Understanding Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia

8/6/2019 Understanding Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/understanding-foreign-direct-investment-in-east-asia 1/21

EIOA ^mrbakn Seshr Phrahp

Xkihrpyekiakn Jmrhank Iarh`yAkzhpydhky ak Hepy Epae

âllhd Ygmroh`bh ekiKadhpg Pelabh

Km+ ?13Fxkh ?355

Epaek Ihzhlmsdhky Oekb Akpyayxyh



Ygh ^mrbakn Seshr phrahp ap e `mkyakxeyamk mj ygh jmrdhrlq kedhi Iap`xppamk Seshr phrahp2ygh kxdohrakn mj ygh seshrp `mkyakxhi ~aygmxy akyhrrxsyamk mr `geknh+ EIOA‑p ~mrbaknseshrp rhjlh`y akayael aihep mk e ymsa` eki erh smpyhi mklakh jmr iap`xppamk+ EIOA hk`mxrenhprheihrp ym smpy yghar `mddhkyp mk ygh deak senh jmr he`g ~mrbakn seshr 'nazhk ak yghàyeyamk ohlm~!+ Pmdh ~mrbakn seshrp deq ihzhlms akym myghr jmrdp mj sxolaèyamk+

Pxnnhpyhi ̀ ayeyamk6

Ygmroh`bh, ^+, eki K+ Pelabh+ ?355+ Xkihrpyekiakn Jmrhank Iarh`y Akzhpydhky ak Hepy Epae+EIOA ̂ mrbakn Seshr ?13+ Ymbqm6 Epaek Ihzhlmsdhky Oekb Akpyayxyh+ Ezealeolh6gyys6--~~~+eioa+mrn-~mrbakn$seshr-?355-3:-?0-9:5:+jmrhank+iarh`y+akzhpydhky+hepy+epae-

Slheph `mkye`y ygh exygmr'p! jmr akjmrdeyamk eomxy ygap seshr+

Hdeal6 ~ygmroh`bhCeioa+mrn

âllhd Ygmroh`bh ap e phkamr rhpher`g jhllm~ ey EIOA ak Ymbqm+ Kadhpg Pelabh ap eLh`yxrhr, Wa.ek Faemymkn$Lazhrsmml Xkazhrpayq, Ihserydhky mj Oxpakhpp, H`mkmda`p ekiDekenhdhky, Pxvgmx, @gake+ âllhd Ygmroh`bh e`bkm~lhinhp ek akyhllh`yxel ihoy ym Ir+Deperx Qmpgaymda+

Ygh zah~p hwsrhpphi ak ygap seshr erh ygh zah~p mj ygh exygmrp eki im kmy kh`hpperalqrhjlh`y ygh zah~p mr smlaàhp mj EIOA, ygh Epaek Ihzhlmsdhky Oekb 'EIO!, ayp Omeri mjIarh`ymrp, mr ygh nmzhrkdhkyp yghq rhsrhphky, mr ygh zah~p mj ygh AIO mr ayp dhdohr

`mxkyrahp, EIOA imhp kmy nxerekyhh ygh e``xre`q mj ygh ieye ak`lxihi ak ygap seshr ekie``hsyp km rhpsmkpaoalayq jmr ekq `mkphuxhk`hp mj yghar xph+ Yhrdakmlmnq xphi deq kmykh`hpperalq oh `mkpapyhky ~ayg EIO mjjaàel yhrdp+

Epaek Ihzhlmsdhky Oekb AkpyayxyhBepxdanephba Oxaliakn 7J0$?$8 Bepxdanephba, @gaqmie$bxYmbqm 533$:337, Fesek

Yhl6 "75$0$0810$8833Jew6 "75$0$0810$88>5X_L6 ~~~+eioa+mrnH$deal6 akjmCeioa+mrn

¡ ?355 Epaek Ihzhlmsdhky Oekb Akpyayxyh

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



EIOA ̂ mrbakn Seshr ?13 Ygmroh`bh eki Pelabh

Eopyre`y

^h rh`mxky Hepy Epae‑p hwshrahk`h ~ayg jmrhank iarh`y akzhpydhky 'JIA!+ ^h im`xdhky ygey,`mkyrerq ym ygh _qo`vqkpba yghmrhd, èsayel jlm~p ak ygh rhnamk èxph ygh gmpy `mxkyrq‑pleomr$akyhkpazh akixpyrq ym hwseki eki ayp èsayel$akyhkpazh akixpyrq ym ih`lakh+ ^h elpmsrhphky kerreyazh hzaihk`h ygey pghip langy mk gm~ JIA ap ejjh`yhi oq ygh gmpy‑p `mxkyrq‑plmèyamkel eizekyenhp, ~ghyghr Epaek JIA ap jmmylmmph, eki gm~ ygh S_@ gep oh`mdh ygh`hkyhr mj Je`ymrq Epae+ Jakellq, ~h pgm~ ygey ygh hzmlxyamk mj srmix`yamk khy~mrbp ak yghrhnamk èk oh hwsleakhi serylq oq `geknhp ak ygh phrza`h `mpy mj lakbakn nhmnresgaèllqphsereyhi srmix`yamk olm`bp rhleyazh ym ygh `mpy pezakn erapakn jrmd plaàkn xs ygh zelxh`geak+

FHL @leppajaèyamk6 J?5, J?0, M80



EIOA ̂ mrbakn Seshr ?13 Ygmroh`bh eki Pelabh

@mkyhkyp

5+ Akyrmix`yamk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5 ?+ Yghmrhyaèl Oe`bnrmxki +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ? 0+ JIA ak Hepy Epae jrmd 5178‐?355 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9 9+ Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp ak Hepy Epae ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 53 8+ @mk l̀xpamk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 59 _hjhrhk`hp +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5:



EIOA ^mrbakn Seshr ?13 Ygmroh`bh eki Pelabh

5

5+ AKY_MIX@YAMK

^gey ihyhrdakhp jmrhank iarh`y akzhpydhky 'JIA! ak Hepy Epae= ^gey erh yghiapyaknxapgakn `gere`yhrapya`p mj JIA ak ygh rhnamk= Gm~ ap JIA rhleyhi ym ygh akyraèyhsrmix`yamk khy~mrbp ygey gezh hwslmihi mzhr ygh lepy yhk qherp= Gm~ imhp JIA ohkhjay

ygh gmpy `mxkyrq= Ygap seshr eiirhpphp yghph eki rhleyhi uxhpyamkp+

Ixkkakn '5177! gep hwsleakhi ~gq jardp xkihryebh JIA reyghr ygek hwslmayakn hwyhrkelderbhyp iarh`ylq oq hwsmryakn+ Gh jm`xphp mk jardp‑ m~khrpgas, lmèyamk, ekiakyhrkelaveyamk eizekyenhp eki mk ygh akyhrkelaveyamk mj akyeknaolh epphyp+ Bmfade '51>0!dmihlhi Hepy Epaek JIA oq jm`xpakn mk jlm~p jrmd ygh èsayel hwsmryakn `mxkyrq‑piapeizekyenhi akixpyrq ym ygh gmpy `mxkyrq‑p eizekyenhi akixpyrq+ Ep ~enhp ak yghakzhpyakn `mxkyrq ak`rheph eki ep ayp srmix`yp oh`mdh dmrh èsayel eki bkm~lhinhakyhkpazh, ay oh`mdhp srmjayeolh jmr jardp ak ygh akzhpyakn `mxkyrq ym yrekpjhr srmix`yamk ymlm~hr ~enh `mxkyrahp+ Gmdh `mxkyrq jardp yghk hwsmry pmsgapyaèyhi seryp eki`mdsmkhkyp ym ygh gmpy `mxkyrq, pm ygey yghrh ap e `mdslhdhkyerq rhleyamkpgas ohy~hhkhwsmryp eki JIA ak ygap jredh~mrb+ Omyg Ixkkakn‑p eki Bmfade‑p dmihlp erh xphjxl jmrxkihrpyekiakn Epaek JIA+

Hepy Epaek JIA ohnek ak herkhpy ejyhr ygh qhk essrhàeyhi :3( jmllm~akn ygh SleveE``mri ak Phsyhdohr 5178+ Fesekhph jardp lmpy yghar sra`h `mdshyayazhkhpp ekirhpsmkihi oq pgajyakn leomr$akyhkpazh e`yazayahp ym myghr Epaek `mxkyrahp+ Fesek yghkjm`xphi mk srmixàkn yh`gkmlmnq$akyhkpazh seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp eki hwsmryakn yghphym je`ymrahp ak ygh rhnamk jmr epphdolq eki rh$hwsmry+ Yghrh ~ep ygxp e `mdslhdhkyerqrhleyamkpgas ohy~hhk Fesekhph JIA eki Fesekhph hwsmryp ym Hepy Epae+

