Understanding Communication Environments in Acehdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/652881468042927490/...Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environments in Aceh Joanne Sharpe

lrnogen Wall

THE WOULD BANK

Understanding Communication Environments in Aceh

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Media MappingUnderstanding CommunicationEnvironments in Aceh

Joanne SharpeImogen Wall

April 2007

Indonesian Social Development Paper No. 9

This report was prepared for the Decentralization Support Facility (DSF). At the time of writing the report,theauthorswereconsultantswiththeWorldBankandUNDP,respectively.Theviewsexpressedinthereportaretheauthors’ownanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheWorldBank,UNDPortheDSF.

Theauthorscanbecontactedat : [email protected] [email protected]

Indonesia Social Development Pappers iii

Indonesian Social Development Papers

Since 1998, Indonesia has been undergoing a momentous political and economic transition. Politicalchangehasbeenradical:oldauthoritarianstructureshavebeenreplaced-todifferingextentsandwithmixedsuccess-with democratic institutions; the decentralization process, with large swaths of policy makingautonomycededtolocalgovernments,haschangedpowerdynamicswithinthestateandbetweenlocalactors.Atthesametime,theAsianFinancialCrisisforcedeconomicchangesincludingtheredevelopmentofthefinancialsystem,analteredmacro-economicpolicy,andthedevelopmentofanewsocialsafetynet.

Together,thesesimultaneoustransitionshavehadfundamentalsocialimpacts.Millionsweresweptintopoverty with the Crisis, and many have not yet regained their previous standard of living. Forces ofmodernization and globalization have changed work patterns and sped population flows. Changes inincentives,andintheroleofformalandinformalinstitutions,havealteredthewaysinwhichindividualsandgroupsrelatetoeachother,andtothestate.Withpowerrelationsinflux,itisnotsurprisingthatrecentyearshaveseenbothanincreaseinsocialconflictaswellas“onestepforward,anotherback”progressintermsofimprovinggovernanceandreducingcorruption.

TheIndonesianSocialDevelopmentPapersseriesaimstofurtherdiscussiononarangeofissuesrelatingtothesocialdimensionsofIndonesia’stransitions.Theserieswillcoverarangeofissuesincludingconflict,development,corruption,governance,theroleofthesecuritysector,andsoon.Eachpaperpresentsresearchonaparticulardimensionofsocialdevelopmentandofferspragmaticpolicysuggestions.

Thepapers in theseriesareworks inprogress. Theemphasis isongeneratingdebateamongstvariousstakeholders-including government, civil society, and international institutions-rather than offeringabsoluteconclusions.Itishopedthattheywillstimulatefurtherdiscussionsofthequestionstheyseektoanswer,thehypothesestheytest,andtherecommendationstheyprescribe.

PatrickBarron(serieseditor)

[email protected]

iv Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ThisreportistheresultofajointundertakingbytheWorldBankandtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram(UNDP), fundedbyDFIDthroughtheDecentralizationSupportFacility (DSF). It ispartofabroaderprogramofworktousepublicinformationtosupportthepeaceprocessinAceh.UNDPandtheWorldBankaremembersoftheDonorWorkingGrouptosupportTimSosialisasiAcehDamai(SocializationTeamforPeaceinAceh),apartnershipbetweentheGovernmentofIndonesiaandtheFreeAcehMovement(GAM)formedintheimmediateaftermathofthesigningoftheHelsinkiMOU.

DatawascollectedwiththeassistanceoftheGoI/MultiDonorFund’sKecamatanDevelopmentProgram(KDP),mediaconsultantsInfoAceh,andtheInternationalOrganizationforMigration(IOM).Manythankstoallwhoassistedwithlogisticsandsurveying.FromKDP,thankstoAcehCoordinatorRusliMuhammadAli,DeputyCoordinatorChairruddin,andalltheKecamatanInformationFacilitatorsandKDPpersonnel.FromInfoAceh,thankstoMahfudhMarzukiandteam.ThankstoMarkKnightandAbu Bakar from IOM. From Internews, DY Suharya; and from UNDP, Alejandro Bendana, SimonFieldandBenHillman. ThanksalsotoAndiYogaTamaoftheConflictandDevelopmentteamwhocoordinatedsurveycollectionandcollation,andtothedataentryteam,IwanandSupriadi.

Arya Gaduh of the World Bank Social Development Unit designed the sampling methodology anddatabase,andprovidedinitialdatabreakdowns.Hiscontributionhasbeeninvaluable.GISmapswereproduced by Zejd Muhammad, also of the Social Development Unit. Comments and feedback wereprovidedbymembersoftheWorldBank’sConflictandDevelopmentteam,inparticularPatrickBarron,AmySimandMattZurstrassen.

WeareenormouslygratefulforthesupportofScottGuggenheim,SusanWongandVictorBottinifromtheWorldBankduringthisresearch.

Executive Summary v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

The earthquake and tsunami of December 2004 and the signing of the historic Memorandum ofUnderstanding between GAM and the Government of Indonesia eight months later, ending decadesofwar,hasbroughtunprecedentedattentionandaidtoAceh.Akeychallengeforeveryoneworkinginpost-tsunamiandpost-conflictprogramminghasbeentoengagewithhundredsofthousandsofAcehnesebeneficiaries.Thereisconsensusthatreconstructionandreintegrationprogramsforvictimsofthetsunamiandtheconflictmustbecommunity-driven,yetstudyafterstudyhasnotedcommunityignoranceandlackofeffectiveconsultationwithcommunitiesinAceh.Effectivecommunicationliesatthecoreofrights-basedprogrammingandcommunity-drivendevelopment.ImprovingcommunicationsstrategiesrequiresadeeperunderstandingofthecommunicationsenvironmentinAceh.

Thispaperisthefirstprovince-wideattempttolookatthewaysinwhichcommunitiesreceiveandseekinformation.ItisdesignedtobeapracticalguidetoinformationflowsinAceh,atoolforthosewhoseektoimprovecommunicationswiththeirbeneficiarypartnersandtoimproveaccesstoinformationamongthe population at large. It should have relevance to both those engaged in tsunami and post-conflictprogramming.

MethodologyThispaperpresentsquantitativedatacollectedin410ruralandurbanvillagesin98sub-districtsthroughoutAceh.Villageswereselectedrandomly,usingatwo-stagesamplingprocedurewithBPS’s2005VillagePotential(PODES)dataasthesamplingframe.Enumeratorsinterviewedkeyinformantsandcommunitygroups togainanoverviewof thecommunicationsenvironment ineachcommunity,and recorded theinformationusingasurveyformat.SurveyswerecollectedbetweenAprilandJune2006.

StructureThereportismadeupoffivesections.Section2looksatmassmedia,channelsthatenablethe(relatively)rapidandblanketdisseminationof informationto largenumbersofpeoplesimultaneously.Welookatlevelsofcommunityaccess tonewspapers, radios, televisionandtelephones,examiningtheir reachanddistributionaswellashowtheyareconsumed.Wealsodiscussthevaryingwaysthatdifferentdemographicsengage with television and radio. Section 3 examines how information circulates at the village level,focusingonkeyinformationholders,villagemeetingsandnoticeboardsastheprimarychannelsforintra-communitycommunication. Section4synthesisesfindingsfortsunami-affectedareas,conflict-affectedareas,aswellasforurbanandrurallocations.Section5offersconclusionsandrecommendations.

2. MASS MEDIA

Mass media channels, including newspapers, radio, television and even telephones, can be immenselypowerfulmeansfordisseminatinginformationquickly,effectivelyandonagrandscale.Thesuccessofanymassmediainformationcampaign,however,dependsonadetailedunderstandingofwholistens/watches/readswhat,whenandwhere.

Reach and DistributionThemediaenvironmentinAcehisthriving.Newspapersreach81%ofthecommunitiessampledand88%couldlistenintoatleastoneradiostation.Televisionisavailableincloseto100%ofcommunities.

vi Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

ItisclearthatSerambiIndonesiaisbyfarthemostsignificantnewspaperintermsofreachandpopularity,available inalmostthree-quartersofthesampledcommunities,andpreferredby88%. Itsclosestrival,Waspada,hadslightlybettercoverageinAcehSingkilandAcehTamiangdistricts.Overall,newspaperavailabilitywaspatchyinthecentralAcehnesedistrictsaswellasAcehTamiang,EastAceh,AcehJayaandNaganRaya.Useoflocalizedpublications,especiallyinareasthatdonotreceiveSerambi,thereforeremainsnecessaryfortrulycomprehensiveoutreach.Interestinnationalpapers,suchasKompas,isminimal.

Combined,localradiostationsreachedtwo-thirdsofthesample,asdidstatebroadcasterRadioRepublikIndonesia(RRI),butlocalcommercialstationsaregenerallymuchmorepopular. Wherepeoplehadachoice,77%ofvillagessaidtheywouldtuneintotheirlocalstationratherthanlistentostateradio,makinglocalstationsbetterpartnersforcommunityoutreach.Nevertheless,afullquarterofvillagessampledcouldonlytuneintoRRI,soparallelbroadcastingonthatstationisimportanttoachievethemostcomprehensivecoverage.

Televisionisapowerfulmedium,butit isunfortunatelyalsothemostdifficulttoharnessforoutreach,largelybecausefavouredstationsarebasedinJakarta.RCTI,forexample,isthemostwatchedtelevisionstation inAceh,but as anationalbroadcaster it isdifficult touse for campaigns targeted at theAcehaudience.TVRI,theonlystationcarryinglocalAcehnesecontent,hasgoodcoveragebutisremarkablyunpopular.

Ownership and Public AccessAvailabilityandcoveragedonotequatewithaccess.NoteveryoneinAcehcanaffordtobuynewspapers,radios,televisionsandtelephones.Householdradioownership,forexample,issolidbutnotubiquitous.Halfofthecommunitiessurveyedreportedthat40%ormorehouseholdsinthevillageownedaradioset.Householdswereevenlesslikelytoowntelevisionsets.

Patternsofcommunaluseoffsetthispicturesomewhat.Multiplereadersinpublicplaces,suchascoffeeshops,typicallysharenewspapers.Televisionsetswerealsomorelikelytobewatchedcommunallythanprivately, increasingly so as household ownership rates fell. However, consumption of media, and ofnewspapersespecially,inpublicspacesmaymeanthatwomenareeffectivelyexcluded,creatingagenderbiasthatmustbetakenintoconsideration.Radiowasmorecommonlylistenedtoprivately,inthehome.

Of all the media examined in this study, mobile phones are perhaps the most dynamic, and have thegreatestuntappedpotential.Householdswithmobilephonesarestillintheminority,buttheyaresettoeclipsethenumberwithlandlines;significantly,meanownershipofmobilephonesinruralareasissimilartothatinurbanareas.Intheabsenceofotheroptions(85%ofvillagessaidtheydidnotevenhaveaccesstoapublicphone,orwartel),mobilephonesmayconstituteausefulchannelforfeedinginformationintoacommunity,aswellasforapplicationincomplaintsreportingsystems.

UseRadioaudiencesfluctuatesignificantlyovertheday,whichprovidesinterestingopportunitiesforreachingparticulardemographics. Mentuneinduringthemorningandtheevening,whilewomenlistenmoreconsistentlythroughouttheday.Assuch,radioprogrammingdesignedforafemaleaudienceisbestairedaroundmidday,whenwomenhavethemostcontroloverwhattheylistento.

Bycontrast,televisionconsumptionpeaksintheeveningacrossalldemographicsexceptchildren.Childrenaremostlikelytowatchtelevisionintheafternoon,andchildren’sprogrammingatthistimemaybeaneffective(ifcostly)wayofreachinganotherwisedifficultaudience.

Radioandtelevisionareviewedasmuchassourcesofentertainmentasofhardnewsandinformation.

Executive Summary vii

Programmingaimedatcommunitiesforoutreachshouldreflectthis.Musicprogramsarepopularinbothmedia;programscouldbedesignedtoincorporatemusicduringphone-insoruserequestshowsasvehiclesforPublicServiceAnnouncementsorquizzes.Whereappropriate,workingwithreligiousprogrammingalsohaspotential.

3. INFORMATION FLOW WITHIN COMMUNITIES

The information needs of communities cover a wide spectrum, ranging from knowledge of politicaleventssuchaselectionsthroughtohighlylocalisedinformationsuchaswhenhousingconstructionwillbecompleted.Even themost comprehensivemassmediaoutreachcampaignwillnotadequatelymeetcommunity needs for this kind of information and communication.The challenge is not just how toimprove informationtransfer tobeneficiaries,butalsohowtodothis inawaythatpromotesdialogueandinformationexchange.Thechallengeistostimulateendogenousinformationsharing,knowledgeanddialogueatthevillagelevel.Fourchannelsforcommunicationatthevillagelevelincludekeyinformationholders,communitymeetings,religiousandculturalgatherings,andpublicinformationboards.

VillageHeadsandothercommunityleadersconstituteanimportantlinkintocommunities,andareakeysourceofinformationforvillagers.TheVillageHeadwasoverwhelminglycitedasthekeyinformationholder;thiswasthecasein81%ofcommunitiessampled.Yetvillageleadersthemselvessometimesstruggletosourcetheinformationtheyneed,andarefrequentlyleftunabletoanswerconstituents’questions.Itisimportanttonotethatvillageleadersarenotalwaysproactiveinpassingoninformation,andinsomecasesevenwithholdit.Forthisreason,itisvitalthatinformationaboutassistanceissharedwiththeentirecommunityandnotjusttheVillageHead,thusenablingthecommunitytoholdtheirleaderstoaccount.Nevertheless,organizationsoperatingatthevillagelevelmustdevelopwaystoenterintoongoingdialoguewithvillageleaders.

PublicmeetingsarecommonthroughoutAceh.Acrossthesample,ahigh87%ofcommunitiesreportedcongregating in public meetings, called either by the village government, or by aid and developmentprograms.Thefrequencyofmeetingsheldbyvillagegovernmentdroppedsignificantlyinhighconflictareas,whileratesofprogrammeetingsdidnotchange.Religiousandculturaleventsalsorepresentusefulopportunitiesforcommunityoutreach,andespeciallyfortargetingwomen,whocanotherwisebedifficulttoreach.

