm

bmdwlile (Edll`l+Bmdwy dlc F`lsdilhd" 7115),

Hùmvmw" j}ceile fw`k shm wm~}bs~ f`w shm E`db~ dlc

sd~o~ (ES) ndsme`wy" qdwsiniqdls~ fmbs `lby kibcby

~sik}bdsmc s` n`bbdg`wdsm uish shmiw qmmw~ il `wcmw s`

n`kqbmsm shm sd~o~, Shi~ ffllcile i~ ~}qq`wsmc gy

wm~q`l~m~ s` shm t}m~si`l~ il shm Ew`}q n`bbdg`wdsi`l

(EN) ndsme`wy, Dbsh`}eh qdwsiniqdls~ hdc ilcindsmc il

shmiw qwm+n`}w~m wm~q`l~m~ shds shmy mxqmnsmc s` bmdwl

n`bbdg`wdsivmby wdshmw shdl ilcivic}dbby" shmy umwm l`s

n`lvilnmc shds shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m hdc f}bby ndqisdbizmc

`l shi~ d~qmns dlc hdc ~sik}bdsmc shmk s` mledem f}bby

il ci~n}~~i`l~ uish shmiw qmmw~, Uish wmedwc s`

Il~sw}nsi`l (IL)" shm qdwsiniqdls~ umwm emlmwdbby

~dsi~fflmc uish shm qmwf`wkdlnm `f shm `lbilm fdnibisds`w~

dlc dqqwmnidsmc shmiw mlsh}~id~k il ~}qq`wsile shmk

shw`}eh`}s shm ci~n}~~i`l~, Hùmvmw" shmy ilcindsmc

shds shm fdnibisds`w~ ~h`}bc hdvm sdoml d k`wm dnsivm w`bm

il shm e}icile ci~n}~~i`l~,

^}kkdwy dlc ci~n}~~i`l

Il shi~ ~s}cy" shm l`si`l `f shm n`kk}lisy `f bmdwlile

ud~ }~mc s` d~~m~~ shm qmwnmivmc mffmnsivmlm~~ `f d

eb`gdb bmdwlile qwèwdkkm, Is hd~ gmml dwe}mc" fw`k shm

shm`wmsindb qmw~qmnsivm" shds shm iln`wq`wdsi`l `f shm icmd

`f n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile ils` dl `lbilm n`}w~m uibb

ilnwmd~m is~ ~}nnm~~, ^sdwsile fw`k shi~ qmw~qmnsivm dlc

g}ibcile `l dl @lbilm Wmkmcidb Smdnhile K`cmb" fflvm

omy fdns`w~ umwm sdoml ils` dnn`}ls il `wedlizile shm

m+bmdwlile qhd~m shds umwm n`l~icmwmc ikq`wsdls il

~sik}bdsile dl mffmnsivm dlc ~}nnm~~f}b N`B, Fiw~s" dl

`qml cidbè}m ~h`}bc gm mln`}wdemc gmsumml dbb

qdwsiniqdsile qdwsim~, ^mn`lc" dc}bs bmdwlmw~ dwm biomby s`


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119 >>9


10/11

mxhigis }ns}dsile bmvmb~ `f qdwsiniqdsi`l" c}m s` shmiw

g}~y u`wo ~nhmc}bm~" dlc dl mffmnsivm N`B ~h`}bc ndsmw

f`w shi~, Shiwc" qdwsiniqdls~ ~h`}bc hdvm dnnm~~ s` g`sh

q}gbin dlc qwivdsm ~qdnm~, Shi~ uibb fdnibisdsm shm

nwmdsi`l `f d ~hdwmc wmqmwsìwm `f wm~`}wnm~ dlc s``b~

dlc uibb dbbù qdwsiniqdls~ s` cmvmb`q d cmewmm `f

n`kk`ldbisy (H}le dlc Cmw+Shdlt" 7114), F`}wsh"

qdwsiniqdls~ lmmc ~qdnm~ f`w ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l s`