Ejyhr ygh Sleve E``mri, Fesekhph dxlyakeyamkel hkyhrsraphp 'DKHp! yrekpjhrrhi je`ymrahpym _hsxola` mj Bmrhe eki Yeasha,@gake+ Gm~hzhr, ak ygh leyh 5173p omyg ~enhp ekihw`geknh reyhp ak yghph h`mkmdahp pbqrm`bhyhi+ Ygh lmèyamkel eizekyenh mjepphdolakn leomr$akyhkpazh nmmip ak ygh kh~lq akixpyraelavhi h`mkmdahp 'KAHp! ih`lakhi,eki Fesekhph jardp yrekpjhrrhi srmix`yamk ym ygh Eppmàeyamk mj Pmxyghepy Epaek

Keyamkp 'EPHEK! `mxkyrahp+ Pxrslxp leomr ak EPHEK ghli ~enhp im~k, eki hw`geknhreyhp ak yghph `mxkyrahp ~hrh shnnhi ey `mdshyayazh lhzhlp rhleyazh ym ygh XP imller+Fesekhph DKHp srmzaihi EPHEK jardp ~ayg ihyealhi hknakhhrakn eki dekenhraelakpyrx`yamkp eki pshàjaèyamkp, jeàlayeyakn ygh eppadaleyamk mj ygh kh~ yh`gkmlmnahp+

E zaryxmxp àr`lh mj lherkakn eki nrm~yg ihzhlmshi ygey `mkyakxhi xkyal ygh EpaekH`mkmda` @rapap mj 511>‐5117+ âyg ygh `rapap, kh~ Fesekhph JIA ym EPHEK `mllesphi+Ep im`xdhkyhi ohlm~, gm~hzhr, ygh jlm~ mj seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jrmd Fesek ymEPHEK `mkyakxhi xkeoeyhi eki Fesekhph jardp iai kmy sxll mxy+ Ygxp, Fesekhphakzhpydhky ak ygh rhnamk ~ep kmy jmmylmmph+

Ejyhr ygh Shmslh‑p _hsxola` mj @gake 'ghk`hjmryg, S_@! fmakhi ygh ^mrli YreihMrnekaveyamk '^YM! ak ?335, yghrh ~ep e pxrnh ak JIA eki seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jrmd

Hepy Epaek `mxkyrahp ym ygh S_@+ Ygh S_@‑p ^YM e``hppamk nezh jmrhank akzhpymrp`mkjaihk`h ygey ygh S_@ ~mxli pxpyeak ek JIA$jrahkilq hkzarmkdhky+ Ygh S_@ uxa`blqohèdh ygh jakel epphdolq smaky mj akyraèyh srmix`yamk eki iapyraoxyamk khy~mrbp+ Ayadsmryhi gxkirhip mj oallamkp mj imllerp mj seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jrmd Hepy Epae ekihwsmryhi ygh jakel epphdolhi srmix`yp ygrmxngmxy ygh ~mrli+

Dmihlakn ygap yreih ~aygak Hepy Epaek srmix`yamk khy~mrbp gep srmzhk iajja`xly+Yreiayamkel yghmrahp hdsgepavh yreih ak jakel nmmip irazhk oq iajjhrhk`hp ak yh`gkmlmnqeki je`ymr hkim~dhky+ Srmix`yamk jrendhkyeyamk, mk ygh myghr geki, akzmlzhp yreih ak




?

akyhrdhiaeyh nmmip+ Badxre eki Ekim '?338! gezh srmsmphi e `mk`hsyxel jredh~mrb ymhwsleak ygh plaàkn xs mj ygh zelxh `geak+ Ak yghar dmihl jardp ihàih ym jrendhkysrmix`yamk ~ghk ygh srmix`yamk `mpy pezakn erapakn jrmd jrendhkyeyamk hw`hhip ygh `mpymj lakbakn nhmnresgaèllq phsereyhi srmix`yamk olm`bp 'ygh phrza`h lakb `mpy!+

Ygh phrza`h lakb `mpy ap xphjxl jmr hwsleakakn ygh ihzhlmsdhky mj srmix`yamk khy~mrbp ak

Hepy Epae+ Jmr hwedslh, ygh nlmoel zelxh `geak jmr kmyhommb shrpmkel `mdsxyhrp 'S@p!`hkyhrhi ak ygh Qeknyvh _azhr Ihlye mj ygh S_@ ihzhlmshi ak rhpsmkph ym e rhix`yamk akygh phrza`h lakb `mpyp+ Yghph `mpyp ~hrh lm~hrhi ~ghk ygh nmzhrkdhky mj Yeasha,@gakeihrhnxleyhi mxynmakn JIA jmr kmyhommb S@ `mdsekahp phhbakn ym akzhpy ak ygh S_@ eki~ghk ygh nmzhrkdhky mj ygh S_@ hpyeolapghi e pxshro khy~mrb mj dmihrk gang~eqp,smryp, eki earsmryp ak ygh Ihlye+ Ygap èxphi dekq jardp ym lmèyh ak ygap erhe eki lhi ymh`mkmdahp mj pèlh+ Phrza`h lakb `mpyp jhll ohèxph ygh lernh kxdohr mj jardp ak `lmphsrmwadayq deih ay hepahr jmr jardp ym srm`xrh seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp eki ym gekilhjrhuxhky pshàjaèyamk `geknhp+ Ak eiiayamk, ygh dekq oxpakhpp serykhrp eki iajjhrhkypballp eki yh`gkmlmnahp ak `lmph srmwadayq rhix`hi `mpyp eppmàeyhi ~ayg xk`mkyrmlleoalayq+

Ygap seshr rh`mxkyp Hepy Epae‑p hwshrahk`h ~ayg JIA+ Ygh khwy ph`yamk srmzaihp eyghmrhyaèl oe`bnrmxki+ Ph`yamk 0 ganglangyp ygh hzmlxyamk mj JIA ak ygh rhnamk ohy~hhk

5178 eki ?355+ Ph`yamk 9 jm`xphp mk Epaek srmix`yamk khy~mrbp eki ygh adsmryek`h mjygh phrza`h lakb `mpy+ Ph`yamk 8 `mk`lxihp+

?+ YGHM_HYA@EL OE@BN_MXKI

^gq im jardp hknenh ak jmrhank srmix`yamk= E``mriakn ym Ixkkakn '5177!, ygh ekp~hrihshkip mk e jard‑p MLA 'M~khrpgas, Lmèyamk, eki Akyhrkelaveyamk! `mkjanxreyamk eki aypeoalayq ym hwslmay yghph MLA eizekyenhp ak ygh yernhy derbhy+ M~khrpgas eizekyenh apoephi xsmk yh`gkmlmnaèl eki dekenhrael pxshramrayq mj gmdh `mxkyrq jardp rhleyazh ymgmpy `mxkyrq jardp+ Px`g pxshramrayq dxpy oh pxjjaàhky ym mzhr`mdh ygh hwyre `mpypak`xrrhi ixh ym iajjhrhk`hp ak oxpakhpp `xpymdp, jmrdel eki akjmrdel kmrdp, leknxenhp,

hy`+ Ygxp m~khrpgas ap lakbhi ~ayg `mkyrml, eki `mkyrml oh`mdhp ~hebhr ep m~khrpgasoh`mdhp dmrh ialxyhi+ Mj `mxrph jardp ygey mxypmxr`h mr pxo`mkyre`y deq rhyeak pmdh`mkyrml aj yghq erh akzmlzhi ak lmkn$yhrd rhleyamkp+ Yghrh deq elpm oh ohkhjayp ymrhlakuxapgakn m~khrpgas aj ygh oxpakhpp serykhr gep ohyyhr dekenhrael mr yh`gkmlmnaèleoalayq ak e serya`xler srmix`y+ Lmèyamkel `mkpaihreyamkp eki eizekyenhp ak`lxih ~enhlhzhlp, je`ymr hkim~dhkyp, yh`gkmlmnq yrekpjhreoalayq, sgqpaèl eki gxdek akjrepyrx`yxrh,eki derbhy$pxssmryazh akpyayxyamkp eki smlayaèl rhnadhp+ Akyhrkelaveyamk eizekyenh rhjhrpym ygh khy ohkhjayp moyeakhi oq JIA jardp ygrmxng dmrh èsyazh eki dmrh akyhnreyhioxpakhpp e`yazayahp `mkix`yhi oq serhky jardp+ Ygh msyadel ihnrhh mj akyhrkelaveyamkrhzmlzhp ermxki gm~ ym oelek`h ygh `mpyp mj epqddhyra` akjmrdeyamk, ak`mdslhyh`mkyre`yp, eki akhjjh`yazh iapsxyh phyylhdhky dh`gekapdp ~ayg ygh hjjaàhk`q neakp mj`mdslhyh mxypmxràkn eki ihzhryaèlaveyamk+