Notice boards are present in 79% of villages in Aceh, but the quality of information they provide isoftenpoor.Forexample,whilegovernmentnoticeboardswerereportedin53%ofvillagessampled,theinformationtheydisplayedwasrated‘good’injust9%ofthose.

Unfortunately,whileinformedcommunityleaders,communitymeetingsandnoticeboardsareminimalconditionsforgoodcommunications,theystilldonotnecessarilyresultinaninformedpopulace.Agenciesengagedincommunitydevelopmentneedtodomorethancheck-the-boxes,intermsofholdingpublicmeetingsandpostingpublicnotices;attentionmustalsobepaidtothequalityofinformation,andtheavenuesforparticipation,beingprovided.

viii Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

4. DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATIONS IN TSUNAMI, CONFLICT, URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENTS

Tsunami Effects

On Mass MediaThegoodnewsforagenciesworkingintsunami-affectedareas isthatthecommunicationenvironmenthas largelyrecovered. Communities inthetsunamizoneactuallyreportedbetteraccess tonewspapersandweremorelikelytobeabletotuneintoaradiostationthanthoseinunaffectedareas.Onaverage,ownershipof radios, televisionsandmobile telephones laggeda littlebehindunaffectedareas,but thiswasoffsetbymorefrequentcommunaluseofradiosandtelevisions,aswellasofnewspapers,intsunami-affectedcommunities. Thisrecoveryisduetoanumberoffactors, includinginvestmentsinthemediasectorbyexternalagencies,commercialenterpriseandperhapshigherdisposablehouseholdincome.

However,thisrecoveryhasbeenmoremarkedinsomeareasthaninothers.CommunitiessurveyedinAcehJayaandNaganRayastillreportedpoorcoveragebynewspapers.Concentrationsofradioownershipwereactuallybothhighestandlowestintsunami-affectedareas,suggestingunevendistribution.

On Community Information ChannelsLarge-scale post-tsunami reconstruction programming seems also to have had a positive impact onchannelsforcommunicationatthevillagelevel.Withlargeamountsofaidavailable,communitiesmaybedemandingmoreinformationabouthowtoaccessit.Morepublicmeetingsareheldinthetsunamizoneandprogramfacilitatorsbecomemorepopularassourcesofinformation.Communitiesarealsomorelikelytocongregateinreligiousandculturalevents,andtohaveanoticeboardintheirvillage.

These results should be viewed with some caution. It would be a gross overstatement to say thattsunami-affectedcommunitieshavecomprehensiveaccesstoinformationandcommunicationchannels.Nevertheless,theiraccessisclosetoasgoodas,ifnotbetter,thantherestofAceh.Thechallengenowistoutilizeinformationalchannelsmoreeffectively,inordertoimprovethequalityofpublicoutreach.

Conflict Effects

On Community Information ChannelsThebreakdownofvillagegovernanceinconflictareashasimpactedonthecommunicationenvironmentinvillages,distortingpatternsofinformationflow.While87%ofcommunitiesreportedthatpublicmeetingswereheldintheirvillages,villagesinhighconflictzoneswere10%lesslikelytogatherinmeetingscalledbyvillagegovernmentthanthoseinlowconflictareas,andthreetimeslesslikelytohavereceivedinformationaboutthepeaceagreementfromagovernmentmeeting.Communitydistrustingovernmentandreticencebylocalofficialstocallmeetingsarelikelytoblame.Thisdeepmistrustofgovernmentsourcespresentsaparticularchallengeforthepost-conflictreintegrationagencyBRA,andothergovernmentbodies.

By contrast, aid and development projects seem to be somewhat immune from the factors that havedamagedlocalgovernment.Communitiesinhighandlowconflict-affectedareaswereequallylikelytocongregateinprogrammeetings–in55%and54%ofcases,respectively.Programsandcampaignsshouldaimtoconvincecommunitiesofneutralityandprovideseparateanddistinctopportunitiesforcommunitiestoaccessinformation,suchasdedicatedmeetingsandevents.

On Mass MediaDistribution,reach,accessandownershipofmassmediadonotdiffergreatlybetweenvillagesinhigh-andlow-conflictsub-districts.

Executive Summary ix

The ‘Mid-level’ Conflict EffectPerhapsthestrangestfindingofthisstudyisthatpatternsofmediaconsumptionandavailabilityin‘mid-level’conflictzonesoftendiffermarkedlyfromhigh-andlow-conflictzones.Communitiesintheseareasmayactuallyhavetheworstaccesstomediaofall.Tosummarize,medium-levelconflictzoneshavebettercoverageby newspaper and radio networks, but have markedly lower householdownershipfigures forradios,televisions,landlinesandmobilephones.TheyaremorelikelytolistentoradiosandwatchTVprivately,notcommunally,andarealsomorelikelytoholdprogrammeetings.

Thereisnoobviousexplanationforthesefindings. Onepossibility is lowerratesofdisposableincome(suggested by low ownership rates of radios and televisions). If communities in medium-level conflictzonesarepoorerthanthoseinhighandlowlevelconflictareas,thentheremaybeanargumenttotargetmedium-levelconflictareasforassistanceasaggressivelyashighconflictareas.

Urban/Rural Effects

Not surprisingly, urban communities have better access to media and other services than rural areas.However,whileruralcommunitiesacrosstheboardwereworseoffintermsofcoverageandownershipthantheirurbancounterparts, thedegreeofdifferencevariedbetweenmedia. Thegapbetweenurbanandruralvillageswasmostnotableintermsofnewspapercoverage,ownershipoftelevisionsets,andthepresenceofnoticeboards. One-fifthof rural communitiesdonot receivenewspapers, comparedwithalmost 100%coverage inurban communities; urbanhouseholds are on average twice as likely toowntelevisionsetsasruralcommunities;andalmostaquarterofruralvillagesdidnotreportnoticeboards,comparedwithjust5%inurbanareas.

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Program Interventions • Continue to develop and support local, decentralized media,tofilltheblankspotsinbothnewspaper andradiocoverageidentifiedinthisstudy. • Free distribution of personal communications devices should not remain limited to tsunami-affected populations.Evidence from this research suggests thatwhile tsunami-affectedareas areon their waytorecovery,mid-levelconflictareashavethelowestownershipacrosstheboard. • Develop the potential of outreach via mobile phone technology.Mobiletelephoneownershipisonthe increase, and there is scope for systematic use of SMS technology to pass information intovillagesviamobilephoneowners,andaspartofcomplaints-reportingsystems.

Working with Mass Media • Design newspaper advertising for public display.Thissurveyshowsthatahighproportionofvillages receivenewspapers.Onewaytomaximizetheimpactofthefewnewspapersavailableistodesign advertisingasinsertsthatcanbepulledoutofthepaperandputonpublicdisplay. • Where possible, work with local radio stations. Local radiostationscollectivelycoveraroundtwo- thirds of the sampled communities, and local radio is usually more popular with audiences thanthestatebroadcaster,RRI. • Nevertheless, parallel broadcasting on RRI creates maximum reach for radio programming. IncludingbroadcastonRRIpotentiallyliftsthenumberofcommunitiesreachedfromtwo-thirds to88%. • Advertising or programming for television is unlikely to reach a wide audience. Whiletelevisionisa popular medium, the only station broadcasting local content, TVRI, is extremely unpopular. Aceh-specific or Aceh-relevant programming on national television (particularly RCTI)

x Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

maygainabetteraudience. • Where possible, incorporate incentives for interaction into mass media outreach. Centrally coordinated mass media campaigns can tend to be uni-directional. Offering opportunities toactivelyengagewiththemessagebeingconveyedcanhelptostrengthenit.

Working with Community-level Media • Ensure Village Leaders have all the answers. • Consider alternatives to socialization via government channels, particularly in conflict-affected areas. • Consider socialization via informal community gatherings. • Ensure that notice boards are available, especially in conflict-affected and rural areas. • Focus on improving notice board quality.

Reaching Women • Female-orientated radio programming should be broadcast in a midday timeslot. • Reaching women means going to them.Massmediahaslesschanceofreachingwomenasitdoes men. Communities reported that the best ways to reach women were via quoranic reading groups for women, other organized women’s activities like health clinics and the family welfare association, and arisan. Even so, improving women’s access toinformationandparticipationtakestimeandeffort,andtherearenoeasysolutions.

Reaching Children • There are opportunities to target children via afternoon television. The only demographic that might benefit from local programming broadcast in the afternoon is children, who are most likely to be watching at that time of day. This kind of programming means significant investment,butforsometypesofoutreach,likepeaceeducation,itmaybeworthconsidering.

Table Of Contents xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

TABLE OF FIGURES xii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. MASS MEDIA 5 2.1 NEWSPAPERS 6 2.2 RADIO 10 2.3 TELEVISION 16 2.4 TELEPHONES 19 2.5 SUMMARY 22

3. INFORMATION FLOW WITHIN COMMUNITIES 25 3.1 KEYINFORMATIONHOLDERS 26 3.2 PUBLICMEETINGS 28 3.3 INFORMALCOMMUNITYGATHERINGS 31 3.4 PUBLICNOTICEBOARDS 33 3.5 SUMMARY 35

4. DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATIONS IN TSUNAMI, CONFLICT, URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENTS 37 4.1 TSUNAMIEFFECTS 38 4.2 CONFLICTEFFECTS 39 4.3 URBAN/RURALEFFECTS 40

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43

REFERENCES 47

ANNEX A: METHODOLOGY 49 A1. SAMPLING 49 A2. DATACOLLECTION 49 A3. SURVEYSRETURNEDANDDATAUSEDFORANALYSIS 50 A4. CATEGORYDEFINITIONS 50 A5. OVERLAPBETWEENCATEGORYDEFINITIONS 52

ANNEX B: SURVEY FORMAT 55

xii Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure1 :%ofvillageswheredifferentpublicationsareavailable 6Figure2 :Preferredpublication 6Figure3 :Serambicoverage 7Figure4 :Waspadacoverage 7Figure5 :RakyatAcehcoverage 8Figure6 :Wheredopeoplereadnewspapers? 9Figure7 :%ofcommunitieswithaccesstopublicradio,localradio/s 10Figure8 :Radiocoverage:RadioRepublicIndonesia 11Figure9 :Radiocoverage:localstations(collectively) 11Figure10 :Householdradioownership:tsunami-affectedandunaffectedcommunities (%responseineachcategory) 13Figure11 :Wheredopeoplelistentoradio? 14Figure12 :Whendomenandwomenlistentoradio? 14Figure13 :Whendodifferentagegroupslistentoradio? 15Figure14 :Whatdomenandwomenlistento? 15Figure15 :Whatdodifferentagegroupslistento? 15Figure16 :%ofvillageswheredifferentchannelsareavailable 16Figure17 :Preferredchannel 16Figure18 :Householdtelevisionownership:urbanandruralvillages(%responseineach category) 17Figure19 :Wheredopeoplewatchtelevision? 18Figure20 :Whendomenandwomenwatchtelevision? 18Figure21 :Whendodifferentagegroupswatchtelevision? 18Figure22 :Whatdomenandwomenwatch? 19Figure23 :Whatdodifferentagegroupswatch? 19Figure24 :Householdownershipofmobilephonesvs.landlines 21Figure25 :Whoisthekeyinformationholderinthecommunity? 27Figure26 :%communitiesthatcongregatedinpublic(governmentand/orprogram)meetings: average,urban/rural,tsunami,conflict 29Figure27 :%communitiesthatcongregateinvillage(government)meetings:byconflict intensity 29Figure28 :%communitiesthatcongregateinprogrammeetings:byconflictintensity 30Figure29 :%communitiesthatcongregateinreligious/culturalevents:average,urban/rural, tsunami,conflict 32Figure30 :%villageswhereanoticeboardwaspresent:average,urban/rural,tsunami,conflict 33Figure31 :Howcommunitiesratedqualityofinformationprovidedonnoticeboards(government andKDP) 34

1. INTRODUCTION

� Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

IthasbeenovertwoyearssincetheprovinceofAcehwasstruckbythecatastrophictsunamiofDecember2004.Eightmonthsafterthatdisaster,theIndonesiangovernmentandtheFreeAcehMovement(GAM)signedthehistoricMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)onAugust15th2005,whichprovidedthebasisforanendtodecadesofwar.BotheventsbroughttheattentionoftheworldtoAceh,andwiththatattentionbillionsofdollarsofhumanitarianaid,currentlybeingdispersedthroughahugerangeofprojectstothoseaffectedbythetsunamiandbytheconflict.

AkeychallengefacedbyallthoseworkinginAceh,whetheronpost-tsunami,post-conflict,humanitarian,orlong-termdevelopmentwork,hasbeenhowtoengagewiththehundredsofthousandsofAcehnesebeneficiaries.Followingthetsunami,boththeIndonesiangovernmentandthemanyagenciesworkingonresponsesmadeanexplicitcommitmenttorejecttop-downmanagementofthereconstructioneffortandsoughttoplacecommunitiesinthedrivingseat,makingthemthearchitectsoftheirownrecovery.Thoseworkingonpost-conflictprojectshavealsoendorsedcommunity-drivendevelopmentasadrivingprinciple.

