UNDERSTANDING HOW TO USE PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

WHAT IS A PARENTHETICAL OR IN-TEXT CITATION?

An in-text citation names the author of the source you are referring to and provides the page number of the source in parentheses.

The in-text citation follows a quotation (Direct or Block) or a paraphrase.

PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS OF ELECTRONIC SOURCES

ELECTRONIC OR ONLINE SOURCESThere are basically two types of electronic/online sources from which you can get information. This includes a web site or a database.

What is the main difference between a web site and a database?A web site is “free” and anyone can create, contribute information and edit a Web site. As long as your computer is connected to the Internet you can access most web sites.

A database is “not free”– it cost money to access – by paid subscription only. Even though you are connected to the Internet you can not access databases without a subscription. For example, the librarian at your school must pay a subscription fee for you to gain access to the information in a database. You can not get to the information in a database using a search engine like Google.

CREATING A FULL SOURCE CITATION USING EASYBIB

3 WAYS TO CITE PARENTHETICALLY

ARTICLE ON A WEBSITE

Liam Crowe explains the importance of, “introducing a new dog to each member separately” to avoid overwhelming or frightening the dog (2010).

VIDEO FILE

Most kids plug into the world of television long before they enter school, “two-thirds of infants and toddlers watch a screen an average of 2 hours a day” (“What Kids Watch”, 1997).

Native American writers had a profound effect on American literature, “Captain John Smith, Daniel Denton, Thomas Ashe, William Penn, George Percy, William Strachey, Gabriel Thomas, and John Lawson are all early American authors there were influenced by Native American authors” (Beidler, 2008).

ONLINE JOURNAL—ONE AUTHOR

Violence on television is a crucial issue in America today, “ Television alone is responsible for 10% of youth violence” (Potter and Smith 323).

ONLINE JOURNAL—TWO AUTHORS

Studies are proving that violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for children today than it was in the past (American Psychological Association, 2004).

The American Psychological Association stated that studies area showing that violence in the media is becoming a larger issue for our children than it was for us (2004).

WEBSITE ARTICLE—CORPORATE AUTHORS

WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

FULL CITATION LISTED ON WORKS CITED PAGE

McGill, David. “The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy: an Internet Investigation.” Hindsight 12.2 (Jan 2002): p26. InfoTrac Student Edition. Malden Catholic High School Library, Malden, MA. 18 October 2007. Web.

IN-TEXT OR PARENTHETICAL CIATION

The murder of Kennedy has attracted a huge amount of interest andcontroversy since it happened and has generated many different theories as to who was responsible (McGill 26).

WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

FULL CITATION LISTED ON WORKS CITED PAGE

"SIN 2002 Book Prize Winners." U of Waterloo. 3 Nov. 2009 Web.

IN-TEXT OR PARENTHETICAL CIATION

On May 2, 2002, some 4500 students wrote the difficult University ofWaterloo, Physics Department, Sir Isaac Newton (SIN) Examination.Amazingly, there were three perfect papers! Two team members fromDon Mills Collegiate Institute broke Waterloo's SIN record not so muchfor finishing First Place but both students on the team had perfectexams (SIN 2002).

WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE

FULL CITATION LISTED ON WORKS CITED PAGE

Musciano, Chuck and Kennedy, Bill. HTML and XHTML: The Definitive Guide. 4th ed. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 2009. 5 March 20011. Web.

IN-TEXT OR PARENTHETICAL CIATION

Musciano and Kennedy suggest that we should avoid breaking tagsacross lines in our source document whenever possible to promotereadability and reduce potential errors in HTML documents (2009).

WORKS CITED PAGE WITH MATCHED PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS

PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS OF PRINT SOURCES

SAMPLE WORKS CITED PAGE