Dxkihll '518>! pgm~hi ygey èsayel dmzhdhky m``xrp jrmd e èsayel$eoxkieky `mxkyrq yme èsayel$pèr`h `mxkyrq ak pher`g mj e ganghr dernakel reyh mj rhyxrk ~ghk ygh leyyhradshihp ygh adsmryeyamk mj èsayel$akyhkpazh nmmip jrmd ygh jmrdhr+ Ak ygh èsayel$rh`hazakn `mxkyrq, ygh èsayel akjlm~ èxphp ygh huxalaoraxd srmix`yamk smaky ym pgajy akpx`g e iarh`yamk ygey ygh èsayel$akyhkpazh akixpyrq 'a+h+, ygey `mxkyrq‑p `mdsereyazhlqiapeizekyenhi akixpyrq! hwsekip, ~galh ygh lhpp èsayel$akyhkpazh akixpyrq 'a+h+, ygey`mxkyrq‑p `mdsereyazhlq eizekyenhi akixpyrq! `mkyre`yp+ Ak ygh èsayel$yrekpjhrrakn`mxkyrq, hwe`ylq ygh mssmpayh sghkmdhkmk m``xrp+ Ep e `mkphuxhk`h, ygh oepap jmr




0

yreih 'a+h+, ygh hwapyakn seyyhrk mj `mdsereyazh eizekyenh ohy~hhk ygh y~m `mxkyrahp! apak ygh hki hladakeyhi oq ygh dmzhdhky mj èsayel+ Ak ygap dmihl, JIA ygxp pxopyayxyhp jmrhwsmryp+

Ak `mkyrepy Bmfade '51>0! srhphkyhi e nhkhrel huxalaoraxd dmihl ~ghrh yreih eki JIAerh `mdslhdhkyerq+ Ak gap dmihl JIA mranakeyhp jrmd ygh èsayel hwsmryakn `mxkyrq‑p

iapeizekyenhi akixpyrq akym ygh gmpy `mxkyrq‑p eizekyenhi akixpyrq eki ap yghrhjmrhhwsmry$mrahkyhi ak keyxrh+ Ak Dxkihll‑p dmihl, JIA mranakeyhp jrmd ygh gmdh `mxkyrq‑peizekyenhi akixpyrq akym ygh gmpy `mxkyrq‑p iapeizekyenhi akixpyrq eki ap yghrhjmrhhwsmry$pxopyayxyakn ak keyxrh+ Bmfade jm`xphi mk jmrhank zelxh$eiihi e`yazayahp ygey`rheyh èseoalayahp ak ~ga`g ygh gmpy `mxkyrq ap `mdsereyazhlq ~hll hkim~hi rhleyazh ymygh gmdh `mxkyrq+ Jmr akpyek`h, ep ~enhp ak ygh akzhpyakn `mxkyrq ak`rheph eki ep kh~srmix`yp oh`mdh dmrh èsayel eki bkm~lhinh akyhkpazh, ay oh`mdhp srmjayeolh jmr jardpak ygh akzhpyakn `mxkyrq ym yrekpjhr ygh lmèyamk mj srmix`yamk ym lm~hr ~enh `mxkyrahp+Ygh akzhpyakn `mxkyrq yghk hwsmryp pmsgapyaèyhi seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp eki yh`gkmlmnqym ygh epphdolq `mxkyrq, pm ygey yghrh ap e `mdslhdhkyerq rhleyamkpgas ohy~hhk hwsmrypeki JIA+

Janxrh 5 pgm~p ygh zeraeyamkp ak Dxkihll‑p eki Bmfade‑p dmihlp ak yhrdp mj _qo`vqkpba

lakhp jmr ygh gmpy h`mkmdq+ 5

Janxrh 56 Iarh`yamkp jmr @esayel Jlm~p ak ygh Bmfade eki Dxkihll Dmihlp

Ygh _qo`vqkpba lakhp dmzh e~eq jrmd he`g myghr akmssmpayh iarh`yamk ak yghph dmihlp+ Jmr Bmfade‑p dmihl, ay adslahp ygey ygh akjlm~ mjèsayel èxphp ygh leomr akyhkpazh akixpyrq ym hwseki eki ygh èsayel$akyhkpazh akixpyrq ymih`lakh’e rhpxly mssmpayh ym ygey srhia`yhi oq ygh mranakel _qo`vqkpba yghmrhd+

Pmxr`h6 Mve~e '?33>!+

Ygh `mkjla`yakn rhpxlyp rhjlh`y iajjhrhky xkihrlqakn eppxdsyamkp+ Dxkihll eppxdhi ygeyèsayel jlm~p jrmd `mxkyrahp ~ayg e lm~ dernakel srmix`yazayq mj èsayel ym `mxkyrahp ~ayg e

ganghr dernakel srmix`yazayq mj èsayel+ Ak `mkyrepy, Bmfade zah~hi JIA ep e zhga`lh jmryrekpslekyakn pxshramr srmix`yamk yh`gkmlmnq ym lhpphr ihzhlmshi `mxkyrahp ygrmxng yghyreakakn mj leomr eki dekenhdhky+

Bmfade '51>0, 51>8! ygxp ekelqvhi ygh bkm~lhinh yrekpslekyhi oq DKHp mkymihzhlmsakn `mxkyrahp‑ `mdsereyazhlq eizekyenhi akixpyrahp+ JIA eki yreih gezh e`mdslhdhkyerq rhleyamkpgas ak gap jredh~mrb jmr y~m rhepmkp+ Jarpy, JIA akzmlzhp ygh

5 Ygh khwy ygrhh serenresgp ire~ mk Mve~e '?33>!+




9

yrekpdappamk mj e ‗se`benh‑ mj èsayel, dekenhrael pball, eki yh`gkaèl bkm~lhinh ym yghgmpy `mxkyrq+ Ph`mki, ygh jmrhank akzhpydhky yebhp akym `mkpaihreyamk ygh srhphky ekismyhkyael seyyhrk mj `mdsereyazh eizekyenhp ohy~hhk ygh akzhpyakn eki gmpy `mxkyrahpeki ygh JIA ap xkihryebhk jrmd ygh akzhpyakn `mxkyrq‑p `mdsereyazh iapeizekyenhiakixpyrq+

Bmfade '51>>! elpm jm`xphi mk yh`gkmlmnq yrekpjhr ym ihzhlmsakn `mxkyrahp eki ernxhpygey ay iajjhrp jrmd yh`gkmlmnq yrekpjhr ym eizek`hi h`mkmdahp+ Ay ap mjyhk nazhk ak yghjmrd mj bkm~$gm~ mr mj nhkhrel akixpyrael hwshrahk`h `mzhrakn e ~aih psh`yrxd mjsrmix`yamk e`yazayahp px`g ep epphdolq yh`gkauxhp, deyhrael phlh`yamk, `mdoakeyamk, ekiyrheydhky yh`gkauxhp, de`gakh mshreyamk eki deakyhkek`h yh`gkauxhp, srmzapamk mjolxhsrakyp2 eki yh`gkaèl ieye, yreakakn mj hknakhhrp eki mshreymr, sleky leq$mxy, phlh`yamkeki akpyelleyamk mj de`gakhrq eki huxasdhky, uxelayq eki `mpy `mkyrmlp, eki akzhkymrqdekenhdhky+ Gh ernxhi ygey ygap yqsh mj yh`gkmlmnq yrekpjhr ygrmxng JIA ghlsp srmdmyhpyheiq eki oelek`hi h`mkmda` ihzhlmsdhky eki yreih nrm~yg ak ihzhlmsakn ekihdhrnakn h`mkmdahp+

0+ JIA AK HEPY EPAE J_MD 5178‐?355

Ohjmrh 5178 Fesek lhi Hepy Epae ak mxy~eri JIA, elygmxng ayp ekkxel mxyjlm~p ~hrhpdell+ Fesek‑p mzhrphep akzhpydhkyp ~hrh eadhi ey hwslmayakn keyxrel rhpmxr`hp akrhpmxr`h$ra`g `mxkyrahp mr ey dekxje`yxrakn leomr$akyhkpazh srmix`yp px`g ep yhwyalhp eki`lmygakn ak leomr$eoxkieky ihzhlmsakn `mxkyrahp+ Dmpy mxysxyp jrmd ygh jarpy yqsh mj JIA~hrh pgasshi oe`b ym Fesek, ~galh ygh dekxje`yxrhp jrmd ygh ph`mki yqsh ~hrh hayghrhwsmryhi oe`b ym Fesek mr ym ygari$`mxkyrq derbhyp+

Ep Janxrh ? pgm~p, Fesekhph JIA ohnek ak herkhpy ejyhr ygh Sleve E``mri ak Phsyhdohr5178+ Ygh qhk essrhàeyhi :3( eneakpy ygh imller ohy~hhk Phsyhdohr 5178 ekiPhsyhdohr 5177+ Fesekhph jardp lmpy yghar sra`h `mdshyayazhkhpp eki rhpsmkihi oqpgajyakn leomr$akyhkpazh epphdolq mshreyamkp ym myghr Epaek `mxkyrahp+