Achievingparticipation,transparencyandaccountability–theprinciplesthatdefinethecommunity-drivenapproach-dependsongoodcommunicationbetweengovernment,donoragenciesandcommunities.Yet,studyafterstudy1onAcehhavecitedcommunityignoranceaboutwhatisbeingdoneintheirnamesandthelackofeffectivecommunityconsultationaskeyfailingsofthereliefeffort.OnestudycallsthisAceh’s‘InformationBlackHole’.2

Effectivecommunicationliesatthecoreofrights-basedprogrammingandcommunity-drivendevelopment.Withoutacommitmenttoshareinformationwithcommunities,anunderstandingofhowtocommunicateeffectively,andofhowtoensurethevoicesofthoseaffectedaretrulyheard,community-drivendevelopmentcannotwork.Affectedpopulationswhohavenounderstandingofaprojectorapolicycannotcommentorengageeffectively.Peoplewhodonotunderstandwhatkindofhelpisavailabletothemandhowtoaccessitarerenderedunabletomakeinformeddecisionsabouttheirfuture,andthatoftheirfamilyandcommunity.Theyarealsolikelytobecomedisillusionedwithgovernmentbodiesandaidagencies,whichhavearesponsibilitytoremainaccountabletoallbeneficiaries.3

Thisisnottosaythatcommunicationandpublicinformationareacure-allforshortcomingsindisasterresponseanddevelopmentprogramming,oraquickfixfortheveryrealchallengesfacedbyimplementersinAceh. Agoodcommunicationsstrategywillnotfixafundamentallymisconceivedproject,norhidedefectsorproblemstoemergeasitprogresses.Misguidedpublicoutreachefforts–advertisingservicesthatarenotcapableofrespondingtodemand,promotingapolicythatisnotfinalizedandissubsequentlychanged–candomoredamagethangood.

Nevertheless,strongdownwardaccountabilityandinformationflowstocommunitiesenhancesprojects,contributingconsiderablytoagoodworkingrelationshipwithbeneficiaries,higherlevelsofsatisfactionwiththeaidbeingdelivered,andthusultimatelytomoresuccessfulprojects.Effectiveoutreachforprojectscanalsoincreaseuptakeoftheservicesonoffer:oneradioprogrammeinMeulabohinWestAcehwhichpromotesaseriesofmedicalcentreshasresultedinanalmost50%increaseinpatients.4

Transparencyinprojectsisrecognizedandappreciatedbycommunities,andrewardedwithincreasedtrustandperceptionsofcredibility.Acommunityinformedofdelaysandthereasonsforthemisfarmorelikelytobepatientandacceptingthanoneleftinthedark.Manyorganizationsarefearfulofcommunication,1EyeonAcehandAidWatch(2006);TelfordandCosgrave(2006);InternationalFederationforRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(2005).2IFRC(2005),especiallyChapter4:InformationBlackHoleinAceh.3Thisisacknowledged,forexample,bytheRedCrossCodeofConduct:“Weholdourselvesaccountablebothtothoseweseektoassistandthosefromwhomweacceptresources.”CodeofConductfortheInternationalRedCrossandRedCrescentMovementandNGOsindisasterrelief,1994.4Wall(2006,p.36).

Introduction �

becausetheyfeelitcanhighlightinefficienciesintheirwork,andthatitmayplaceextrawork,costsandresponsibilitiesonagenciesthatareoftenalreadystretchedinimplementingtheirprograms. However,organizationsmustfindways toovercome these fears,notonly for ethical reasons (although these areobviously important) but also as a matter of self-interest, to ensure that projects work effectively asintended.

Thecentralquestionaddressedinthispaperishowtodesignbetterstrategiesforcommunication.Untilnow,thishasbeenhamperedby(amongotherfactors)a lackofunderstandingofhowpeopleinAcehsourceandshareinformation.Thispaperisthefirstprovince-wideattempttolookatthewaysinwhichcommunitiesreceiveandseekinformationandisintendedtogosomewaytofillingthisgapinourcollectiveknowledge.

AnumberofforceshaveshapedthecommunicationslandscapeinAceh.TheDecember2004tsunamiwashed away communications infrastructure, but eighteen months of reconstruction have restoredservicesinmanyareas.ThemanyandcomplexrepercussionsofAceh’sdecades-longseparatistconflict,includingpoverty,disruptionofservicesandcommunitytrauma,havealsotakentheirtoll. Urbanandruralenvironmentsdiffersignificantlyintermsofcommunityaccessto,andownershipof,communicationsmedia.Aceh’svariedtopography,fromflatcoastalplainstothecentralmountains,alsoplaysarole.

This study aims to quantify the impacts of these variables and so map communications environmentsacrossAceh.Weexamineavailabilityandconsumptionpatternsofmassmedia,andthewaysinformationcirculateswithinvillages.ThiscanhelpthoseinvolvedinrebuildingAcehinthepost-conflictandpost-tsunamiperiodtodevelopmoreeffectivepublicinformationstrategies,insodoingenhancingthequalityoftheirprograms.

Although one aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of good communications strategies asa key part of any community-driven development work, it is not our intention to evaluate any of thecommunicationsprojectscurrentlybeing implemented inAcehor torecommendanyparticularcourseofaction. Rather, thispaper is intendedasa tool forall thoseworking inAcehwhoneedto improvecommunicationswithbeneficiarypopulations,aguidetowhocanbereachedthroughwhichchannelsandhow,andasourceofdataforthedevelopmentofefficientoutreachwork.

MethodologyThisreportpresentsquantitativedatacollectedin410ruralandurbanvillagesin98subdistrictsthroughoutAceh.Villageswereselectedrandomly,usingatwo-stagesamplingprocedurewiththeIndonesianBureauofStatistics’2005VillagePotential(PODES)dataasthesamplingframe.Enumeratorsinterviewedkeyinformantsandcommunitymemberstogainanoverviewofthecommunicationsenvironment ineachcommunity,andrecordedtheinformationusingasurveyformat(seeAnnexB).

Theunitofanalysisforthissurveyisthevillage,ratherthanthehouseholdorindividual.Assuch,questionsabouthowmanyhouseholdsinthecommunityownconsumergoods,likeradiosandtelevisions,arebasedon estimates rather than comprehensive samplingofhouseholds. By the same token,questions aboutpreference,particularlyrelatingtofavouritenewspapersandtelevisionstations,representafewindividualopinions,notapopularcommunityvote.Nevertheless,takenasaggregate,thisisenoughtogainastrongoverviewofthecommunicationslandscapeinAceh.

SurveyswerecollectedbetweenAprilandJune2006,16-18monthsaftertheIndianOceantsunami,and9-11monthsafter thepeaceagreementwas signed. Amoredetaileddescriptionof themethodology,includinghowwearrivedatconflictintensity,tsunami-affectedandurban/ruralclassifications,iscontainedinAnnexA.


StructureThereportproceeds in four sections. Section2 looks atmassmedia, channels that enable (relatively)rapid,blanketdisseminationofinformation.Welookatlevelsofcommunityaccesstonewspapers,radios,televisionandtelephones,examiningtheirreachanddistribution.Wealsodiscussthevaryingwaysthatdifferentdemographicswatchandlistentotelevisionandradio.Overall,newspaper,radioandtelevisionnetworksthroughoutAceharestrongerthangenerallyassumed,butuniversalaccesstothemarefarfromassured,asmanycannotaffordtobuynewspapersor radioandtelevisionsets. Communalpatternsofconsumptionbroadenthereachofnewspapersandtelevisionmedia.

Section3examineshowinformationcirculatesatthevillagelevel,focusingonkeyinformationholders,villagemeetings,culturalandreligiousgatheringsandnoticeboardsas theprimarychannels for intra-communitycommunication. VillageHeadsandothercommunity leadersconstitutean important linkintocommunities,andakeysourceofinformationforvillagers.Conflicthasimpactedonthewaylocalgovernmentfunctions,includingfrequencyofvillagemeetings.Religiousandculturaleventsalsorepresentusefulopportunitiesforcommunityoutreachandespeciallyfortargetingwomen,whocanotherwisebedifficulttoreach.NoticeboardsarepresentinmostvillagesinAceh,butthequalityofinformationtheyprovideisoftenpoor.

Section4drawstogetherkeyfindingsfortsunami-affectedandconflict-affectedareas,aswellasforurbanandruralcommunities.Althoughcommunicationsinfrastructure,householdgoodsandlivelihoodsweredestroyedbythetsunami,thereisstrongevidencethatcommunicationenvironmentsareonthewaytorecovery.Inconflictareas,thebreakdownofgovernanceduetoconflictmeansthatgovernmentchannelsarenotthemosteffectivewaystopassoninformationinhighconflictareas.Throughoutthispaperwenoteanomalousfindingsforcommunitieslivinginmid-levelconflictzones,whoinmanywayshavetheworstaccesstomassmediaofall. Unsurprisingly,urbancommunitieshavebetteraccesstomediaandotherservicesthanruralareas.Thisisparticularlynotablefornewspapercoverage,ownershipoftelevisionsets,andpresenceofnoticeboards.

Section5concludesandoffersrecommendations.

2. MASS MEDIA


Mass media, including newspapers, radio, television and telephones, can provide immensely powerfulchannelsfordisseminatinginformationquickly,effectively,andonagrandscale.Thesuccessofanymassmediainformationcampaign,however,dependsonadetailedunderstandingofwholistens/watches/readswhat,when,andwhere.Thissectionseekstoprovideinsightintothesematters.

ThemassmediaenvironmentinAcehiswelldevelopedandflourishing.Overfour-fifthsofthesamplecommunitieshadaccesstonewspapers,nearly90%couldtuneintoaradiostation,andtelevisionpenetratedalmost100%. Aceh is ahighly literateprovince5with sufficientdemand formedia to support severalprovincialnewspapersandover30 local radiostations. Mediaconsumption isveryoftenacommunalactivity:sharingnewspapersincoffeeshopsorgatheringroundatelevisionsetinapublicplacearesocialevents.Mediaareasmuchsourcesofinformationasentertainment,andthepsychosocialvalueoflisteningtomusicontheradioorwatchingsinetron(soapopera)ontelevisionisveryimportantinasocietythathassufferedthetraumaofdecadesofconflictandacatastrophicnaturaldisaster.Thereareopportunitiestousemassmediamorestrategicallyforsharinginformationondevelopmentandotherissues,andforcreatingchannelsfordiscussion.

2.1 Newspapers

High Newspaper Penetration Across AcehNewspapersarepopularinAceh.Whileavailabilityofnewspapersinurbanareasis,asexpected,veryhigh(97%),afull79%ofruralcommunitiessurveyedsaytheyalsoreceivepapers.Further,83%oftheseruralareasalsoreportreceivingnewspapersonthedaytheywereprinted,indicatingefficientandcomprehensivedistributionnetworksacrosstheprovince.

Serambi Indonesia Dominates the Newspaper MarketBandaAceh-baseddailySerambi Indonesiaisbyfarthemostsignificantpaperintheprovinceforoutreach,asitiswidelyavailableandoutstandinglypopular.

Serambireachesalmostthreequartersofthevillagesinthesample.Medan-baseddailyWaspadahasthenext-bestcoverage,availablein34%ofthevillagessampled.AdistantthirdisRakyat Aceh,availablein20%ofvillages.Wherepeoplehaveachoice,theyoverwhelminglychooseSerambi.Inthevillagesthat

Figure 2: Preferred publicationFigure 1: % of villages where different publications are available

Source: Media Mapping Dataset6

5UNDP’sNationalHumanDevelopmentReportforIndonesiain2004foundliteracyratesinAcehtobe95.8%.6N=331,thenumberofcommunitiesthatreportedtheyreceivedsomekindofnewspaper.

74%

34%

20%

9%

9%

8%

4%

13%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Serambi

Waspada

Rakyat Aceh

Kompas

Kontras

Raja Post

Seuramoe

Others

Pu

bli

cati

on

% of villages publication available

88%

1%

1%

0%

3%1%

3%

3%Serambi

Kontras

Waspada

Rakyat Aceh

Seuramoe

Others

Kompas

No answer

Mass Media �

receivedmorethanonepaper,88%saytheypreferSerambi,whilejust3%preferWaspadaand1%chooseRakyatAceh.

Thepreferenceisclearlyforlocalpublications.Accessto–andinterestin–nationalpublicationssuchasKompasisverylow.Only9%ofcommunitiesreportedbeingabletogetKompas,andlessthan1%citeditasapreferredpublication.

Intermsofdistribution,WaspadaandRakyat AcehnetworksoverlappedalmostcompletelywithSerambi’s,andonly2%ofcommunitiesreportedthatWaspadawastheonlypublicationtheyreceived.This,ofcourse,furtherdiminishes the significanceofWaspada in the contextofpublicoutreachwork inAceh. AcehSingkilandAcehTamiangaretheonlydistrictsbetterservedbyWaspadathanbySerambi.BothdistrictsborderNorthSumatraprovince,whereWaspadaispublished.

Figures 3, 4 and 5 below illustrate the availability of Serambi, Waspada and Rakyat Aceh across thesample.7

Figure 3: Serambi coverage Figure 4: Waspada coverage

Source: Media Mapping Dataset

7Fourvillagesweresurveyedineachsub-district.Thesemapsshowhowmanyofthosefourreportedeachpublicationasbeingpresentintheirvillage.‘4/4’meansthatallfourvillageshadaccesstothepublication,indicatingthatdistributionmaybefairlywidespreadinthatsubdistrict.‘0/4’indicatesthatthepublicationwasnotavailableinanyofthefour;andsoon.


Figure 5: Rakyat Aceh coverage

Althoughnewspaperavailabilitywasgenerallyhigh,therearesomedistrictswhereitismarkedlylowerthanothers.NoneofthethreemajorpublicationscoveredthecentralAcehnesedistrictswell.InGayoLues,noneoftheeightvillagessurveyedreceivedanyofthethree,andthiswasalsotruefor less thanhalfofthevillagessurveyedinCentralAceh,South-WestAcehandBenerMeriah.Otherdistrictsthatrecordedlowpenetration(lessthan50%ofvillagessurveyed)wereAcehTamiangandEastAceh/LangsaCityonthenorthcoast,andAcehJayaandNaganRayatothewest.


Mass Media �

Box 1. Niche Publications Filling the Gaps

Localized, niche publications can play an important role in areas where other newspaper penetration is low. In Aceh Jaya and Nagan Raya, for example, tsunami damage to infrastructure (particularly roads) has hampered distribution of provincial papers like Serambi. Of the papers that reach communities that do not get Serambi, the most significant is Seuramoe, a fortnightly newsletter produced for tsunami victims in Aceh Jaya, named by ten communities as the only publication available. This means that of the 18 communities that reported receiving Seuramoe, it is the only printed source of news for over half.

