Ecclesiastical HistoryEcclesiastical HistoryPartPart 66Part Part 66

By SubBy Sub--deacon: Bishoy Ibrahimdeacon: Bishoy IbrahimSaint Mina Coptic Orthodox ChurchSaint Mina Coptic Orthodox Church

Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaHamilton, Ontario, Canada

Council of ChalcedonCouncil of ChalcedonCouncil of ChalcedonCouncil of Chalcedon

Who is Leo?Who is Leo?Who is Leo?Who is Leo?

He is know in the West as Leo the GreatHe is know in the West as Leo the GreatHe is know in the West as Leo the Great He is know in the West as Leo the Great and is hailed by Rome as and is hailed by Rome as “the father of “the father of papacy”papacy” because he was the first bishop of because he was the first bishop of p p yp p y ppRome to become politically involved.Rome to become politically involved.Since Leo accept the heresy of Since Leo accept the heresy of p yp yFlavian, he was excommunicated by Flavian, he was excommunicated by the pure mouth of Pope St. Dioscorus the pure mouth of Pope St. Dioscorus I and by I and by 10 10 metropolitans and bishops metropolitans and bishops at the holy city of Nicea between at the holy city of Nicea between 449 449

d ld l 450450 A DA Dand early and early 450 450 A.D.A.D.

What is the Tome of Leo?What is the Tome of Leo?What is the Tome of Leo?What is the Tome of Leo?

It is a heretical letter that Leo Bishop ofIt is a heretical letter that Leo Bishop ofIt is a heretical letter that Leo, Bishop of It is a heretical letter that Leo, Bishop of Rome sent to Flavian, Bishop of Rome sent to Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople inConstantinople in 44 J neJ ne 445445 A DA DConstantinople in Constantinople in 4 4 June June 445 445 A.D.A.D.It is known in Arabic as “It is known in Arabic as “Tomas LaownTomas Laown””He taught that in Christ was two natures He taught that in Christ was two natures and not one composite nature or as he callsand not one composite nature or as he callsand not one composite nature or as he calls and not one composite nature or as he calls it it “a twofold nature”.“a twofold nature”.

Calling the Chalcedonian CouncilCalling the Chalcedonian CouncilCalling the Chalcedonian CouncilCalling the Chalcedonian CouncilLeo sends a letter to the evil empress Policaria in which he Leo sends a letter to the evil empress Policaria in which he ask of her to pressure her husband the emperor Marcian to ask of her to pressure her husband the emperor Marcian to

th th i l il t “ l if th f ith”th th i l il t “ l if th f ith”gather another ecumenical council to “clarify the faith”. gather another ecumenical council to “clarify the faith”. As usual the Pope of Alexandria arrived along with his As usual the Pope of Alexandria arrived along with his papalpapal--attending bishops, the other senior bishops (of which attending bishops, the other senior bishops (of which p pp p g p , p (g p , p (many were Nestorian), the Imperial Judges, the emperor many were Nestorian), the Imperial Judges, the emperor Marcian and even the Empress Policaria!!!!!! !!! Marcian and even the Empress Policaria!!!!!! !!! The evil Emperor Marcian himself called the bishops first toThe evil Emperor Marcian himself called the bishops first toThe evil Emperor Marcian himself called the bishops first to The evil Emperor Marcian himself called the bishops first to Nicea but then changed it to Chalcedon for fear of an Nicea but then changed it to Chalcedon for fear of an Alexandrian victory because of the history of that city. Alexandrian victory because of the history of that city.

h h i f h l d li i l i d bh h i f h l d li i l i d bThe choice of Chalcedon was political motivated because The choice of Chalcedon was political motivated because Nicae would have been favourable to the Alexandrian Nicae would have been favourable to the Alexandrian bishops as it was once before in bishops as it was once before in 325 325 A.D.A.D.600 600 [Nestorian] Bishops signed the heretical Tome of Leo [Nestorian] Bishops signed the heretical Tome of Leo and the rulings of this unholy Council of Chalcedon.and the rulings of this unholy Council of Chalcedon.

Coptic DelegationCoptic DelegationCoptic DelegationCoptic Delegation

Pope Saint DioscorusPope Saint DioscorusPope Saint Dioscorus Pope Saint Dioscorus I of AlexandriaI of Alexandria came came along ithalong ith 1010along with along with 10 10 metropolitans and metropolitans and bi hbi h dd S iS ibishopsbishops and and Saint Saint Macarius, Bishop of Macarius, Bishop of Edco the martyrEdco the martyr..