8

Janxrh ?6 Fesekhph Mxy~eri JIA ym ygh ^mrli

Pmxr`h 6 @HSAA$@GHLHD Ieyeoeph+

Janxrh 0 pgm~p ygey ep Fesekhph JIA ym Epaek `mxkyrahp ak`rhephi, ayp hwsmryp mjakyhrdhiaeyh nmmip ym yghph `mxkyrahp ak`rhephi ak yekihd+ Ep Bmfade '51>0! smpayhi,Fesekhph JIA eki hwsmryp ym Epae ygxp jxk`yamkhi ep `mdslhdhkyp reyghr ygekpxopyayxyhp+

Sekhl E mj Janxrh 0 pgm~p ygey addhiaeyhlq ejyhr ygh Sleve E``mri yghrh ~ep e pxrnh mj

Fesekhph JIA ym _hsxola` mj Bmrhe eki Yeasha,@gake+ Gm~hzhr, ak ygh leyh 5173p yghXkayhi Pyeyhp 'XP! Yrhepxrq kedhi yghph `mxkyrahp ep `xrrhk`q dekasxleymrp eki yghqlhy yghar hw`geknh reyhp essrhàeyh+ Yghph `mxkyrahp elpm hwgexpyhi yghar pxsslq mjpxrslxp leomr ak ygh enra`xlyxrel ph`ymrp ak ygh 5173p, èxpakn yghar ~enh reyhp ymak`rheph 'phh Qmpgaymda, ?330!+ Daknnem '?355! kmyhi ygey dekxje`yxrakn leomr `mpyp ak_hsxola` mj Bmrhe eki Yeasha,@gake rhdeakhi pyeolh ohy~hhk 5173 eki 517> eki yghkpbqrm`bhyhi+

3

?3,333

93,333

:3,333

73,333

533,333

5?3,333

5173 5178 5113 5118 ?333 ?338

D a l l a m k p m j X P I m l l e r p




:

Janxrh 0e6 Fesekhph JIA eki Akyhrdhiaeyh Nmmip Hwsmryp ym Yeasha,@gake eki_hsxola` mj Bmrhe

Pmxr`h6 Fesekhph Dakapyrq mj Jakek`h eki @HSAA$@GHLHD Ieyeoeph+

Janxrh 0o6 Fesekhph JIA eki Akyhrdhiaeyh Nmmip Hwsmryp ym EPHEK

e

e EPHEK ak`lxihp Akimkhpae, Deleqpae, ygh Sgalassakhp, Paknesmrh, eki Ygealeki+

Pmxr`h6 Fesekhph Dakapyrq mj Jakek`h eki @HSAA$@GHLHD Ieyeoeph+

3

?,333

9,333

:,333

7,333

53,333

5?,333

7? 79 7: 77 13 1? 19 1: 17 33 3? 39


JIA

A k y h r d h i a e y h N m m i p H w s m r y p

3

?,333

9,333

:,333

7,333

53,333

7? 79 7: 77 13 1? 19 1: 17 33 3? 39

D a l l a m k p m j X P I

m l l e r p

JIA





>

Janxrh 0`6 Fesekhph JIA eki Akyhrdhiaeyh Nmmip Hwsmryp ym ygh S_@

Pmxr`h 6 Fesekhph Dakapyrq mj Jakek`h eki @HSAA$@GHLHD Ieyeoeph+

Ep ygh lmèyamkel eizekyenhp mj epphdolakn leomr$akyhkpazh nmmip ak ygh KAHp ih`lakhi,Fesekhph jardp yrekpjhrrhi srmix`yamk ym ygh EPHEK `mxkyrahp+?

Fesekhph JIA ak Pmxyghepy Epae mjyhk ohnek ~ayg e fmaky$zhkyxrh pqpyhd ~ayg dmrhladayhi yh`gkmlmnq psallmzhrp, ohjmrh ellm~akn pyeki$elmkh mshreyamkp mj nrhhkjahlipxopaiaerahp mj jmrhank dxlyakeyamkelp+

Ygap ap `lher ak Sekhl Omj Janxrh 0+ Fesekhph JIA eki akyhrdhiaeyh nmmip hwsmryp ym EPHEK `mxkyrahp yrhkihipyheialq xs~erip xkyal 511>+ Pxrslxp leomr ak EPHEK ghli ~enhp im~k, eki hw`geknhreyhp ak yghph `mxkyrahp ~hrh shnnhi ey `mdshyayazh lhzhlp rhleyazh ym ygh XP imller+

0

Hwsmryakn ~ep ygxp ek adsmryeky lherkakn zhga`lh jmr EPHEK jardp eki e dh`gekapd jmre`gahzakn yh`gkmlmnq yrekpjhr+ Ygh eoalayq mj `mxkyrahp ak ygh rhnamk ym eppadaleyh kh~yh`gkmlmnahp ihshkihi mk yghar yh`gkmlmnaèl èseoalayhp 'phh ânkerefe, ?337!+Hpshàellq adsmryeky ak ygap rhneri ~ep ygh uxelayq mj lmèl hknakhhrp+ Hknakhhrp ~hrhphky eormei ym aihkyajq ygh pyeyh$mj$ygh$ery yh`gkmlmnq rhuxarhi ym `mdshyh ak ~mrliderbhyp+ Eimsyamk mj yh`gkmlmnq yghk lhi ym e srm`hpp mj lherkakn$oq$imakn jmr hknakhhrpeki pballhi ~mrbhrp, nhkhreyakn psallmzhr hjjh`yp ~aygak eki edmkn akixpyrahp+ Hknakhhrpeki ~mrbhrp danreyhi edmkn jardp eki ph`ymrp, oraknakn yghar e``xdxleyhi gxdekèsayel ~ayg yghd eki iapshrpakn ay e`rmpp ygh hwsekiakn h`mkmdq+ Yghph smpayazh

hwyhrkelayahp yghk `mkyraoxyhi ym e zaryxmxp `q`lh mj nrm~yg+

JIA elpm srmix`hi e pxrnh mj èsayel nmmip

adsmryp ak ~ga`g kh~ yh`gkmlmnahp ~hrh yqsaèllq hdomiahi+ Ygh DKHp akayaellq srmzaihiEPHEK jardp ~ayg ihyealhi hknakhhrakn eki dekenhrael akpyrx`yamkp eki pshàjaèyamkp,jeàlayeyakn eppadaleyamk mj ygh kh~ yh`gkmlmnahp+

_hpher`ghrp rhjhrrhi ym ygap shrami ep ygh Hepy Epaek Dare`lh, eki ay `mkyakxhi xkyal yghEpaek @rapap mj 511>‐5117+ Sekhl O mj Janxrh 0 pgm~p ygey jlm~p mj Fesekhph JIA ym

? Ygap serenresg eki ygh khwy y~m ire~ mk smryamkp mj Qmpgaymda '?330! ygey ~hrh ~rayyhk oq A~ek

Evap eki âllhd Ygmroh`bh+0

Ygh rmlh mj JIA ak Pmxyghepy Epae ap iap`xpphi ak Gall '5119!+

3

?,333

9,333

:,333

7,333

53,333

5?,333

59,333

7? 79 7: 77 13 1? 19 1: 17 33 3? 39

JIA






7

EPHEK `mxkyrahp `mllesphi ixrakn eki ejyhr ygh `rapap+ Akyhrhpyaknlq, ygmxng, Sekhl Opgm~p ygey jlm~p mj seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jrmd Fesek ym EPHEK `mkyakxhi xkeoeyhi+

Ygmroh`bh '?337! rhsmryhi ygey, mk`h e Fesekhph jard hpyeolapghp e `rmpp omrihrsrmix`yamk khy~mrb ak ekmyghr `mxkyrq, ay ap rhlx`yeky ym ~aygire~ jrmd ygey `mxkyrq+ EpBadxre eki Moepga '?353! kmyhi, jardp seq gang `mpyp ak aihkyajqakn lmèyamkel

eizekyenhp eki rhlaeolh oxpakhpp serykhrp+ Ghk`h yrekpe`yamkp ~aygak yghph khy~mrbpyhki ym oh pyeolh+ Moepga '?353e, ?353o! jmxki ygey yreih ak seryp eki `mdsmkhkypohy~hhk Hepy Epaek `mxkyrahp yhkip ym oh dmrh rhpalahky ygek yreih ak jakapghi nmmip mryreih ~ayg hwyre$rhnamkel serykhrp+ Ygxp, ~galh ygh Epaek @rapap rhix`hi ygh lmèyamkeleizekyenhp mj `gekkhlakn JIA ym EPHEK, ay iai kmy èxph ygh DKHp ym orheb mjj hwapyaknrhleyamkpgasp ~ayg Pmxyghepy Epaek jardp+

Sekhl @ mj Janxrh 0 pgm~p ygey JIA eki seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp yghk ohnek jlm~akn ym yghS_@, hpshàellq ejyhr ygh S_@ fmakhi ygh ^YM ak ?335+ Dekq gezh ernxhi ygey yghS_@‑p ^YM e``hppamk nezh jmrhank akzhpymrp `mkjaihk`h ygey ygh S_@ ~mxli pxpyeak ekJIA$jrahkilq hkzarmkdhky ygrmxng jear eki `mghrhky hkjmr`hdhky mj ygh rhlhzeky le~p ekirhnxleyamkp 'phh, h+n+, @ghk, ?337!+