Although the paper was originally designed to service Aceh Jaya, it appears to be spreading outside of the district, and was mentioned by communities in neighbouring Nagan Raya. This suggests that there is an appetite for highly localized news, particularly with the emphasis on practical information such as job opportunities and sources of humanitarian assistance that characterizes Seuramoe, which is probably shared by other districts. There may be an argument, therefore, to establish similar publications in other districts where newspaper access is otherwise poor.

Better Newspaper Coverage in Tsunami AreasRemarkably, tsunami-affected areas8havebetter access tonewspapers thannon-tsunami areas; 93%oftsunami-affectedcommunitiessaytheyhaveaccesstonewspapers,comparedwithjust78%innon-affectedareas.9

Several factors might explain this. Various agencies have sponsored programs designed to improvetsunami-affectedpopulations’accesstonewspapers,includingfreedistributionofSerambitobarracksbyUNFPAonSaturdays.10 However,asnoted,mostvillagessaythat theyreceivenewspaperseveryday,suggestingrecoverydrivenbycommercialfactors.Thehighlevelsofaccessintsunamiareasmightalsoreflectanincreaseddesirefornewsandinformationbythoseaffected,leadingcommunitiestoplacemoreimportanceonandgotogreaterlengthstosourceinformationthatmighthelpthemrecover.

Atthesametime,lowerpenetrationofcommercialnewspapersinbadlyhitdistrictslikeAcehJayaandNaganRaya(seeFigures3,4and5)suggeststhatthehighlevelsofnewspaperaccessintsunamiareasiscloselyconnectedwiththerestorationoftheinfrastructurethatfacilitatesnewspaperdelivery,suchasroadaccess.

Similar Newspaper Availability in High and Low Conflict AreasConflicthasdonelittletocutvillagesofffromnewspapers:79%ofhighconflictvillagesreportreceivingnewspapersofsomekind,comparedwith77%inlowconflictareas.Ahigher89%ofmedium-conflictareashaveaccesstonewspapers.11

8The‘Tsunami-affected/Nottsunamiaffected’definitionsusedinthisreportareactuallybasedonfourcategoriesthatwereassignedtovillagesinAcehfollowingthetsunami.‘Tsunami-affected’referstovillagesincategories1(highimpact)and2(mediumimpact),while‘nottsunamiaffected’includesthoseincategory3(littleimpact)and4(noimpact).Whereweusetheterm‘notaffected’,then,weareactuallyincludingsomeareasthatsustainedalittledamage.SeeAnnexA4:CategoryDefinitions.9Evencorrectingfortheurbaneffectbyexcludingurbancommunitiesfromthedataset,91%ofrural,tsunami-affectedvillagesreceivednewspapers,incontrastwith76%ofnon-tsunami,ruralvillages.10FreeSerambidistributionbyUNFPAceasedinJune2006.11Throughoutthispaperwerefertoafascinatinganomalythatbecomesapparentwhenlookingattheeffectofconflictintensityonaccessandusetoallformsofmedia.Villageslocatedinsub-districtsclassedashavingexperiencedmediumconflictintensityoftenshowresultsthatdiffergreatlyfromresultsinhighorlowconflict-affectedareas.Intermsofthedata,mediumconflictareasareslightlyskewedtowardsbeingnot tsunami affected-theyare6%lesslikelythantheaveragetoalsobetsunami-affectedthanhighorlowconflictareas.Aswewillshow,thereseemstobeapositivecorrelationbetweentsunamidamageandbetteraccesstomanyformsofmedia,probablyreflectingthescaleofrecoveryprogramminginthoseareas.However,asinthisanalysisofaccesstonewspapers,resultsfrommediumlevelconflictvillagesdonotalwaysfollowthetrendsofnon-tsunami-affectedareas;itfact,theoppositeoftenoccurs.Thereseemstobesomeunknownfactor(orfactors)inherenttoareasaffectedbymediumlevelconflictcausingtheseresults,whichwarrantsfurtherstudy.SeeAnnexA5:Overlapbetweencategories.

10 Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

High ‘Read-on’ Rates Through Communal ReadingNewspapersinAceharereadcommunally–thatis,newspapersareconsumedinpublicplacesandsharedbetweenreaders.

Newspapersaresharedoutofnecessity,asnoteveryonecanaffordtobuythem,butalsobecausereadingnewspapersisasocialactivityinAceh.AnewspaperlikeSerambiistargetedat an educated, affluent, urban elite or, in media jargon,Aceh’s‘opinionformers’,thepeoplewhocanaffordtobuynewspapers and the products they advertise. Yet, there isenough demand amongst those who cannot afford papersfor businesses, and coffee shops in particular, to supplycommunalcopiesofnewspaperstoattractcustomers.Inruralareas, especially, communal reading rates arehigh:77%ofruralrespondentssaytheyreadnewspapersinpublicplaces,with just 6% reading athome, reflecting lower circulationinruralareas.Eveninurbanareas,wherepeoplearemorelikely to be able to afford newspapers, communal readingremainspopular.Just10%ofurbancommunitiesreportthattheyonlyreadnewspapersathome,and39%saidtheyreadcommunally(51%saidboth).Thissuggeststhatpeoplesee

asocialvalueinreadingnewspaperstogether,discussingtheissuesandairingtheiropinions.

‘Public’ Access Unlikely to Extend to WomenSharing newspapers may mean improving public access to them, but the consumption of newspapersinpublic spacesmaymeanthatwomenareeffectivelyexcluded. Acasualvisitor toAcehwillobservethatcoffeeshopsarealmostexclusivelymaleenvironments.Ifmostpeoplegainaccesstonewspapersincoffeeshops,thenwomenhavefar lessaccesstopapersthanmen.Further, ifwomenonlyhaveaccesstonewspapersathome,thenitfollowsthatwomeninruralareashaveevenfeweropportunitiestoreadnewspapers than their urban sisters. So, while access to newspapers is widespread, it is important torememberthattheaudienceisprimarilymale.

2.2 Radio

Incontrasttotelevisionandnewspapers,radioservicesandaudiencesinAcehtendtobehighlylocalized.Dozensoflocal,district-basedradiostationsaredottedacrosstheprovince,eachservingalocalcommunityandrarelytransmittingfarbeyondthebordersoftheirhomedistrict.Therearemorethanthirtycommercialstations(somedistrictshaveseveral),inadditiontothegrowingcommunityradioscene,broadcastingarangeofprogramsfromnewsandanalysistoreligiousprogrammingtoIndonesianpop.Inadditiontothelocalstations,statebroadcasterRadio Republik Indonesia(RRI)isalsorelayedthroughouttheprovince,broadcastingsomelocalcontentfromBandaAceh.12

RRI and Local Radios have Similar ReachWithsomanystations,itisperhapsnotsurprisingthatradiopenetrationacrosstheprovinceishigh:88%ofcommunitiessurveyedcanreceivesomekindofradiostation.Ofthese,67%saytheycanpickupatleastonelocal13stationofthiskind,while66%ofcommunitiesreportbeingabletotuneintopublicradio12Someinternationalbroadcasters,suchasBBCandDeutscheWelle,alsoreachpartsofAceh,althoughcommunitiesinthesurveydidnotmentionthese.13Figuresfor‘local’radioherecombinetheresponsesforbothcommercialandcommunityradio.Communityradiooperatesonanot-for-profitbasisandhasverylimitedbroadcastrange.Thefiguresforcommercialandcommunityradioareaggregatedherefortworeasons.First,most‘community’radiostationslistedbyvillagersrespondingtothisquestionwereactuallycommercial,ascommunitiestendnottounderstandthe legalandtechnicaldifferences. Second,forthepurposeoftheargument,commercialandcommunityradioaresimilarinthattheyarebothlocallyproducedanddecentralized,incontrasttothecentrallyproducedRRI.

Figure 6: Where do people read newspapers?


21%

7%

72%

At home In a public place Both

Mass Media 11

(RRI). Thissuggests thatpublicradioandlocalradiohavesimilarreach. Only42%canreceiveboth,whichmeansthatapproximatelyonequarterofthesamplecouldonlyreceiveRRI,whileanotherquartercouldonlypickuplocalradio.

Complementary CoverageStateradioandlocalradiocoveragethereforeoftencomplementoneanother,meaningthatneithercanbeneglectedinthecontextofmajoroutreachcampaigns.Inthemapsbelow,noteforexamplethatthevillages surveyed in Aceh Singkil (9) and Southwest Aceh (12) are exclusively covered by local radiostations,anddonotreportRRI.Bycontrast,thevillagesontheislandofSimeulue(14)areexclusivelycoveredbyRRI,andreportnolocalradiocoverage.14

Figure 7: % of communities with access to public radio, local radio/s


Figure 8: Radio coverage: Radio Republic Indonesia Figure 9: Radio coverage: local stations (collectively)

Source: Media Mapping Dataset14Fourvillagesweresurveyedineachsub-district.Thesemapsshowhowmanyofthosefourreportedradiocoverage.Seefootnote7.

1� Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

Blank SpotsRadiocoverageisnotuniformandtherearemanyareasthathavelittleornoradioaccessatall.Thisisnotsurprising:radiosignalisaffectedbygeography,forexample,sothenumberofvillagesabletotuneindecreasesinmountainousareaswherethelandscapeblocksthesignal.Penetrationisveryhigh(100%)inurbanareaswheremanyradiostationsarebased.

RRIcoverageispatchyinWestAceh,CentralAcehandPidie,withlessthanhalfofthecommunitiessurveyedinthosedistrictsreportingthattheycouldtuneintoRRI. Localradiocoverage,meanwhile,is similarlyuneven inWestAceh,Aceh Jaya,AcehTamiang andEastAceh. Overall, radio receptionisproportionallypoorestinGayoLues,wherejustonevillageoftheeightsurveyedcanpickuparadiostation.

Aswithnewspapers,highandlowintensityconflicthaslittleeffectonradioreception,butmedium-levelconflictareasactuallyreportbettercoveragebyradiostations.15

Post-tsunami Recovery in the Radio SectorAgain,tsunami-affectedareasshowclearsignsofrecovery,whichisat leastpartlyduetointensepost-tsunami reconstruction and support to the radio sector. Tsunami-affected areas are somewhat bettercoveredbyradionetworksthannon-tsunamivillages(93%versus87%),eventhoughradiostationsintheworstaffectedareas–BandaAceh,Sabang,andalongthewesterncoast–weredestroyedinthetsunami.

Ofallthemassmediaformsexaminedinthisstudy,radioinfrastructurehasreceivedthemostsupportfrominternationaldonorsandlocalagencies. Variousorganizationshavenotedtheneedforimprovedcommunications channels to tsunami-affected communities, and radio is (rightly) seen as having thepotentialtoreachawideaudience.Internationalandlocalagencieshaverebuiltdamagedstations,erectednewonesandprovidedtrainingforradiostaff.Inlargemarkets(notablyBandaAceh),thisrecoveryissupportedbyalargeaudiencebaseandcommercialpotential,whereasradiostationsinsmallertownsarestillheavilydependentonexternalsupporttocoveroperationalcosts.16

Communities Prefer Local Radio to State RadioPublicandlocalradiohavesimilarcoverageacrosstheprovince,butlocalstationsarefarmorepopular.77%ofcommunitiesabletochoosebetweenthetwosaytheyprefer localradio,comparedto just20%whooptforpublicradio.17 This isadeparturefromthepatternsofnewspaperandTVconsumption,whereprovincialandnationalmediaarepreferred.Itindicatesastrongpreferenceforcontentthatspeakstolocalconcernsandreflectslocalculture.Thefactthatlocalradiostationsofferfarmoreinthewayofinteractivity–phone-ins,talkshows,musicrequestshows,andsoon–mayalsobeafactor.

Thepopularityoflocalradiostationsmakethempreferredpartnersforoutreach,particularlyforinteractivework,butparallelbroadcastingonstateradioisstillnecessarytoreachthewidestaudience.AquarterofthecommunitiessampledcouldonlytuneintoRRI;incorporatingRRIaspartofabroadcaststrategyincreasestheaudienceto88%ofcommunitiesinAceh.

1584%ofhighconflictvillagesarecoveredbyradio,comparedwith87%inlow.Coverageishigherinmediumconflictareasat92%.16 Newlyestablished(orre-established)stationsforcommunities inthetsunamizonealsohavetheadvantageofbroadcastinginareasthatbydefinitionarenotmountainous,sosignalmaytravelfurtherandreachagreaternumberofcommunities.17Theremaining3%donotgiveapreference.

Mass Media 1�

Box 2. Working with Local Radio for Community Outreach

The multitude of local, popular radio stations in Aceh offer very valuable opportunities for public outreach. Unlike newspapers or television, it is possible to use radio to promote localized projects, such as a new clinic in Meulaboh or a livelihood project in Sigli. Radio also allows for interactive programming with a local audience via phone-ins and live events.

At the same time, organizing the simultaneous broadcast of public service announcements (PSAs) or other programs over dozens of radio stations to achieve province-wide coverage presents challenges. Individual radio stations have different levels of production and financial management capacity, and many need a lot of support. Working with such complexity is impractical for most organizations, especially those without strong decentralized field presence. There are several nascent organizations based in Banda Aceh that attempt to resolve this problem by offering ‘one stop shop’ production services and creating brokerages or syndication services, although they too struggle with the logistics of radio networking.

Although working with local stations can be a complex business, supporting them can help promote a healthy media environment throughout Aceh. Many local stations operate on a shoestring – for stations in tsunami-affected areas, who lost their own assets as well as primary advertising markets due to the destruction of local businesses, selling airtime and production services often represents their only way of generating revenue and therefore of keeping the station on air. Paying for airtime, and for the development and production of PSAs, therefore not only represents a fair and equal way of working with radio stations, but also helps them recover from the tsunami (and conflict) by filling the income gap left by the collapse of the local economy.