Saint Macarius, Bishop of EdcoSaint Macarius, Bishop of EdcoAmong the most distinguished of the Coptic Among the most distinguished of the Coptic Delegation was Delegation was His Grace the BishopHis Grace the Bishop--martyr, St. martyr, St. Macanus of Edco (Caou). Macanus of Edco (Caou). At the imperial palace, the gateAt the imperial palace, the gate--guard prevented guard prevented St. Macanus from entering saying that his poorSt. Macanus from entering saying that his poor--looking cloth are not fitting for entrance into the looking cloth are not fitting for entrance into the imperial court. imperial court. Pope Dioscorius severely reprimanded him saying Pope Dioscorius severely reprimanded him saying p y p y gp y p y g“Believe me son, the clothes of this old man are “Believe me son, the clothes of this old man are by far more pure than the heart of your emperor!”by far more pure than the heart of your emperor!”What amazing courage of our Pope in that even in What amazing courage of our Pope in that even in g g pg g pthe very palace of the emperor he would say such the very palace of the emperor he would say such words!words!This confessing saint was martyred in Alexandria This confessing saint was martyred in Alexandria g yg yafter this unholy council ended by a solder of the after this unholy council ended by a solder of the governor of Alexandria who was under orders governor of Alexandria who was under orders from the evil emperor Marcian.from the evil emperor Marcian.

Gathering at the Imperial HallGathering at the Imperial HallGathering at the Imperial HallGathering at the Imperial Hall

When Pope Dioscorus arrived at the ImperialWhen Pope Dioscorus arrived at the ImperialWhen Pope Dioscorus arrived at the Imperial When Pope Dioscorus arrived at the Imperial Hall, he saw many bishops, this alarmed him Hall, he saw many bishops, this alarmed him and so he questioned the reason for such aand so he questioned the reason for such aand so he questioned the reason for such a and so he questioned the reason for such a large gathering. large gathering. They said the Emperor needs clarification ofThey said the Emperor needs clarification ofThey said the Emperor needs clarification of They said the Emperor needs clarification of the faith. He saidthe faith. He said “the Faith is clear and great “the Faith is clear and great according to the confessions of the fathersaccording to the confessions of the fathersaccording to the confessions of the fathers, according to the confessions of the fathers, St. Athanasius and St. Cyril”.St. Athanasius and St. Cyril”.

Leo and this CouncilLeo and this CouncilLeo as stated earlier had sent his famo s letter the hereticLeo as stated earlier had sent his famo s letter the hereticLeo as stated earlier had sent his famous letter the heretic Leo as stated earlier had sent his famous letter the heretic ““TomeTome of Leo” (of Leo” (Tomas LaawonTomas Laawon), in which he affirms “in Two ), in which he affirms “in Two Natures” after the union. Natures” after the union. It was Leo’s wish that his letter be the defining dogma of faith It was Leo’s wish that his letter be the defining dogma of faith at Chalcedon, and so he planted as much support for his letter at Chalcedon, and so he planted as much support for his letter as possible, going to the extent of gathering signatures for it as possible, going to the extent of gathering signatures for it among every diocese and even getting the signature ofamong every diocese and even getting the signature ofNestorius himself before his death in Upper Egypt!!! Nestorius himself before his death in Upper Egypt!!! Not surprisingly, one of the Nestorian bishops approachesNot surprisingly, one of the Nestorian bishops approachesNot surprisingly, one of the Nestorian bishops approaches Not surprisingly, one of the Nestorian bishops approaches Pope Dioscorus with this proposalPope Dioscorus with this proposal “Please sign the letter, so “Please sign the letter, so that the emperor would keep you in your position”.that the emperor would keep you in your position”.The Pope however replied:The Pope however replied: “The affairs of the Church are“The affairs of the Church areThe Pope however replied: The Pope however replied: The affairs of the Church are The affairs of the Church are not part of the duties of the Emperor, he should leave this to not part of the duties of the Emperor, he should leave this to the Priests as they know the Books. It is better for him to the Priests as they know the Books. It is better for him to steer away from evil and seek the peace of his empire”steer away from evil and seek the peace of his empire”steer away from evil and seek the peace of his empire .steer away from evil and seek the peace of his empire .(What amazing courage! In the very palace of the emperor this (What amazing courage! In the very palace of the emperor this is said.) is said.)

