UNED_ExtraMaterial_Scripts and Answer Key LISTENING

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1 EXTRA LISTENING PRACTICE

Carl: Hi, Marianne! Great party, isnt it? There are so many interesting people here. Hey, what are you doing with that cigarette? I thought you had given up smoking!

Marianne: I tried Carl, but you know, it was too difficult. Dr Woods: Uh, excuse me I couldnt help overhearing you. My name is Dr Woods Dr Graham Woods and Im a

psychiatrist. Marianne: Nice to meet you. Im Marianne Tull, and this is Carl Baylin. Dr Woods: Nice to meet you too. Marianne, have you ever thought of using hypnosis as a way to give up smoking? Carl: Hypnosis? Oh, you mean when someone swings a watch in front of your face and says, You are getting sleepy Dr Woods: No, hypnotists dont use watches thats only in films! And they dont make their clients fall asleep either. When

youre hypnotised, youre actually wide awake. Your mind is active, and you are very responsive to whatever the hypnotist is telling you.

Marianne: Thats right Ive heard of that a hypnotist can make the patient do anything he says, cant he? Dr Woods: Certainly not! A patient has got absolute free will. A hypnotist cant make you do anything you dont want to do. Carl: So what do they do? Dr Woods: Let me try to explain. You see, the mind has got two parts, the conscious and the subconscious. The conscious mind

is the part thats aware of whats going on around you, the logical part that makes plans and decisions. The subconscious mind is where all your feelings and impulses are.

Carl: Uh-huh. Dr Woods: The hypnotist relaxes your conscious mind. In this way he can reach directly to your subconscious. So he can make

you feel things. Carl: Feel what things? Dr Woods: He can activate your senses, so you actually think youre tasting or seeing something, or feeling certain emotions. He

can tell you to feel happy, or afraid, and youll really feel it. Dr Woods: That sounds really weird! I cant imagine feeling sad when Im in a very good mood. Dr Woods: I know its hard to imagine but its true. What the hypnotist says becomes reality. If he says that youre drinking a

chocolate milkshake, youll taste it. Marianne: You know, Ive heard people say that hypnosis isnt real, that people just think theyre hypnotised that its just their

imagination. Dr Woods: Well, today weve got an answer for those sceptics brain scans. Theres been a lot of research. In one study, they

took two groups of people. They hypnotised one group and told them that they were hearing a sound that wasnt really there. Then they scanned their brains. They compared this to the brain scans of the other group - people who werent hypnotised, but had just been told to imagine the sound.

Marianne: And was there a difference in the brain scans? Dr Woods: Yes, an enormous difference in fact. In the group of people that was hypnotised, the scans revealed a lot of activity

in the part of their brains that is responsible for hearing. However, for the other people who were just using their imaginations, there was no activity in that part of their brains. So what this all means is that the people who had been hypnotised actually felt that they were hearing the sound it was more than just imagination.

Marianne: Wow, thats amazing. So you think I should try hypnosis to give up smoking? Dr Woods: Well, thats one of the most common uses of hypnosis stopping all sorts of negative behaviour, like smoking,

eating too much it can even help people get rid of certain fears. Marianne: Really! How does it work? Dr Woods: Well, the hypnotist sort of programmes your subconscious mind to change its behaviour. For example, he might tell

you that smoking will make you feel sick, or that you really dont want cigarettes. Marianne: So far, it sounds easy to me! Dr Woods: Yes, but whether it works depends on whether youre a good candidate for hypnosis. Marianne: What do you mean a good candidate? Dr Woods: Well, some people are more responsive to hypnosis than others. Marianne: Oh, Im sure it would work on me. Id try really hard to stop smoking! Dr Woods: Unfortunately, even someone who is trying very hard might not be responsive. Marianne: Well, what are my chances of responding well to hypnosis? Dr Woods: Well, about 15% of adults are very responsive, and 20% are not responsive at all. The rest 65% are somewhere

in between. Marianne: Well, Id like to give it a try. Ive got nothing to lose, I suppose. Dr Woods: Thats true. You know, hypnosis is a widely accepted treatment today. Its being used in hospitals to treat all sorts of

problems. Carl: Is it? Like what? Dr Woods: Well, for example, broken bones. Carl: Broken bones??? Dr Woods: Yes, it seems to make them heal faster much faster. It was hard to believe until research proved that its true. Carl: How could that be? Dr Woods: Apparently, it helps you use your mind to stimulate your bodys own process for curing itself. It also helps people get

better much faster after surgery. Marianne: Thats unbelievable.

