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Teaching material compiled by S.Rengasamy to supplement the class room teaching for Master of Social Work (Community Development Specialization)-Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship syllabus prescribed in Madurai Kamaraj University
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S.Rengasamy - Understanding Social Entrepreneurship
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Social Entrepreneurs
"Social entrepreneurs are not content just to give a fish or teach how to fish. They
will not rest until they have revolutionized the fishing industry."- Bill Drayton, CEO
Founder of Ashoka,
"Nonprofits have to recognize that they're businesses, not just causes. There's a
way to combine the very best of the not-for-profit, philanthropic world with the
very best of the for-profit, enterprising world. This hybrid is the wave of the
future for both profit and nonprofit companies." Bill Strickland, CEO of the Manchester
Craftsmen's Guild
The nonprofit environment has changed.
Community needs are growing in size and diversity.
More nonprofits are competing for government and philanthropic funds.
Traditional forms of funding are becoming smaller and less reliable.
New for-profit businesses are competing with nonprofits to serve community needs.
Funders and donors are demanding more accountability.
"In the face of this new reality, an increasing number of
forward-looking nonprofits are beginning to appreciate the
increased revenue, focus and effectiveness that can come from
adopting "for profit" business approaches. Increasingly, they are reinventing themselves as social
S.Rengasamy - Understanding Social Entrepreneurship
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entrepreneurs, combining "the passion of a social mission with an image of business-like
discipline, innovation, and determination." J. Gregory Dees.
What do the following great people have in common? All are exemplary social entrepreneurs,
leaders who have identified sustainable solutions to social problems that have fundamentally
changed society.
Jane Addams founded Hull-House in 1889, a social settlement to improve conditions in a
poor immigrant neighborhood in Chicago, then expanded her efforts nationally. Addams gained
international recognition as an advocate of women's rights, pacifism and internationalism, and
served as the founding president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
Her work ultimately resulted in protective legislation for women and children.
Maria Montessori, the first female physician in Italy, began working with children in 1906
and created a revolutionary education method that supports each individual child's unique
development. Montessori schools allow each child to realize his or her full potential by fostering
social skills, emotional growth and physical coordination, in addition to cognitive preparation.
Muhammad Yunus revolutionized economics by founding the Grameen Bank, or "village
bank," in Bangladesh in 1976 to offer "microloans" to help impoverished people attain economic
self-sufficiency through self-employment, a model that has
been replicated in 58 countries around the world.
Vinoba Bhave (India) - Founder and leader of the Land Gift
Movement, he caused the redistribution of more than 7,000,000
acres of land to aid India's untouchables and landless. Mahatma
Gandhi described him as his mentor
Dr.Verghese Kurien (India) - Founder of the AMUL Dairy
Project which has revolutionized the dairy industry through the
production chain of milk, small producers, consumer products
and health benefits
Just as entrepreneurs change the face of business, social
S.Rengasamy - Understanding Social Entrepreneurship
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entrepreneurs act as the change agents for society, seizing opportunities others miss and
improving systems, inventing new approaches and creating sustainable solutions to change
society for the better. However, unlike business entrepreneurs who are motivated by profits,
social entrepreneurs are motivated to improve society. Despite this difference, social
entrepreneurs are just as innovative and change oriented as their business counterparts, searching
for new and better ways to solve the problems that plague society.
Social entrepreneurs are:
Ambitious: Social entrepreneurs tackle major social issues, from increasing the college
enrollment rate of low-income students to fighting poverty in developing countries. These
entrepreneurial leaders operate in all kinds of organizations: innovative nonprofits, social
purpose ventures such as for-profit community development banks, and hybrid organizations that
mix elements of nonprofit and for-profit organizations.
Mission driven: Generating social value-not wealth-is the central criterion of a successful
social entrepreneur. While wealth creation may be part of the process, it is not an end in itself.
Promoting systemic social change is the real objective.
Strategic: Like business entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs see and act upon what others
miss: opportunities to improve systems, create solutions and invent new approaches that create
social value. And like the best business entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs are intensely focused
and hard-driving-even relentless-in their pursuit of a social vision.