A WakeA Wake--Up CallUp CallPope Dioscorus goes on to say to the bishops assembled: Pope Dioscorus goes on to say to the bishops assembled: “The “The Faith of the Church should not be changed as stated by the Faith of the Church should not be changed as stated by the Fathers”Fathers” in the in the 77th Canonth Canon of the Holy Ecumenical Council of of the Holy Ecumenical Council of Ephesus where it was forbidden for anyone to add or remove Ephesus where it was forbidden for anyone to add or remove anything or change anything that the fathers laid down in anything or change anything that the fathers laid down in Nicea, Constantinople and Ephesus. Nicea, Constantinople and Ephesus. Furthermore, he reFurthermore, he re--established in their minds the sayings of established in their minds the sayings of Pope Saint Cyril especially his Fire & Iron Analogy. Pope Saint Cyril especially his Fire & Iron Analogy. Pope Cyril compared the humanity to the iron and the divinity Pope Cyril compared the humanity to the iron and the divinity p y p y yp y p y yto the fire. He said that the suffering of Christ on the cross was to the fire. He said that the suffering of Christ on the cross was like the beating of iron, the iron is reshaped by the beating but like the beating of iron, the iron is reshaped by the beating but the fire is unaffected. Thus, the suffering was felt by the the fire is unaffected. Thus, the suffering was felt by the h it hil th fi it lf [ ti th di i it ] did th it hil th fi it lf [ ti th di i it ] did thumanity while the fire itself [representing the divinity] did not humanity while the fire itself [representing the divinity] did not become affected in anyway. become affected in anyway. As a result of this powerful wakeAs a result of this powerful wake--up call, most bishops were up call, most bishops were

i d b h d i b h l i l l i bi d b h d i b h l i l l i bconvinced but they were not driven by theological clarity but convinced but they were not driven by theological clarity but by the pain of divestment. by the pain of divestment.

The Move to ChalcedonThe Move to ChalcedonThe Move to ChalcedonThe Move to ChalcedonWhen the Nestorians felt that Pope Dioscorus was When the Nestorians felt that Pope Dioscorus was about to triumph in the Council they called it off andabout to triumph in the Council they called it off andabout to triumph in the Council, they called it off and about to triumph in the Council, they called it off and ordered a recess until its opening in the city of ordered a recess until its opening in the city of Chalcedon. Chalcedon. Knowing that their opponent, Pope Dioscorus is Knowing that their opponent, Pope Dioscorus is powerful and charismatic, they prepared for this powerful and charismatic, they prepared for this Council very well having the greatest number ofCouncil very well having the greatest number ofCouncil very well, having the greatest number of Council very well, having the greatest number of hardcore Nestorian bishops attending. hardcore Nestorian bishops attending. The Emperor, empress, imperial court, soldiers, and The Emperor, empress, imperial court, soldiers, and p , p , p , ,p , p , p , ,the judges of the councils all arrived.the judges of the councils all arrived.This session began with the Imperial Speech from the This session began with the Imperial Speech from the Throne. Throne.

False AccusationsFalse AccusationsFalse AccusationsFalse AccusationsThen one of the representatives of Leo (the bishop Julius) rose up Then one of the representatives of Leo (the bishop Julius) rose up and objected to the and objected to the 11st ecclesiastical seating of Pope Dioscorus, st ecclesiastical seating of Pope Dioscorus, claiming that he is attending as one acc sed rather than a Popeclaiming that he is attending as one acc sed rather than a Popeclaiming that he is attending as one accused rather than a Pope. claiming that he is attending as one accused rather than a Pope. But, the judges proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that this is But, the judges proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that this is not the case and that he is an honourable member. not the case and that he is an honourable member. Nevertheless out of pure humility and humbleness, Pope Dioscorus Nevertheless out of pure humility and humbleness, Pope Dioscorus the most distinguished prelate and Pope in the Church, accepts the the most distinguished prelate and Pope in the Church, accepts the shame of sitting in the middle as one accused like his Master for shame of sitting in the middle as one accused like his Master for th k f th f th Ch hth k f th f th Ch hthe sake of the peace of the Church. the sake of the peace of the Church. However, as the first of discussion began, the evil purpose was However, as the first of discussion began, the evil purpose was exposed against Pope Dioscorus. exposed against Pope Dioscorus. Every Every 5 5 minutes one would arise and accuse Pope Dioscorus of minutes one would arise and accuse Pope Dioscorus of violence against him or unrighteous condemnation. violence against him or unrighteous condemnation. Others would say that they were forced to sign a blank sheet of Others would say that they were forced to sign a blank sheet of y y gy y gpaper two years ago at Ephesus II in paper two years ago at Ephesus II in 449449A.D.A.D.