EXTRA LISTENING PRACTICE SCRIPTS AND ANSWER KEY

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Dr Woods: It certainly is. Oh, and its also used as a painkiller because it teaches the mind to focus on other things. Thats great for people who have to go through very painful treatment for example, burn victims. Hypnosis can also be done at the dentists because for some people, going there is a very unpleasant and painful experience.

Carl: Yes, that would be great for me I hate going to the dentist! Marianne: Dr Woods, Ive heard that hypnosis is used to help people remember things that theyve completely forgotten. It can

help solve crimes, cant it? I mean, does it help people remember a crime that they saw, even if it happened a long time ago?

Dr Woods: Thats a hard question to answer. Hypnosis is so powerful that sometimes it can also make people think they remember things that never really happened these are called false memories.

Marianne: So I suppose then that its not really useful in helping the police solve crimes. Dr Woods: Thats correct. But if I were you, Id try it for your smoking problem. Marianne: Thank you, Dr Woods! Oh and do you know a good hypnotist, by any chance? Dr Woods: Well, funny you should ask, because I do hypnosis as part my work as a psychiatrist. Heres my business card give

me a call and we can set up an appointment.

Answers: 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. c


John: Welcome back to the last part of our show, Entertainment News. Now heres something really interesting. If you want to see the film Bubble in a cinema, you may have to travel a long way. Most cinemas are refusing to show it. Vivian Tuffold, our cinema correspondent, is here to tell us the reasons for this boycott. Vivian, whats wrong with Bubble? Is it particularly violent or offensive? Is it very bad quality?

Vivian: No, John, its none of those things. Bubble is one of six films being produced by a company called 2929 Entertainment. All six films are going to be released simultaneously in cinemas, on DVD and on cable television. Cinema owners are extremely upset about this.

John: Is this something new, Vivian? Vivian: Yes it is, John! The usual procedure is, first a new film is shown in cinemas. Then, only after a few months, it comes out

on DVD. This time in between is called a window. After several more months, the film is sold to cable TV, and after another few months, it can be shown on ordinary TV.

John: So, now, as far as I understand it, there wont be a window any more, and the film will come out in all the media at the same time. Why the change?

Vivian: Well, 2929 Entertainment believes that because technology is changing, the film industry has to change with it. Today people have got home cinemas that make viewing a film at home as good as seeing it in the cinema. So the idea is that people should be able to see a film wherever and whenever they want to.

John: Well, its easy to understand why the cinema owners would have a problem with this. Vivian: Yes, in fact theyre in quite a panic! Theyre afraid that if people can stay home and watch newly-released films on DVD,

then they wont bother going out to the cinema. Its their worst fear come true. John: Its certainly seems like bad news for them. Vivian: Well, it might not be as bad as they think. Look at sport on TV. Did you know that when they first started showing live

matches on TV, people in the sports business were sure that fans wouldnt go to matches any more? John: And did their fears come true? Vivian: Just the opposite. Research has shown that when more live matches are shown on TV, more people actually go to

matches. John: Interesting. Why is that? Vivian: Its because by broadcasting more sport on TV, more people are exposed to it. John: And watching a match on TV isnt the same as experiencing it live, is it? Vivian: No and in the same way, going out to the cinema is not just watching the film its an experience, an atmosphere, a fun night

out. John: I see what you mean. 2929 Entertainment must also think that early releases of DVDs are good for business. Vivian: Absolutely. Think about it from the financial aspect, John. For any film, usually the production studio makes only about

25% of its money from cinema tickets, and nearly half from DVDs. The rest is from sales to cable TV, airline companies, hotels, that sort of thing. Early releases of DVDs will help them sell more DVDs and all this while spending less money.

John: How is that so? Vivian: Well, let me explain. Have you ever missed seeing a film at the cinema, and wanted to see it later on DVD? John: Yes, that happens a lot to me. Vivian: And do you usually get that DVD when it comes out? John: Not always, because by that time, there are newer films in the cinema I want to see. Vivian: Thats just it! A lot of people like you also prefer to see a brand new film in the cinema and quite often, films are

forgotten by the time the DVD version comes out several months later. So studios have to run a second advertising campaign for the DVD! It can cost $50-100 million for the first advertising campaign in cinemas and then another $10-20 million to promote the DVD. But if they sell the DVD at the same time the film is playing in the cinema, that second campaign is no longer important. And thats a lot of money thats saved!

John: Now I understand. And more people will buy the DVD as well, because the film is still a hot item. It still looks like cinema owners are going to lose lots of money from all this.

Vivian: Thats why 2929 Entertainment is offering them 1% of the money made from selling DVDs this is something thats

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never been done before. It could mean a lot of money for cinema owners. John: What about other production studios the big Hollywood companies? How do they feel about this idea? Vivian: Well, most film studios arent interested in this new way of doing things. But one of the biggest Walt Disney Studios

has expressed interest. The head of Walt Disney International says he wants to sell DVDs of films in the lobbies of cinemas showing the film, so that when people come out, they can buy the DVD. This is especially good for childrens animated films children will convince their parents to buy the DVD so they can see it again at home. Its a similar concept to how they sell CDs of musicians in the lobby after a concert.