Resourceful: Because social entrepreneurs operate within a social context rather than the
business world, they have limited access to capital and traditional market support systems. As a
result, social entrepreneurs must be exceptionally skilled at mustering and mobilizing human,
financial and political resources.
Results oriented: Ultimately, social entrepreneurs are driven to produce measurable returns.
These results transform existing realities, open up new pathways for the marginalized and
disadvantaged, and unlock society’s potential to effect social change.
Today, social entrepreneurs are working in many countries to create avenues for independence
and opportunity for those who otherwise would be locked into lives without hope. They range
from Jim Fruchterman of Benetech, who uses technology to address pressing social problems
such as the reporting of human rights violations, to John Wood of Room to Read, who helps
underprivileged children gain control of their lives through literacy. They include Marie Teresa
Leal, whose sewing cooperative in Brazil respects the environment and fair labor practices, and
Inderjit Khurana, who teaches homeless children in India at the train stations where they beg
from passengers.
Whether they are working on a local or international scale, social entrepreneurs share a
commitment to pioneering innovation that reshape society and benefit humanity. Quite simply,
they are solution-minded pragmatists who are not afraid to tackle some of the world’s biggest
problems.
S.Rengasamy - Understanding Social Entrepreneurship
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Social entrepreneurs are solution-minded pragmatists who are not afraid to tackle some of the world’s biggest problems. They recognize the extraordinary potential in the billions of poor people who inhabit the planet, and they are absolutely committed to helping them use their talents and abilities to achieve their potential. Social entrepreneurs use inspiration, creativity, courage, fortitude and, most importantly, direct action, to create a new reality – a new equilibrium – that results in enduring social benefit and a better future for everyone. Social Entrepreneurs are the equivalent of true business entrepreneurs but they operate in the social, not-for-profit sector building 'something from nothing' and seeking new and innovative solutions to social problems.
Their aim is to build 'social capital' and 'social profit' to improve the quality of life in some of the most 'difficult' and 'excluded' communities.
They identify unmet social need and generate solutions based upon a close reading of the views of those most directly affected.
They normally work in creative partnership with central and local government, business, religious institutions, charities and other local and national institutions and they are skilled at constructing such partnerships.
They are skilled at redirecting, using and regenerating underused, abandoned, redundant or derelict human and physical resources (skills, expertise, contacts, buildings, equipment and open spaces).
Their work reaches the parts of society other policy initiatives do not touch. They recognise, encourage and employ skills from different faiths, cultures, traditions and backgrounds bringing them together in new and creative ways to address practical problems.
Bunker Roy is an example to understand who is a social entrepreneur. He created the Barefoot College in rural communities in India to train illiterate and semiliterate men and women, whose lack of educational qualifications keeps them mired in poverty. Today Barefoot College graduates include teachers, health workers and architects who are improving communities across India, including hundreds of "barefoot" engineers who have installed and maintain solar-electrification systems in over 500 villages, reaching over 100,000 people.
Who is a Social Entrepreneur?
Entrepreneurs are essential drivers of innovation and progress. In the business world, they act as
engines of growth, harnessing opportunity and innovation to fuel economic advancement. Social
entrepreneurs act similarly, tapping inspiration and creativity, courage and fortitude, to seize
opportunities that challenge and forever change established, but fundamentally inequitable
systems.
Distinct from a business entrepreneur who sees value in the creation of new markets, the social
entrepreneur aims for value in the form of transformational change that will benefit
disadvantaged communities and, ultimately, society at large. Social entrepreneurs pioneer
innovative and systemic approaches for meeting the needs of the marginalized, the
disadvantaged and the disenfranchised – populations that lack the financial means or political
clout to achieve lasting benefit on their own.