Household Ownership of Radio Sets is Common, but Not UniversalUnsurprisingly,urbancommunitiesreporthigherlevelsofradioownershipthantheirruralcounterparts.18Overall,51%ofthevillagesthatreportedradiosignalavailablesaidthat40%ormorehouseholdsthereownedradiosets.19Interestingly,onaverage,highconflictareasreportedhigherratesofradioownershipthan low conflict zones.20 The small number of radio sets (5000) that were given to ex-combatantsand formerprisoners following theAugust2005peacedealmaygo someway towardsaccounting forthis.TheAMMdistributedafurther25,000radiosetsinconflictareasviatheirdistrictofficespriortotheirwithdrawalinSeptember2006,whichislikelytohavehadaneffectoncurrentratesofhouseholdownership.

High Saturation of Radios in Some Tsunami-affected AreasOnaverage,tsunami-affectedcommunitiesaremarginallylesslikelytoownradiosetsthanthoseinnon-affectedareas.21Lookingcloser,however,tsunami-affectedpopulationsreportboththelowestandhighesthousehold ownership of radio, suggesting that radio saturation is uneven and unusually high in someareas.

18Thequestionwas,“Howmayhouseholdsinthisvillageownradios?”Inordertoobtainameanforpurposesofcomparison,eachanswerwasassignedavalue,sothat‘Veryfew-none’(0-20%)=0,‘Few’(20-40%)=1,‘Abouthalf ’(40-60%)=2,‘Many’(60-80%)=3and‘Most’(80-100%)=4.Thesevalueswerethenaddedtogetherandaveraged.ThemeanforradioownershipacrossAcehwas1.84,whichcanbeinterpretedbysayingthatonaverage,communitiesinAcehreportedthat‘abouthalf ’ofthecommunityownedradiosets–‘abouthalf ’havingavalueof2.Thissystemisalsousedtocompareownershipratesoftelevisionsandtelephones,below.Themeanforruralownershipwas1.82,comparedwith2.1inurbanvillages.19N=361.Communitiesthatcouldnotpickupradioareexcludedfromthisanalysis–naturally,ifthereisnoradiosignal,wewouldnotexpecthouseholdstoownradiosets.20Meanscoreforhigh-conflict:2.01;medium:1.65;low:1.84.Medium-levelconflictzonesreportedthelowestratesofownership.21Meanscoreof1.6intsunami-affectedvillagesversus1.91inunaffectedvillages.


22Meanruralradioownershipis1.82,comparedwith2.1inurbanvillages.Nevertheless,only8%ofruralcommunitiesreportthattheylistentotheradiotogether,comparedto15%inurbanareas.23Wall,(2006,p.36).

Freedistributionofradiosetsbyanumberofagenciesmayexplainthehigherconcentrationsofradiosincertaintsunami-affectedareas.Variousorganizations,includingUNDP,Internews,68Handothershavedistributedradiosetstotsunami-affectedcommunities,andunevenlevelsofradioownershipmayreflectunevenpatternsofdistribution.

People Listen to Radio at HomeInterestingly,ofthethreemainmassmediasourcesavailableinAceh–television,newspapers,andradio–radioistheonlyonethatpeopleactivelyprefertoconsumeathome.Eventhoughfewerhouseholdsownradiosetsinruralvillagesthaninurbancommunities,ruralcommunitiessaidtheywerelesslikelytolistentoradiotogetherthanurbancommunities,despiteactuallyowningfewerradiosets.22

Overall, people are less likely to listen to radio together,whichsuggeststhatit isalesssocialmediumthantelevisionor newspaper reading. Slightly higher levels of communallisteninginurbanareasisunsurprising,astherearemorepublicspaces in urban communities: mechanic’s workshops, coffeeshopsandpublictransport.

Evenso,whilepeoplemightnotlistentogether,themultipliereffectcreatedbypeoplepassingonwhattheyhaveheardcanstill be considerable. An IOM weekly health phone-in ononelocalstationresultedina50%increaseinpatientsattheirclinics,manyofwhomheardabouttheprogramsecond-handfromfriendsandneighbourswhohearditontheradio.23

Figure 11: Where do people listen to radio?


Figure 10: Household radio ownership: tsunami-affected and unaffected communities (% response in each category)


9%

19%

23%

18%

31%

6%

16%

28%

22%

28%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Most (80-100%)

Many (60-80%)

About half (40-60%)

Few (20-40%)

Very few - none(0%-20%)

% h

ou

seh

old

s

% response

Tsunami Affected Not/little affected

66%

9%

25%


Mass Media 15

Figure 12: When do men and women listen to radio?


Who’s Listening?Evenifpeopledonotlistentoradiosocially,itisneverthelesspopular.Bothmenandwomenlistentotheradioin86%and80%ofvillagesrespectively.24Generallyspeaking,maleradioaudiencespeakinthemorningandevening,whilefemalelistenerstuneinconsistentlythroughouttheday.Thefemaleaudienceisproportionallyatitshighestcomparedtothemaleaudiencearoundmidday.

Targeting a Female AudienceTheproportionallyhigherfemaleaudiencearoundmidday,especiallycombinedwiththepreferenceforlisteningathome,offersakeyopportunitytoreachamajority-femaleaudience.Otherresearchhasfoundthatoftenthemanofthehousewillchangethechannelorswitchoffiftheprogrambeingbroadcastdoesnotinteresthim.UN-OCHA(2005)notesthephenomenonof“theman’shandonthedial”intsunami-affectedareas;thatwhenmenandwomenlistentotheradioorwatchTVtogether,itisthemenwhoselecttheprogram.Airingprogramsaimedatwomenwhenthefemaleaudienceishighandthemaleaudienceislowmaybeonewayofensuringthatmorewomenarelisteningin.

24N=362,orthe88%ofvillagesthathaveaccesstoradiosignalofsomekind.Ofthese,menaresaidtolistenin311villages(86%ofthesample),andwomenin289(80%).

0

50

100

150

200

250

Morning Midday Afternoon Evening

Time

Men Women


Listening Habits by Age Group25

Ahighpercentageofyouthandteenagerssaytheylistentotheradio–78%and75%respectively.Audiencesinthesegroupsarelowestinthemorning,andclimbsteadilythroughouttheday.Radioisnotapopularmediumwith children (only35%of respondents say children tune in)but thosewhodo listen in theafternoonratherthanmorningorevening.Theelderly,indirectcontrast,listenprimarilyinthemorningandtheevening.

What’s On?

Figure 13: When do different age groups listen to radio?


Figure 14: What do men and women listen to? Figure 15: What do different age groups listen to?


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Musc/Ent

News

Religion

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25Communitieswerelefttoself-definewhofellintothedifferentagecategories.Asaguideline,childrenareroughlyagedtenandunder,teenagers(remaja)10-20.Indonesiansarecommonlystillconsidered‘youth’untiltheageof35.

Mass Media 1�

Menareprimarilyinterestedinnews:68%saythisiswhattheytuneinfor.Youngpeopleandteenagersareparticularlyinterestedinmusicandentertainment,althoughtheseshowsarepopularacrosstheboard(exceptwiththeelderly).Itisalsoworthnotingthepopularityofreligiousprogramming,whichappealstowomenmorethannewsandisalsopopularwiththeelderly.

Public Outreach on Radio Must be EntertainingRadioisasourceofentertainmentasmuchasitisasourceofhardinformation.Nomatterhowimportantorworthythesubjectmatter,publicinformationradioprogrammingmustbecarefultoentertainaswellasinform,orrisklosingaproportionoftheaudience.Forexample,mixingmusicwithtalkshows,quizzesorinteractiveprogrammingwithprizesismuchmorelikelytobesuccessfulthanmonotonous,hour-longtalkshows.

2.3 Television

Television is available in every village…Televisionsignal isubiquitousacrossAceh. Justtwocommunities(bothrural) fromtheentiresamplereporthavingnoaccesstotelevision.

Aceh’sfavouritestationistheJakarta-basedRCTI–likemostofthoselistedhere,anationalservice.Itisboththemostpopularstation,andtheonewiththebiggestreach.Thesecond-mostaccessiblestation,nationalstatebroadcasterTVRI,canbepickedupby69%communitiesbutisextremelyunpopular.Thisisfrustratingfromanoutreachperspective:TVRIistheonlystationthatproducesandbroadcastslocalAcehnesecontent,makingittheonlyviableoptionforAceh-specificprogramming.Unfortunately,itthestationofchoiceforjust2%ofthevillagessampled.26

… But Few Households Own Television SetsDespite theubiquityof the signal, actualownershipof television sets is low. Outsideurbanareas, relatively fewhouseholdsowntelevisionsets;ruralfamiliesarehalfaslikelytoownatelevisionsetastheirurbancounterparts.27

Figure 16: % of villages where different channels are available


Figure 17: Preferred channel

26 We suspect that these high levels of access are based on ownership of satellites dishes in remote areas, which make television accessible to anyone. 39% ofcommunitiesreportthattheyreceivesatellitecarrierIndovision,suggestingthatthesecommunitiesrelyonsatellitetoaccessthefullspectrumofnetworks.Assuch,goodcoverageisactuallyreliantonownership–ifyoucanaffordtoownatelevision,andyou(oraneighbour)ownasatellitedish,youcanaccesstelevision,butifyoucannot,thentelevisionsignalisnotasfreelyavailable.Multiplehouseholdscansharedishes–upto500householdsatatime,accordingtoestimateselsewhereinIndonesia(SenandHill1999,p.117).27Meanforruralvillageswas1.47,comparedwith2.71inurbanvillages.

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Ownership Rates Similar in Tsunami-affected and Unaffected VillagesAtthesametime,theevidencefromtsunamizoneindicatesthattelevisionsetsareconsideredimportanthouseholdcommodities.Householdownershipoftelevisionsetsindisasterareasisalmostexactlyonparwithnon-tsunamiareas,addingtotheevidenceof a post-tsunami recovery, and indicating thehighprioritythatthesurvivorsplaceontelevisionownership.28 This isahugechange fromAugust2005,whenownershipofTVsintsunami-affectedpopulations was reported at just 3%.29 Unlikeradios and newspapers, televisions have not beenwidelydistributed,sothisrecoveryhasbeenlargelyspontaneous.30

In the early days after the tsunami, communitiesbandedtogethertopurchasecommunalTVsetsfor

transitionalshelterandearlyreturnareas.31 Ashouseholdownershipintsunamicommunitiescatchesupwiththoseinunaffectedareas,itseemsclearthatfamiliesarepurchasingprivate,householdsets.Thissuggestsacommensurateriseindisposablefamilyincomeinthetsunamizone.

Communal Watching Offsets Low Television OwnershipTelevision is slightly more likely to be consumed in private than in public, but both are common.

Communities tend to watch more televisioncommunally as household ownership drops. Inrural villages, where communities were half aslikely to own television sets, 20% report that theywatchtelevisioninapublicplace,comparedto7%inurbanareas. Communalwatching is alsomorecommonintsunami-affectedareas,wherejust12%ofrespondentssaytheyonlywatchTVathome.Aswith radio, this is likely to reflect higher levels ofcommunallivinginbarracksandcamps.

Running counter to overall trends, a high 31% ofcommunities in mid-level conflict zones say thattheywatchtelevisiontogether,comparedwith17%and12%inhighandlowconflictvillagesrespectively.

Mid-levelconflictzonesalsoreportparticularlylowratesoftelevisionownership.32

Communaltelevisionwatchingpresentsaninterestingvariableforoutreach.Ontheonehand,peoplearelesslikelytobegivingtheTVtheirfullattentioniftheyaresittingwithfriendsoreating,andtheirrecallofinformationbroadcastmaybeproportionallyless.Ontheotherhand,theopportunitiesforgenerating

Figure 19: Where do people watch television?


28Meanscoreforaffectedareaswas1.5,comparedwith1.6innot/little-affectedareas.29UN-OCHA(2005,p.8).Respondentswereaskedhowmanyhouseholdsintheircommunityownedtelevisionsets.Thefigure3%representsanaverage.30Althoughsomeagenciesworkinginbarracksandcampshaveestablishedcommunaltelevisionwatchingareas.31Asobservedbytheauthorsduringpost-tsunamifieldwork.32Means:High=1.68,Medium=1.18,Low=1.69.

Figure 18: Household television ownership: urban and rural villages (% response in each category)


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Mass Media 1�

groupdiscussions,eitherplannedorspontaneous,aregreatlyenhancedbycommunalviewing:peoplearefarmorelikelytodiscusssomethingtheyhavejustseenwiththeirfriendsinacommunalcontext.

Who’s Watching, and What’s On?Almosteverybodywatches television,andmostarewatching in theevening. Menweresaid towatchtelevisionin97%ofvillages;womenin91%ofvillagesjoinedthem.

Inthemorningfiguresarelowacrosstheboard,withjustoverone-thirdofmenwatching,andsimilarnumbersofwomenandchildren. Bymidday,figureshave fallensharply: themostsignificantdaytimeaudiencesarewomen(26%)andchildren(32%).Morechildrenwatchintheafternoonthanatanyothertimeofday. Audiencenumberspeak intheevening,when93%ofcommunitiessaidthemenintheirvillagewerewatching,while81%saidthatwomenweretoo.

Figure 20: When do men and women watch television?

Figure 21: When do different age groups watch television?


Figure 22: What do men and women watch? Figure 23: What do different age groups watch?


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�0 Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

Viewingpatternsconformtogenderstereotypesandexpectedpatternsofbehaviour.Aswithradio,newsis most important to male audiences (mentioned by 82%), followed by sport (71%). Women, on theotherhand,display little interest in traditionalnewsbulletins (31%),andeven less in sport (11%),butlovesinetron(drama/soapopera,87%)andlightentertainment(47%).Youngpeoplearealsomuchmoreinterestedinsinetron,musicandsportthantheyareinnewsprogramming,andchildrenaremostlikelytowatchlightentertainmentshows.Lightentertainmentprogrammingappearstohavethegreatestacross-the-boardappeal,andeveryoneenjoysmusicprograms.

Box 3. Using Television for Public Outreach

It is unfortunate that such a popular medium is so difficult to use for outreach purposes in Aceh. The most viable option is to use the slots dedicated to local programming on TVRI, but, as noted, TVRI is remarkably unpopular.