The Truth Comes OutThe Truth Comes OutThe Truth Comes OutThe Truth Comes OutMany claimed that he did not read Leo’s Tome Many claimed that he did not read Leo’s Tome (which was a true statement)(which was a true statement)(which was a true statement). (which was a true statement). Seeing all this, the Pope said “If Eutyches denied Seeing all this, the Pope said “If Eutyches denied the orthodox faith then he is not only worth of the orthodox faith then he is not only worth of yyexcommunication but of burning at the very excommunication but of burning at the very stake!!!” stake!!!” These powerful words stroke the hearts of some These powerful words stroke the hearts of some and woke them up, and so a group of bishops rose and woke them up, and so a group of bishops rose up to sayup to say “we ask absolution and forgiveness as“we ask absolution and forgiveness asup to say up to say “we ask absolution and forgiveness as “we ask absolution and forgiveness as we accused the Pope falsely of things he did not we accused the Pope falsely of things he did not commit, God have mercy on our souls, wecommit, God have mercy on our souls, wecommit, God have mercy on our souls, we commit, God have mercy on our souls, we repeat requesting for absolution!”repeat requesting for absolution!”

The Evil SchemeThe Evil SchemeWhen the Nestorians sa that Pope Dioscor s as so abo tWhen the Nestorians sa that Pope Dioscor s as so abo tWhen the Nestorians saw that Pope Dioscorus was so about When the Nestorians saw that Pope Dioscorus was so about to triumph yet another time, they called for a recess and to to triumph yet another time, they called for a recess and to rere--open in open in 5 5 days. days. The Pope was residing in a compound close to the Council The Pope was residing in a compound close to the Council Church and outside his residence they set guards to prevent Church and outside his residence they set guards to prevent him from attending the council. him from attending the council. They did this because they knew for certain that if he should They did this because they knew for certain that if he should attend then he would most certainly triumph. attend then he would most certainly triumph. They then accused him of not attending even though theyThey then accused him of not attending even though theyThey then accused him of not attending even though they They then accused him of not attending even though they prevented him with soldiers. prevented him with soldiers. To force a decision, they opened the council in To force a decision, they opened the council in 3 3 and not and not 5 5 d ith t th tt d f th P th Ed ith t th tt d f th P th Edays without the attendance of the Pope, the Emperor, days without the attendance of the Pope, the Emperor, empress, soldiers, or the judges of the councils. empress, soldiers, or the judges of the councils. In this session they finalize a decree against Pope Dioscorus In this session they finalize a decree against Pope Dioscorus y g py g pby approving the decrease of all ecclesiastical power from by approving the decrease of all ecclesiastical power from him. him.

Pope Excommunicates ChalcedonPope Excommunicates ChalcedonPope Excommunicates ChalcedonPope Excommunicates ChalcedonThey then sent Pope Dioscorus their decree. They then sent Pope Dioscorus their decree. After gathering his bishops and reading this After gathering his bishops and reading this to them, he wrote on its margins THE to them, he wrote on its margins THE SUPREME PAPAL EXCOMUMCATION SUPREME PAPAL EXCOMUMCATION ON WHOEVER DARIES TO CHANGE ON WHOEVER DARIES TO CHANGE THE FAITH OR AGREES TO THIS THE FAITH OR AGREES TO THIS HERESY OR BELIEVES IT. HERESY OR BELIEVES IT. They sent their decrees in a letter to the They sent their decrees in a letter to the Emperor who had the Pope arrested and soEmperor who had the Pope arrested and soEmperor who had the Pope arrested and so Emperor who had the Pope arrested and so was he eager to kill him! was he eager to kill him!