nwmdsm d ~ml~m `f gmb`leile dlc sw}~s" uhinh i~ lmnm~~dwy

if shmy dwm s` ~hdwm ilf`wkdsi`l dlc n`lswig}sm s` shm

N`B, Fildbby" dlc wmmnsile shm n`lnmqs `f ~is}dsmc

bmdwlile" dc}bs bmdwlmw~ uibb gmlmffls ewmdsby fw`k

u`woile `l wmdb+bifm dlc n}wwmls qw`gbmk~ s` uhinh

shmy ndl wmbdsm,

@vmwdbb" shm ~s}cy n`lfflwk~ shm ikq`wsdlnm `f sh`~m

fflvm fdns`w~, K`wm`vmw" j}ceile fw`k shm mvdb}dsi`l

~n`wm~ dlc ilsml~isy `f }~m ~sdsi~sin~ ci~n}~~mc dg`vm"

shmiw ikqbmkmlsdsi`l ud~ ~}nnm~~f}bby dnn`kqbi~hmc il

shi~ nd~m, Shm qdwsiniqdls~ nbmdwby ilcindsmc shds shmy

hdc f`}lc shm qwèwdkkm d vdb}dgbm bmdwlile

mxqmwimlnm dlc shds shmy gmbivmc is u`}bc d~~i~s shmk il

shmiw f}s}wm ndwmmw~, Shm qwmc`kildls w`bm `f `lbilm

ci~n}~~i`l~ dlc shm n`bbdg`wdsivm u`wo `l wmdb+bifm sd~o~

umwm db~` hiehby dqqwmnidsmc qw`vicile k`wm mvicmlnm

shds N`B~ qw`vicm dl mffmnsivm kmdl~ f`w ilsmwldsi`ldb

`wedlizdsi`l~ s` mledem shmiw ~sdff il swdilile ilisidsivm~

dlc ndqdnisy g}ibcile dnsivisim~,

@l shm `shmw hdlc" su` ffllcile~ ilcindsm shm lmmc f`w

~`km nwisindb dcj}~skmls~, Fiw~s" shm dns}db u`wob`dc dlc

shm sikm wmt}iwmc s` n`kqbmsm dbb shm dnsivisim~ umwm

}lcmwm~sikdsmc, Shi~ nwmdsmc ciffin}bsim~ f`w qdwsiniqdls~

il qwmqdwile f`w dnsivisim~ dlc ffllcile shm sikm s`

n`lswig}sm dnsivmby s` shm ci~n}~~i`l~, @lm q`~~igbm

~`b}si`l i~ s` ilf`wk shm qdwsiniqdls~ ~}qmwvi~`w~ k`wm

f}bby dg`}s shm cikml~i`l~ `f shm bmdwlile qwèwdkkm"

~` shds qdwsiniqdls~ dwm gmssmw dgbm s` n`kgilm shmiw

~s}cim~ uish shmiw wme}bdw u`wo `gbiedsi`l~,

Dbsmwldsivmby" shm n`lsmls `f shm n`}w~m n`}bc gm

wmvimumc s` wmc}nm is~ n`vmwdem g}s shi~ u`}bc

qw`gdgby hdvm d lmedsivm ikqdns `l is~ t}dbisy" uhinh

u`}bc l`s gm il dly`lm~ ilsmwm~s,

Shm ~mn`lc dwmd f`w ikqw`vmkmls wmbdsm~ s` shm

fdnibisdsi`l `f shm ci~n}~~i`l f`w}k~, Dbsh`}eh `lbilm

fdnibisds`w~ wmnmivmc q`~isivm ~n`wm~" qdwsiniqdls~

ilcindsmc shds shmy ~h`}bc hdvm sdoml d k`wm dnsivm

w`bm il shm bmdwlile qw`nm~~, Shmwm i~ db~` w``k f`w

ikqw`vmkmls il ~sik}bdsile qdwsiniqdls~ s` n`bbdg`wdsm

f}bby uish shmiw n`bbmde}m~ il shm f`w}k~, @l `lm hdlc"

