Underwater Acoustics; Buoy Noise: A Final Report Acoustics; Buoy Noise: A Final Report Prepared for: MSC Summer Research Institute Prepared by: Christina Hoy, University of Alaska

Underwater Acoustics; Buoy Noise:

A Final Report

Prepared for: MSC Summer Research Institute

Prepared by: Christina Hoy, University of Alaska Anchorage Student

Shir Pilosof, Stevens Student Eric Baskayan, Stevens Student Luciano Triolo, Stevens Student Shicong Hao, Stevens Student Ahsan Shahab, Stevens Student

July 28, 2016

"Written and presented with the

support of the Maritime Security Center, A Department of Homeland Security Science

and Technology Center of Excellence."

Abstract

The Underwater Acoustics; Buoy Noise team worked to determine the feasibility of placing an underwater hydrophone system on an existing Aid to Navigation (ATON) buoy. Uses of this system would include safety and security features for the Department of Homeland Security. In order to determine the feasibility, the team conducted two field experiments deploying acoustic systems at two locations. The first location was the Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) and produced limited data because the system’s SD card was faulty. Failure in the system prompted the team to design a more reliable self-sustained buoy system that has the ability to communicate with the user to ensure the system is working properly. The second experiment on the Hudson River provided the team with a lot of data surrounding how much noise a buoy makes in the water. Using a LabVIEW program, the team analyzed the two systems that were deployed, seeking the difference between the hydrophone placed close the buoy and the hydrophone placed toward the river bed. Based on the conducted research, the spar buoy makes negligible noise and a hydrophone system could successfully be placed on this system. Recommended research includes placing a hydrophone system close to an ATON buoy in harsher weather conditions.

Table of Contents

Introduction 2 ...................................................................................................................................

Methodology 3 ...................................................................................................................................

Task 1 USMMA Experiment 3 ................................................................................................

Task 2 Buoy Design 3 .............................................................................................................

Task 3 Hudson River Experiment 4 ........................................................................................

Results/Discussion/Analysis 6 ..........................................................................................................

Task 1 USMMA Experiment 6 ................................................................................................

Task 2 Buoy Design 6 .............................................................................................................

Task 3 Hudson River Experiment 10 ......................................................................................

Conclusion 13 ....................................................................................................................................

Recommendation 14 .........................................................................................................................

References 15 .....................................................................................................................................

Appendices 16 ...................................................................................................................................

Appendix A (Solar Panel Information) 16 ..............................................................................

Appendix B (Battery Information) 17 .....................................................................................

Appendix C (Buoy Components) 18 ........................................................................................

Appendix D (Buoy Bill of Materials) 21 .................................................................................

Appendix E (USMMA BBBL) 25 ............................................................................................

Appendix F (Hudson River BBBL) 28 ....................................................................................

Appendix G (Hudson River Picture Reference) 32 .................................................................

Appendix H (Additional Data Clips) 55 .................................................................................

Appendix I (USMMA Test Plan) 58 ........................................................................................

Appendix J (Hudson River Test Plan)) 53 ..............................................................................

Table of Figures

1 (Integrated Buoy System) 8 ...........................................................................................................................2 (Inside 55- Gallon Drum) 9 ...........................................................................................................................3 (Hydrophone Frame) 9 ..................................................................................................................................4 (Battery Container) 9 .....................................................................................................................................5 (Microcomputer/ DAQ Enclosure) 9 .............................................................................................................6 (Solar Panel Array) 9 .....................................................................................................................................7 (Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Frame in Calm Environment) 10 ..............................................................8 (Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Surface in Calm Environment) 10 ............................................................9 (Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Line in Calm Environment) 11 .................................................................10 (GPS Path of the Phoenix Passing Hydrophone on Frame) 11 ....................................................................H1 (GPS Path of Phoenix) 55 ...........................................................................................................................H2 (Spectrogram of Phoenix Passing Hydrophone on Frame) 55 ...................................................................H3 (Spectrogram of Phoenix Passing Hydrophone on Surface) 56 .................................................................H4 (Spectrogram of Phoenix Passing Hydrophone on Line) 56 ......................................................................H5 (Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Frame with Vessel Movement) 56 .........................................................H6 (Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Surface with Vessel Movement) 57 .......................................................H7 (Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Line with Vessel Movement) 57 ............................................................J1 (Buoy Locations on Hudson) 61 ..................................................................................................................J2 (Research Vessel Path 1) 61 .........................................................................................................................J3 (Research Vessel Path 2) 61 .........................................................................................................................J4 (Hydrophone Location on Line) 62 .............................................................................................................

List of Tables

A1 (Solar Panel Array Information) 16 ............................................................................................................A2 (Time to Fully Charge Battery) 16 ..............................................................................................................B1 (Battery Capacity) 17 ..................................................................................................................................C1 (Buoy Components) 18 ...............................................................................................................................D1 (Bill of Materials) 21 ..................................................................................................................................E1 (USMMA BBBL) 25 ...................................................................................................................................F1 (Hudson River BBBL) 28 ...........................................................................................................................G1 (Hudson River Picture Reference) 32 .........................................................................................................