John: It seems to me that 2929 Entertainment is going to change the entertainment business completely, doesnt it, Vivian? Vivian: I agree. It will be fascinating to watch what happens over the next year. John: Well, thats about all weve got time for today. Its always a pleasure having you on our show, Vivian, and we look forward

to having you back soon. Vivian: Thanks, John.

Answers: 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. c


Edward: Hello, and welcome to our show, The Earth. Every week, we discuss new issues in our environment. Im Edward Patton, your host, and today were joined by Dr Jane Kellis, whos going to tell us about something relatively new and dangerous called global dimming. Dimming, as you know, means to get dark so global dimming means that the world is getting darker. This phenomenon is causing huge changes in the Earths climate but until recently, scientists refused to believe it even existed, didnt they, Jane?

Dr Kellis: Thats right, Ed. It all started in 1985, with a young geographer named Atshumu Ohmura who was doing research on the climate. Part of his work was checking and recording the levels of sunlight around Europe. Well, when he compared these sunlight levels with the ones recorded by scientists in the 1960s, he discovered something that gave him the shock of his life. There is less sunlight on the Earths surface today. In other words, its getting darker!

Edward: That must have been a shock to the whole world. Dr Kellis: Well actually, when Ohmura published his results, scientists didnt think they were true. I mean, think about it. With less

sunlight, the Earth should be getting cooler. But everyone knows that the Earth is getting hotter. So global dimming just didnt seem logical.

Edward: I see. Well, maybe Ohmura made a mistake? Dr Kellis: Not at all. Soon there was other evidence of global dimming. Researchers all over the world began to report that levels

of sunlight were falling. In the US, solar radiation has gone down by 10%, and in Great Britain, its down by 16%. The most dramatic fall is in what used to be the Soviet Union solar radiation there has gone down almost 30% in the past few decades! Even in Antarctica theres 9% less sunlight.

Edward: Thats so strange. Do they know why this is happening, Jane? Dr Kellis: Well, global dimming seems to be caused by air pollution. When we burn fuel like oil and wood, they make tiny

particles that pollute the air. These particles stop the sunlight from reaching the earth because they absorb the sunlight and then, send the sunlight back into space.

Edward: So, the geographer was right after all. There really is less sunlight than there used to be. Dr Kellis: Thats right. Because of all this evidence, scientists now realise that global dimming really does exist. And theyve also

discovered that its a killer. It may have been the cause of the worst climatic disaster of recent times in Ethiopia in the 1980s.

Edward: Oh, I remember that was unbelievable over a million people died of famine back then, didnt they? Dr Kellis: Yes, thats right. That happened because there were no summer rains for years, so the farmers couldnt grow any food.

At the time, scientists said that it was because the farmland wasnt managed properly, in other words, that the farmers were using primitive agricultural methods. But now they believe that the real cause was global dimming.

Edward: But how could global dimming be the cause of such a terrible famine? Dr Kellis: Well, think about the climate in Ethiopia, which is directly north of the equator. Its dry there all year round, theres

hardly any rain until the summer, when theres the monsoon, thats a season when it rains all the time. This happens because every summer, the heat of the sun warms the ocean north of the equator. This pulls the rain clouds from the equator to the north, so they rain over Ethiopia.

Edward: I think I understand, its the warm ocean that attracts the clouds and causes rain. Dr Kellis: Exactly! But then, for 20 years all through the 1970s and 1980s the rain clouds didnt move north and didnt reach

Ethiopia, so there was no rain, absolutely no rain there at all. Edward: Jane, what I dont understand is why the rain clouds didnt move north? Dr. Kellis: Well, because of all the pollution coming from Europe, there was global dimming which cooled the oceans in the

northern hemisphere. This made the clouds over the equator move south, where its warmer, instead of north to Ethiopia.

Edward: If what youre saying is true, then the pollutants coming out of our car exhaust pipes and electrical power stations here in Europe may have caused the death of more than a million people in Africa!

Dr Kellis: Yes, thats the tragedy of it. But theres some good news and some bad news. Edward: Whats the good news? Dr Kellis: Well, in the past few years, there has been a lot more awareness of this problem and some important action has been

taken against air pollution. Fortunately, things have improved and the rains have even returned to Ethiopia. Edward: Thats great, but what about the bad news?