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Who is a social entrepreneur? The job of a social entrepreneur is to recognize what part of the society is stuck and to provide new
ways to get it un-stock. Finds what is not working and solves the problem by changing the system. Spreading solution and persuading entire societies to take new leaps. Not content just to give a fish or teach how to fish but instead to revolutionize the entire fishing
industry, so to speak. Has the committed vision and inexhaustible determination to persist until they have transformed the
entire system Creative both as goal setting visionaries and in the essential follow-up problem solving An ultimate realist- do not make political statements nor want to be burned at stake Obsessed by an idea to change social norms and patterns but when there is a flaw in the design, he is
most willing to change the design. Not ideological in broader sense: ideology closes the mind to absorbing reality sensitively. Cannot rest until his/her vision has become the new norm society wide. Great visionaries and detailed engineers committed to the persistent pursuit of all practical “how to”
issues that must be resolved for the idea to fly. Possesses an idea that spread with its own merits.
Who is an Entrepreneur? An entrepreneur is person who:
• Creates something new, something different;
• Changes or transmutes values
• Drastically upgrades yield from resources
• Creates new market and new customer by applying
management concepts & techniques
• Is a creator of wealth
• Is innovative; innovation is the specific instrument
of entrepreneurship
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Peter Drucker’s views “Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit changes as an opportunity for a different business or a different service. It is capable of being presented as a discipline, capable of being learned and practised. Entrepreneurs need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation, the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities for successful innovation. And they need to know and to apply the principles of successful innovation.”
Social Entrpreneurship in Teaching & Research Skoll Center for Social Entrepreneurship (Oxford Said Business School) Center for Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship (Faqua Business School, Duke University) Catherine B Reynold Program for Social Entrepreneurship (New York University) Entrepreneurship in Social Sector Program (Harvard Business School) Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs (University of Geneva) and Social Entrepreneurship Course Series (Stanford University)
Indian Entrepreneurs 1. Dhirubhai Ambani 2. JRD Tata & Ratan Tata 3. Adi Godrej 4. Anil Ambani
5. Dr K Anji Reddy 6. Azim Premji 7. Bhai Mohan Singh 8. B M Munjal
9. Ekta Kapoor 10.Ghanshyam Das Birla 11. Karsan Bhai Patel 12. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
13. K.P. Singh 14. Kumar Mangalam Birla 15. Lalit Suri 16. M S Oberoi
17. Mukesh Ambani 18. Nandan Nilekani 19. Narayan Murthy 20. Naresh Goyal
21. Rahul Bajaj 22. Dr C Pratap Reddy 23. Shiv Nadar 24. Vijay Mallya
24. Raunaq Singh 25. Subhash Chandra 26. Subrato Roy 27. Verghese Kurien
And innumerable others
Who is an Entrepreneur?
An innovator or developer who recognizes and seizes opportunities; converts these opportunities
into workable / marketable ideas; adds value through time, effort, money, or skills; assumes the
risks of the competitive marketplace to implement these ideas; and realizes the rewards from
these efforts.
According to some reports, globally this is the fastest growing sector and perhaps the only sector
that is creating gainful employment worldwide
Defining Social Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship is the process of recognizing and resourcefully pursuing opportunities
to create social value and craft innovative approaches to addressing critical social needs.
By “Social Entrepreneurs,” we mean leaders of social-purpose organizations
Two types of entrepreneurs according to motivation Profit-centered entrepreneur: An entrepreneur who creates wealth for himself and his
immediate family, regardless of adverse consequences to society and the environment.
The Socially Responsible Entrepreneur or Social Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur who helps
creates wealth not only for his benefit but also for the benefit of his workers and the community
at large, while protecting the environment for future generation.
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Even then why do people normally equate business and entrepreneurship with the profit motive?
Because of mental models
Mental models are deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures or images that
influence how we understand the world and how we take action.