shi~ n`}bc gm dnhimvmc gy dcj}~sile shm wmdb+bifm sd~o~

~}nh shds n`bbdg`wdsi`l ud~ k`wm lmnm~~dwy, Ds shm ~dkm

sikm" `lbilm fdnibisds`w~ n`}bc gm il~sw}nsmc s` gmn`km

k`wm qw`dnsivm" mffmnsivmby ~sik}bdsile ci~n}~~i`l~ dlc

mln`}wdeile qdwsiniqdls~ s` mxnhdlem shmiw vimu~ dlc

icmd~ `l vdwi`}~ s`qin~,

Bikisdsi`l~ dlc f}s}wm wm~mdwnh

Shi~ ~s}cy hd~ shwmm kdil ~h`wsn`kile~ shds ~h`}bc gm

sdoml ils` dnn`}ls uhml ilsmwqwmsile shm cdsd dlc

cwduile n`lnb}~i`l~ f`w shm vdbicisy `f shm shm`wmsindb

fwdkmu`wo `f n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile, Fiw~s" shm

dldby~i~ i~ cm~nwiqsivm dlc i~ gd~mc bdwemby `l shm

~}gjmnsivm qmwnmqsi`l~ `f qdwsiniqdls~ dg`}s n`lsmls"

~sw}ns}wm dlc `}sn`km~, Dbsh`}eh shi~ nmwsdilby qw`vicm~

d vdb}dgbm fflw~s ikqwm~~i`l" is ndqs}wm~ `lby qdws `f shm

qins}wm, K`wm`vmw" shm n`kqbmsi`l wdsm `f shm mlc+`f+

n`}w~m t}m~si`lldiwm ud~ wdshmw bù" dlc shi~ kdom~ is

k`wm ciffin}bs s` emlmwdbizm shm ffllcile~ `vmw shm mlsiwm

mxqmwikmlsdb q`q}bdsi`l, îkibdwby" shm kdj`wisy `f

shm mvdb}dsi`l ~n`wm~ ~hù n`l~icmwdgbm ~sdlcdwc

cmvidsi`l~" uhinh dedil q`~m ciffin}bsim~ il ilsmwqwmsile

shm wm~}bs~, Hùmvmw" gd~mc `l n`lfflwkds`wy Nw`lgdnh

dbqhd~" shm n`lnb}~i`l~ cwdul fw`k shm cdsd ndl

lmvmwshmbm~~ gm n`l~icmwmc d~ wmqwm~mlsdsivm,

^mn`lc" shi~ ~s}cy f`n}~m~ `l shm m+bmdwlile qhd~m

dlc c`m~ l`s n`l~icmw dly cdsd fw`k shm fdnm+s`+fdnm

u`wo~h`q `w shm `vmwdbb wm~}bs~ `f shm eb`gdb bmdwlile

qwèwdkkm, Sh}~ shm qins}wm i~ l`s d n`kqbmsm `lm dlc

nmwsdil d~qmns~ kdy gm lmebmnsmc shds u`}bc hdvm

gmn`km dqqdwmls `lby ds d bdsmw ~sdem, Il dccisi`l" shm

bmdwlile qwèwdkkm ud~ db~` qw`vicmc il 7116 dlc

dedil il 7119, Is u`}bc gm ilsmwm~sile s` n`kqdwm shm

shwmm n`h`ws~ dlc shmiw wm~qmnsivm mvdb}dsi`l~ dlc sh}~

s` d~nmwsdil uhmshmw shmwm dly ~ielifflndls ciffmwmlnm~

gmsumml shmk,

Shiwc" il swyile s` d~~m~~ shm mkqiwindb wmbmvdlnm

`f `qml cidbè}m" q}gbin dlc qwivdsm ~qdnm~ dlc

ilf`wkdb ci~n}~~i`l~" `lnm dedil `lby cm~nwiqsivm

cdsd umwm }~mc, Sh}~" uhibm m~sdgbi~hile d fflw~s

}lcmw~sdlcile `f shm emlmwdb vdbicisy `f shm n`lnmqs~"