1

2

Introduction

During June and July of 2016, the team researched a passive underwater acoustic system

on a buoy for maritime security use. This research was funded by the Department of Homeland

Security and Maritime Security Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. The project focused on

profiling environmental noise which affects underwater passive acoustic systems used for safety

and security surveillance and the feasibility of attaching such systems on an existing ATON buoy.

This was accomplished by deploying acoustic systems at various points of interest and recording

environmental noise. The research team gathered data from other sensors at the Maritime

Security Laboratory including radar, Electro Optic Infrared (EO/IR) cameras, and Automatic

Identification System (AIS) to provide ground truth information for the acoustic analysis.

The result of the research could help improve maritime safety and security. The passive

acoustic system was able to detect different noises underwater and identify them. With this

capability, it could help to avoid terrorist attacks such as the USS Cole bombing. The passive

acoustic system could be easily deployed near ports. By detecting and recording ships moving

by, identification of suspicious vessels can be completed before entering the port. Deploying

underwater passive acoustic system on the sea can detect irregular boats that may smuggle drugs.

The team consisted of six students and two mentors. The mentors are Blaise Linn and

Hasan Shahid from the Maritime Security Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. The team

members represented a variety of course studies. Ashan Shahab is an undergraduate Computer

Engineering student at The Stevens Institute of Technology. Christina Hoy is a Civil Engineering

student at The University of Alaska Anchorage. Eric Baskayan is an undergraduate Electrical

Engineering student at Stevens. Luciano Triolo is an undergraduate Mechanical Engineering

student at Stevens. Shir Pilosof is an undergraduate Mechanical Engineering student at Stevens.

Shicong Hao is a graduate Ocean Engineering student at Stevens. Blaise and Hasan have worked

for the MSC for several years so they used their experience to guide the team on the right track.

In the following sections, there is information on research methodology, specific results

from research, the analysis of data, the conclusion found after analyzing the data, followed by

some recommendations for the passive acoustic system.

3

Methodology

In order to determine the feasibility of attaching a hydrophone system to an existing ATON buoy,

the team separated the project into three tasks.

1. USMMA Experiment

2. Designing a more reliable system

3. Hudson River Experiment

Task 1 – USMMA Experiment

The team traveled to the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) to acquire

some data towards the project. Once on site at the USMMA the team rendezvoused with Carolyn

Thornton for assistance in launching the system and creating a baseline in noise frequency

through the ship. The system consisted of two hydrophones connected on opposite ends of a

cross shaped frame. The system was then attached by rope to a spar buoy to allow for easy

tracking and removal, all of which was anchored by cinderblocks. The acoustic device was

anchored in place approximately 5 meters from a buoy and left to record data for five hours. The

deployment vessel then performed a series of maneuvers around the buoy and then returned to

shore. Three hours later the system was moved to the second location, about 300 meters from the

buoy and the maneuvers were repeated. A log was created to keep track of all the boats that

traveled by the buoy while it was recording in the water including pictures of the individual

vessels. This log was used as a reference for acoustic signatures that would be heard on the

recording in order to isolate the potential noise made by the buoy. The experiment plan for this

event can be found in Appendix I.

Task 2 - Designing the Buoy

After returning from the USMMA, the team sought to create a new more efficient design

for the underwater acoustic system previously used in the USMMA experiment. The new design

would have communication capabilities so the user knows the system is recording and in

working order while it is deployed. The team separated out into three sub-teams that focused on 4

the pillars of the design. A team was designated for solar panel design, battery design, and

computer system design based on individual experience.

The battery design team first determined the power consumption of all the components

this system would include. Components included the RockBLOCK+ satellite, Banana Pi Pro

Microcomputer, Data Acquisition (DAQ), and hydrophones. Using the found power

consumption, the total power to keep the system running for two days of autonomy was

calculated and a lithium ion battery was chosen.

Once the power consumption and battery were determined, the solar panel design team

did baseline research on marine solar panels. Based on the research a series of different arrays

were analyzed based on cost, time to fully charge the battery, and array configuration to find the

best choice for the system.

In order to be able to communicate with the new system, the computer design team

worked to integrate the Banana Pi Pro and the RockBLOCK+ system. The team worked to

program the microcomputer using the Python programming language to have it communicate

with the satellite. Communications would include instructions on when to send a transmission,

when to rest, and when to receive commands from the command center. The team also set up the

satellite system to test communication transmissions.