^galh Fesekhph jardp ~hrh ygh jarpy ym pgajy leomr$akyhkpazh epphdolq mshreyamkp ym lm~hr$~enh lmèyamkp ak Epae, myghr Epaek jardp pmmk jmllm~hi+ Srmix`hrp ak Yeasha,@gake eki_hsxola` mj Bmrhe, `mkjrmkyhi ~ayg ganghr ~enhp eki pyrmknhr hw`geknh reyhp ak ygh leyh5173p eki 5113p, elpm pgajyhi srmix`yamk ym lhpp `mpylq rhnamkp ak Epae+

Janxrh 9e6 Zelxh mj Hlh`yrmka` Seryp eki @mdsmkhkyp Hwsmryp jrmd Hepy Epae ymAkiazaixel Hepy Epaek @mxkyrahp eki _hnamkp

e

e EPHEK ak`lxihp Akimkhpae, Deleqpae, ygh Sgalassakhp, Paknesmrh, eki Ygealeki+ Ygh KAHp

ak`lxih _hsxola` mj Bmrhe eki Yeasha,@gake+


3

53,333

?3,333

03,333

93,333

83,333

:3,333

>3,333

73,333

13,333

7? 79 7: 77 13 1? 19 1: 17 33 3? 39 3: 37

S_@

E P H E K

K A H p

F e s e k

D a l l a m k p m j I m l l e r

p




1

Janxrh 9o6 Zelxh mj @mdsxyhr Hwsmryp jrmd Akiazaixel Hepy Epaek @mxkyrahp eki_hnamkp ym ygh ^mrli

e

e EPHEK ak`lxihp Akimkhpae, Deleqpae, ygh Sgalassakhp, Paknesmrh, eki Ygealeki+ Ygh KAHp

ak`lxih _hsxola` mj Bmrhe eki Yeasha,@gake+


Janxrh 9 srhphkyp ieye kmy mklq jmr Fesek oxy elpm jmr myghr Hepy Epaek `mxkyrahp+ Aypgm~p ygh jlm~ mj hlh`yrmka` seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp ~aygak Hepy Epae eki ygh jlm~ mj jakelepphdolhi `mdsxyhrp jrmd Hepy Epae ym ygh ~mrli+ Ygh èyhnmrq ‗hlh`yrmka` seryp eki`mdsmkhkyp‑ ap ygh lernhpy èyhnmrq yreihi ~aygak ygh rhnamk eki ygh èyhnmrq“`mdsxyhrp eki mjja`h huxasdhky— ap ygh lernhpy èyhnmrq hwsmryhi jrmd Hepy Epae ym yghrhpy mj ygh ~mrli+ Hlh`yrmka` seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp erh elpm bhq aksxyp akym `mdsxyhrp+

Janxrh 9e pgm~p ygey ixrakn ygh 5173p hlh`yrmka` seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jrmd Hepy Epaejlm~hi ak huxel uxekyayahp ym ygh KAHp eki ym EPHEK `mxkyrahp+ Yghk ak ygh 5113p, epygh KAHp lmpy yghar lmèyamkel eizekyenhp ak epphdolq mshreyamkp, jlm~p ym EPHEK jerpxrsepphi jlm~p ym ygh KAHp+ Pyeryakn ak ?335 yghrh ~ep e pxrnh ak hlh`yrmka` seryp eki`mdsmkhkyp nmakn ym ygh S_@, eki ygh S_@‑p adsmryp mj yghph adsmryhi aksxyp pmmkpxrsepphi EPHEK‑p adsmryp+

Janxrh 9o pgm~p hwsmryp mj jakel epphdolhi `mdsxyhrp jrmd Hepy Epaek `mxkyahp ekirhnamkp ym ygh ~mrli+ ^galh Fesek ~ep ygh lheiakn hwsmryhr ak ygh 5173p, EPHEKohèdh ygh lheiakn hwsmryhr ak ygh 5113p+ Ygap rhjlh`yp ygh lernh ak`rheph ak hlh`yrmka`seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jlm~akn akym EPHEK ak ygh 5113p+ Yghk pyeryakn ak ?335 `mdsxyhrhwsmryp jrmd ygh S_@ hwslmihi, eneak rhjlh`yakn ygh pxrnh ak seryp eki `mdsmkhkypadsmryp akym ygh S_@ ygey ohnek ak ?335+

Akyraèyh srmix`yamk eki iapyraoxyamk khy~mrbp ihzhlmshi ak ygh rhnamk, akzmlzakn`mdslaèyhi `mdoakeyamkp mj akyre$jard yreih, erdp$lhknyg yrekpe`yamkp, eki mxypmxràkn+JIA jardp ormbh xs ygh srmix`yamk srm`hpphp jmr e nmmi 'h+n+, e `mdsxyhr! akymjrendhkyhi olm`bp, eki ellmèyhi yghph olm`bp e`rmpp `mxkyrahp ak Epae oephi mkiajjhrhk`hp ak je`ymr hkim~dhkyp eki myghr lmèyamkel eizekyenhp+ Ak ygh èph mj

3

93,333

73,333

5?3,333

5:3,333

?33,333

7? 79 7: 77 13 1? 19 1: 17 33 3? 39 3: 37

S_@

E P H E K

K A H p

F e s e k

D a l l a m k p m j I m l l e r p




53

EPHEK‑p adsmryp jrmd Hepy Epae, jmr akpyek`h, 00( ak ?331 ~hrh hlh`yrmka`p nmmip+ Akygh èph mj EPHEK‑p hwsmryp ym ygh S_@, eldmpy :3( ~hrh hlh`yrmka`p nmmip+

Ek hwedslh mj ygap akyre$rhnamkel yreih ak hlh`yrmka`p nmmip `mdhp jrmd ygh geri iapbirazh 'GII! akixpyrq+ Ep Gareypxbe '?353! im`xdhkyp, ejjalaeyhp mj Fesekhph DK@p akygh Sgalassakhp debh seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp eki pgas yghd ym Ygealeki ym srmix`h

GIIp+ Yghph GIIp erh yghk pgasshi ym ygh S_@ ym epphdolh `mdsxyhrp, eki ygh jakel`mdsxyhrp erh hwsmryhi ygrmxngmxy ygh ~mrli+ Zelxh `geakp px`g ep yghph gezhdxpgrmmdhi ak Hepy Epae+ Ygh khwy ph`yamk ekelqvhp yghph srmix`yamk khy~mrbp ak dmrhihyeal+

Xs xkyal rh`hkylq ygh lamk‑p pgerh mj nmmip srmix`hi ~aygak Hepy Epaek srmix`yamkkhy~mrbp gezh ohhk hwsmryhi mxypaih mj ygh rhnamk+ Gm~hzhr, ep Nexlahr hy el+ '?355!iap`xpphi, jardp ak Fesek eki ygh Epaek KAHp gezh ak`rhepaknlq hpyeolapghi hkyhrsraphp~aygak ygh S_@ ym èyhr ym lmèl ihdeki+ Yghq yghk hwsmry seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp ekièsayel nmmip jrmd ygh gmdh `mxkyrahp ym yghar ejjalaeyhp ak ygh S_@+ Yghph hwsmryp ygeyerh iarh`yhi ym ygh lmèl S_@‑p derbhy erh `leppajahi ep mriakerq hwsmryp oq ygh S_@‑p@xpymdp Enhk`q+ Yghph hwsmryhi aksxyp jrmd ygh gmdh `mxkyrahp ym jmrhank$akzhpyhihkyhrsraphp ak ygh S_@ èxphi Fesek eki ygh KAHp ym rxk mriakerq yreih pxrslxphp ak

?353 mj )>3 oallamk ~ayg ygh S_@+

9+ S_MIX@YAMK KHY^M_BP AK HEPY EPAE

Hepy Epae ap `gere`yhravhi oq akyraèyh srmix`yamk eki iapyraoxyamk rhleyamkpgasp+ Fesek,_hsxola` mj Bmrhe, Yeasha,@gake eki DK@p lmèyhi ak EPHEK srmix`h pmsgapyaèyhiyh`gkmlmnq$akyhkpazh akyhrdhiaeyh nmmip eki pgas yghd ym ygh S_@ eki EPHEK jmrepphdolq oq rhleyazhlq lm~ pballhi ~mrbhrp+ Ygh jakapghi srmix`yp erh yghk hwsmryhiygrmxngmxy ygh ~mrli+