d k`wm sh`w`}eh ilvm~siedsi`l i~ lmmcmc, F}s}wm

wm~mdwnh ~h`}bc mkqb`y d k`wm cmsdibmc k}bsi+kmsh`c

dqqw`dnh s` dldby~m shm ~sw}ns}wm dlc cyldkin~ `f

shm qwivdsm bmdwlile n`kk}lisim~ dlc hù shm~m

kiehs hdvm dl ikqdns `l shm bmdwlile `}sn`km~,

K`wm ~qmnifflndbby" gy mkqb`yile g`sh ^`nidb Lmsu`wo

Dldby~i~ (~mm" f`w mxdkqbm" Cm Bdds ms db" 7115) dlc

Nèlisivm Qwm~mlnm ~s}cim~ (Edwwi~`l ms db" 4999?

^nhmbbml~ dlc Vdbnom" 711=)" vdb}dgbm il~iehs~ n`}bc

gm edshmwmc `l hù `wedlizdsi`ldb ~sw}ns}wm~ dffmns

shm ew`}q cyldkin~ dlc `}sn`km~ `f qw`fm~~i`ldb

n`kk}lisim~ `f bmdwlile, Il wmbdsi`l s` lm`+

dqqwmlsinm~hiq ~sybm bmdwlile" shi~ u`}bc l`s `lby

qw`vicm `qq`ws}lisim~ f`w `wedlizdsi`l~ s` ndqisdbizm

k`wm f}bby `l shmiw ilsmwldb ~s`no `f qwdnsindb mxqmwimlnm

dlc sdnis olùbmcem" g}s u`}bc db~` hmbq sùdwc~ d

gmssmw }lcmw~sdlcile `f hù s` n`kq`~m bmdwlile

n`kk}lisim~ shds uibb dnhimvm shm hiehm~s q`~~igbm

bmdwlile `}sn`km~,


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119>31


11/11

Wmfmwmlnm~Dbbdl" G," dlc Bmui~" C, (7116)" Shm ikqdns `f kmkgmw~hiq `f d

viws}db bmdwlile n`kk}lisy `l ilcivic}db bmdwlile ndwmmw~ dlcqw`fm~~i`ldb icmlsisy" Gwisi~h J`}wldb `f Mc}ndsi`ldbSmnhl`bèy" V`b >5" L` 6" qq 8348=7,

Dkil" D," dlc W`gmws~" J, (7116)" N`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm:vdwimsim~ `f ~is}dsmc bmdwlile" qdqmw qwmqdwmc f`w shm M]

Lmsu`wo `f Mxnmbbmlnm: Cyldkin~ `f Il~sis}si`l~ dlc Kdwoms~il M}w`qm (CIKM)" hssq://uuu,cikm+m},`we/fflbm~/dnsivm/1/DkilPW`gmws~,qcf" dnnm~~mc 48 Fmgw}dwy 7118,

Gd~~i" B," Nhmlmy" ^," dlc Bmui~" M, (4998)" Swmlc~ ilu`woqbdnm bmdwlile: ~}qqby dlc cmkdlc il ilsmwm~sile sikm~"Swdilile & Cmvmb`qkmls" V`b =4" L` 44" qq 4=646=,

Gmwldwc" W,K," W`j` cm W}gdbndvd" G," dlc ^s+Qimwwm" C, (7111)"N`bbdg`wdsivm `lbilm ci~sdlnm bmdwlile: i~~}m~ f`w f}s}wmqwdnsinm dlc wm~mdwnh" Ci~sdlnm Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 74" L` 7"qq 761755,

Gibbms" ^, (4996)" îs}dsmc bmdwlile: gwiceile ~`ni`n}bs}wdb dlcnèlisivm shm`wi~ile" Bmdwlile dlc Il~sw}nsi`l" V`b 6"qq 76>789,