Task 3 – Hudson River Experiment

The team corresponded with Omar Lopez-Feliciano who piloted the boat RV Phoenix to

deploy two systems in the Hudson River in front of the Babbio Center. The first system deployed

included one hydrophone attached midway between the spar buoy and the river floor. The second

system deployed included two hydrophones placed near the river floor which served as a

baseline for underwater noise surrounding the systems. The research vessel did a series of

maneuvers around the deployed systems in order to have a baseline of acoustic data. Collected

data included acoustic data from the hydrophones, video data from three cameras placed at two

separate locations, a photo log of passing ships, and a written log of passing ships. The cameras

5

were placed on the sixth floor Babbio patio and the Frank Sinatra Pier. The data recorded focused

on the noise surrounding the deployed spar buoy.

In order to organize the data, the first step was to combine the written log of passing ships

and the photo log into a joint document organized by time. Once the logs were combined, the

team worked to find acoustic signatures of the ships on the acoustic data. The acoustic data was

processed and analyzed using a LabVIEW program. While in the LabVIEW program, the team

assessed the data through the use of spectrogram. A spectrogram is a visual representation of the

frequencies in sound signals. The outputs are displayed with frequencies on the vertical axis and

time on the horizontal axis. The data from the two buoys were analyzed separately in order to see

if the buoy in question made noise that the hydrophone systems could detect. The experiment

plan for this event can be found in Appendix J.

6

Results

This section will present the results of the team’s research. The results are defined by the

previous three tasks.

Task 1 – USMMA Experiment

Although the deployment of the system was completed successfully, there was an

unforeseen issue. The SD card used in the recorder was faulty and the system did not record any

data once deployed in the water. This left the team with no tangible data, but the need to design

an integrated system that would be more reliable and had the ability to communicate with the

user.

Task 2 – Designing the Buoy

The battery design team found the individual components power usage and combined

them to determine the total power consumption of the system.

The total power consumption of the system was found to be 6.13 watts with a daily watt

usage of 80.8 watt-hours per day. In order to size a battery, the team found the total watt

hours being a 325-watt hour capacity. To provide the system with power the team decided to

use three Tenergy Lithium ion batteries with a 14.8 V capacity.

Component Power Usage

RockBLOCK+ (Transmitting) 2.88 Watts

RockBLOCK+ (Resting) 0.06 Watts

Data Acquisition (DAQ) 1.05 Watts

Banana Pi Pro 2.13 Watts

Hydrophone 0.0015 Watts

7

In order to determine what solar panel was needed to power the system, the team

researched the steps needed to size a solar panel. The first step is to determine the inverter

size which is found by the peak load or maximum wattage of the system. The battery team

had found this number to be 6.13 watts. The next step is to determine the daily energy use

which was found to be 80.8 watt-hours. Days of autonomy were determined to be two days,

with a battery bank capacity that needed to provide for this amount of time.

The team came up with five different potential arrays of solar panels composed of

different sizes and wattages.

• (Six) 6 Watt Solar Panels • (Four) 12 Watt Solar Panels • (One) 30 Watt Solar Panels • (One) 40 Watt Solar Panels • (One) 55 Watt Solar Panels

While researching the team determined that the most efficient way to install solar panels

is in true array so that partial shadowing from passing ships or other sources does not

completely block the solar energy. This limited the potential arrays to the (six) 6-watt and the

(four) 12-watt. When the time taken to fully charge the battery was taken into consideration

the (four) 12-watt solar panel array was chosen with the shortest charge time.

In designing the buoy, the team determined the best way to build the buoy was with a

plastic 55-gallon drum. Plastic can be submerged in the ocean water and does not carry

environmental restrictions. In order to create ballast the drum will have to be filled 0.3 m

with concrete. The concrete will have to be sealed with Hycrete, a waterproofing solution so

it does not take in water. For additional ballast the batteries enclosed in the waterproof

container will be placed inside the drum. There will be a superstructure placed on top of the

drum that represents a pyramid shape. This pyramid shape was designed at a 33-degree angle

which was determined to be the optimum angle for solar energy in the New York and New

Jersey area according to the latitude. This structure will also hold the Amber light, satellite,

8

and the Wi-Fi antenna. The wires from the solar panels will run through the drum, run

through the battery container, and follow the anchor rope out of the bottom where it will

connect to the waterproof container containing the microcomputer and charge controller.

9

Figure 1 - Integrated Buoy System

Solar Panel Frame

55 Gallon Drum

Anchor Line

Anchor

Numbers on image corresponds to a list of components found in Appendix C.

10

Figure 2 - Inside 55- Gallon Drum

Figure 3 - Hydrophone Frame

Figure 4 – Battery Container

Figure 5 – Microcomputer/DAQ

Figure 6 – Solar Panel Array

55 Gallon Drum

Battery Enclosure

Concrete

Charge Regulator

Battery Enclosure

Battery

Waterproof Enclosure

Hydrophone

Hydrophone Frame

Waterproof Enclosure

Marine Wi-Fi

Amber LEDRockBLOCK+

Solar Panel

Solar Panel Frame

Task 3 – Hudson River Experiment

After a successful deployment and retrieval of both systems, 5 hours of acoustic data was accrued for analysis, along with relevant video footage, GPS data of the RV Phoenix, and a log of passing ships during the course of the experiment.