Ygap seyyhrk ap `lher ak Janxrhp 8e eki 8o+ Yghph janxrhp pgm~ ygh S_@‑p adsmryp jmrsrm`hppakn eki srm`hpphi hwsmryp+ Adsmryp jmr srm`hppakn erh seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp

ygey erh adsmryhi akym ygh S_@ ixyq$jrhh mk ygh xkihrpyekiakn ygey yghq ~all oh xphi ymsrmix`h nmmip jmr rh$hwsmry+ Srm`hpphi hwsmryp erh ygh nmmip srmix`hi ak ygap ~eq+78( mj srm`hpphi hwsmryp erh srmix`hi oq jmrhank$èsayel jardp 'Nexlahr hy el+, ?355!+Janxrh 8e pgm~p ygey ygh lamk‑p pgerh mj adsmryp jmr srm`hppakn `mdhp jrmd Hepy Epaekh`mkmdahp eki Janxrh 8o pgm~p ygey ygh defmr ihpyakeyamkp jmr ygh S_@‑p srm`hpphihwsmryp erh ygh XP2 Gmkn Bmkn, @gake2 eki Hxrmsh+ Pak`h dmpy mj ygh hwsmryp nmakn ymGmkn Bmkn, @gake erh yrekp$pgasshi ym ygh rhpy mj ygh ~mrli, ygh ^hpyhrk h`mkmdahp erhygh defmr `mkpxdhrp mj ygh S_@‑p srm`hpphi hwsmryp+




55

e Hxrmsh ak`lxihp Expyrae, Ohlnaxd, Ihkderb, Jakleki, Jrek`h, Nhrdekq, Nrhh`h, Arhleki, Lxwhdomxrn,Khyghrlekip, Ayelq, Smryxnel, Pseak, P~hihk eki Xkayhi Baknimd+ EPHEK ak`lxihp Akimkhpae, Deleqpae, yghSgalassakhp, Paknesmrh, eki Ygealeki+

Pmxr`h 6 @gake @xpymdp Pyeyapya`p+

Janxrh 8e6 @gake.p Adsmryp jmr Srm`hppakn oq @mxkyrq eki _hnamke

3

?3333

93333

:3333

73333

533333

5?3333

593333

5:3333

511? 5119 511: 5117 ?333 ?33? ?339 ?33: ?337 ?353


_hsxola` mj Bmrhe " Yeasha,@gake

Fesek

EPHEK 8

Hxrmsh

X+P+

Gmkn Bmkn, @gake




5?

e Hxrmsh ak`lxihp Expyrae, Ohlnaxd, Ihkderb, Jakleki, Jrek`h, Nhrdekq, Nrhh`h, Arhleki, Lxwhdomxrn,Khyghrlekip, Ayelq, Smryxnel, Pseak, P~hihk eki Xkayhi Baknimd+ EPHEK ak`lxihp Akimkhpae, Deleqpae, yghSgalassakhp, Paknesmrh, eki Ygealeki+

Pmxr`h 6 @gake @xpymdp Pyeyapya`p+

Dmihlakn ygap yreih ~aygak Hepy Epaek srmix`yamk khy~mrbp gep srmzhk `gellhknakn ymh`mkmdapyp+ Yreiayamkel yreih yghmrahp hdsgepavh yreih ak jakel nmmip irazhk oqiajjhrhk`hp ak yh`gkmlmnq eki je`ymr hkim~dhky+ Srmix`yamk jrendhkyeyamk, mk ygh myghrgeki, akzmlzhp yreih ak akyhrdhiaeyh nmmip+ Jardp hwslmay `mdsereyazh eizekyenh oqplaàkn xs srmix`yamk srm`hpphp eki ellmèyakn ygh srmix`yamk dmixlhp ym iajjhrhkylmèyamkp oephi mk iajjhrhk`hp ak je`ymr hkim~dhkyp e`rmpp ygh jrendhkyhi srmix`yamkolm`bp+

Badxre eki Ekim '?338! gezh srmsmphi e `mk`hsyxel jredh~mrb ym hwsleak ygh plaàknxs mj ygh zelxh `geak+ Ak yghar dmihl jardp ihàih ym jrendhky srmix`yamk ~ghk yghsrmix`yamk `mpy pezakn erapakn jrmd jrendhkyeyamk hw`hhip ygh `mpy mj lakbaknnhmnresgaèllq phsereyhi srmix`yamk olm`bp 'ygh phrza`h lakb `mpy!+ Ygh phrza`h lakb `mpyzerahp e`rmpp y~m iadhkpamkp+ Ygh jarpy ap nhmnresgaèl iapyek`h eki ygh ph`mki apdekenhrael `mkyrmlleoalayq+ @mpyp elmkn ygh iapyek`h iadhkpamk ak`lxih yrekpsmry `mpyp,

yhlh`mddxkaèyamk `mpyp, eki akyre$jard `mmriakeyamk `mpyp+ @mpyp elmkn ygh`mkyrmlleoalayq iadhkpamk ak`lxih ygh `mpyp mj adshrjh`y akjmrdeyamk, le`b mj `rhiaoalayq, ekilmpp mj pyeolh `mkyre`yp+

Lm~hrakn ygh phrza`h lakb `mpy jeàlayeyhp ygh jxk`yamkakn mj ygh pla`hi zelxh `geak+ Pmdh~eqp ym lm~hr phrza`h lakb `mpyp ak`lxih pyrhknyghkakn sgqpaèl akjrepyrx`yxrh px`g ep 5!ygh khy~mrb mj gang~eqp, smryp, eki earsmryp, ?! ygh A@Y akjrepyrx`yxrh, 0! `mkyeakhrqerip, eki elpm derbhy$pxssmryazh akpyayxyamkel akjrepyrx`yxrh px`g ep 5! hkjmr`hdhky mjygh lhnel pqpyhd, ?! akjmrdeyamk mk zhkimrp, 0! hkjmr`hdhky mj ygh pyeoalayq mj srazeyh

Janxrh 8o6 @gake.p Srm`hpphi Hwsmryp oq @mxkyrq eki _hnamke

3

?3333

93333

:3333

73333

533333

5?3333

593333

5:3333

573333

511? 5119 511: 5117 ?333 ?33? ?339 ?33: ?337 ?353


X+P+

Gmkn Bmkn, @gake

Hxrmsh

Fesek

_hsxola` mj Bmrhe " Yeasha,@gake

EPHEK 8




50

`mkyre`yp, 9! `mrsmreyh nmzhrkek`h, eki 8! lhnel rhdhiahp ~ghk jardp zamleyh akyhllh`yxelsrmshryq rangyp enrhhdhkyp+ Ohlm~ ~h `mkpaihr phzhrel hwedslhp jrmd Hepy Epae ~ghrhygh phrza`h lakb `mpy gep akjlxhk`hi srmix`yamk jrendhkyeyamk+

Ygh jarpy hwedslh `mdhp jrmd ygh nlmoel zelxh `geak jmr kmyhommb S@p `hkyhrhi ak yghQeknyvh _azhr Ihlye mj ygh S_@+ Yghrh ~hrh y~m `mk`rhyh e`yamkp ygey lm~hrhi ygh

phrza`h lakb `mpy+ Jarpy, ak ?335 ygh nmzhrkdhky mj Yeasha,@gake ihrhnxleyhi mxynmakn JIAjmr kmyhommb S@ `mdsekahp phhbakn ym akzhpy ak ygh S_@+ Yeasha,@gake Mranakel IhpankDekxje`yxrhrp 'MIDp! yghk dmzhi srmix`yamk ym ygh Qeknyvh _azhr Ihlye+ Ph`mki, yghS_@‑p nmzhrkdhky hpyeolapghi e pxshro khy~mrb mj dmihrk gang~eqp, smryp, ekiearsmryp ak ygh Ihlye+ Ygap akix`hi dekq jardp ym lmèyh ak ygap erhe+

Ygh rhpxlyakn ennlmdhreyamk srmix`hi h`mkmdahp mj pèlh+ Phrza`h lakb `mpyp jhllohèxph ygh lernh kxdohr mj jardp ak `lmph srmwadayq deih ay hepahr jmr jardp ym srm`xrhseryp eki `mdsmkhkyp eki ym gekilh jrhuxhky pshàjaèyamk `geknhp+ Ak eiiayamk, yghdekq oxpakhpp serykhrp ~ayg iajjhrhky pballp eki yh`gkmlmnahp ak `lmph srmwadayq rhix`hi`mpyp eppmàeyhi ~ayg xk`mkyrmlleoalayq+

Brehdhr eki Ihira`b '?33:! im`xdhkyhi gm~ ygh Yeasha,@gake MIDp hpyeolapghi ekhy~mrb ygey ak`lxihp orekihi jardp px`g ep GS, Esslh, eki Ympgaoe, pxsslahrp mj bhqseryp eki `mdsmkhkyp, srmix`hrp mj oepa` akixpyrael deyhraelp, eki debhrp mj mshreyaknpqpyhdp eki @SX+ Lmèl S_@‑p jardp pxsslq `mkkh`ymrp, oeyyhrahp, p~ay`ghp, ekiiapsleqp eki erh elpm e`yazh ak dmliakn, èpyakn, jmrnakn, sleyakn, eki dmixlh$epphdolakn+ Omyg ianayel eki gxdek khy~mrbp hkeolh S@ srmix`hrp ym rhe`y hjjaàhkylq akrhel yadh ym `geknhp ak `mkpxdhr srhjhrhk`hp eki yh`gkmlmnq+ Jardp epphdolakn yghkmyhommb S@p gezh elpm bhsy akzhkymrahp lhek oq srm`hppakn 17( mj ygh mrihrp ~aygakygrhh ieqp+ Srmix`yazayq nrm~yg ~aygak ygap zelxh `geak gep ohhk edevakn+