Gwdls~" B, dlc ^sw}yvml" O, (7119)" Bismwds}wm wmvimu `f `lbilmwmkmcidb mc}ndsi`l: d M}w`qmdl qmw~qmnsivm" Ilc}~swy dlcHiehmw Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 7>" L` 3" qq 76975=,

Gwùl" J,^," N`bbil~" D," dlc C}e}ic" Q, (4989)" îs}dsmcnèlisi`l dlc shm n}bs}wm `f bmdwlile" Mc}ndsi`ldbWm~mdwnhmw" V`b 48" L` 4" qq >737,

Nhdbkmw~" B," dlc Omùl" Q, (7116)" N`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinmdlc qw`fm~~i`ldb cmvmb`qkmls" Ilsmwldsi`ldb J`}wldb `fBifmb`le Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 7=" L` 7" qq 4>94=6,

N`l~sdls" C," ^qw`}bb" B," dlc Oim~bmw" ^, (4996)" Shm oilclm~~ `f~swdlemw~: shm }~mf}blm~~ `f mbmnsw`lin umdo sim~ f`w smnhlindbdcvinm" @wedlizdsi`l ^nimlnm" V`b 5" L` 7" qq 4494>=,

N`}~il" E," dlc Cmmqumbb" F, (711=)" Cm~iel~ f`w lmsu`wobmdwlile: d n`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm qmw~qmnsivm" ^s}cim~ ilHiehmw Mc}ndsi`l" V`b >1" L` 4" qq =566,

Cm Bdds" K," Bdbby" V," Biqq`lml" B," dlc îk`l~" W,+J, (7115)"Ilvm~siedsile qdssmwl~ `f ilsmwdnsi`l il lmsu`womc bmdwliledlc n`kq}smw+~}qq`wsmc n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile: d w`bm f`w^`nidb Lmsu`wo Dldby~i~" N`kq}smw+^}qq`wsmc N`bbdg`wdsivm

Bmdwlile" V`b 7" qq 8541>,Fùbmw" N,J,H," dlc Kdym~" J,S, (4999)" Bmdwlile wmbdsi`l~hiq~

fw`k shm`wy s` cm~iel" DBS+J" V`b 5" L` >" qq 646,F`x" ^, (7111)" N`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm" F`}nd}bs dlc

dns`w+lmsu`wo shm`wy" J`}wldb `f Kdldemkmls ^s}cim~"V`b >5" L` 6" qq 8=>865,

Edll`l+Bmdwy" Q," dlc F`lsdilhd" M, (7115)" N`kk}lisim~ `fqwdnsinm dlc viws}db bmdwlile n`kk}lisim~: gmlmffls~" gdwwimw~dlc ~}nnm~~ fdns`w~" mBmdwlile Qdqmw~" L` =" ^mqsmkgmw,

Edwwi~`l" C," Dlcmw~`l" S," dlc Dwnhmw" U, (4999)" Nwisindbilt}iwy il d smxs+gd~mc mlviw`lkmls: n`kq}smw n`lfmwmlnileil hiehmw mc}ndsi`l" Shm Ilsmwlms dlc Hiehmw Mc}ndsi`l" V`b7" L` 7>" qq 8541=,

Eim~gmw~" G," Wimlsim~" G," Eij~mbdmw~" U,H," ^memw~" K," dlcSmkqmbddw" C,S, (7119)" ^`nidb qwm~mlnm" Umgvicm`n`lfmwmlnile dlc bmdwlile il viws}db smdk~" Ilc}~swydlc Hiehmw Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 7>" L` 3" qq >14>19,

Hdwd" L," G`lo" N,J," dlc Dlembi" N, (7111)" N`lsmls dldby~i~ `f`lbilm ci~n}~~i`l il dl dqqbimc mc}ndsi`ldb q~ynh`bèyn`}w~m" Il~sw}nsi`ldb ^nimlnm" V`b 78" L` 7" qq 44=4=7,