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Dr Kellis: Well, this is the part thats a bit strange. On the one hand, global dimming isnt good for the planet but on the other hand, it protects it from global warming. Global dimming cools the air, and global warming warms it. If we stop global dimming, well see temperatures rising much faster than they have until now.

Edward: You know, its already starting to happen! Look at the terrible summer of 2003, when thousands of people in France died from the heat!

Dr Kellis: Scientists say the earth could get so warm in the next few decades that the ice in Greenland would begin to melt. This would cause the oceans to rise, meaning catastrophic flooding all over the word. In addition, the tropical rainforests would dry up in the heat. Even England would become a hot, dry country but think about places where its already very hot. No one would be able to live there.

Edward: So what can be done about it? Dr Kellis: Well, we all have to take action, stop burning so much fuel, and find alternative sources of energy. We have to choose

other ways to generate our electricity and drive our cars even if those ways arent as convenient as what were doing today. After all, our planet is our home.

Edward: Thanks for the warning, Jane! Im afraid were out of time but you must come back soon and discuss this very important issue with us some more. Until next week, take care and be good to the Earth.

Answers: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b


Sandra: Millions of people have read the best selling book by James Frey, called A Million Little Pieces and most of them are very angry. Im Sandra Woods reporting for Todays World, and Im talking to our correspondent, Carl Easton. Whats this all about, Carl?

Carl: Well, Sandra, James Frey is a young author who wrote a book about himself the kind of book thats called a memoir. In it, he describes his life as an alcoholic, a drug addict, and a criminal. But it turns out that a lot of what he wrote wasnt even true, and his readers feel theyve been tricked.

Sandra: But whats the problem? I mean, when I read a book, I dont expect everything in it to be true I know its just a story. Carl: Thats fine if the book is presented as fiction. But if a book is published as a memoir, then every detail in it is supposed

to be fact. And this is what Frey told his publishers, and what his publishers told the public. Sandra: I see your point. Can you tell us a little bit more about the book, Carl? Carl: Yes. The book is an amazingly intense and brutal description of a young man who hates the world and destroys himself

with drugs and alcohol. He is aggressive and violent, and constantly gets into trouble with the police. Sandra: But the book has got a happy ending, hasnt it? Carl: Yes, at the age of 23 Frey was put into a rehabilitaton clinic by his parents. He describes how he was in such bad

condition that the doctors were shocked that he was still alive. But he managed to stop using drugs and drinking, despite the constant temptations its really an amazing success story.

Sandra: So this is actually why his story gave hope to so many people. But you know, when it was first published in 2003, it wasnt that popular, was it?

Carl: No, sales were mediocre but it was in 2005 that Freys big chance for success came. Oprah Winfrey the hostess of the most famous talk show in the United States chose A Million Little Pieces as her book of the month.

Sandra: And when Oprah says to buy a book, people buy it, dont they? Carl: They certainly do. The book sold more copies in the United States than any other book except the latest Harry Potter! Sandra: Amazing! Now explain to us, Carl what parts werent true, and how was this all discovered? Carl: Well, the discovery was made by a website called The Smoking Gun. They write about famous people, and they

particularly like to show mug shots, you know, those photos the police take of you when you get arrested, mug shots of celebrities who get into trouble.

Sandra: So did they show a mug shot of James Frey? Carl: Well, they wanted to, but when they went to the police station, there were no records of him. This made them

suspicious and they started investigating. Sandra: Hmm! Interesting. And what did they find out? Carl: In his memoir, Frey describes himself as a sort of desperado, wanted by the police all over the United States. He claims

he has been arrested 14 times and been in prison many times, and the memoir gives very detailed descriptions of what life was like in prison. But in almost all the cases, the investigators from The Smoking Gun couldnt find any evidence of his arrests!

Sandra: So Frey has never been to prison? Carl: No the closest he got was that he was arrested for drunk driving, and he sat in a police station for a few hours

waiting for a friend to get him out! Sandra: So in fact, Frey was no desperado. Carl: Thats right. And listen to this Frey writes that as a teenager, he was constantly getting into fights and making trouble.

So someone from The Smoking Gun went to interview Paul Santarlas, a neighbour of Freys who had been in the same class at school. Santarlas told them that Frey was actually quite popular at school. He didnt get into trouble more than most other boys, and he was even in the school football team. The list of lies goes on.

Sandra: Well, we wont have time for all of them, unfortunately. But please tell us what did The Smoking Gun do with all this information?

Carl: Well, they published a long report on their website, saying that Frey had invented many parts of his book. Sandra: And how did Frey react?


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Carl: He replied that every sentence in his book was true. In fact, he said that he would take The Smoking Gun to court and demand compensation for the lies they were telling about him!

