Upload
world-agroforestry-centre
View
962
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Unequal participation of smallholder farmers in coffee certification programs in central kenya
Citation preview
Unequal participation of smallholder farmers in coffee certification programs in Central Kenya
Kirumba, E.G., Mithoefer, D., Gassner, A., Pinard, F.
CAFNET PROJECT – ICRAF/CIRAD
29th MARCH 2011
Introduction Certification offers alternative governance (Raynolds
et al., 2007)
Potential for premiums, better prices, market visibility
8% of green coffee certified: fair trade, rainforest alliance, Utz certified e.t.c. (Giovannucci, 2010).
Concerns about exclusion of producers & imbalances of power (Swinnen and Maertens, 2007; Sexsmith & Potts, 2009)
In Kenya, coffee certification relatively new
1st certification schemes in 2005: Fair trade, CAFÉ, UTZ
Introduction cont’d…
Very little done on certification
Moderate price increases, better cooperative organization, markets access (Kamau et al., 2009, Pflaeger, 2009)
Gaps exist: What are the governance strategies? Do farmers self select or are pre-selected? What are the key determinants?
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods cont’d ….
Tekangu cooperative society: 3200 farmers
Utz certification in 2008/2009 coffee season. Study done same period.
Certified farmers: 2176, Non-certified farmers: 1024
Sample size: 150 farmers. 75 per category
Simple random sampling
Finite population correction: <5%
Data collection: FGDs, informal interviews,
questionnaires & lit
Data analysis: descriptives, inferential statistics, multi dimensional scaling (MDS), regression analysis
Source: Field Survey (FGD)
RESULTS
Top down strategy Buyers interface between coop & international buyers
Write proposals for funding to donors
Select cooperative : based on quality, friendship, kinship
Convince coop officials: promise of high prices
Idea floated during AGM, <5% attendance, passed
Pre-selection: ‘A’ (good) and ‘B’ (poor) farmers selected
Promoter farmers identified & trained
Train fellow farmers
Suggested determinants of inclusionVariable Variable definition Expected
sign
Coffee income 1 = Yes, 0 = No +
Hired labour 1 = Yes, 0 = No +
Age of HHH Years +/-
Formal schooling No of years in school +
Family labour Number of HH adults +
Farming main occupation
1 = Yes, 0 = No +
Coffee production Annual cherry prod in Kgs
+
Trees on farm No of trees +
Inputs use Freq of chemicals & fertilizer use annually
+
Access to credit 1 = Yes, 0 = No +
Access to training 1 = Yes, 0 = No +
Access to extension 1 = Yes, 0 = No +
Farm size Total land size in acres +
Variable selection from suggested dets.
Comparisons between certified & non-certified farmers
Variables Non-certified (N=75) Certified (N=75) Chi-
squareNo. % No. %
Access to credit
Yes 25 33.3 62 82.7 37.47***
No 50 66.7 13 17.3
Hired labour
Yes 39 52 66 88 23.14***
No 36 48 9 12
Extension
Yes 54 72 67 89.3 7.22***
No 21 28 8 10.7
Key: ns= not significant; * = significant at p<0.1; ** = significant at p<0.05; ***= significant at p<0.01
Variables Non-certified
(N=75) Certified (N=75)
Mean SD Mean SD T-statistic
Age 56.12 14.05 57.56 12.91 0.65 ns
Years in school 10.08 2.75 11.53 2.32 3.50***
Family labour 1.97 1.2 2.39 1.15 2.16**
Farm size 0.55 0.81 0.62 1.02 1.21 ns
Production (Kgs/yr)
246.84 399.57 943.15 966.65 5.77***
Trees on farm 22.67 25.23 34.47 35.74 2.34**
Inputs use 1.79 1.03 5.32 1.71 15.33***
Prices (Ksh./Kgs.) 29 33Key: ns= not significant; * = significant at p<0.1; ** = significant at p<0.05; ***= significant at p<0.01
Comparisons of certified vs. non-certified farmers
Key determinants of inclusion into certification
Variable β S.E. Wald df Sign. Exp(β)
Access to credit 1.22 0.59 4.24 1 0.04 3.38
Inputs 1.12 0.22 25.80 1 0.00 3.07
Trees on farm 0.03 0.01 9.46 1 0.00 1.03
Hired labour 0.36 0.67 0.29 1 0.59 1.44
Schooling 0.11 0.14 0.65 1 0.42 1.12
Family labour -0.28 0.29 0.93 1 0.34 0.75
Age 0.02 0.02 0.65 1 0.42 1.02
Extension 0.43 0.72 0.35 1 0.55 1.53
Farm size -0.72 0.40 3.26 1 0.07 0.49
Constant -6.53 2.27 8.24 1 0.00 0.00
Key: β (odds ratio); S.E: (standard error); Exp (β): (exponential beta); Wald: wald statistic; df: degree of freedom
Conclusions
Certification focuses on ‘good’ farmers with pre-enabling conditions
Pre-selection done to guarantee win-win situation
Interactive participation (acceptance, ownership, sustainability)
Training & information access for farmers – choices & self selection
Acknowlegement CAFNET project, IFRA & French Embassy for
funding
Supervision & guidance: Dagmar, Fabrice, Anja
Farmers, Tekangu cooperative officials, buyer representatives