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UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

AND MARINE TOURISM IN INDONESIA:

Potentials and Challenges

by:

Supratikno Rahardjo

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

“MARINE TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENMT”

21-22 September 2011, Novotel Hotel, Bangka Beliting

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Actual Issues

3. Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Indonesia

4. Cultural Heritage for Marine Tourism

5. Integrated Management

PART 1. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

The territory of Indonesia largely consists of waters (seas, straits, rivers, swamps, lakes)

History of the formation of Indonesian nation was interrelated with the migration and marine activities of the ancestor throughout the Southeast Asian Islands from about 5.000 years ago.

The important achievements of ancient Indonesian civilization were related with mastering the peoples in maritime activities.

Collapse of the great kingdoms in Indonesia was related to the declining the people in mastering maritime activities.

Archaeological evidence found underwater is one of important information for understanding the past and we can learn from that for the future.

Underwater archaeological site can be developed as an interesting object for public education through marine tourism.

PART 2. ACTUAL ISSUES

Limited access of underwater cultural heritage for the benefit of general public. Maritime history sources provide information about the existence of thousands of sunkenship in the Indonesian waters, many of which are not accessible for public interest due to the restriction of utilization allowed by the government.

Underwater cultural sites in Indonesia are critically endangered. This phenomenon is not only due to various illegal activities, but also legal activities that can not be supervised effectively, such as exploration of valuables object from the sunkenship (known as BMKT) that has been done since 1989.

The drive of economic interest is stronger than the interests of culture. The findings of VOS that have important values for the history, science and culture in general and also they have high economic values, therefore these items are highly vulnerable to the possibility of commercial use, whether done legally or illegally. In fact more exploration activities are conducted for commercial purposes rather than for cultural development

The ambiguity of the government in the management and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. On the one hand the government intends to protect, but on the other hand intends to commercialize them. Both can run with the different directions and often colored by conflict situation without significant solution,

The government has not been firm in addressing the UNESCO convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage (PUH) . Until now, Indonesia has not been able to decide whether the UNESCO convention should immediately be ratified or not.

6. Various government institutions have proposed to build maritime museum. This enthusiasm does not only arise from the central government, but also form the local governments.

PART 3a.

MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER

CULTURAL HERITAGE (UCH)

(conducted by Dit Gen History and Archaeology

UCH is treated as cultural goods and being used for

the benefit of cultural development (history, science, education)

Focuses of the management are: conservation, development, and utilization

Scope of utilization are for social, religious, touristic, educational, scientific, and cultural purposes.

Technically conducted by the Directorate of Underwater Archaeology, Dit. Gen. Hist and Arch, Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

Legally supported by State Law No. 5/1992, then replaced by State Law 11/2010 concernig the cultural heritage.

MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM

Board of Research and Development for Culture and Tourism

Archaeological Research and Development Center

Directorate General of History and Archaeology

Other RD Center

Other Directorate General

Directorate of UCH

Directorate of CH

CH Protection Agency

Archaeological Research Agency

Other Directorates

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION RELATING TO RESEARCH

AND PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY

Significance Values of of Underwater Cultural Heritage

Academic values (Information for scientific development). > It has potential as a source of data for solving scientific problems in various disciplines (archeology, history, technology, politics, economics etc.) Cultural/ideological values (Raising awareness as a maritime nation) > Maritime values: open minded, braveness, egalitarian, respect to cultural diversity etc.

> Encourage for the citizen for mastering maritime affairs and issues: maritime technology, astronomy, navigation, maritime resources and its problems etc. Economic Values: resource of revenue (for profit orientation)

> Indirect utilization (as tourism object/destination)

UNESCO CONV ON PUCH, 2001,

Article 1: Definition

Underwater Cultural Heritage

all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical

or archaeological character which have been partially or

totally under water, periodically or continuously,

for at least 100 years such as:

(i) sites, structures, buildings, artefacts and human remains,

together with their archaeological and natural context;

(ii) vessels, aircraft, other vehicles or any part thereof,

their cargo or other contents, together with their

archaeological and natural context; and

(iii) objects of prehistoric character.

PART 3b. MANAGEMENT OF UNDER WATER

CULTURAL HERITAGE

(conducted by PANAS-BMKT)

UCH is treated as an economic asset known as Valuable Objects

from Sungkenship (VOS/BMKT)

Focuses of the management are surveys, removal from underwater, and economic utilization.