Using the LabVIEW Signal Analyzer, the team observed the acoustic data to determine if the buoy made enough noise to prevent the hydrophones from detecting other signatures. During periods of relative calm where no ships or helicopters were passing by, the only signatures detected on the spectrograms was the environmental noise of the moving water. The sharp peaks seen are speculated to be caused by the hydrophones hitting the line they were attached to. This occurrence happens frequently, but does not prevent the hydrophones from picking up other signatures.

! Figure 7: Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Frame in calm environment

!

Figure 8: Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Surface in calm environment

11

! Figure 9: Spectrogram of Hydrophone on Line in calm environment

The team then compared this instance of relative calm to one where the RV Phoenix approaches these systems at high speeds. Around the time the vessel drives by the hydrophone, the difference is clear as a large peak is visible around the time the RV Phoenix passes each system. The difference can also be visible in lower frequencies where environmental noise exists.

! Figure 10: GPS path of the Phoenix passing X

12

The team also looked at other instances where traffic was high around the systems, using the log as a supplement. In each case, acoustic signatures were clearly visible from the various vehicles passing by as shown in Appendix (H). Despite the considerably larger distance that these ships are from the acoustics systems compared to the RV Phoenix during its path, the hydrophones were still able to pick up the noise these vessels were creating.

Overall, it is evident that the noise of the spar buoy is negligible and does not inhibit a hydrophone system from detecting various acoustic signatures. However, this hydrophone system should be tested on a much larger ATON buoy for the team to conclusively say that a hydrophone system can be functional near one. This experiment was also conducted in a fairly calm environment, resulting in much less noise compared to a larger channel where the current would create much more noise. Simply put, the difference between this experiment’s quiet setting compared to the suggested placement of a possible hydrophone system on an ATON buoy is too large and further experiments would be needed to confirm the feasibility of using this hydrophone system.

13

Conclusions

After conducting an experiment on the Hudson River, the team concluded that it is possible to record accurate acoustic data when attaching hydrophones to spar buoys. Acoustic signatures of vessels were detected by the buoy systems. The most accurate data was collected from the hydrophone that was connected to the frame laying on the river floor. More research has to be performed in harsher environments as well with noise making buoys in order to conclude that attaching hydrophones to ATON buoys will produce usable data. The current system is unstable and leaves researchers no way of knowing if data was collected until after the experiment is completed. The design provided by the team is higher functioning and can be left in the water for longer periods of time.

14

Recommendation

The instability of the system used during the Merchant Marine Academy experiment at Kings Point proved to be an unreliable tool for gathering underwater acoustic information. The team concluded that a new system needed to be built in order to conduct a successful experiment. By adding various components to the previous system, the improved design allows for researchers to communicate with the system while deployed.

To increase reliability of data collection, the team recommends the designed buoy system be built and used in further research. The recommended design includes various combined materials to make a self-sustaining research buoy. In addition to being a self-sustainable system, various components were added to the design to increase its functionality. These components include a 55-gallon drum, an aluminum alloy superstructure, and amber LED light, a solar panel array, a Banana Pi microprocessor, a DAQ, and lithium ion batteries. Communication with the device, while it is deployed, will be possible due to the marine wireless receiving system, and the RockBLOCK+.

Based on the data collected during the experiment on the Hudson River, the team recommends that further research be conducted. Although the acoustic signatures collected during the experiment were accurate, the buoys were placed in relatively quiet surroundings. In future experiments, the buoys should be placed in harsher environment with a faster current and greater wave height. In addition to being placed in rougher seas, the hydrophones should be attached to a noise making buoy. This includes gongs and bells that are normally found on ATON buoys.

The team also recommends that future research be completed regarding the best position of the hydrophone system on the line. Although the research showed that the hydrophone system on the frame made less noise than that connected directly on the line, a more focused experiment should be devoted to this idea.

15

Bibliography

"All-Battery.com - Rechargeable Batteries & Chargers." All-Battery.com - Rechargeable Batteries & Chargers. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Buoys That ANT LIS Maintain." USCG Aids to Navigation Team, Long Island Sound. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 June 2016.

"Calculating the Kilowatt Hours Your Solar Panels Produce - Understand Solar." Understand Solar Calculating the Kilowatt Hours Your Solar Panels Produce Comments. N.p., 2015. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Click on Our Free Solar Estimator to Do an Accurate Solar Cost Benefit Analysis." Solar Power Returns|Solar Calculations| Benefits from Installing Solar Panels. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Hycrete Applications." Hycrete Inc Marine Structures Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Lights On Solar." Lights On Solar. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Rock Seven | Truly Global GPS Tracking and Messaging Systems Using Iridium Satellite | RockBLOCK." Rock Seven | Truly Global GPS Tracking and Messaging Systems Using Iridium Satellite | RockBLOCK. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Solar Battery Charging." Solar Battery Charging. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"Solar Info: The Down Low on Everything Up High." BatteryStuff Articles. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

"SolarLand 20W 12V." SolarLand 20W 12V. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2016.