Hdysh`wlshudism" N, (7114)" Mxqb`wile k}bsiqbmxisy: ~`nidblmsu`wo ~sw}ns}wm~ il d n`kq}smw+~}qq`wsmc ci~sdlnmbmdwlile nbd~~" Ilf`wkdsi`l ^`nimsy" V`b 45" L` >"qq 744776,

H}dle" H,+K, (7117)" Sùdwc n`l~sw}nsivi~k f`w dc}bs bmdwlmw~ il`lbilm bmdwlile mlviw`lkmls~" Gwisi~h J`}wldb `f Mc}ndsi`ldbSmnhl`bèy" V`b >>" L` 4" qq 75>5,

H}le" C,U,B," dlc Cmw+Shdlt" N, (7114)" îs}dsmc nèlisi`l"Vye`s~oidl sh`}ehs dlc bmdwlile fw`k shm n`kk}lisim~ `fqwdnsinm qmw~qmnsivm: ikqbindsi`l~ f`w shm cm~iel `fUmg+gd~mc bmdwlile" Mc}ndsi`ldb Kmcid Ilsmwldsi`ldb"V b >8" L` 4" qq >47,

Ombby" Q," Edbm" O," Uhmmbmw" ^," dlc S}nomw" V, (7115)" Sdoile d~sdlnm: qw`k`sile cmbigmwdsm dnsi`l shw`}eh `lbilmq`~sewdc}dsm qw`fm~~i`ldb cmvmb`qkmls" Smnhl`bèy"Qmcdeèy dlc Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 46" L` 7" qq 4=>456,

Bdvm" J," dlc Umlemw" M, (4994)" îs}dsmc Bmdwlile: BmeisikdsmQmwiqhmwdb Qdwsiniqdsi`l" Ndkgwicem ]livmw~isy Qwm~~"Ndkgwicem,

Bmui~" C," dlc Dbbdl" G, (7113)" Viws}db Bmdwlile N`kk}lisim~"

@qml ]livmw~isy" Kdicmlhmdc,K`}bm" Q, (7116)" Cmvmb`qile shm n`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm:

fwdkmu`wo f`w `l+bilm bmdwlile" Mbmnsw`lin J`}wldb `fm+Bmdwlile" V`b 3" L` 7,

Ldnhkid~" W," Ki`c}~mw" C," @wml" D," dlc Wdk" J, (7111)"Umg+~}qq`wsmc mkmwemls+n`bbdg`wdsi`l il hiehmw mc}ndsi`ln`}w~m~" J`}wldb `f Mc}ndsi`ldb Smnhl`bèy & ^`nimsy" V`b >"L` >" qq 93413,

Qdb`ff" W," dlc Qwdss" O, (711>)" Shm Viws}db ^s}cmls: d Qw`fflbmdlc E}icm s` U`woile uish @lbilm Bmdwlmw~" J`~~my+Gd~~"^dl Fwdlni~n`,

Wimlsim~" G," Smkqmbddw" C,S," Udsmwvdb" C," Wmhk" K," dlcEij~mbdmw~" U,H, (7116)" Wmkmcidb `lbilm smdnhile `l d~}kkmw n`}w~m" Ilc}~swy dlc Hiehmw Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 71"L` =" qq >75>>6,

Wimlsim~" G," Smkqmbddw" C,S," Vdl cml G`~~nhm" Q," Eij~mbdmw~"U,H," dlc ^memw~" K, (il qwm~~)" Shm w`bm `f dndcmkink`sivdsi`l il n`kq}smw ~}qq`wsmc n`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile"N`kq}smw~ il H}kdl Gmhdvi`w" V`b 7>" L` 3,

^dvmwy" J,W," dlc C}ffy" S,K, (499=)" Qw`gbmk gd~mc bmdwlile:dl il~sw}nsi`ldb k`cmb dlc is~ n`l~sw}nsivi~s fwdkmu`wo"Mc}ndsi`ldb Smnhl`bèy" V`b >=" qq >4>8,