Pope Dioscorus and St. John ChrysostomPope Dioscorus and St. John ChrysostomAt the Imperial Palace, the evil Empress Policaria told Pope At the Imperial Palace, the evil Empress Policaria told Pope Saint Dioscorus thus: Saint Dioscorus thus: “Oh Dioscorus, in the time of my mother “Oh Dioscorus, in the time of my mother the Empress E do ia there as a strongthe Empress E do ia there as a strong illed man likeilled man likethe Empress Eudoxia there was a strongthe Empress Eudoxia there was a strong--willed man like willed man like yourself and you know what a death he died due to the fact that yourself and you know what a death he died due to the fact that he dared to displease her”.he dared to displease her”.Sh ki f thSh ki f th l t P t i h f C t ti l Stl t P t i h f C t ti l StShe was speaking of the She was speaking of the late Patriarch of Constantinople, St. late Patriarch of Constantinople, St. John ChrysostomJohn Chrysostom who gave a sermon at his Cathedral in who gave a sermon at his Cathedral in Constantinople in which he said thus: Constantinople in which he said thus: Herodias seeks the head Herodias seeks the head of John on a silver platterof John on a silver platter thus describing Eudoxia as thethus describing Eudoxia as theof John on a silver platterof John on a silver platter, thus describing Eudoxia as the , thus describing Eudoxia as the adulterous Queen Herodias and himself as the martyr, St. John adulterous Queen Herodias and himself as the martyr, St. John the Baptist. the Baptist. This extremely infuriated Eudoxia so she pressured herThis extremely infuriated Eudoxia so she pressured herThis extremely infuriated Eudoxia so she pressured her This extremely infuriated Eudoxia so she pressured her husband hard and managed to secure exile for the saint.husband hard and managed to secure exile for the saint.““And I see that his fate will be yoursAnd I see that his fate will be yours” ” Th d S J h Ch di d h b li f hTh d S J h Ch di d h b li f hThe aged St. John Chyrsostom died at the brutality of the The aged St. John Chyrsostom died at the brutality of the soldiers hurrying him in his exile movements. soldiers hurrying him in his exile movements.

Policaria and EudoxiaPolicaria and EudoxiaPolicaria and EudoxiaPolicaria and EudoxiaPope Dioscorius replied Pope Dioscorius replied “And do you know what has “And do you know what has occurred to your mother as a result of her treatment occurred to your mother as a result of her treatment

f thi i t? G d l l d h ith t lf thi i t? G d l l d h ith t lof this saint? God severely plagued her with a mortal of this saint? God severely plagued her with a mortal disease to which there is no cure. And she never disease to which there is no cure. And she never recovered from her pains until she came repenting recovered from her pains until she came repenting

d i f h i hi h hd i f h i hi h hand weeping for her sins at his grave where she and weeping for her sins at his grave where she received the absolution! And I am in front of you received the absolution! And I am in front of you unarmed do to me as you please and you will reap unarmed do to me as you please and you will reap what your mother reaped!” what your mother reaped!” Upon hearing this insult, she slapped him with all her Upon hearing this insult, she slapped him with all her might across the face pullingmight across the face pulling 33 teeth as he was anteeth as he was anmight across the face, pulling might across the face, pulling 3 3 teeth as he was an teeth as he was an aged elder. aged elder. And seeing their empress in a quarrel, the soldiers And seeing their empress in a quarrel, the soldiers b hitti P Di d lli th h i fb hitti P Di d lli th h i fbegan hitting Pope Dioscorus and pulling the hairs of began hitting Pope Dioscorus and pulling the hairs of his beard a sign of disgrace. his beard a sign of disgrace.

The Papal Letter to AlexandriaThe Papal Letter to AlexandriaThe Papal Letter to AlexandriaThe Papal Letter to AlexandriaAll that Pope Dioscorius said was “ For YOU we die all All that Pope Dioscorius said was “ For YOU we die all day long” (a saying of St. Paul). day long” (a saying of St. Paul). y g ( y g )y g ( y g )He then gathered the teeth and the hair and He then gathered the teeth and the hair and accompanied by a Holy Papal Apostolic Epistle he sent accompanied by a Holy Papal Apostolic Epistle he sent them to Alexandria with these words: them to Alexandria with these words: “These teeth and hair are the fruit of my struggle “These teeth and hair are the fruit of my struggle i d f f th O th d F ith Bi d f f th O th d F ith Bin defense of the Orthodox Faith. Be aware my in defense of the Orthodox Faith. Be aware my little children how much I have suffered for the little children how much I have suffered for the orthodox faith of my fathers. As for you who haveorthodox faith of my fathers. As for you who haveorthodox faith of my fathers. As for you who have orthodox faith of my fathers. As for you who have built your Faith on the Rock of Orthodoxy, do not built your Faith on the Rock of Orthodoxy, do not fear the heretical waves or the blasphemous fear the heretical waves or the blasphemous Storms of Satan’s persecutions that are heading Storms of Satan’s persecutions that are heading your way”.your way”.