Sandra: And what about Oprah Winfrey? What did she do after she found out? Carl: She was so angry she invited him to appear on her show again, and they had a confrontation, right in front of the

TV cameras. She told him how embarrassed and disappointed she was. Sandra: Did Frey try to defend himself? Carl: No, at that point he just admitted that he had lied and exaggerated in his book. Sandra: Well, at least we know the truth now. But even after all this, James Frey, is doing well, isnt he Carl? Carl: Oh yes. Liar or not, Frey is a celebrity and a millionaire, and A Million Little Pieces is going to be made into a Hollywood

film things are far from terrible for him. Sandra: And how are his publishers dealing with the situation? Carl: Its a very embarrassing situation for them. Theyve decided that all future copies of the book are going to include a

note to the reader. In the note, Frey apologises for inventing parts of the book and for making his life seem harder than it really was.

Sandra: As far as I see it, what Frey did was wrong but its important not to forget that hes been a source of inspiration for many people with addictions. Hes an example of someone who escaped the terrible world of drugs and self-destruction.

Carl: Thats true, Sandra. Im sure hes helped many people. Well, I look forward to seeing you again soon with another story to discuss.

Sandra: Thanks, Carl, I look forward to it.

Answers: 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. a


Steve: This is Steve ONeill, and welcome to our programme Places to Visit, in which listeners can learn about the many sites of interest in the United States and Canada. Today well be taking a tour of the Bata Shoe Museum in Toronto, Canadas largest city. This fascinating museum is designed to look like a shoe box from the outside, and the collection includes 10,000 pairs of shoes. Were here with Anna Morris, a volunteer tour guide at the museum.

Anna: Welcome to the museum, Steve. Well begin our tour here in the museums vault. The vault is like a library of historical shoes. On the shelves are hundreds of shoes, from Egyptian to medieval. For instance, here are some English opera shoes, these are ancient African sandals, and on that shelf are a pair of Chinese silk slippers.

Steve: Its amazing to see such a variety of shoes here. Anna: Yes, shoes are fascinating because they reveal a persons identity their national identity and culture as well as their

personality. A persons shoes can give clues as to their social status, sex, profession, the climate in which they live their whole way of life. You know, we think that shoes cover us, but in fact, they expose a great deal about us.

Steve: I never thought of it that way. Anna, these shoes are very small! I guess peoples feet were smaller back then. Anna: A lot of people believe that but actually, thats a common misconception. Its more likely that these small shoes survived

because they were in fact, too small for anyone to wear. They remained in good condition simply because they werent worn.

Steve: Those shoes over there look really unusual. Where do they come from? Anna: Ah, these are shoes that smugglers wore in the 1940s. Theyre made from wood, but the sole is backwards so that when

you walk, you leave a trail that looks like youre going in the opposite direction. If someone finds your footprints, theyll think that you were going the other way. Obviously, the smugglers wanted to trick the authorities who were trying to catch them.

Steve: Brilliant! Who would ever think that a pair of shoes could be used as a device to trick the authorities. Now, I understand that the museum has got a collection of shoes of famous people. Could I see it?

Anna: Certainly, lets walk over in this direction this exhibit is called the Walk of Fame. Here, you can see the pony-skin ankle boots that Pablo Picasso wore. And ... those are platform shoes with 13-cm heels that belonged to the singer Elton John. Actress Elizabeth Taylors shoes are over there and of course, theres lots more.

Steve: This is fantastic! Obviously, you need a lot of time to be able to look at all the shoes and read about them so I will definitely be coming back here on my own.

Anna: Good idea. Now if we walk in this direction, well reach my favourite exhibit a collection of modern shoes by famous designers. One of the most unusual is this pop-art shoe by Herbert and Beth Levine. As you can see, its just a sole and a high heel, nothing else you have to glue it onto your foot because there are no fastenings.

Steve: Why would anyone design a pair of shoes like these? I cant imagine anyone who would want to wear these shoes. Anna: Well, not all the shoes here are designed for use, we see it more as a work of art. Heres another pair you probably

wouldnt want to wear. Its a style that was popular in Venice during the 16th century. As you can see, the platform soles are about half a metre high.

Steve: Bizarre! Id be terrified of falling if I had to wear these shoes, but maybe they were practical in Venice, because of all the water there. People probably wanted to keep their feet dry. Anna, this is a very impressive museum. How did it all begin?

Anna: Believe it or not, all of the shoes were acquired by one extraordinary woman, Sonja Bata. Since the 1940s, Mrs Bata has travelled the world looking for shoes of every kind. In fact, there are all kinds of funny stories about how she got some of the shoes. In some places, she wanted to buy shoes right off of peoples feet. They thought she was crazy, so she needed to find a local person to explain that she was doing research on shoes, and that she wanted to know where the shoes came from and how they were made.


