Understanding Knowledge Chapter 2

7/30/2019 Understanding Knowledge Chapter 2

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Understanding

Knowledge

Chapter 2


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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge

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Overview

Definitions

Cognition

Expert KnowledgeHuman Thinking and Learning

Implications for Management


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Definitions

Knowledge: Understanding gained through

experience or study know-how

Intelligence: Capacity to acquire and apply

knowledge; thinking and reasoning; ability tounderstand and use language

Memory: Ability to store and retrieve relevant

experience at will; part of intelligence


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Definitions

Learning: Knowledge acquired byinstruction or study; consequence ofintelligent problem solving

Experience: Relates to what wevedone and to knowledge; experienceleads to expertise

Common Sense: Unreflective opinionsof ordinary people

Heuristic: A rule of thumb based onyears of experience


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Data, Information, and

KnowledgeData: Unorganized and unprocessed

facts; static; a set of discrete facts about

events Information: Aggregation of data that

makes decision making easier

Knowledge is derived from information inthe same way information is derived fromdata; it is a persons range of information


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Data, Information, and

Knowledge Data is a set of discrete facts about events

Information becomes knowledge with questions

like what implications does this information havefor my final decision?

Knowledge is understanding of informationbased on its perceived importance

Knowledge, not information, can lead to acompetitive advantage in business


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Types of Knowledge

Shallow (readily recalled) and deep

(acquired through years of experience)

Explicit (codified) and tacit (embedded inthe mind)

Procedural (psychomotor skills) versus

episodical (chunked by episodes;autobiographical)

Chunking knowledge


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Knowledge as Know-How

Know-how distinguishes an expert from

a novice

Experts represent their know-how interms of heuristics, based on

experience

Know-how is not book knowledge; it ispractical experience


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Reasoning and Heuristics

Humans reason in a variety of ways:

Reasoning by analogy: relating one

concept to anotherFormal reasoning: using deductive or

inductive methods

Case-based reasoning: reasoning fromrelevant past cases


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Deductive and inductive

reasoningDeductive reasoning: exact reasoning.

It deals with exact facts and exact

conclusions

Inductive reasoning: reasoning from a

set of facts or individual cases to a

general conclusion


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FROM PROCEDURAL TO EPISODIC KNOWLEDGE

Shallow Procedural Knowledge

Knowledge

Knowledgeof how to do a task that is essentially motorin

nature; the same knowledge isused overandover again.

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Declarative Knowledge

Surface-type information thatis available inshort-term memoryand easily verbalized;useful inearly stages

of knowledgecapture butless so in later stages.

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SemanticKnowledge

Hierarchically organized knowledgeof concepts, facts,

and relationshipsamong facts.

_______________________________________________ EpisodicKnowledge

Knowledgethat is organized by temporal spatial means,

not by conceptsor relations;experiential informationthat

is chunked by episodes. This knowledge ishighly compiled

Deep and autobiographical and is not easy to extractor capture.

Knowledge


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EXPLICIT AND TACIT

KNOWLEDGE Explicitknowledge: knowledge codified and

digitized in books, documents, reports,

memos, etc. Tacitknowledge: knowledge embedded in

the human mind through experience and jobs

Tacit and explicit knowledge have been

expressed in terms of knowing-how andknowing-that, respectively

Understanding what knowledge is makes iteasier to understand that knowledge hoarding

is basic to human nature.


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Knowledge As An Attribute of

Expertise An expert in a specialized area masters therequisite knowledge

The unique performance of a knowledgeable

expert is clearly noticeable in decision-making quality

Knowledgeable experts are more selective inthe information they acquire

Experts are beneficiaries of the knowledgethat comes from experience

See Figure 2.5 next: academic knowledgecontributes to conceptual knowledgea

prerequisite for practical knowledge


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Human Learning

Learning occurs in one of three ways:

Learning by experience: a function of timeand talent

Learning by example: more efficient thanlearning by experience

Learning by discovery: undirected approachin which humans explore a problem area with

no advance knowledge of what their objectiveis.


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Understanding

Knowledge

Chapter 2

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Understanding Knowledge Chapter 2