There may be some potential for developing programming directed at women and children on TVRI during their local afternoon slots, when the proportion of women and children viewers is at its highest. However, it seems unlikely that many children watch TVRI, and it would take time (and a great deal of money) to build up a popular following.

Aceh-specific or Aceh-relevant programming on national television, particularly RCTI, may gain a better audience, but this type of programming has limited application. TV news is especially popular with men, who will avidly consume and national television coverage of Acehnese news, for example. However, only certain types of stories attract national media attention.

With significant investment, agencies could develop national television programming to address broader themes, of relevance to Aceh as well as to other parts of Indonesia. Public service messages with a nation-wide remit could include disaster preparedness, health issues, or peace education.

2.4 Telephones

Telecommunicationsarepotentiallyaveryvaluableresourceforoutreach,butarecurrentlyunder-exploited.Telephonescanconnectuserstoaccesshelpdesksorhotlines,canallowthemtostayintouchwithprojectofficers, and can be used to take part in other media activities such as phone-ins. Text messaging inparticularisapopularnewmediumwithpotentialfortwo-waycommunication.

Few Communities Have Access to Public Telephone Kiosks (Wartel)Communallandlinesorwartelsprovideaccesstotelephonesforthoseunableorunwillingtoinvestinamobileorlandline.Theyarecheap(cheaperthanmobilephones)andareparticularlypopularforlongdistancecalls.Anonymityismoreassuredwithpublicphones,whichmighthavebeenimportantduringtheconflict.However,publicphonesareaone-waycommunicationchannel;peoplecanonlycalloutusingwartels,andcannotreceivecalls.

CommunitieswithaccesstopublicphonesinAcehareintheminority.Just20%ofvillagessaythattheyhavealocalwartel.Accesstopublicphonesisparticularlylowinruralareas,with85%ofthecommunitiessampledsayingthattherearenowartelintheirarea.33

Althoughtheriseofmobilephonesmeansthatpublicphonesmaybebecomingoutmoded,theynevertheless33‘Urban’areashadfarhigheraccesstowartel,with68%sayingtheyhadawartelinthevicinityoftheirvillage.However,oneoftheindicatorsBPSsurveydatausestoclassifyurbancommunitiesisthepresenceofawartel.Assuch,urbanareasare,bydefinition,theoneswithpublicphones,andthereforewewouldactuallyexpecttoseeaccesstopublicphonesinurbancommunitiescloserto100%.Reducednumbersofwartelinurbanareasmaybetheresultoftsunamidamage.

Mass Media �1

providetheonlyoptionforthestill-sizableproportionofAcehnesewhocannotaffordmobilephonesorlandlines. This suggests that the poorest members of many remote communities in Aceh are cut off,withoutaccesstotelecommunications.

Private Landline Connections are ScarceFewhomesinAcehhavefixed-linetelephoneaccess.Just12%ofvillagessampledsaythat40%ormorehouseholdsareconnectedtoalandline,34althoughthisrisesto42%inurbancommunities.35

Tsunamiareasareslightlylesslikelytohavelandlinesthannon-affectedareas.Earthquakeandtsunamidamagetolandlineinfrastructureplaysapartinthis,althoughitislikelythatterrestrialconnectionswereuncommonevenbeforethedisaster. Inanycase,repairingdamagedlandlineshasnotbeenapriority.TelephonecabletechnologyhasbeensupersededbyCDMA,whichusesradiowavestoprovidehomeandbusinessconnections.

Highandlowconflictareasalsofollowthegeneraltrends,butcommunitiesthathaveexperiencedmid-levelconflictarelesslikelytohaveterrestrialconnections–just4%ofcommunitieshavehomephonesinmorethan40%ofhouseholds.

Mobile PhonesIndonesia aswhole is experiencing an explosion in theuseofmobile telephones. Across the country,commercialstudiesestimatethat thenumberofpeoplewhoownmobilephones isexpectedtodoublebetween2005and2007from42to89million,36whilecompetitionbetweenprovidersisdrivingcostsdown.Ratesofmobilephoneownershipamongallsectorsofsociety,includingtheruralpoor,willonlyincreaseoverthecomingyears.

Mobile Phone Ownership is on the Rise in AcehMobile phone owners in Aceh are still in the minority, but there is strong evidence to suggest thatnumbersarerisingrapidly.Mobilephonesarealreadychallenginglandlinesasthepredominantpersonalcommunicationsdevice; taken as an average,Acehnesehouseholds are almost as likely toownmobilephonesastheyarelandlines.37

Further, as Figure 24 illustrates, more communities have high concentrations of mobile phones thanlandlines.

Figure 24: Household ownership of mobile phonesvs. land lines

Source: Media Mapping Dataset34N=311.Manyvillagessurveyeddidnotevenanswerthisquestion,whichmightsuggesttheydonothavelandlinesatall.35Althoughonaveragethedifferenceworksouttobefairlyslight.Meanscorerural:1.48;meanscoreurban:1.59.36IndonesiaMobileMarket(2006).37Meanscorelandline:1.49,comparedwithmeanscoreformobilephone:1.46.

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�� Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

Thesehigherconcentrationsofmobilephonesareprimarilyfoundinurbanareas,wherehouseholdsaretypically more affluent. Urban households are far more likely to own mobile phones than their ruralcousins:74%ofurbancommunitiessaythat40%ormoreoftheirmembersownamobilephone,andonly8%sayveryfewornopeoplehavemobiles.

Nevertheless,mobilephoneownershipinruralareasisstillsignificant.Althoughfiguresarelowerinruralareas,nearlyaquarter(24%)ofvillagesstillreportthataround40%ormorehouseholdsownone,38andanecdotallyweknowthisfigureisrising.

Mobile Phone Ownership High in the Tsunami ZoneRelatively high ownership in many tsunami-affected areas contributes to the picture of post-tsunamirecovery.39 The disastrous destruction of telecommunications infrastructure may have accelerated theprovince-widetrend.Thoseintsunamiareaswholostaccesstocommunalandhomephoneshavemovedquicklyintomobileownership.Aswithtelevision,therehavebeennoaidprojectsdistributingorotherwisepromotingtheownershipofmobilephones.Climbingratesofmobileownershipseemtohavehappenedspontaneously–mobilephonepurchaseisclearlyanotherpriorityforthosewithdisposableincome.

Communitiesinhighconflictareasactuallyownmoremobilephonesthanthoseinlowconflictareas.Themostdeprivedareasagainaremiddlerankingconflictareas,wherethenumberofcommunitiesreportingfewornomobilesis39%.40

Who Owns Mobile Phones?The presence of even a few mobile phones in a village creates possibilities for communicating withcommunities.Itmaybepossibletosendimportantmessagesviamobilephonetooneortwokeyphoneowners,whocanthentakeonresponsibilityfordisseminatingthemessagemorewidely–forinstance,bypostingitonanoticeboard.

Themostimportantquestionsforoutreachrelatedtomobilephonesare,whoownsmobilephones,andarethesepeopleinapositiontoactasinformationgateways?Intheabsenceoffurtherdata,wecanonlyspeculate.Beingabletoaffordamobilephonesuggestsacertaindegreeofaffluence,soownersaremostlikelytobewealthiermembersofthecommunity. Localentrepreneursandtradersmayusephonestoconductbusiness,asmaylocalofficialsandprogramfieldstaff,atleastatthesub-districtlevel.Mobilesarealsopopularwithteenagersandyoungpeople.Interestingly,discussionswithGAMleadershiphavefoundthatmostformercombatantsnowownmobilephones.41

Inthenextsection,villagersidentifytheVillageHeadasthekeyinformationholderwithinthevillage.Wherevillageleadersarereasonablywelloff,then,theymayownamobilephone.However,thisisbynomeansguaranteed,anditshouldfalltoprogramfieldstafftoidentifywhointhecommunity–beitasmallentrepreneuroralocalofficial–hasamobilephone,andcanbetrustedtopassinformationon.

38Meanscore:Rural=1.4;Urban=2.02.39Meanscore:Affected=1.42;Not/littleaffected=1.47.Aswithradios,householdsintsunami-affectedareasarebothmoreandlesslikelytoownmobilephones.Onaverage,tsunami-affectedandunaffectedhouseholdsareequallylikelytopossessmobilesphones.40Meanscores:High=1.79,Medium=0.96,Low=1.57.41DiscussionwithIrwandiYusuf,formerSeniorGAMrepresentativetotheAcehMonitoringMission.

Mass Media ��

Box 4. Using Mobile Phones for Outreach: Text Messaging

Text messaging offers enormous and largely untapped potential for community outreach. Text messages or SMS are cheap, easy and popular, and can deliver information literally into the hands of any number of beneficiaries instantaneously. ‘Texting’ can pass on information with a level of specificity and timeliness that is otherwise very difficult to achieve. Last-minute messages, such as schedules for food aid deliveries, can be delivered by SMS. Recipient lists can be easily tailored to include only those in a certain geographical area, or messages can be programmed to reach the entire population of Aceh simultaneously. Text messaging can also overcome intermittent network coverage, as text messages are saved until a phone is switched on and the network is available.

The commercial sector is already picking up on the potential of text messages. Local radio stations ask listeners to text rather than call in record requests, and mobile companies themselves text their users with details of special offers. Even the national Indonesian government has experimented with SMS messaging and public outreach, using the Telkomsel network to send SMS to Telkomsel clients across the archipelago, for instance with anti-drugs messages.

As noted, the challenge is to ensure that information delivered by text message is passed on to others who need to receive it. It would be useful to trial the use of text messaging for outreach purposes, to gain an indication of usage and interaction. A trial could examine how people respond to group messages, whether they take in information, and explore ways to encourage phone owners to disseminate information more widely.

Text messaging is also an inexpensive way for mobile phone owners to contact program staff, local government and others, and has application for asking questions and reporting complaints. However, a complaints-handling mechanism that begins with SMS reporting is useless unless there is someone on the other end of the message that can respond in a meaningful way.

2.5 Summary

Reach and DistributionForthoseworkingonmediaoutreachinAceh,manyoftheseresultsareencouraging.Overall,massmediadistributionnetworksinAceharestrong.Newspapersareavailablein81%ofthecommunitiessampled,radiosignalin88%,andtelevision(withtheaidofsatellitedishes)incloseto100%.

Serambi is themost significantpublication in termsof reach, available in almost three-quartersof thesampledcommunities.Itisalsotheclearfrontrunnerintermsofpopularity.RivalpublicationWaspadahassomewhatbettercoverageinAcehSingkilandAcehTamiang.

However,whilenewspapercoverageisgood,itisnotcomprehensive,anddistributionispatchyinanumberofdistricts.TheseincludethecentralAcehnesedistrictsofGayoLues,BenerMeriah,andCentralAceh,aswellasAcehTamiang,EastAceh,AcehJaya,andNaganRaya.Useoflocalizedpublications,especiallyinareasthatdonotreceiveSerambi,thereforeremainsnecessaryfortrulycomprehensiveoutreach.Thedistrict-basedpublicationSeuramoe,whichispublishedanddistributedinAcehJayaandNaganRaya,istheprimarysourceofnewsforcommunitiesinthoseareas.

Combined, local radio stations reach two-thirds of the sample, as does state broadcasterRRI, but theamountofoverlapbetweenthetwoisstrikinglylimitedtojust42%ofcommunities.Almostone-quarter


ofthepopulationcanonlytuneintoRRI,andafurtherquartercanonlytuneintoalocalradiostation.

Wherepeoplehaveachoice,localstationsareusuallymorepopularthanstateradio.Assuch,itisbesttowork through local stationswhere theyare available. Nevertheless,parallelbroadcastingonRRI isnecessarytoachievethemostcomprehensivecoverage.

RCTIisthemostwatchedtelevisionstationinAceh,intermsofreachandpopularity,butasanationalbroadcasteritisdifficulttouseforcampaignstargetedattheAcehaudience.TheonlystationairingAcehspecificprogramming,TVRI,hasgoodcoveragebutisremarkablyunpopular.LocalcontentonTVRIisbroadcastintheafternoon,whenoverallaudiencenumbersareattheirlowest.

Ownership and Public AccessAlthoughmediacoverageiswidespreadinAceh,universalaccess isfarfromassured. NoteveryoneinAcehcanaffordtobuynewspapers,radios,televisions,ortelephones.Radioownership,forexample,issolidbutnotubiquitous.Halfofthecommunitiessurveyedreportthat40%ormorehouseholdsinthevillageownaradioset.Householdsareevenlesslikelytoowntelevisionsets.

Patternsofcommunaluseoffsetthispicturesomewhat.Multiplereadersinpublicplaces,suchascoffeeshops,typicallysharenewspapers. Televisionsetsarealsomore likelytobewatchedcommunallythanprivately, increasingly so as household ownership rates fall. However, consumption of media, and ofnewspapersespecially,inpublicspacesmaymeanthatwomenareeffectivelyexcluded,creatingagenderbiasthatmustbetakenintoconsideration.Radioismorecommonlylistenedtoprivately,inthehome.

Ofallthemediaexaminedinthisstudy,mobilephoneshavethegreatestuntappedpotential.Householdswithmobilephonesarestillintheminority,buttheyaresettoeclipsethenumberwithlandlinessoon;significantly,meanownershipofmobilephones in rural areas is similar to that inurbanareas. In theabsenceofotheroptions(85%ofvillagessaidtheydidnotevenhaveaccesstoapublicphone),mobilephonesmayconstituteausefulchannelforfeedinginformationintocommunities,aswellasforapplicationincomplaintsreportingsystems.

UseRadioaudiencesfluctuatethroughouttheday.Mentuneinduringthemorningandtheevening,whilewomenlistenmoreconsistentlythroughouttheday.Assuch,radioprogrammingdesignedforafemaleaudienceisbestairedaroundmidday,whenwomenhavethemostcontroloverwhattheylisten.

Bycontrast,televisionconsumptionpeaksintheeveningacrossalldemographicsexceptchildren.Childrenaremostlikelytobewatchingtelevisionintheafternoon,andchildren’sprogrammingmaybeaneffective(ifcostly)wayofreachinganotherwisedifficultgroup.