Very often, we are not aware of our mental models or the effects they have on our behavior
Most people become imprisoned by mental models? This has to be changed
Paradigm Shift in Mental Models
Old Economy Socially Responsible Economy
profit is supreme ―triple bottom line‖
―invisible hand‖ rules organized stakeholders get a handle of market
free access to information stakeholders‗ participation in market systems design & application
resources are depleted resources can be renewed, recycled
people can adjust to build learning organizations that economic dislocations allow people to acquire new knowledge/skills
Examples of Social Entrepreneurs 1. Amul and Verghese Kurien in Anand 2. Basix and Vijay Mahajan, Hyderabad 3. Bhagavatula Charitable Trust, Vizag,
AP 4. Child Relief (Rights) and You (CRY) 5. Grameen Bank, Bangladesh 6. FINCA – Village Banking 7. Food King – Sarath Babu, Chennai 8. Lizzat Papad (SGMU), Mumbai 9. Polyhydron, Suresh Hundre, Belgaum 10. SEWA, Ahmedabad
Mother Theresa as one of the greatest
entrepreneurs of our time. She started with an angel investment of five rupees in 1948 from the Archbishop of Calcutta. By the turn of the century, her Missionaries of Charity had 602 homes in 125 countries and her band of 4,000 sisters from as many as 40 different national origins marched to the same mission, vision and core values. How did she build that institution? What was the impetus? Disease and death that crawled in the
gutters of Calcutta and nudged her sari each time she walked past? Was it the negative energy of her surroundings? Or was it the possibility of positive outcomes? Or spreading love, joy, seeing a dying destitute as an angel of peace? It wasn’t the former. She was to recall later that she had, in fact, ‘received’ her call….
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Social Entrepreneurship Definition Matrix (Adopted from Change Fusion )
Prepared by S. Dev Appanah & Brooke Estin
Definitions by Organizations/ Individuals Innovation Social
Mission Business model
Impact Organizational structure
J. Gregory Dees, Professor of Social Entrepreneurship at Duke University
Social entrepreneurs are reformers and revolutionaries, as
described by Schumpeter, but with a social mission. They make fundamental changes in the way things are done in the
social sector. Their visions are bold. They attack the underlying causes of problems, rather than simply treating
symptoms. They often reduce needs rather than just meeting them. They seek to create systemic changes and sustainable
improvements. Though they may act locally, their actions
have the potential to stimulate global improvements in their chosen arenas, whether that is education, health care,
economic development, the environment, the arts, or any other social field.
Attack underlying
causes
Education Health-care
Economic
development Environment
Social purpose business
Community
development banks
Hybrid Organizations
Create social/ environmental
value
Local action w/ potential for
global improvement
Not-for-profit Social purpose
business
In addition to innovative not-for-profit ventures, social
entrepreneurship can include social purpose business ventures, such as for-profit community development banks,
and hybrid organizations mixing not-for-profit and for-profit
elements, such as homeless shelters that start businesses to train and employ their residents. The new language helps to
broaden the playing field. Social entrepreneurs look for the most effective methods of serving their social missions.
Arts Shelters
starting businesses
Large scale
Systemic change
Sustainable
improvements
Hybrid
organizations
S.Rengasamy - Understanding Social Entrepreneurship
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Bill Drayton, CEO and Chair of Ashoka
―A leading social entrepreneur sees a new opportunity, figures it out and then starts introducing it at the local
level.‖
Social entrepreneurs are individuals with innovative solutions to society most pressing social problems. They are
ambitious and persistent, tackling major social issues and offering new ideas for wide-scale change. Social
entrepreneurs find what is not working and solve the problem by changing the system, spreading the solution,
and persuading entire societies to take new leaps. Social
entrepreneurs act as the change agents for society, seizing opportunities others miss and
improving systems, inventing new approaches, and creating solutions to change society for the better. While a business
entrepreneur might create entirely new industries, a social
entrepreneur comes up with new solutions to social problems and then implements them on a large scale.
Innovative
solutions Seizing
new
opportunities
Societyʼs most
pressing social
problems
Wide/ large
scale change
Changing
the system Spreading
the solution
Professor Muhammad Yunus, Founder of Grameen Bank
Social entrepreneurship is a very broad idea. As it is
generally defined, any innovative initiative to help people may be describes as social entrepreneurship. The initiative
may be economic or non-economic, for-profit or not-for- profit.
Social business is a subset of social entrepreneurship. All
those who design and run social businesses are social entrepreneurs. But not all social entrepreneurs are engaged
in social businesses. A social business can be defined as a non-loss, non-dividend
business. Rather than being passed on to investors, the surplus generated by the social business is reinvested in the
business in order to support the pursuit of long-term social
goals. The bottom line of a social business is to operate without incurring losses while serving the people and the
planet- and in particular those among us who are most disadvantaged- in the best possible manner.