E ph`mki hwedslh mj ygh adsmryek`h mj phrza`h lakb `mpyp `mdhp jrmd hw`geknh reyhzmleyalayq+ Ak nhkhrel ygh hjjh`y mj hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq mk yreih ap edoanxmxp+ âygakHepy Epaek srmix`yamk khy~mrbp, gm~hzhr, hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq deq ihyhr yreih+ Ygapap ohèxph hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq ak`rhephp xk`hryeakyq eki ygxp ygh phrza`h lakb `mpy

eppmàeyhi ~ayg `rmpp$omrihr jrendhkyeyamk+Hdsaraèl hzaihk`h akiaèyhp ygey hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq rhix`hp ygh jlm~ mj seryp eki`mdsmkhkyp ak ygh rhnamk+ Aym hy el+ '?337! pxrzhqhi Fesekhph DK@p eki rhsmryhi ygeyakyre$Epaek hw`geknh reyh pyeoalayq ap hpphkyael jmr ygh xkakyhrrxsyhi jlm~ mj seryp eki`mdsmkhkyp ~aygak rhnamkel srmix`yamk khy~mrbp+

E ygari hwedslh mj gm~ phrza`h lakb `mpyp akjlxhk`h srmix`yamk jrendhkyeyamk `mdhp jrmdygh Sgalassakhp+ Akyhl ~ep ygh jarpy phda`mkix`ymr jard ym mshk e je`ymrq ak ygh Sgalassakhpak 51>9+ Dmrek '?355! rhsmryhi ygey yghph jmrhank akzhpydhkyp ak ygh Sgalassakhpohkhjayhi ell mj ygh ~mrbhrp ak ygh erhe oq srmdmyakn ghelyg eki pejhyq pyekierip,ph`xrayq, eki ohyyhr jeàlayahp+

Ygmroh`bh '?337! jmxki ygey hw`geknhreyh zmleyalayq èxphi e lernh ih`lakh ak ygh jlm~ mj hlh`yrmka` seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp~aygak Hepy Epaek srmix`yamk khy~mrbp+ Geqebe~e eki Badxre '?331! rhsmryhi ygeyhw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq pankajaèkylq rhix`hi yreih ak akyhrdhiaeyh nmmip ~aygak HepyEpaek srmix`yamk khy~mrbp+ @erlmp Ngmphk, @HM mj Kappek Dmymr @mrsmreyamk, elpmpyeyhi ygey hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq ihyhrrhi ygh plaàkn xs mj ygh zelxh `geak ohèxph aydalayeyhi eneakpy lmkn$yhrd slekkakn 'phh @rmmbp, ?353!+

Gm~hzhr, ygh akzhpydhky `ladeyh ak ygh Sgalassakhp ap slenxhi oq `mrrxsyamk eki smmrakjrepyrx`yxrh+ Ygh ^mrli H`mkmda` Jmrxd pxrzhqhi 50,333 oxpakhpp hwh`xyazhp jrmd500 `mxkyrahp ohy~hhk Fekxerq eki Deq ?331 ym moyeak yghar msakamkp mk e ~aih reknh




59

mj epsh`yp mj ygh oxpakhpp hkzarmkdhky ak ~ga`g yghq mshreyh 'Nlmoel @mdshyayazhkhpp_hsmry, ?331‐53!+ Mxy mj 500 `mxkyrahp, ygh Sgalassakhp rekbhi 503yg ak `mrrxsyamk, 5?7yg ak jezmrayapd ak nmzhrkdhky ihàpamk debakn, 5?0 ri ak akhjjaàhky lhnel jredh~mrb jmrphyylakn iapsxyhp eki 5??ki

Akyhl @geardek @rean Oerrhyy hdsgepavhi ygh adsmryek`h mj e jezmreolh akzhpydhky`ladeyh ~ghk debakn akzhpydhky ihàpamkp eki hpshàellq ygh sxola` akpyayxyamkelhkzarmkdhky+

jmr iazhryakn sxola` jxkip+ Ay elpm rekbhi eomzh 533 jmrphzhrel akjrepyrx`yxrh èyhnmrahp+

9

8+ @MK@LXPAMK

Myghrp jm`xphi mk ygh gang `mpy mj hlh`yraàyq eki myghr akjrepyrx`yxrhrhleyhi srmolhdp ak ygh Sgalassakhp 'phh, h+n+, @eladen, ?337!+ Akyhl dmzhi srmix`yamk ymygh S_@ eki myghr lmèyamkp ak Hepy Epae ~ghrh ygh sgqpaèl eki akpyayxyamkelakjrepyrx`yxrh ~ep ohyyhr eki ygh phrza`h lakb `mpy ~ep lm~hr+

Hepy Epaek JIA gep ayp m~k xkauxh `gere`yhrapya`p+ DK@p ak ygh rhnamk debh JIAihàpamkp serylq oephi mk ygh m~khrpgas, lmèyamk eki akyhrkelaveyamk eizekyenhp ygeyIxkkakn '5177! hdsgepavhi+ Gm~hzhr, yghar ohgezamr elpm jmllm~p Bmfade‑p '51>0!dmihl, ~ayg JIA jlm~akn jrmd ygh èsayel hwsmryakn `mxkyrq‑p iapeizekyenhi akixpyrq akymygh gmpy `mxkyrq‑p eizekyenhi akixpyrq+ DK@p ak ygh akzhpyakn `mxkyrq yghk hwsmrypmsgapyaèyhi seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp eki yh`gkmlmnq ym ygh epphdolq `mxkyrq, pm ygeyyghrh ap e `mdslhdhkyerq rhleyamkpgas ohy~hhk hwsmryp eki JIA ak ygh rhnamk+

Hepy Epaek JIA ohnek ak herkhpy ejyhr ygh qhk essrhàeyhi :3( jmllm~akn ygh SleveE``mri ak Phsyhdohr 5178+ Fesekhph dxlyakeyamkel hkyhrsraphp yrekpjhrrhi je`ymrahp ym_hsxola` mj Bmrhe eki Yeasha,@gake+ Gm~hzhr, ep ~enhp eki hw`geknh reyhp ak yghph`mxkyrahp ak`rhephi, yghq yrekpjhrrhi srmix`yamk ym ygh EPHEK `mxkyrahp+ FesekhphDKHp srmzaihi EPHEK jardp ~ayg ihyealhi hknakhhrakn eki dekenhrael akpyrx`yamkp ekipshàjaèyamkp, jeàlayeyakn ygh eppadaleyamk mj ygh kh~ yh`gkmlmnahp+ Yghq elpm hwsmryhiseryp eki `mdsmkhkyp ym oh xphi ym srmix`h jakel nmmip+ ^ghk ygh Epae @rapap mj 511>‐

17 gay, Fesekhph jardp plepghi kh~ JIA oxy `mkyakxhi ym hwsmry lernh uxekyayahp mjakyhrdhiaeyh nmmip ym ejjalaeyhp ak EPHEK+ Ygxp, ak psayh mj e mk`h ak e nhkhreyamk `rapap,Fesekhph DKHp iai kmy orheb mjj hwapyakn rhleyamkpgasp ~ayg Pmxyghepy Epaek jardp

JIA yghk danreyhi ym ygh S_@+ Ejyhr ygh S_@ fmakhi ygh ^YM ak ?335, jmrhank akzhpymrpneakhi `mkjaihk`h ygey ygh S_@ ~mxli deakyeak ek JIA$jrahkilq hkzarmkdhky+ Ygh S_@uxa`blq ohèdh ygh jakel epphdolq smaky mj akyraèyh srmix`yamk eki iapyraoxyamk khy~mrbp+Ay adsmryhi gxkirhip mj oallamkp mj imllerp mj seryp eki `mdsmkhkyp jrmd Hepy Epae ekihwsmryhi ygh jakel epphdolhi srmix`yp ygrmxngmxy ygh ~mrli+

Ym xkihrpyeki ygap plaàkn xs mj ygh zelxh `geak ay ap ghlsjxl ym `mdserh ygh srmix`yamk`mpy pezakn erapakn jrmd jrendhkyeyamk ~ayg ygh phrza`h `mpy mj lakbakn nhmnresgaèllqphsereyhi srmix`yamk olm`bp 'Badxre eki Ekim, ?338!+ ^h pgm~ ygey `geknhp ak ygh

phrza`h lakb `mpy ghls hwsleak ygh ihzhlmsdhky mj ygh kmyhommb S@ akixpyrq ak yghQeknyvh _azhr Ihlye eki ygh ihlhyhramxp hjjh`yp ygey hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq eki smmrsgqpaèl eki akpyayxyamkel akjrepyrx`yxrh gezh mk srmix`yamk jrendhkyeyamk ak ygh rhnamk+