Radio and television are viewed as much as sources of entertainment as they are of hard news andinformation. Programming aimed at communities for outreach should reflect this. Music programsarepopularinbothmedia;programscanbedesignedtoincorporatemusicduringphone-insorcanuserequestshowsasvehiclesforPublicServiceAnnouncementsorquizzes.Whereappropriate,workingwithreligiousprogrammingalsohaspotential.

3. INFORMATION FLOW WITHIN COMMUNITIES


Theinformationneedsofcommunitiescoverawidespectrumofissues,rangingfromknowledgeofpoliticaleventssuchaselectionsthroughtolocation-specificinformationsuchaswhenhousingconstructionwillbecompleted. Eventhemostcomprehensivemassmediaoutreachcampaignwillnotadequatelymeetcommunityneedsforthiskindofinformationandcommunication.Thesecondpartofthisstudy,therefore,addressesthequestionoflocalizedinformationflowinto,andwithin,communities.

Thechallengefacedbyaidagenciesisnotjusthowtoimproveinformationtransfertobeneficiaries,butalsohowtodothisinsuchawaysoastopromotedialogueandinformationexchange.Thedesiredendresultisadialogue,ratherthanone-wayinformationflow.Exploringthisprocessfullyisbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.42However,itisworthsomediscussion.Tobeginthisprocess,agenciesmustunderstandhowtostimulateinformationsharing,knowledgeanddialogueatthevillagelevel.Howisinformationbroughtintocommunities,andhowdoesitcirculate?Massmediaplaysarole,and‘community’media,likelocalnewslettersandradiostations,gosomewaytowardsprovidinglocallyrelevantinformation.Anecdotally,weknowthat informationcirculates incommunitiesbyword-of-mouth,gossip,andrumour. Thebestcommunicationsstrategiesharnessthepowerofrumourtocreateinterestintheprogramorprocess,butinformation spread via word of mouth is prone to distortion. Clear and correct information must beavailabletocountergossipandmisinformation.

Thissectionwilllookatfourkeychannelsforformalcommunicationatthevillagelevel:keyinformationholders, community meetings, cultural and religious gatherings, and public information boards. Formostvillagers,communitymeetingsandconsultationsprovidethebestopportunitytheyhavetoaccessinformationmostrelevanttothemselvesandtheircommunities,toaskquestions,toprovideinput,andmake complaints. Public notice boards provide a simple, inexpensive way of maintaining a record ofpolicyandprogramissuesthataffectthecommunity,decisionsandpledgesmade,projectprogress,andexpenditures.

Inasense,thepresenceorabsenceofpublicmeetingsandnoticeboardscanbeusedasproxies:meetingsforlevelsofparticipationandconsultation;boardsforongoingaccountabilityandtransparency.However,the extent to which we can assess the quality of these interactions and the information disseminatedthroughthesechannelsislimited.Meetingsandboardsarediscussedhereasminimumconditionsforgoodintra-villagecommunications,buttheirpresencealonedoesnotmeantheyarebeingusedeffectively.Herewediscusssomeofthechallenges.

3.1 Key Information Holders

Ineachcommunity,therearepeoplewhoactasinformationnodes,orgatekeepers.Thesefiguresareseentohaveprivilegedaccessto informationfromexclusivesources,whichmight includelocalgovernment(Village Heads and sometimes other community leaders), aid and development programs (programfacilitators),orothernetworks(notably,inAceh,theFreeAcehMovement–GAM).Theseandothercommunity leadersmayalsohavebetter access tomassmedia thanaveragevillagers, as theyaremorelikelytohavesuperioreducationandwealth.Thesearethepeoplethatcommunitiesrelyontopassonimportantinformation,viawordofmouth,publicannouncements,incommunitymeetings,andbypostinginformation.

Village Head Seen as the Primary Information HolderInAceh,theVillageHead,orGeucik,isoverwhelminglylistedasthekeyinformationfigure,in80%ofcommunitiesoverall.43

42Foradetailedanalysisoftheseissuesinthecontextofprojectimplementationintsunami-affectedareas,seeWu(2005).43N=339.Asurveyerrormeantthatsomecommunitiesdidnotgivevalidresponsestothisquestion.

Information Flow Within Communities ��

TheGeucik’sdominanceinthisroleisconsistentacrosslocations.Intsunami-affectedareas,theVillageHeadlostalittlegroundtoprogramfacilitators,whowerecitedaskeyinformationsourcesmoreoftenthaninnon-tsunami-affectedareas(14%versus6%).Thisreflectsthelargenumberofreconstructionandaidprogramsoperatingintsunami-affectedareas. Urbanareasshowslightlymorevariationthanruralareas,withsub-villageheads,religiousfiguresandprogramfacilitatorseachcitedasthekeyinformationsourcearound7%ofthetime.VillagersareslightlymorelikelytociteVillageHeadsaskeyinformationsourcesinhighconflictareas(84%)thaninlowconflictplaces(80%).

Clearlythen,publicoutreachmustdirectlytargetthesekeyinformationnodes,particularlyVillageHeads.Thisseemsobvious,yetvillagerassumptionsthatvillageleadershaveprivilegedaccesstoinformationareoften incorrect,and leadersare frequently leftunder informedand illequippedtoanswerconstituents’questions.Thisisevidentfromthefollowingexample.

Box 5. One Newspaper Advertisement + Word of Mouth = 49,000 proposals

In April 2006, the Aceh Reintegration Agency (BRA) took out a one-page advertisement in Serambi newspaper explaining the eligibility criteria and mechanism for communities to access ‘reintegration funds’, or compensation for victims of conflict promised in the MOU. This included a call for individuals to write proposals for economic empowerment and livelihoods programs.

GAM ex-combatants were already familiar with a proposal-based mechanism to provide livelihoods assistance to ex-combatants, which was operating in parallel with the civilian reintegration fund scheme. Communities therefore sought information from regional KPA offices (the GAM transitional body) and local ex-combatants about how to write proposals and access funds. In many partsof Aceh, regional KPA members actively encouraged communities to write proposals, provided templates and examples to copy, and collated and delivered proposals to the BRA office in Banda Aceh.44 Naturally, communities were anxious to access funds and submitted proposals by the

Figure 25: Who is the key information holder in the community?


44InterviewswithKPAmembersinNorthAceh(Governor,Vice-Governor,PanglimaSagoe,June172006)andAcehJaya(GAMrepresentativetotheAMM,May292006).

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thousands. By the end of June, the BRA had received around 49,000 proposals, most naming multiple beneficiaries, in all covering around a sixth of the entire population of Aceh.

However, the proposal-based mechanism was never actually explained to sub-provincial government officials, nor was a decree issued to sub-district or village-level heads. This caused a number of problems. Local governments were anxious about having to sign-off on villager proposals when they themselves had never received formal notification of their role. Tensions emerged between local government and local KPA in North Aceh when the former questioned the role KPA was playing in encouraging proposals. When a second advertisement appeared giving a sunset date for proposals to be received, many local government officials missed it, or even ignored it.45

Communities grew frustrated at the lack of clear information, especially as many went into debt to write proposals for funds that never came. Local government leaders have borne the brunt of that frustration, and their credibility has been further undermined.

The mechanism for communities to access reintegration funds has since been revised, as the earlier system was unworkable. Careful attention must be paid to informing key people of the changes, and the justifications for them.

Disincentives for Passing on InformationProviding key information nodes with complete information is a minimum condition for successfuloutreach,butitisnotadequateinandofitself.Asfiguresofauthority,whotraditionallymakedecisionsonbehalfofthecommunity,VillageHeadsmaynotseethenecessityofpassinginformationon.Certainly,VillageHeadsandotherfigureswhoabusetheirpower–siphoningfunds,resellingdonatedgoods,andsoon–havecleardisincentivestopromotetransparencyandkeeptheirconstituentsinformed.CorruptionamongVillageHeadshasbeenacommonproblemwithintsunamiresponseprojects,particularlygiventhetendencyofsomeaidagenciestosimplysigngoodsovertoVillageHeadsfordistribution.46 Thisonlyunderlinestheimportanceofprovidingdirectinformationtothecommunityatlargethroughotherchannels–massmedia,publicmeetings,andsoon.Simplyinformingcommunitiesaboutwhataidtheyshouldbereceivingempowersthemtoholdtheirlocalleadershiptoaccount.

3.2 Public Meetings

PublicmeetingsarecommonthroughoutAceh.Acrossthesample,ahigh87%ofcommunitiesreportcongregatinginpublicmeetings,calledeitherbythevillagegovernmentoraidanddevelopmentprograms.47Interestingly,thesearejustascommoninurbanasruralareas.

45InterviewswithKecamatanSecretary,KecamatanKruengSabee,AcehJaya,May302006.46SeeCDA(2005,pp.6-7).47Communitieswereaskedthequestion:‘Wheredoesthecommunitycongregate/gather?’andwereaskedtoselectasmanyaswererelevantfromthefollowinglist:Villagemeetings,Programmeetings,Religiousevents,Culturalevents,Other.Forthepurposesofanalysis,village(government)andprogrammeetingswereinitiallygroupedtogether;i.e.,wherevillagesreportedthattheyhadparticipatedinavillageand/oraprogrammeeting,wesaidthatvillagershadgatheredinsomekindofpublicmeeting.Thisisbecausetherewasagreatdealofoverlapinthesetworesponses,asprogrammeetingstypicallyinvolvelocalgovernmentandvillagersmaynothavedistinguishedbetweenthetwo.Followinganalysisoftheaggregatefigures,webrokethemdownagaintocomparethetwo.Religiousandculturaleventsweresimilarlyaggregated,asreligionandcultureinAcehareintertwined.


Theintensityof reconstructionwork in tsunami-affectedareasseemstohavehadapositive impactonlevelsofpublicdiscussionandparticipation. 94%ofvillagesintsunami-affectedareasreportthattheycongregateinpublicmeetings,comparedwith85%inlowandunaffectedareas.

Negative Impact of High Conflict on Community MeetingsCommunities inhigh conflict areas,however, are significantly less likely to gather in villagemeetings,particularlythosecalledbyvillagegovernment,thaninotherareas.Just74%ofvillagesinhighconflictareasreporteholdingvillagemeetings,comparedto84%inlowconflictareas.

87%

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Figure 26: % communities that congregated in public (government and/or program) meetings: average, urban/rural, tsunami, conflict


Figure 27: % communities that congregate in village (government) meetings: by conflict intensity


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48Barron,ClarkandDaud(2005,p.32).49Thereportedrateofprogrammeetingsinmedium-levelconflictareaswashigherat63%thaninhighorlowconflictareas,continuingthepatternofincongruousfindingscomingoutofmedium-levelconflictzones.Thisisespeciallyoddconsideringthatmedium-levelconflictzonescorrelatemorewithnon-tsunamizones,wherewewouldexpecttoseefewerprogramsoperatinginfewervillages.Wecouldspeculatethatwherefewerprogramsareactive,communitiesaremoremotivatedtoparticipateintheonesavailable.However,thisprobablywarrantsfurtherstudy.Notealsothathighandlowconflictareasareequallylikelytohavesufferedtsunamidamage.Frequencyofvillageprogrammeetingsinhighconflictareasisthereforenotattributabletoreconstructionprogrammingandassociatedvillagemeetings.

Localgovernmentsarealsofarlesslikelytoholdmeetingsspecificallyto‘socialize’thepeaceagreementtovillagersinhighconflictareasthaninlowconflictzones.Whenaskedtoidentifythesourcesfromwhichthey had received information about the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding, communities thathavesufferedhighlevelsofconflictarethree times lesslikelytohavereceivedinformationabouttheMOUingovernmentmeetingsthaninlowconflictareas,in10%versus30%ofcasesrespectively.

Impacts of Conflict on Village GovernanceThesefindingsreflectthebroaderimpactsofconflictonvillagegovernance.IntheiranalysisofwhytheCessation of Hostilities Agreement (COHA) failed in 2002, Aspinall and Crouch (2003) and Huber(2003)note that localgovernancehadbrokendown inconflictareas. VillageHeadswouldhavebeenreticentorunabletocallvillagemeetings.Duringtheseparatistwar,VillageHeadswereseenasextensionsand representativesof the state, andwereviewedwith suspicion.Theywereoftenvictimsofextortion,intimidationandviolence.

“The village heads in remote areas often have to sleep in the police office or Camat (sub-district head’s) office. 300 village heads have been killed across Aceh… All the village heads in our sub-district went to the Camat and asked to resign because it is very hard for us to do this job.” Village Head, South Aceh48

Communitieswerealsoreticenttoattendgovernmentmeetings.Withrelationtothepeaceagreementinparticular,villagersinatleastsomeconflict-affectedareasreportedlydonottrustinformationaboutthepeaceagreementcomingfromthegovernment,preferringothersources.

“If the government holds socialization meetings, villagers do not want to come. They only believe it if GAM says it to be true.” Religious Leader, Nibong sub-district, North Aceh, 17 June 2006

Program Meetings Unaffected by ConflictIncontrast tomediumintensityconflictareas,communities inhighandlowconflict-affectedareasareequallylikelytocongregateinmeetingscalledbyaidordevelopmentprograms,in54%and55%ofvillagessurveyedrespectively.49


Figure 28: % communities that congregate in program meetings: by conflict intensity

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Information Flow Within Communities �1

50 Duringperiodsofconflict,facilitatorsworkingfortheGOI/WorldBankKecamatanDevelopmentProgram,whichhasoperatedinAcehsince1999,reporteddisassociatingthemselvesfromthegovernmentandpresentedthemselvesinsteadasworkingforaninternationallysponsoreddevelopmentprogram,inordertoallaycommunitysuspicionaswellasdeflectpotentialviolenceandextortion.Guggenheim(2005).51Barron,DiproseandWoolcock(2006)lookatthepotentialfordevelopmentprojectforaandmeetingsatvillageleveltoactasneutralspacebetweenconflictingparties,whereproblemscanberaisedandresolved(pp.90-96).InAceh,thesemeetingsmayactasneutralspaces,separatefromtheconflictenvironment.52Wall(2006,p.24).