Any innovative
initiative
Serving people,
planet;
disadvantaged groups
Social business;
non-loss, non-
dividend business
Surplus reinvested for
long-term
social goals
Long-term social goals
For-profit Not-for-profit
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Social Enterprise Alliance USA
A social enterprise is an organization or venture that advances its social mission through entrepreneurial, earned
income strategies.
Social enterprise describes any non-profit, for-profit or hybrid corporate form that utilizes market-based strategies
to advance a social mission
Social
mission
Earned
income strategies
Market-based
strategies to advance social
mission
Non-profit
For-profit Hybrid
corporate
form Earned income
strategies
Social Enterprise Coalition UK
Social enterprises are businesses set up to tackle a social or
environmental need. Many commercial businesses would consider themselves to
have social objectives, but social enterprises are distinctive because their social or environmental purpose is central to
what they do. Rather than maximizing shareholder value their
main aim is to generate profit to further their social and environmental goals. Social enterprise is a business model
which offers the prospect of a greater equity of economic power and a more sustainable society - by combining market
efficiency with social and environmental justice.
Social and
environment
al need
Social or environment
al
objectives are
central to the organisation
Business to
tackle social/
environmental need
Generate profit
to further
social/ environmental
goals
Greater
equity of
economic power and a
more sustainable
society
Not-for-profit
Social purpose
business Hybrid
organisations
Jed Emerson, Stanford Graduate School of Business By ―social enterprise‖ we mean the application of business
models and acumen to address social issues, whether through non-profit or for-profit corporate structures.
Social issues Business models and
acumen to address social
issues
Non-profit For-profit
corporate
New Profit Inc Social entrepreneurs are visionaries who generate
innovations with the potential to transform a problem or field; possess exceptional abilities to rally the human and
financial resources to transform their vision into a reality;
and deliver high-quality social impact. Social entrepreneurs have powerfully demonstrated their
models, and with an infusion of financial and strategic resources can take their social innovations to scale.
Transformational
innovation Social
innovations
Infusion of financial and
strategic resources to
scale social
innovations
High-quality social impact
Not-for-profit Social purpose
business Hybrid
organizations
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Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs
A social enterprise is an organization that achieves large scale, systemic and sustainable social change through a new
invention, a different approach, a more rigorous application
of known technologies or strategies, or a combination of these.
Social entrepreneurs are leaders, change driven, passionate, innovative, risk-takers, believers in people, high standards.
A social entrepreneur combines the characteristics represented by Richard Branson and Mother Teresa
New
invention Different
Approach
Rigorous application
of known technologies
/ strategies
Large scale,
systemic and sustainable
social
change
Skoll Foundation
The social entrepreneur aims for value in the form of transformational change that will benefit disadvantaged
communities and ultimately society at large.
Just as entrepreneurs change the face of business, social entrepreneurs act asthe change agents for society, seizing
opportunities others miss by improving systems, inventing new approaches and creating sustainable solutions to
change society for the better.
Inventing new approaches
Disadvantaged communities and society at large
Sustainable solutions
Transformational change
Not-for-profit Social purpose for profit business Hybrid organizations
The Small Enterprise Education and Promotion (SEEP) Network
A social enterprise is a nonprofit organization or socially oriented venture that advances its social mission through
entrepreneurial market-based approaches to increase its
effectiveness and financial sustainability with the ultimate goal of creating social impact or change.
Social enterprise is about linking financial and moral incentives in business and the marketplace. Social enterprise
has synergies with existing poverty alleviation approaches—
value chain development, market development, and microfinance—and can augment and add value to current
initiatives as well as provide new tools.
New invention
Different Approach
Socially oriented
Poverty alleviation
Value chain
development Market
development Microfinance
Market-based approaches
Financial sustainability
Linking
financial and moral
incentives in business and
the
marketplace
improvement Economic
Improvement Quantitative
and
Qualitative measure
Policy Change
Non-profit Socially oriented
The Roberts Foundation Homeless Economic
Development Fund
A revenue generating venture founded to create economic opportunities for very low income individuals, while
simultaneously operating with reference to the financial bottom-line.