Xs xkyal km~, srmix`yamk khy~mrbp ak Epae gezh ohhk srmixàkn jakel nmmip sraderalq jmr^hpyhrk `mkpxdhrp+ Ep Epae ihzhlmsp, ihdeki ~all danreyh hepy~eri+ Gm~hzhr,`mkpxdhrp ak Epae deq gezh iajjhrhky ihdeki seyyhrkp ygek `mkpxdhrp ak ygh XP eki

9@eladen '?337!+




58

Hxrmsh+ Ak serya`xler, yghq deq ihdeki dmrh oepa` nmmip eki jh~hr lxwxrq ayhdp+Epphdolakn oepa` nmmip px`g ep rhjranhreymrp deq rhuxarh lhpp srmix`yamk jrendhkyeyamkygek epphdolakn lxwxrq nmmip px`g ep hwshkpazh exymdmoalhp+ Jxyxrh rhpher`g pgmxli`mkpaihr gm~ rhnamkel srmix`yamk khy~mrbp ~all hzmlzh ep jakel mxysxy ap ak`rhepaknlqrhiarh`yhi ym~erip Epae+




5:

_HJH_HK@HP

@eladen, D+ N+ ?337+ Akyhl Srhserhp ym @lmph Sgalassakh Sleky+ Olmmdohrn Oxpakhpp ^hhb , Esral >+

@ghk, Q+ ?337+ Ygh Lhnel @ladeyh jmr Jmrhank Akzhpydhky ak @gake ejyhr ayp ^YME``hppamk, Omki Le~ _hzah~ 6 Zml+ ?3 '5!, Erya`lh ?+

@rmmbp, H+ ?353+ Kappek ym Pgajy Mxysxy ym Imller H`mkmdahp+ Jakekàel Yadhp , Kmz+

?5+

Ixkkakn, F+ G+ 5177+ Ygh H`lh`ya` Sereiand mj Akyhrkeyamkel Srmix`yamk6 E _hpyeyhdhkyeki Pmdh Smppaolh Hwyhkpamkp+ Fmxrkel mj Akyhrkeyamkel Oxpakhpp Pyxiahp 51'5!65‐05+

Nexlahr, N, J+ Lhdmakh, eki I+ Xkel$Bhphkà+ ?355+ @gake‑p Jmrhank Yreih ak yghShrpsh`yazh mj e Dmrh Oelek`hi H`mkmda` Nrm~yg, @HSAA ^mrbakn Seshr Km+?355‐30+ Serap6 @hkyrh I‑Hyxihp Srmpsh`yazhp hy I‑Akjmrdeyamk Akyhrkeyamkelhp+

Geqebe~e, B+, eki J+ Badxre+ ?331+ Ygh hjjh`y mj hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq mkakyhrkeyamkel yreih ak Hepy Epae, Fmxrkel mj ygh Fesekhph eki Akyhrkeyamkel H`mkmdahp ?0 '9!6018‐93:+

Gall, G+ 5119+ EPHEK H`mkmda` Ihzhlmsdhky6 Ek Ekelqyaèl Pxrzhq$Ygh Pyeyh mj yghJahli, Fmxrkel mj Epaek Pyxiahp 80 '0!670?‐7::+

Gareypxbe, I+ ?353+ Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp ak Epae6 E @eph Pyxiq mj Geri Iapb IrazhAkixpyrq, Seshr srhphkyhi ey ygh @mdsereyazh Ekelqpap mj Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp akEpae eki Hxrmsh @mkjhrhk`h+ Zahkke Akpyayxyh jmr Akyhrkeyamkel H`mkmda` Pyxiahp,Zahkke, 58‐5: Fxlq+

Aym, Y+, P+ Bmaox`ga, Q+ Pepeba, B+ Peym, F+ Padavx, B+ Geqebe~e, eki Y+ Qmpgada '?337!,

@xrrhk`q akzmaàkn eki jmrhank hw`geknh rapb dekenhdhky6 E èph pyxiq mjFesekhph jardp+ _AHYA Iap`xppamk Seshr 37$F$331, Ymbqm6 _hpher`g Akpyayxyh mjH`mkmdq, Yreih eki Akixpyrq+

Badxre, J+, eki D+ Ekim+ ?338+ Y~m$iadhkpamkel jrendhkyeyamk ak Hepy Epae6@mk`hsyxel jredh~mrb eki hdsara`p+ Akyhrkeyamkel _hzah~ mj H`mkmda`p eki Jakek`h 59 '0!605>‐097+

Badxre J, eki E+ Moepga+ ?353+ Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp ak Hepy Epae6 ^gey ^h Bkm~ PmJer, Seshr srhphkyhi ey ygh @mdsereyazh Ekelqpap mj Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp akEpae eki Hxrmsh @mkjhrhk`h+ Zahkke Akpyayxyh jmr Akyhrkeyamkel H`mkmda` Pyxiahp,Zahkke, 58‐5: Fxlq+

Bmfade, B+ 51>0+ E De`rmh`mkmda` Essrme`g ym Jmrhank Iarh`y Akzhpydhky+ Gaymypxoepga

Fmxrkel mj H`mkmda`p 59 '5!65‐?5+Bmfade, B+ 51>8+ Akyhrkeyamkel Yreih eki Jmrhank Akzhpydhky6 Pxopyayxyhp mr

@mdslhdhkyp+ Gaymypxoepga Fmxrkel mj H`mkmda`p 5: '5!65‐5?+

Bmfade, B+ 51>>+ Yrekpjhr mj Yh`gkmlmnq ym Ihzhlmsakn @mxkyrahp+ Gaymypxoepga Fmxrkel mj H`mkmda`p 5> '?!65‐59+




Brehdhr, B+ L+, eki F+ Ihyra`b+ ?33:+ AY@p ak Akyhr`mrsmreyh Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp6 NlmoelAY eki Lmèl Nxekwa ak ygh S@ Akixpyrq+ Dadhm, Hepy Epae Oxrhex mj H`mkmda`_hpher`g+

Daknnem, P+ ?355+ Ak @gake, Jher kmy ênh Akjleyamk‑p Adse`y+ @eawak Esral ?:+

Dmrek, Y+ G+ ?355+ Jmrhank Iarh`y Akzhpydhky eki Ihzhlmsdhky6 Lexk`gakn e Ph`mki

Nhkhreyamk mj Smla`q _hpher`g6 Ezmaiakn ygh Dapyebhp mj ygh Jarpy, _hhzelxeyakn Smlaàhp jmr Ihzhlmshi eki Ihzhlmsakn @mxkyrahp + êpgaknymk, I@6 ShyhrpmkAkpyayxyh jmr Akyhrkeyamkel H`mkmda`p+

Dxkihll, _+ E+ 518>+ Akyhrkeyamkel Yreih eki Je`ymr Dmoalayq, Edhraèk H`mkmda`

_hzah~ 9> '0!60?5‐008+

Moepga, E+ ?353e+ Pyeoalayq mj Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp ak Hepy Epae6 Ixreyamk eki Pxrzazel mjYreih+ Fesek eki ygh ^mrli H`mkmdq ??'5!6?5‐03+

Moepga, E+ ?353o+ Pyeoalayq mj Akyhrkeyamkel Srmix`yamk Khy~mrbp6 Ap Hepy Epae Pshàel=Dadhm, Bham Xkazhrpayq+

Mve~e, Y+ ?33>+ Srmjhppmr Baqmpga Bmfade‑p @mkyraoxyamkp ym JIA Yghmrq6 Yreih,Pyrx`yxrel Yrekpjmrdeyamk, Nrm~yg, eki Akyhnreyamk ak Hepy Epae+ Ygh Akyhrkeyamkel H`mkmdq 55 '5!65>‐00+

Ygmroh`bh, ^+ ?337+ Ygh hjjh`y mj hw`geknh reyh zmleyalayq mk jrendhkyeyamk ak Hepy Epae6hzaihk`h jrmd ygh hlh`yrmka`p akixpyrq+ Fmxrkel mj ygh Fesekhph eki Akyhrkeyamkel H`mkmdahp ?? '9!6808‐899+

ânkerefe, N+ ?337+ JIA eki Akkmzeyamk ep Irazhrp mj Hwsmry Ohgezamxr6 Jard$lhzhlHzaihk`h jrmd Hepy Epae+ XKX$DH_AY ^mrbakn Seshr Km+ ?337‐3:5, Deepyra`gy6Xkayhi Keyamkp Xkazhrpayq$Deepyra`gy H`mkmda` eki Pmàel _hpher`g ekiYreakakn @hkyrh mk Akkmzeyamk eki Yh`gkmlmnq+

^mrli H`mkmda` Jmrxd+ ?331+ Ygh Nlmoel @mdshyayazhkhpp _hsmry ?331‐?353 + Nhkhze6

^mrli H`mkmda` Jmrxd+Qmpgaymda, D+ ?330+ Smpy$@rapap Ihzhlmsdhky Sereiandp ak Epae + Ymbqm6 EIOA+

Documents

Understanding Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia