“Ungulata” (various supraordinal ranks) has included:

Cetacea: whales

Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates

Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates

Hyracoidea: hyraxes

Proboscidea: elephants

Sirenia: manatees & dugongs

Tubulidentata: aardvarks

Various fossil orders...

Whales & dolphins

ArtiodactylsArtiodactylsCarnivoransPangolins

PerissodactylsBats

Solenodons

Moles

Shrews

Hedgehogs

Primates

Treeshrews

ColugosLagomorphs

Rodents

Xenarthrans

Golden moles

Tenrecs

Elephant shrewsAardvarks

Dugongs & manatees

Hyraxes

Elephants

Mesaxonic

Paraxonic

tapir

rhino

horse

pig deer camel

pronghorn

“double-pulley”astragalus in artioslimits distal limbmotion to single plane

Funcions:-enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates-secondarily used for display, indicators of social status, antipredator defense, secretion delivery

Cranial appendages in ruminants

bovid

True “horns” only found in bovids (Bovidae).-unbranched and permanent-Inner bony core, extension of frontal bone-no parts are shed

Cranial appendages in ruminants

bovid

Single pair in all but one living bovid (four-horned antelope, Tetracerus)

Cranial appendages in ruminants

antilocaprid

Cranial appendages in ruminants

Pronghorns (found only in Antilocapridae)-Similar bony core to bovids-horny sheath shed annually

cervid

Cranial appendages in ruminants

True antlers only in Cervidae-entirely bony when fully developed-extension of frontal bone-shed periodically (usually annually in temperate zones)-during growth, covered with velvet (highly vascularized)

giraffe

Cranial appendages in ruminants

Giraffe “horns”-bony processes, but not outgrowths of the frontal bone-situated over sutures b/w frontal and parietal bones-permanently covered with skin and hair-present from birth in both sexes

rhino

Cranial appendages in ruminants

Rhinoceros “horns”-non-bony-solid mass of hardened epidermal cells formed from cluster of long dermal papillae-resulting fibers hair-like, but grow differently from true hairs-not attached to underlying nasal bones

Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras)

1 genus, ca. 8 species

Family Tapiridae (tapirs)1 genus, 4 species

Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos)4 genera, 5 species.

-MESAXONIC

glutenized, keratinized fibers

Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species! Suborder Suiformes

Family Suidae -pigsFamily Tayassuidae -peccariesFamily Hippopotamidae -hippos

Suborder TylopodaFamily Camelidae -camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca

Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina

Family Tragulidae -chevrotain, mouse deer Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea

Family Giraffidae -giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea

Family Moschidae -musk deerFamily Cervidae -deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeerFamily Antilocapridae -pronghorn

Superfamily BovoideaFamily Bovidae -bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope,

cows

PARAXONIC

Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution:

Omnivore/carnivore•pointy incisors & canines

•large temporalis, coronoid process; small angular pr. of dentary

•cheekteeth tritubercular or bunodont

Herbivore•flat incisors, us. no canines; diastema•small temporalis, coronoid process; large angular pr.

•cheekteeth flat for grinding; lophodont, selenodont, bilophodont, etc.

Omnivore/carnivore•simple, monogastric stomach

Herbivore•complex stomach, either foregut fermen- tation (digastric stomach) or hindgut (cecal or monogastric) fermentation

Major DIGESTIVE trends in ungulate evolution:

Herbivore Carnivore Insectivoran

Rumination(foregutfermentation)

Hindgutfermentation

Cellose digested:

60%

40-45%

Major POSTCRANIAL trends in ungulate evolution:

Omnivore/carnivore•simple, monogastric stomach

•plantigrade

Herbivore•complex stomach, either foregut fermen- tation (digastric stomach) or hindgut (cecal or monogastric) fermentation

•digitigrade, unguligrade, graviportal.

•increase SPEED!

BIOMECHANICS: Application of mechanical principles on living organisms.

Plantigrade Digitigrade Unguligrade