Implementation of the management of UCH is under the National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunkenship (PANNAS-BMKT/NCSU-VOS), headed by the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.

Legally supported by the Presidential Decree and Ministerial Decree .

BMKT Valuable

object from

Sunken ship

Keppres 19/2007

(Presdt decree)

Values of history,

culture, science,

and economic

U

T

I

L

I

S

A

T

I

O

N

ECONOMIC GOODS

resource of national

income

CULTURAL

GOODS:

resource of nat

education and

culture

(small part)

Note:

Presidential decree No. 19/2007 replaced

Presidential decree No. 12/2009.

State Law No. 5/1992 replaced by State Law

No. 11/ 2010 Concerning Cultural Property

UU RI No. 5/1992

(State Law)

PP No. 10/1993

(Government

regulation)

MODUS OPERANDI OF ILEGAL EXPLORATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION (SEARCHING, SPOT COMMERCIALITATION, LIFTING, SELLING)

FISHERMAN

DUAL PROFESION (Fisherman & Treasure hunter

Lokasi BMKT didapat dengan Tidak sengaja, misal jaring Tersangkut BMKT

PENADAH/ PENAMPUNG BMKT

SMALL TRADER

SMALL & MEDIUM COLECTOR

INVESTOR OR SPOT BUYER

BIG COLLECTOR/ FOREIGNER

OTHERS

Lokasi didapat dengan sengaja Menggunakan GPS

Sumber: BRKP

Sumber: BRKP

KEGIATAN SURVEI BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE 2000-2010

PT.TORR

Per.Sel.Mare Kab.Halmahera

00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT

Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001

PT. Ake Lamo Pratama

Per.Ternate, Maluku Utara

00º 53' 00" LS - 127º 20’00" BT


PT.Tricom Promosindo

Per.Krg Koka, Sulawesi Tenggara

06º 05' 66" LS - 124º 19' 45" BT


PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya,

Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel

telah dilakukan survei tahun 2005

PT.Devatech Indonesia,

Per. P.Numbing, Kep.Riau

00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT


PT.Adikencana Salvage,

Per. Krg Heluputan, Kep.Riau

00º 36' 25" LS - 105º 08' 50" BT


PT.Jasa Kelautan Sentosa,

Per. P.Mantang, Kep.Riau

00º 43' 26" LS - 104º 29' 20" BT


PT.Tricom Promosindo,

Per. P.Bintan Utara, Kep.Riau

01º 19' 00" LU - 104º 24' 00" BT


PT.Matra Satya Osiana,

Per. Krg.Savren (L.Natuna)

01º 37' 00" LS - 106º 31' 00" BT


PT.Tripang Arta Salvage,

Per. P.Panjang, Babel

02º 03' 20" LS - 106º 19' 30" BT


PD.Bangka Global Mandiri,

Per. Krg Kapal, Babel

02º 06' 00" LS - 106º 12’00" BT


PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera

Per. Selat Karimata

01º 03' 333" LS - 108º 19' 373" BT


PT. TORR

Per. Utara Selat Karimata

01º 03' 00" LS - 108º 27' 40" BT


PT. Sula Gading Sakti

Per. Selat Karimata

01º 42’738" LS - 108º409’881" BT


PT. Karya Prima Nusa Karimun

Per. Laut Jawa,Kab Jepara,Jateng

05º 44' 20" LS - 110º 15' 08" BT



Per. Jepara, Jateng

06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT



Per. Jepara, Jateng

06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT



Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa

05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah

dilakukan survei tahun 2004

PT.Comexindo Usaha Mandiri

Per. Sebelah Utara,Kep.Seribu

05°26’ 15” LS - 106°18’ 45” BT telah

dilakukan survei tahun 2001

PT. Jasa Kelautan Sentosa , Per.Krg. Kait, tahun 2001

Koperasi Serba Usaha Biliton Undersea,Per.Tg.Pandan, tahun 2001

PT. Sena Dwisentosa, Per.P.Simedang, tahun 2001

PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantra, Per.Bangka Selatan, tahun 2007

PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Timur Gosong Beting Raja, tahun 2002

PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Belitung Timur, masih dalam tahap survei tahun 2008

PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantara Per. Tanjung Menjangan, Prov. Sumsel telah dilakukan survei


Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa

05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah

PT. Marindo Alam Internusa

Per. Gosong-gosong Bunga

Kab. Serdang Bedagei, Prov. Sumut

PT. Bangun Bahari

Per. Bangka Tengah, Prov.

Bangka Belitung

PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri

Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang

KEGIATAN PENGANGKATAN BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE 2000-2010

PT.Adi Kencana Salvage,

Per. Tl. Sumpat Bintan

Utara, telah dilakukan

pengangkatan

Tahun 2005


Per. Kr. Heliputan, Kep. Riau 00°36’-25’’ LU - 105°08’-50’’ BT

telah dilakukan pengangkatan tahun

2004


Per. Karawang, Jawa Barat 05°30’200’’ LS- 107°44’200’’ BT

telah dilakukan pengangkatan

Tahun 2008


Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT

telah dilakukan pengangkatan

Tahun 2004 yang seluruhnya

berjumlah 232.672 pcs


Per. Jepara, Jawa Tengah

telah dilakukan

pengangkatan

Tahun 2007

PT.Tuban Oceanic Research &

Recovery (PT.TORR),

Per.Krg Cina Selat Karimata

telah dilakukan ppengangkatan

Tahun 2001, hasil pengangkatan

11.000 buah

PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya,

Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel

Belum dilakukan pengangkatan

Karena alasan cuaca & teknis


Per. Belitung Timur

Prov. Bangka Belitung

Tgl 4 Mei s.d 15 Juli 2009

PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri

Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang

Lifting of the Artifacts

Auction

PART 4. UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE

FOR MARINE TOURISM:

Utilization Models

Site-base model.

Museum-based model.

Open air-based model.

Maritime/underwater heritage trail model.

Combination model.

•

BENDA TEMUAN DI DALAM SITUS KAPAL TENGGELAM

• Ships and their parts • Navigation equipment • Other equipment in a ship that is absolutely necessary during

the journey (cookware, lighting, etc.) • Weapons for security • Cargo (goods, ceramics and other items) • Cargo other than goods that are intended to be derived in a

particular place • Crew’s personal items • Personal items of the passengers • Remnants of the activities during the journey

etc.

Cultural items from shipwreck site

Tulamben Site: “USAT Liberty”

SITE-BASE MODEL. This model is the most ideal for marine tourism. By this model, the object should be placed at the original location, which is under water. The disadvantage of this model is that the objects are usually only be enjoyed by limited visitors who have the ability to dive with the diving instrument (SCUBA)

MUSEUM-BASED MODEL. This model can be divided into two category, namely (1) museums that put the underwater cultural heritage as the main collection, and (2) museums that put the underwater cultural heritage not as the main collection, but as a part of other

collections as a whole.

MARITIME MUSEUM, JAKARTA

VASA MUSEUM, SWEDEN

SUBMARINE MONUMENT, SURABAYA

OPEN AIR-BASED MODEL. Generally, the main object of this model is a real ship from the past, or a model of famous ship or boat from the living tradition.

OPEN-AIR Wrecksite of traditional boat from the 7th century at Rembang beach, Northern Coast of Central Java.

MARINE HERITAGE TRAIL MODEL. This model include more

than one sites and need more complex organization. Usually involves

many stakeholders.

VOC-SHIPS GRAVEYARD TRAIL?

MILITARY MUSEUM (MUSEUM KEPRAJURITAN, TMII, JAKARTA)

COMBINATION MODEL. Open-air

presentation at museum garden.

PART 5.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HARITAGE

EXPLORATION Base on practical problems (eg. salvage, total removal) Base on scientific (theoretical problems, selected removal,

stricted to scientific standard) DATA-DEVELOPMENT Documentation (visual & audio visual); research reports;

registration, data-base management CONSERVATION Preservation, consolidation, protection. UTILIZATION > Academic (research & development); cultural/ideological

(public education); economic indirect (marine tourism).

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF

UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE

EXPLORATION

DATA DEVELOPMENT

Practical Problem Base

Scientific Problem Base

CONSERVATION UTILIZATION

ACADEMIC / CULTURAL

ECONIMIC / TOURISM

LAND BASED

UNDERWATER BASED

MARITIME TRAIL BASED

LAND BASED

UNDERWATER BASED

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UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND MARINE …visitbangkabelitung.com/sites/default/files/dokumen_artikel/8 Supratikno Raharjo... · The territory of Indonesia largely consists of