16

Appendix A Solar Panel Information

! Table A1 – Solar Panel Array Options

! Table A2 – Time to fully Charge Battery

17

18

Appendix B Battery Information

! Table B1 – Battery Capacity Table

19

Appendix C Buoy Components

Item Number

Item Name Description Picture

1 Frame Specifically designed at a 33° angle for solar panel

configuration. Composed of aluminum alloy 6061 for

durability in harsh ocean water conditions.

2 55 Gallon Drum

Plastic drum with closing lid. Will be filled 0.3 m with concrete for

ballast and will house the waterproof battery enclosure.

3 Anchor For a cost effective solution, four cinder blocks will anchor the system to the ocean floor.

4 Anchor Line Moors buoy to anchor. No Photo

5 Hydrophone Frame

Deployed vertically and opens arms as it descends into the

water.

6 Waterproof Enclosure

Houses Banana Pi controller and DAQ.

Table C1 – Buoy Components

7 Hydrophone A microphone that detects acoustic signatures underwater. Will detect the information and

sent it to the DAQ.

!

!

!

!

!

!

20

8 Solar Panel The solar panel array will consist of (4) 12-Watt solar panels that are rated for marine use. This

array allows for the battery bank to be fully charged in ten hours.

9 RockBLOCK+ A satellite that operates on the Iridium Satellite constellation.

User is charged for each transmission but allows user to get immediate feedback from

system.

10 Marine Wi-Fi The Wi-Fi antenna allows user to calibrate the system and

troubleshoot potential issues remotely.

11 Amber LED Buoy systems must have a light for use during night. The color

amber notes it as research buoy so it does not get confused by

ships as a navigation buoy.

12 DAQ Used to translate information from the hydrophones to the

Banana Pi Pro.

13 Banana Pi Pro A microcomputer that serves as the brain of the system, relays

the information to the satellite to be transmitted.

14 Battery Enclosure

Houses batteries and charge regulator.

15 Concrete Serves as ballast for the system. No Photo

16 Charge Regulator

Monitors battery life and charge; ensures battery does not get

overcharged.

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

21

Appendix D Buoy Bill of Materials

17 Battery Three 10,400 mAH Li-Ion batteries that will be used to

store power generated by the solar panels. This energy will

then be used to power the system autonomously.

!

Item Total Cost Quantity Cost

12 W Marine Grade Solar Panel (4) $620.00 4 $155.00

22

*H1a Hydrophone (4) $516.00 4 $129.00

*High Speed DAQ Device (1) $499.00 1 $499.00

Li-Ion 10,400mAh Battery (3) $419.97 3 $139.99

Wireless Receiving System (1) $325.00 1 $325.00

*RockBLOCK+ (1) $232.00 1 $232.00

Solar Charge Controller (1) $180.00 1 $180.00

100' Waterproof Cable (1) $160.00 1 $160.00

*Enclosure Vent and Plug (20) $160.00 20 $8.00

Solar Marine Light (1) $119.95 1 $119.95

12'x 1"x 3/4"Aluminum Bar (2) $84.44 2 $42.22

55 Gallon Plastic Drum (1) $74.00 1 $74.00

1 G Duralux Marine Paint (1) $72.88 1 $72.88

Double Braid Nylon Dockline (3) $66.90 3 $22.30

*O-Ring Flange (2) $58.00 2 $29.00

1 G Yellow Buoy Paint (1) $54.03 1 $54.03

Cast Acrylic Tube 11.75" (1) $54.00 1 $54.00

*Aluminum end Cap with 10 Holes (2) $52.00 2 $26.00

*Banana Pro (1) $50.00 1 $50.00

Waterproof Wire Connector (10) $49.50 10 $4.95

50 lb Quick Setting Concrete Mix (4) $21.80 4 $5.45

Hycrete W500 (1) $20.00 1 $20.00

Adhesive Sealant (1) $18.49 1 $18.49

Battery Waterproof Container (1) $15.99 1 $15.99

Pkg. of 20 Structure Corner Brace (1) $8.98 1 $8.98

*Cinder Block (4) $6.76 4 $1.69

Voltage Regulator 5V (3) $2.85 3 $0.95

Table D1 – Bill of Materials

***Asterisk indicates components already obtained

23

Total Estimated Cost: $4,000 + $1000 (Misc.) ~ $5,000 (Misc.) Costs include that of labor, taxes, shipping, and incidentals.