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Steve: Sounds like she was really determined to collect unusual shoes. I understand that at first, she kept the shoes in her home.

Anna: Thats right. But in 1979, the collection became too large to house in private storage space, so the Bata family established The Bata Shoe Museum Foundation to manage the collection more professionally. The foundation has also conducted research into the role of footwear in different cultures. The building that we are standing in opened in 1995. It has truly become a world class museum.

Steve: So, if people would like to visit the museum, what do they need to know? Anna: First of all, the museum is open every Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday from 10 am to 5 pm. Were open late

on Thursdays from 10 am to 8 pm and admission is free from 5 pm to 8 pm. On Sundays the hours are 12-5 pm. The entrance fees are $8 for adults, $6 for senior citizens and students, and $4 for children from 5 to 17. Children under 5 get in free. Weve got many special events, and a lovely gift shop which youll enjoy spending time in and where maybe youll even find something special to buy.

Steve: Anna, thank you so much for the tour. Im sure some of our viewers will want to visit here soon and I know Ill be coming back again. From Places to Visit, this is Steve ONeill.

Answers: 1. a 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. c


Simon: Good evening. Im Simon Summers, presenter of the weekly radio programme, Time To Talk About It. Tonight our guest is Dr Rose Lewin, a well-known researcher on teenage sleep patterns at the National Sleep Foundation in Washington, DC. Good evening, Dr Lewin. Thank you for joining us tonight.

Dr Lewin: My pleasure. Simon: Right, were ready to take your calls about your sleep patterns. Simon: We have a caller on line 1. Good evening. Sam: Hello? Is this the programme Time To Talk About It? Simon: Hello. Yes it is. Youre on the air. Who am I speaking to, please? Sam: Hi. My name is Sam. Im 17 years old. My parents and I always argue over the same issue, I never manage to go to

bed before 1.00 am. My parents are always telling me that I need more sleep. They dont seem to understand that Im not ready to go to bed when they think I should. Theres so much going on in my life and so many things to do that I think going to bed early is a waste of time!

Dr Lewin: Well, there are valid reasons for your parents wanting you to get enough sleep, Sam. Think of sleep as food for your brain. A lack of sleep can be harmful.

Sam: Really? How can not getting enough sleep be harmful? Dr Lewin: Well, first of all, your ability to listen, concentrate and learn is affected if you dont get enough sleep. That means

that your school work will suffer if youre tired. Second, when people are tired they are more irritable and its harder for them to get along with their family and friends. Think about this for a minute. Do you notice that youre often impatient or that you argue a lot with people other than your parents?

Sam: Well, I cant say that Im always in a good mood but ... Dr Lewin: Im not surprised to hear that, Sam. Third, a lack of sleep affects your athletic performance. Our research shows that

teens who dont get enough sleep dont do as well in sports as teens who sleep 9 hours a night. And a lack of sleep can also cause skin problems. Skin doctors will tell you that if you want to have good skin, you need to get enough hours of sleep.

Simon: I never knew there was a connection between sleep and good skin. Dr Lewin: Well, its more than just getting enough sleep but it definitely helps. Finally, being tired can be deadly when you drive.

Tired people arent alert. It takes them more time to react to whats happening on the road. Did you know that falling asleep at the wheel causes more than 100,000 accidents in the USA every year?

Sam: Well, if you look at it that way .. Dr Lewin: Thats the only way to look at it, Sam! Sam: So, what should I do, Dr Lewin. Its hard for me to fall asleep earlier than one oclock in the morning. Dr Lewin: Well, try not to nap after you get home from school. That way it will be easier for you to go to bed earlier. And, its

important to relax before bedtime. Go to sleep at a reasonable hour. And make it a habit to get into bed at more or less the same time every night. Youll feel better and do better. And it will be one thing less for you to argue with your parents about!

Sam: I guess youre right. Thanks a lot, Dr Lewin. Dr Lewin: Youre welcome. Good luck! Simon: Goodbye, Sam. Are there any another callers? Yes. Hello? This is Time To Talk About It. Who am I talking to? Cindy: Hi, my name is Cindy Blake. My 15-year-old son, Josh wakes up at 6 am for school every morning, studies seven

hours each day, plays football most afternoons and gets home in time to do some homework. At night he spends time chatting with his friends online. When I knock on his door at 11 pm to tell him to go to sleep, he says that hes not ready to go to bed. At weekends he sleeps till noon. But when the rest of the family goes to bed at night, he cant sleep and he stays up till 2.00 am. He starts the school week tired and irritable. Sometimes he even falls asleep during lessons. His teachers have phoned to complain. I dont know what to do.