The Exile to GaghraThe Exile to GaghraThe Exile to GaghraThe Exile to GaghraEmperor Marcian was so eager to kill him but Emperor Marcian was so eager to kill him but he feared his political power and sway over thehe feared his political power and sway over thehe feared his political power and sway over the he feared his political power and sway over the entire world and so he sufficed himself with entire world and so he sufficed himself with exiling him to Gaghra Island of Asia Minor.exiling him to Gaghra Island of Asia Minor.g gg gThere Pope Dioscorus spent his last five years There Pope Dioscorus spent his last five years on earth taking care for the salvation of lost on earth taking care for the salvation of lost ggsheep of Christ. sheep of Christ. The bishop of the Island (Gaghra/Gangara) was The bishop of the Island (Gaghra/Gangara) was N i d h i i PN i d h i i PNestorian and he was mistreating Pope Nestorian and he was mistreating Pope Dioscorus but upon seeing the miracles that Dioscorus but upon seeing the miracles that God performed on his hands he repentedGod performed on his hands he repentedGod performed on his hands, he repented, God performed on his hands, he repented, changed his attitude and asked for absolution. changed his attitude and asked for absolution.

Martyrdom of St. MarcariusMartyrdom of St. MarcariusPope Dioscorus’ rightPope Dioscorus’ right--hand bishop St Macarius of Edco was withhand bishop St Macarius of Edco was withPope Dioscorus rightPope Dioscorus right hand bishop, St. Macarius of Edco was with hand bishop, St. Macarius of Edco was with him in his exile, however the Pope told him thus when they arrived at him in his exile, however the Pope told him thus when they arrived at the Island “You my son have the Crown of Martyrdom awaiting you the Island “You my son have the Crown of Martyrdom awaiting you in Alexandria, be of good speed, take courage and fight the good war in Alexandria, be of good speed, take courage and fight the good war g p g g gg p g g gof faith for Christ!” of faith for Christ!” With some loyal Alexandrian merchant ship, he sent the Bishop St. With some loyal Alexandrian merchant ship, he sent the Bishop St. Macanus to Alexandria. Macanus to Alexandria. In Alexandria, the Governor was raising a tremendous persecution of In Alexandria, the Governor was raising a tremendous persecution of the Copts who were soul and mind loyal to the orthodox faith of the the Copts who were soul and mind loyal to the orthodox faith of the fathers. fathers. The Governor had the Bishop arrested at first sight of the ship in The Governor had the Bishop arrested at first sight of the ship in Alexandria. Alexandria. Then he asked him to deny the orthodox faith, so he refused. Then he asked him to deny the orthodox faith, so he refused. yyOne of the soldiers kicked him hard in the side, hitting his liver and One of the soldiers kicked him hard in the side, hitting his liver and being an old man he fell died and thus gained the Crown of being an old man he fell died and thus gained the Crown of Martyrdom as prophesied by Pope Dioscorus. Martyrdom as prophesied by Pope Dioscorus. Pope Dioscorus however departed in the LORD on Pope Dioscorus however departed in the LORD on 1111thth of September of September of of 457 457 A.D. may his holy blessings and prayers be with us all, and A.D. may his holy blessings and prayers be with us all, and glory to God forever, Amen.glory to God forever, Amen.

Bishop John of Western EgyptBishop John of Western EgyptBishop John of Western EgyptBishop John of Western EgyptHis Grace the late Bishop His Grace the late Bishop Younnis (John) of GharbiaYounnis (John) of Gharbia(Western Province of Egypt) (Western Province of Egypt) wrote much of the history of wrote much of the history of these great councils in his these great councils in his ggArabic book the Church Arabic book the Church Councils.Councils.He wrote in it:He wrote in it: “Thus the“Thus theHe wrote in it: He wrote in it: Thus the Thus the Christian World was divided Christian World was divided into Chalcedonian and Noninto Chalcedonian and Non--Chalcedonian Today we stillChalcedonian Today we stillChalcedonian. Today we still Chalcedonian. Today we still suffer the effects of the evil suffer the effects of the evil seeds of heresy that Leo seeds of heresy that Leo

l t d d hil t d d hiplanted and his successors planted and his successors nourished”nourished”

The ConclusionThe ConclusionThe ConclusionThe ConclusionAt the close ofAt the close ofAt the close of At the close of this councilthis councilthis council this council the Churchthe Churchthe Church the Church was torn to was torn to two parts. two parts.

Thanks for ListeningThanks for Listening