Create
economic
opportunities
Revenue
generating
venture Financial
bottom-line
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Nonprofit Enterprise and Self-sustainability Team
(NESsT) The term social enterprise to refers to "the myriad of
entrepreneurial or 'self-financing' methods used by nonprofit
organizations to generate some of their own income in support of their social mission.
The term social entrepreneur is currently used to mean very different, albeit interesting things. Some use the term social
entrepreneur to refer to ―social innovator‖ (i.e. an individual that is addressing a critical social problem in a particularly
effective or innovative way). Others, including NESsT, use
the term social entrepreneur (or social enterprise) to refer to a CSO (civil society organization) that uses entrepreneurial,
business activities as a means to generate income and/or otherwise further its mission impact (e.g., to create
employment opportunities for underserved constitutes). A
social enterprise is also referred to as a ―nonprofit enterprise,‖ ―social-purpose business,‖ or ―revenue
generating venture‖ that operates with a ―double bottom line‖ of generating financial return while simultaneously
advancing a social mission.
Entreprene
ur ial
Social
innovator
Critical social
problem
Self-financing
methods Generate own
income to
support social mission
Non-profit enterprise
Social purpose business
Revenue
generating venture
Double Bottom
Line
Financial return
w/ social mission
Non-profit
Virtue Ventures A social enterprise is any business venture created for a
social purpose--mitigating/reducing a social problem or a market failure--and to generate social value while operating
with the financial discipline, innovation and determination of
a private sector business.
Mitigating/ reducing a
social problem
or market
failure
Business venture
Financial discipline
Social value Not-for-profit Social purpose
for profit business
Hybrid
organisations
Third Sector Enterprises
Social enterprise is not defined by its legal status but by its nature: its social aims and outcomes, the basis on which its
social mission is embedded in it's structure and governance,
and the way it uses the profits it generates through its trading activities.
Social aims Profits
through trading
activities
Social
outcomes
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Social Enterprise Ambassadors
Social enterprises are profit-making businesses set up to tackle a social or environmental need. Many commercial
businesses would consider themselves to have social
objectives, but social enterprises are distinctive because their social or environmental purpose is central to what they do.
Rather than maximizing shareholder value, their main aim is to generate profit to
further their social and environmental goals. By combining a public service ethos with a commercial focus
on efficiency and good business practice, social enterprises
are able to deliver on the things that really matter, whilst remaining both independent and sustainable.
Social or
environmental
need
Social or environment
al purpose is
central to activities
Public service
ethos
Profit-making
businesses Generate
profit
to further social
and environmental
goals Commercial
focus
Independent and
sustainable
Social Ventures Australia At SVA, we define a social enterprise as a non-profit business
whose purpose is to create employment for marginalized people. Marginalized people include people with disability,
people with mental illness, refugees, indigenous Australians and other long-term unemployed people.
Employment for marginalized people
Non-profit business
Non-profit business
The Non-profit Good Practice Guide
A non-profit venture that combines the passion of a social mission with the discipline, innovation and determination
commonly associated with for-profit businesses.
Non-profit
University of Wisconsin- Madison
Social Entrepreneurship is the application of innovative ideas to solve social problems. A social entrepreneur is
someone who recognizes a social problem and uses
entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to create change.
Innovative
ideas
Solve social
problem
Create
change
Enterprising Non-Profits Social enterprises are businesses operated by non-profits, with the dual purpose of generating income by selling a product or service in the marketplace andcreating a social, environmental or cultural value. The term "social enterprise" to refer to business ventures operated by non-profits,whether they are societies, charities, or co-operatives.
Selling product or service
Create social/ environment al value
Non-profit Societies Charities Co-operatives
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The following is the number of times each element is highlighted in each definition:
• Innovation – 11 times • Social Mission – 17 times • Business model – 15 times • Impact – 12 times
In summary, the central elements of social entrepreneurship/ enterprises include:
• Advancing a social mission • Applying innovative processes/ technologies • Having measurable and scalable impact
Integrating financial sustainability
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