Dr Lewin: Well, Cindy, Joshs problem is a common one among teenagers. This past year alone, 84% of students have admitted to falling asleep during class. It is a fact that teenagers internal sleep-wake clock is different from that of adults.

Cindy: What does that mean a teenagers internal sleep-wake clock?


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Dr Lewin: It means that many teens are physiologically not ready to fall asleep until late at night and they need to sleep later in the morning. If teens have to get up early for school its not surprising that theyll feel tired during the day.

Cindy: So, if its a common teenage problem why dont schools start later in the morning to allow teenagers to get enough sleep?

Dr Lewin: Thats exactly the question that has been asked in many schools. In the last few years, many secondary schools have been starting an hour later, allowing students to sleep till later in the morning. Studies carried out showed that there was a positive change in student behaviour - students were more awake and had better attitudes towards their studies. If youd like more information contact the National Sleep Foundation and theyll put you in touch with some of these schools.

Cindy: Well, I dont know if there are any schools like that in our area but thanks for the information. It was good to hear that Joshs problem isnt unique.

Simon: And thanks to the callers, listeners and to Dr Rose Lewin for another interesting programme on Time to Talk About It. Hope youll join us next week!

Answers: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. b


Jim: Good afternoon. This is Jim Murray and youre listening to Sports Extra. Today well be talking about what life is like for star athletes who retire. Our guest is Nancy Hollander, an expert in sports psychology. Welcome to the show, Nancy.

Nancy: Thanks, Jim. Jim: Its hard for anyone to retire from a career that they love, but why is it particularly difficult for top athletes? Nancy: Well, modern sports stars live in a fantasy world, Jim. They can afford to buy expensive clothes and cars and to eat in

the best restaurants. Fans chant their names and wait for hours for autographs. Its a big ego trip, and its very hard to give up all that attention. It takes four to eight years for a former star to adjust to a normal life.

Jim: So, what are some of the problems that athletes face when they retire? Nancy: Well, the most obvious one is finding another career! Sports stars often must retire suddenlybecause of an injury, or

because a manager decides that theyre not at the top of their game any more. And most often, the athletes arent at all ready for it. They havent given any thought to what they might do instead of sport.

Jim: It seems to me that a job as a coach or a broadcaster seems like the logical choice for a new career. Nancy: Well, thats a great option for the lucky few who can get jobs like that. An athlete with a charismatic personality, or one

who has become particularly famous, has got a chance of getting a position like that. But the fact is, there arent so many jobs of that sort. Most former athletes have to change careers, and its rarely an easy transition.

Jim: At what age do most athletes retire? Nancy: Well, it depends on the sport and on the individual, but typically, athletes retire in their late 20s or early 30s. At that

age, many of the athletes former friends have probably achieved some level of career success, so that makes it especially hard for the athletes who often have to cope with starting at the bottom of the career ladder after all, theyre used to being stars and being at the top.

Jim: I can imagine that it would be difficult for them. Are there any other obstacles to achieving career success for these athletes?

Nancy: Well, one major problem is often a lack of educational and social skills. Nobody cares about an athletes low marks or inappropriate comments as long as he or she is winning. In fact, there have been cases in the United States of star athletes who were accepted to university even though they couldnt read or write, just so they could play for the universitys team. But when the athletic career is over and the former athlete must compete in the job market, academic and social skills suddenly become very important.

Jim: I see. And how does retirement from the sports world affect a persons emotional life? Nancy: Well, it can be very tough. A lot of athletes get divorced after their careers end. Their husband or wife married a star,

but now their partner is just an ordinary person so a lot of attention that the couple once received, no longer exists. Alcoholism is also another big problem among former athletes. Since their lives have become less exciting, many feel that they need an escape, so they often turn to alcohol. And then of course, theres the stress of getting used to a much smaller family budget.

Jim: It must be hard for a former top athlete to get on with his or her life instead of focusing on the past. Nancy: Youre absolutely right. Many of them cant stop thinking or talking about the past. They just replay their successes over

and over in their minds, and they arent able to live in the present. As you might expect, the transition to a new life is hardest for those athletes who were at the very top of their field, because they dont know how to be anything but a star.

Jim: So are all former athletes destined to have such a difficult transition to normal life? Nancy: Actually, no. Preparation for the transition can make a big difference. Some athletes manage to work in another job

during the off-season the part of the year when theyre not playing their sport. When their athletic careers end, they just start to work at that job all-year-round.

Jim: But if an athlete didnt prepare for retirement, is there anything he or she can do to ease the transition? Nancy: Sure. Returning to university is often the best way for an athlete to prepare for the world of work and to avoid

depression. Like sport, academic life is very goal-oriented and provides a sense of achievement. It also stimulates the mind, which can be a welcome change from sport. Most athletes just picked the easiest subjects when they were at school, so now is a time to focus on a subject that they really like, that can help them build a satisfying career.


[37]

Jim: Its encouraging to hear that former athletes can, in fact, overcome their difficulties. Nancy, Im afraid thats all weve got time for today. Thanks for joining us on the show. Tune in tomorrow when well discuss the psychology of winning.

Answers: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. b


Patricia: Oh, Tessa, there you are! Finally! Ive been here for fifteen minutes. What took you so long? Tessa: Sorry Im late, Patricia. I didnt mean to keep you waiting. The thing is I woke up late, and then I couldnt find the

clothes that I wanted to wear. When I was all ready to go, I walked out of the door in such a hurry that I forgot my schoolbag and had to go back for it.

Patricia: Its OK. But we have to walk fast now, or well be late for school. I dont want to be late especially on a day when weve got a test.

Tessa: A test? Oh, no! I totally forgot about it! What am I going to do? Patricia: You know, Tessa, as your best friend, I have to tell you something. You really need to learn how to organise yourself a

lot better. Tessa: Oh, thats practically impossible for me, Patricia. Youve known me for years and you know Im just a disorganised

person. Its my personality. Patricia: Thats just an excuse, Tessa. There are things you could do to be more organised. Tessa: Yeah? Like what? Patricia: Well, for instance, you could have laid out the clothes you were going to wear today, last night. In fact, you could get

completely ready the night before. You could organise your schoolbag and even make your lunch. Then in the morning, all you have to do is put on your clothes and go. And another thing if you put your schoolbag in the same place every night, so you wont have to run around looking for it.

Tessa: Well, maybe youve got a point there. Patricia: You know what else would help you leave the house on time? You could get up 15 minutes earlier. But, if youre all

ready to leave and its still early, dont make the mistake and decide that youll do one last thing. I always find that when Im going somewhere, it takes longer than I think it will. Its important to leave extra time.

Tessa: Its true that I almost never leave the house early, even when Im ready. You know, maybe youve got another point there. Any other tips?

Patricia: Well, look at the fact that you forgot about the test today. When Mr Miller told us about the test, did you write it down anywhere?

Tessa: Im not sure. Maybe I wrote it down on the revision page that he gave us that day, but I guess I didnt look at it again. I probably just thought Id remember it.

Patricia: Well, theres a simple solution to that. You should buy a school planner and write the dates of all your tests and assignments. Then, every day when you get home from school, look and see which assignments are due the next day. In fact, its good to check your planner at the beginning of the week to see what you need to get done for the week.

Tessa: My problem is that if Ive got a lot of assignments, I can never decide which one to do first. Any suggestions, Patricia? Patricia: Yes, thats easy. Do the hardest one first to get it out of the way. Then, later on, when youre more tired, you can work

on the easier ones. Its really just a matter of being organised in order to stay on top of things. Tessa: Well, there are still some things that are completely out of my control. For example, the other day I went to the shops

with Tim and Helen after school. Then that night, I went out to dinner with my family, so when I got home, it was late and I didnt have any energy to do my homework.

Patricia: Thats already a matter of thinking about your priorities. When Ive got an assignment that I need to finish, I usually wont go out with friends until its finished. Besides, I cant really enjoy myself when I know Ive got all this work waiting for me. It totally stresses me out.

Tessa: Oh, you dont sound so great! I think Ive got some cough drops in my bag. Let me have a look. Whats all this stuff doing here? Well, theres a lot of other things in here that I dont need, but unfortunately, no cough drops. Sorry Patricia.

Patricia: I know Ive given you a lot of advice today, but can you take just one more suggestion? Tessa: Sure, go ahead. What are friends for anyway? Patricia: Tessa, you should empty your schoolbag every day when you get home from school and thats the time to get rid of

anything you dont need in your bag. Youll probably find other things in there that are important, but that you dont need to carry around with you.

Tessa: Patricia, your ideas sound great, but its hard to get motivated to do all of this. It sounds like hard work. Patricia: From my experience, it is at the beginning, so promise to give yourself a reward. For instance, tell yourself that if you

check your schoolbag every day for a week, youll treat yourself to something. It doesnt really matter what it is even if its just an ice cream its just the idea to motivate yourself.

Tessa: Well, maybe Ill try to do some of the things youve mentioned, but I dont know if it will help. After all, Ive had these habits for a long time.

Patricia: I really hope someone brought cough drops to school today, that is cough drops that they can find. Tessa: Very funny, Patricia. Patricia: I hope its OK that I brought all of this up. I didnt mean to sound critical, you know. Youre not angry with me, are you? Tessa: No, dont worry. If your friends wont tell you the truth, who will?

Answers: 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. c 8. b


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