Plastic Drum:

http://www.uline.com/BL_8154/Plastic-Drums $74.00

Buoy Paint:

http://www.jamestowndistributors.com/userportal/show_product.do?pid=52254 $54.03

Aluminum Bar:

http://www.metalsdepot.com/catalog_cart_view.php?msg= $84.44 (for 24 ft.)

Solar Panel:

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.small-solar-panels.marine_solar_panels.cpv12.info.1.html $155.00 (Need 4)

Wireless Receiving System:

http://www.omega.com/pptst/UWTC-RPT1.html?pn=UWTC-REC1-868 $325.00

Hycrete W500:

http://www.hycrete.com/products/waterproofing/hycrete-w500/ $20.00 (0.3 m)

RockBLOCK+:

http://www.rock7mobile.com/products-rockblock-plus $232.00

Concrete

http://m.homedepot.com/p/Quikrete-50-lb-Fast-Setting-Concrete-Mix-100450/100318521 $65.00

Banana Pro:

http://www.lemaker.org/product-bananapro-resource.html $50.00

Structure Corner Brace:

24

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Everbilt-1-1-2-in-Zinc-Plated-Corner-Brace-20-Pack-18564/202034301 $8.98 (Package of 20 pieces)

Batteries:

http://www.all-battery.com/li-ion18650148v10400mAhrechargeablebatterypack-31801.aspx $139.99 (Need 3)

Hydrophones:

http://www.aquarianaudio.com/h1a-3.html $129.00 (Need 4)

Marine Paint:

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Duralux-Marine-Paint-1-gal-Aluminum-Boat-Green-Marine-Enamel-M736-1/205128316 $72.88

DAQ:

http://www.mccdaq.com/usb-data-acquisition/USB-1208HS.aspx $499.00

Marine Rope:

https://www.amazon.com/SeaSense-Double-Dockline-2-Inch-15-Foot/dp/B004XAD77G/ref=sr_1_2?s=boating-water-sports&ie=UTF8&qid=1467746129&sr=1-2 $22.30 (Need 3)

Cinder Blocks:

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Oldcastle-16-in-x-8-in-x-8-in-Concrete-Block-30161345/100350252 $1.69 (Need 4)

Adhesive Sealant:

http://www.westmarine.com/buy/3m--5200-white-polyurethane-adhesive-sealant-10oz-cartridge--158485 $18.49

Voltage Regulator:

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/107 $0.95 (Need 3)

Waterproof Capsule Plastic Tubing:

https://www.bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/wte4-p-tube-12-r1/ $54.00

25

Waterproof Capsule Endcaps:

https://www.bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/wte4-m-end-cap-14-hole-r1/ $28.00 (Need 2)

Waterproof Capsule O-Ring Flange:

https://www.bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/wte4-m-flange-seal-r3/ $29.00 (Need 2)

Capsule Enclosure Vent and Plug:

https://www.bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/vent-asm-r1/ $8.00 (Need 28) *

Cable Connectors**:

https://www.superbrightleds.com/moreinfo/landscape-spot-flood-lights/g-lux-series-waterproof-wire-connector/1350/3104/?utm_source=googlebase&utm_medium=base&utm_content=GLUX-WCC&utm_campaign=GoogleBaseChild&gclid=Cj0KEQjwte27BRCM6vjIidHvnKQBEiQAC4MzrXjB3j8xgVzB5JDGTyn99rHTZ8TJxJoubuwxgP9IMa4aAiXd8P8HAQ#/tab/Specifications $5.00 Each

Charge Controller:

https://genasun.com/all-products/solar-charge-controllers/for-lithium/gv-10-li-lithium-10a-solar-charge-controller/ $159.00

Battery Waterproof Container:

http://www.mcmelectronics.com/product/21-11155?scode=GS401&utm_medium=cse&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=google&gclid=COjphK6S380CFcNahgod0ScCNg $15.99

Solar Marine Light

http://www.lakelite.com/products/solar-marine-light/ $119.95

Waterproof Cable:

http://www.westmarine.com/buy/ancor--triplex-wire-by-the-spool--P009_274_004_002 $160.00 (100’)

26

Appendix E USMMA Buoy by Boat Log

Underwater Acoustics USMMA BBBL

Eric Baskayan, Christina Hoy, Shir Pilosof, Ahsan Shahab, Hao Shicong, Luciano Triolo

Log for June 20, 2016

Time Vessel Type Length (Ft) Direction Picture

9:46 AM Rec Boat 30 N

10:06- 10:11 AM Swan 4 N/A No Photo

10:12- 10:30 AM Tug w/Barge N/A S No Photo


10:45 AM Rec Boat 35 S

Time Vessel Type Length (Ft) Direction Picture

10:58 AM Sail Boat 35 N

Table E1 – USMMA BBBL

!

!

!

!

27

11:14 AM Rec Boat 20 S


11:45 AM Sail Boat 35 N

12:09 PM Rec Boat 25 S

1:01 PM Rec Boat 23 S

1:07 PM Nassau PD 33 N

1:16 PM Rec Boat 30 N

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

28

1:20 PM Rec Boat 23 S No Photo

1:23 PM Tug w/Barge N/A S No Photo

1:40 PM Rec Boat 23 N

1:49 PM Jet ski 7 N No Photo

!

29

Appendix F Hudson River Buoy by Boat Log

Underwater Acoustics Hudson River BBBL

Eric Baskayan, Christina Hoy, Shir Pilosof, Ahsan Shahab, Hao Shicong, Luciano Triolo

Log for July 14, 2016

30

Table F1 – Hudson River BBBL

31

32

33

Appendix G Hudson River Picture Reference

Reference No. Picture Reference No. Picture

1 8

2 9

3 10

4 11

5 12

6 13

Table G1 – Hudson River Picture Reference

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

34

7 14

! !


15 22

16 23

17 24

18 25

19 26

20 27

!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!

35

21 28

!!


29 36

30 37

31 38

32 39

33 40

34 41 No Photo

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

36

35 42

!!


43 50

44 51

45 52

46 53

47 54

48 55

!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!

37

49 56

!!


57 64

58 65

59 66

60 67

61 68

62 69

!

!

!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!

38

63 70

!!


71 78

72 79

73 80

74 81

75 82

76 83

!

!!

!!

!

!

!!

!!

!

39

77 No Photo 84

!


85 No Photo 92

86 93

87 94

88 No Photo 95 No Photo

89 No Photo 96

90 97

91 98

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

40


99 No Photo 106

100 107 No Photo

101 108 No Photo

102 109 No Photo

103 110


105 No Photo 112

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

41


113 120 No Photo

114 121


116 123

117 124

118 125 No Photo

119 126

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

42


127 134 No Photo

128 135

129 136

130 137 No Photo

131 138

132 No Photo 139

133 140

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

43


141 148 No Photo


143 150

144 151

145 152

146 153


!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

44


155 162 No Photo

156 No Photo 163

157 164

158 165

159 166

160 167

161 168 No Photo

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

45


169 No Photo 176


171 No Photo 178

172 No Photo 179

173 180 No Photo

174 No Photo 181

175 No Photo 182

!

!

!

!

!

!

46


183 No Photo 190

184 191 No Photo



187 194 No Photo

188 195


!

!

!

!

!

47


197 204


199 206 No Photo


201 No Photo 208

202 209

203 210 No Photo

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

48







216 223 No Photo


!

49



226 233

227 234

228 235 No Photo

229 236 No Photo

230 237 No Photo

231 No Photo 238

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

50


239 246 No Photo

240 247

241 No Photo 248

242 249

243 250 No Photo

244 No Photo 251

245 No Photo 252

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

51


253 260 No Photo

254 No Photo 261



257 264

258 265 No Photo

259 No Photo 266

!

!

!

!

!

!

52


267 No Photo 274

268 275 No Photo



271 278 No Photo

272 No Photo 279


!

!

!

!

53


281 288

282 No Photo 289

283 No Photo 290

284 291 No Photo

285 No Photo 292

286 293

287 294

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

54



296 No Photo 303

297 No Photo 304

298 305

299 306 No Photo

300 No Photo 307


!

!

!

!

!

!

55

Reference No. Picture

309

310

311 No Photo

312

313

!

!

!

!

56

314

!

57

Appendix H Additional Data Clips

! Figure H- 1: GPS path of the Phoenix passing Blue and Yellow

! Figure H- 2: Spectrogram of the Phoenix passing hydrophone on frame.

58

! Figure H- 3: Spectrogram of the Phoenix passing hydrophone on surface

! Figure H- 4: Spectrogram of the Phoenix passing hydrophone on line

59

! Figure H- 5: Spectrogram of hydrophone on frame with vessel movement

! Figure H-6: Spectrogram of hydrophone on surface with vessel movement

60

! Figure H-7: Spectrogram of hydrophone on line with vessel movement

Appendix I USMMA Test Plan

Stevens @ USMMA Experiment Test Plan 2016-06-20

Introduction to Underwater Noise Aids to Navigation (ATON) buoys offer a convenient platform for hosting Maritime Security enhancing sensors, such as passive acoustic system. However, the buoys themselves may generate noise which renders those systems less effective. In order to quantify this noise Stevens will conduct an experiment in the vicinity of one of these buoys. An underwater passive acoustic recorder will deployed and data will be collected to determine how much noise these buoys make over the course of a day, and at what frequencies.

Assets

61

A US Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) Rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB) will be used to deploy and retrieve the passive acoustic systems.

Logistics The Stevens team will depart from the Babbio Center at 0600 in rented vehicles that will be procured prior to the experiment. Estimated arrival time at USMMA is 0730. Once on site at USMMA the team will rendezvous with Carolyn for assistance in launching the system. The system will be anchored in place approximately 5m from a buoy and left to record data. The deployment vessel will perform a series of maneuvers, detailed in Appendix B, then return to shore. Three hours later the system will be moved to the second location, about 300m from the buoy and the maneuvers will be repeated.

Air Acoustics

Recording of airborne sound produced by small boat and comparison with underwater sound. The collected records will be used together with urban noise measurements for estimation of detection distances of sound produced by small boats in various noise conditions. This test can be conducted by the microphone system placed on the pier and boat will come to and from the pier. Especially important is to have GPS tracks of the boat movement that will allow estimations of detection distances.

Approximate Timeline 0600 Depart Hoboken 0730-0800 Arrive USMMA 0900 System in place 1200 Move System to second location 1500 Begin Retrieving System 1600 Depart USMMA

Data Processing The Stevens team will work with Stevens Summer Research Institute students to process the data after the experiment and try to come to some conclusions about the noise environment around ATON buoys.

Proposed Buoy Location

62

!

Acoustic Test Route

63

!

Appendix J Hudson River Test Plan

64

SRI 2016 Hudson River Joint Acoustic Experiment

Introduction Aid to Navigation (ATON) buoys offer a convenient platform for hosting Maritime Security enhancing sensors, such as underwater passive acoustic systems. However, the buoys themselves may generate noise which renders those systems less effective. In order to quantify this noise Stevens will conduct an experiment to measure the noise of a SPAR buoy. Underwater passive acoustic recorders will be deployed, one on the line of the buoy to be measured and one approximately 150 m away, and data will be collected to determine the magnitude and frequency spectrum of buoy-generated noise. Concurrently, measurements of the surface acoustics of boats will be made and compared to the underwater signals.

Assets A small boat will be used to deploy and retrieve the passive acoustic systems. Stevens AIS, cameras, and radar sensors will be used to monitor the area around the buoy and record vessel activity in the vicinity.

Logistics One system will be deployed and anchored in place near Stevens campus and the second system will be deployed a few hundred meters away. Both will be left to record data. The boat will idle for a few minutes near the buoy to generate a sample of the engine noise. The deployment vessel will then execute the maneuvers in paths one and two at a low and high speed for each (approximately 10 and 20 knots respectively). These paths are detailed in Appendix B. Then engines will be shut off in order to produce a sample of environmental noise. The cameras and radar are in strategic positions on the 6th patio of the Babbio Center, just outside the Maritime Security Laboratory. A member of the Underwater acoustics team will be monitoring them from the MSL to ensure they are recording. Members of the underwater acoustics team will also record any weather changes and any vessel traffic that occurs while the systems are recording. Video of passing helicopters will also be recorded if possible.

Approximate Timeline

+0:00 Depart by boat to Buoy location on Hudson River

+00:25 First System in Place

+00:45 Second System in Place

+00:50 Joint Air+Underwater Acoustic Measurements of Test Route

+03:30 Begin Retrieval Process

+03:45 Return to Shore

Data Processing The Stevens team will work with Stevens Summer Research Institute students to process the data after the experiment and develop conclusions about the noise environment around buoys. If possible inferences will be made about the different detection capabilities of air and underwater acoustics and the usefulness of the water column mounted vs bottom mounted hydrophones.

65

Proposed Test Location

! Figure J-1: Buoy Locations on Hudson

Acoustic Test Routes

Path 1 Path 2

! Figure J-2: Research Vessel Path 1

Acoustic System Deployment Architecture

66

Figure J-3: Research Vessel Path 2

! Figure J-4: Hydrophone Location on Line

Air Acoustic Plan

Objectives: • Measurements of the air acoustics of boats to complement the underwater acoustic

measurements. • Measurement of helicopter sound penetration to water.

Equipment • SRI air recording station with one microphone will be deployed

Test plan 1. One microphone will be positioned in the most proximal to boat paths location with

minimum humidity, sun exposure and noise. Temperature, humidity, wind speed will be documented in the beginning of each recording.

2. Feasibility of air measurement will be assessed in the beginning of experiment. Poor weather and soundscape conditions may lead to cancellation of air acoustic tests until otherwise possible.

3. The boat movement will be as instructed by underwater acoustic and recorded on GPS. The distances to boat will at least cover the range between 30 meters and 300 meters from microphone.

4. Boat paths will be shown on the river map. 5. Boat will perform at least 4 runs with different boat speed. 6. Cell phone video of one passing helicopter will be taken 7. The helicopters’ passing by time will be documented 8. Clear in map where hydrophones will be deployed. 9. At least 1 hour up to 4 hours of total data recording will be performed.

Signal processing • Data will be available to buoy team for signal processing and final report.

67

Documents

Underwater Acoustics; Buoy Noise: A Final Report Acoustics; Buoy Noise: A Final Report Prepared for: MSC Summer Research Institute Prepared by: Christina Hoy, University of Alaska