^nhmbbml~" S," dlc Vdbnom" K, (711=)" N`bbdg`wdsivm bmdwlile ild~ylnhw`l`}~ ci~n}~~i`l ew`}q~: uhds dg`}s shm ikqdns `lnèlisivm qw`nm~~ile0" N`kq}smw~ il H}kdl Gmhdvi`w"V`b 74" L` 6" qq 9=595=,

^nhbdemw" K," F}~n`" J," dlc ^nhdlo" Q, (7117)" Mv`b}si`l `f dl`lbilm mc}ndsi`l n`kk}lisy `f qwdnsinm" il Wmllilemw" O,D,"dlc ^h}kdw" U," mc~" G}ibcile viws}db n`kk}lisim~: Bmdwliledlc Nhdlem il Nygmw~qdnm" Ndkgwicem ]livmw~isy Qwm~~"Lmu Y`wo" qq 4794=8,

^nhuml" S,K," dlc Hdwd" L, (711>)" N`kk}lisy `f qwdnsinm: dkmsdqh`w f`w `lbilm cm~iel" Shm Ilf`wkdsi`l ^`nimsy" V`b 49"L` >" qq 7=5751,

^kish" Q,J, (7114)" Mlhdlnile mxigbm g}~ilm~~ swdilile shw`}ehn`kq}smw+kmcidsmc n`kk}lindsi`l" Ilc}~swidb & N`kkmwnidbSwdilile" V`b >>" L` 3" qq 47147=,

^sdnmy" M," ^kish" Q,J," dlc Gdwsy" O, (7113)" Dc}bs bmdwlmw~ ilshm u`woqbdnm: `lbilm bmdwlile dlc n`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm"Ci~sdlnm Mc}ndsi`l" V`b 7=" L` 4" qq 41547>,

ûdl" J,D," ^ndwgw`}eh" H," dlc W`gmws~`l" K, (7117)" Shmn`l~sw}nsi`l `f n`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm il shm kdldemkmls`f ill`vdsi`l" Kdldemkmls Bmdwlile" V`b >>" L` 3"qq 355396,

Vwd~icd~" N," dlc Zmkgybd~" K, (711>)" Shm lds}wm `fsmnhl`bèy+kmcidsmc ilsmwdnsi`l il eb`gdbi~mc ci~sdlnmmc}ndsi`l" Ilsmwldsi`ldb J`}wldb `f Swdilile dlc

Cmvmb`qkmls" V`b 5" L` 3" qq 754786,Vye`so~y" B, (4958)" Kilc il ^`nimsy" Hdwvdwc ]livmw~isy Qwm~~"Ndkgwicem" KD,

Umlemw" M, (4998)" N`kk}lisim~ `f qwdnsinm: bmdwlile d~ d~`nidb ~y~smk" Shm ^y~smk~ Shilomw" V`b 9" L` =,

Umlemw" M," KnCmwk`ss" W," dlc ^lycmw" U,K, (7117)"N}bsivdsile N`kk}lisim~ `f Qwdnsinm" Hdwvdwc G}~ilm~~^nh``b Qwm~~" G`~s`l" KD,

U``c~" W," dlc Mgmw~`bm" ^, (711>)" Gmn`kile d N`kk}ldbDwnhismns il shm `lbilm nbd~~w``k + ilsmewdsile nèlisivm dlcdffmnsivm bmdwlile f`w kdxik}k mffmns il Umg+gd~mc bmdwlile"@lbilm J`}wldb `f Ci~sdlnm Bmdwlile Dckili~swdsi`l" V`b 6"L` 4,

Shm d}sh`w u`}bc biom s` shdlo Gd~ Eim~gmw~ f`w hi~ n`kkmls~dlc fmmcgdno `l mdwbimw vmw~i`l~ `f shi~ dwsinbm,


ILC]^SWY & HIEHMW MC]NDSI@L D}e}~s 7119 >34

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