Thissuggeststhataidanddevelopmentprojectsare,tosomeextent,immunefromthefactorsthathavedamagedlocalgovernment.Thereareseveralreasonswhythismightbethecase.Aidanddevelopmentprogramscanhavetheadvantageofperceivedpoliticalneutralityandcanavoidthenegativeconnotationsofassociationwiththestate.50Thecorollaryofthebreakdowninformalvillagegovernancemaybehigherlevels of community trust and faith in alternative systems, including outside development programs.51Finally,thelureoffundingandassistanceencouragescommunityparticipationandmayovercomevillagerreticence.

Box 6. Implications for Working in Post-Conflict Areas

Agencies working in post-conflict communities should not underestimate the impact of conflict dynamics on community meeting habits. During the conflict, many communities suffered serious reprisals for speaking out or asking questions of local government. Even today, communities are not only less likely to trust government sources, but can also be reluctant speak out when they witness problems or corruption.52

It is vital to ensure that conflict-affected communities are adequately informed (and convinced) of progress relating to community ‘reintegration funding’, the Law on Governing Aceh, elections and other aspects of the ongoing peace process. However, the evidence suggests that using formal village government channels for socialization and information sharing will be less effective in precisely those communities that have suffered the most from conflict. For government agencies, like the elections body KIP and the reintegration authority BRA, this will present a particular challenge.

This means preparing local government, but not relying on government networks to reach the village level. Earlier we emphasised that providing Village Heads with complete information is important, but in conflict areas it seems this information is less likely to be passed on in a formal way as Village Heads are viewed with suspicion and the danger associated with acting as Geucik mean that those in the job may not be the most capable.

At the same time, excluding or bypassing government for outreach is counter-productive. The challenge for programs and campaigns is to convince communities of neutrality and provide separate and distinct opportunities for communities to access information, such as dedicated meetings and events, while maintaining a role for local government and keeping them in the loop. Providing village leaders with access to information and encouraging them to pass on information effectively could improve the credibility and usefulness of local officials, and may go some way towards rebuilding villagers’ faith in local governance.

3.3 Informal Community Gatherings

InAceh,localcultureandespeciallyreligionareextremelyimportanttopeople.Religiousandculturaleventsthatbringpeopletogetherinformallyandinlargenumbersalsorepresentusefulopportunitiesforcommunityoutreach.79%ofallvillagessurveyedreportcongregatingatreligiousand/orculturalevents.


Communities in tsunami-affected areas are more likely to come together for religious/cultural eventsthan those innon-tsunami-affectedareas. It is interesting to speculate that thismay reflect increasedreligiouspietyamongsttsunami-survivors,althoughAcehneseactivelypracticetheirreligionunderanycircumstances.Equally,outsideactorsmayberesponsibleforprovidingsurvivorswithculturalandreligiousedificationaspartofrecoverywork.

Box 7. Religious Gatherings for MOU Socialization

A primary mode of MOU ‘socialization’ has been to hold public ceramah, or religious addresses. KPA/GAM have been especially active in organizing ceramah in villages, particularly in GAM strongholds, but some local governments have held similar events. Ceramah are often held in open public spaces, such as soccer fields, and are delivered by Ulama (religious leaders) who frequently speak in Acehnese. One well-known Ulama from Bireuen has even produced a VCD of his MOU socialization lecture, which has been viewed as far away as Aceh Jaya.

The ceramah form is particularly suited for disseminating information. While it is religious in tone and is framed using Islamic phrases and concepts, interspersed with prayers and readings, it can also deal with secular issues and is essentially equivalent to making a speech. Like all oral media, this platform is best suited to socializing ideas and concepts. However, in addition to orally relating more specific information, the large gatherings provide scope to hand out written information to back up explanation of more detailed processes.

Incorporatingsocializationintoreligiousandculturalevents,orholdingsimilareventsforthepurposesofsocialization,arewaysofreachingalargeaudience.If‘piggy-backing’onexistingevents,however,agencies

Figure 29: % communities that congregate in religious/cultural events: average, urban/rural, tsunami, conflict


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53Arisanisakindoflotterythatalsofunctionsasasocialsafetynet.Atregularmeetingswomeneachcontributeasetamountofmoneytoacommonpot.Ateachmeeting,onewoman’snameisdrawnoutofahat,whotakeshomethecombinedpot.Onceshehaswon,hernameisnolongeraddedtothehat,althoughshemustcontinuetocontributemoneytothepot.Inthisway,eachmembereventuallywinsthelumpsum.Itiscommonforwinnerstopasstheirwinningsontomembersingenuineneed,whothenforfeittheirownturnlateron.54Forexample,theneedforsanitarytowelsaspartoftheprovisionofhealthaid,ortheirfearsaboutsexualharassmentintemporaryaccommodation.InterviewwithCRSrepresentative,Meulaboh,May2006.55Formoreonhowtopromoteeffectivewomen’sparticipationindevelopmentprograms,seeWorldBank(2002).

shouldbeawareofhowassociationwiththateventmightreflectonthemessagetheywishtoconvey.Forexample,passingoutinformationataKPA-sponsoredrallymaybeagoodwaytoreachpeople,buttheagencythenrunstheriskofbeingseenastooclosetoGAM.

Women and Civic, Religious, and Cultural Participation

“Researcher: Are community meetings held in this village? FGD participants: Yes, they are. Researcher: Who usually attends? FGD participants: Everyone, the whole community. Researcher: Do women also attend? FGD participants: Oh no, women don’t attend, just men.” FGD, Mamplam village, Nibong sub-district, North Aceh, 17 June 2006

TraditionalAcehnesesocietyeffectivelyexcludeswomenfromciviclife,butnotfromculturalandreligiouslife.Practicallyspeaking,itisdifficulttogetwomentoattendmeetingsortoelicitmeaningfulparticipationfromthemwhentheydo,andunfortunatelytherearenosimplesolutions.However,womendoparticipate–evenifonlypassively–inreligiousandculturalceremonies,celebrationsandevents.

Inordertoeffectivelyreachwomen,programsneedtogotowherewomenare,ratherthanexpectwomentocometothem.Whencommunitieswereaskedanopen-endedquestionabouthowbesttoreachwomen,themostcommonresponseswere: throughquoranic readinggroupsforwomen(pengajian) (26%-thisincreases to 32% if grouped with other religious activities); through formal women’s activities such ashealthclinicdaysandFamilyWelfareProgrammeetings(25%);andthrougharisan53(12%).40%gaveanansweralongthelinesofareligiousorculturalgathering.

Women-only gatherings have the advantage that they offer a forum for women to speak out with aconfidencetheymaynotfeelinamixedgathering,andonissueswhichtheymaynotfeelareappropriateformaleears.54Atthesametime,holdingexclusiveeventsandforumsforwomentodaydoeslittletoensurewomen’sparticipation incivic life tomorrow. Acompromisemaybe toconductoutreach through lessformalgatherings(suchasceramah),wherewomencanlegitimatelycongregatewithmen,evenalthoughtheyaresometimesphysicallyseparatedfromthem.55

3.4 Public Notice Boards

NoticeboardsarepresentinmostvillagesinAceh.79%ofvillagesinthesamplehavenoticeboards.


Aswithpublicmeetings,thetsunami-aideffecthastranslatedintoslightlymorenoticeboardsintsunami-affectedvillages(82%)thaninunaffectedvillages(78%).Aroundaquarterofcommunitiesinhighandmid-levelconflict-affectedcommunitiesdonotpossessnoticeboards,comparedto16%inlowconflictareas.Noticeboardsaremorecommoninurbancommunities(95%)thaninruralvillages(76%).

However,informationprovidedonnoticeboardswasveryoftenofpoorquality(seeFigure31).

Figure 31: How communities rated quality of information provided on notice boards (government and KDP)


Figure 30: % villages where a notice board was present: average, urban/rural, tsunami, conflict


14%

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Information Flow Within Communities �5

56Nforgovernmentnoticeboards=217.Forthisquestion,villageswereaskedtoidentifywho(ifanyone)providedthenoticeboard/sintheirvillage.Theywerethenaskedtoratethequalityoftheinformationprovidedfromeither:Good,OK,orPoor.GovernmentandKDPboardsareanalysedhere,astheywerebyfarthemostcommonlyreportedboardspresent.Note:KDPisagovernmentproject,andhenceKDPboardsareineffectgovernmentnoticeboards,too.However,communitiestendtodistinguishbetweenKDPandothergovernmentprograms(seeBarron,ClarkandDaud2005),andtheyareusuallyclearlydistinguishedbyKDPbranding.Hencewedisaggregateduringtheanalysis.57NforKDPnoticeboards=141.58ApproximatelyhalfofthemediamappingdatawascollectedbyfacilitatorsandvolunteersfromtheKDPprogram,sothisfigureshouldbetakenwithagrainofsalt.Nevertheless,KDPboardswerenotratedhighlyevenundertheseconditions,underliningtheproblem.

Toillustrate,justoverhalfofthevillagesinthesamplereportedthattheyhadaccesstoaninformationboardprovidedbygovernment.56Whenaskedtoratethequalityofinformationavailableontheboard,just 9% responded that it was ‘good’; i.e., that information was regularly updated, useful and visuallyattractive.39%gavetheirgovernmentnoticeboardsa‘poor’rating–informationwasoutofdate,incorrectornon-existent.57

NoticeboardsarecompulsoryintheKecamatanDevelopmentprogram(KDP),whichoperatesineveryruralvillageinAceh.Thesefaredslightlybetter,but32%ofcommunitiesstillratedtheinformationtheycontained‘poor’.58

Box 8. Working with Notice Boards for Outreach

In addition to providing notice boards, attention should be paid to maximizing their potential. Local governments and agencies must be vigilant about providing useful, up-to-date information on notice boards. Placement is also important – boards should be located in high traffic, public areas, and protected from the elements. Ideally, communities should be encouraged to think of boards as a communal resource, so that they can demand and even promote their effective use. Agencies can promote the sense of ownership by tasking villagers with upkeep and providing incentives, such as competitions for best boards.

3.5 Summary

VillageHeadsandothercommunity leadersconstitutean important link intocommunities,andakeysourceofinformationforvillagers.Yettheideathatvillageleadershaveprivilegedaccesstoinformationisoftenincorrect,andleadersarefrequentlyleftunabletoanswerconstituents’questions.Atthesametime,itisimportanttonotethatvillageleadersarenotalwaysproactiveinpassingoninformation,andoutreachshouldnotbedirectedatthemexclusively.

PublicmeetingsarecommonthroughoutAceh.Acrossthesample,ahigh87%ofcommunitiesreportcongregatinginpublicmeetings,calledeitherbythevillagegovernmentoraidanddevelopmentprograms.The frequencyofmeetingsheldbyvillagegovernmentdrops significantly inhighconflict areas,whileratesofprogrammeetingsdoesnotchange,suggestingthataidanddevelopmentprojectsaresomewhatimmunefromthefactorsthathavedamagedlocalgovernment.

Religiousandculturaleventsalsorepresentusefulopportunitiesforcommunityoutreachandespeciallyfortargetingwomen,whocanotherwisebedifficulttoreach.NoticeboardsarepresentinmostvillagesinAceh,butthequalityofinformationtheyprovideisoftenpoor.

Improving QualityUnfortunately,whileinformedcommunityleaders,communitymeetingsandnoticeboardsareminimumconditionsforgoodcommunications,theystilldonotnecessarilyadduptoaninformedpopulace.The


absenceofmeetingsandnoticeboardseffectivelyprecludesparticipation,transparencyandsoon,andassuchtheirexistenceisaminimumrequirement.However,thefactthatameetingwashelddoesnotmeanthateveryoneactuallyattended,northattheyparticipatedactively,justasthepresenceofanoticeboardsimilarlydoesnotguaranteeitwillcontainusefulandup-to-dateinformation,northatpeoplewillactuallyreadtheinformationprovided.Agenciesengagedincommunitydevelopmentandpublicoutreachneedtodomorethancheck-the-boxesonholdingpublicmeetingsandpostingpublicnotices.Attentionmustalsobepaidtothequalityofinformation,andtheavenuesforparticipation,beingprovided.

4. DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATIONS IN

TSUNAMI, CONFLICT, URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENTS


This section draws together the practical implications for outreach practitioners working on tsunamireconstructionandpost-conflict-relatedprojects,bylookingattheimpactsofthetsunamiandconflictoncommunicationsenvironments.Thedifferencebetweenurbanandruralenvironmentsisthethirdmajorfactoraffectingcommunityaccesstothevariousformsofmedia.

4.1 Tsunami Effects

Communications Recovery in Tsunami-affected AreasThegoodnewsforagenciesworkingintsunami-affectedareas isthatthecommunicationenvironmenthas largely recovered. The tsunamiwreakedhavocon communications infrastructure, including roads,radiostations,andtelecommunicationnetworks;itdestroyedpersonaldevicesincludingradios,televisionsandtelephones;anditdevastatedlivelihoodsandhouseholdincomes.Yet,18monthsafterthedisaster,theevidence shows that access,ownershipanduseofmassmedia forms in tsunami-affectedareashasrecovered.Indeed,tsunami-affectedcommunitieshavebetteraccesstosomeformsofmediathanregionsthatwerenotaffected.InMay-June2006,communitiesinthetsunamizonereceivedmorenewspapersandweremorelikelytobeabletotuneintoaradiostation.Onaverage,radio,televisionandmobilephoneownershiphaveessentiallycaughtuptonon-affectedareas.Tsunami-affectedcommunitiesarealsomorelikelytoreportcommunal,shareduseofnewspapers,radiosandtelevisionsets,extendingthereachofthesemediaevenwherefewareavailable.

Factors Behind the RecoveryThelocalandinternationalresourcespouredintopost-disasterreconstructionofthemediasectorpartlyexplainsthisrecovery,particularlywithrelationtoradio.RadiostationsinBandaAceh,WestAceh,AcehJayaandSimeulue, tonamea few,havebeenrebuiltornewly-establishedwithassistancefromvariousagencies. Other agencies have distributed radio sets, most notably UNDP which provided 35,000 totsunami-affected communities. Radioshavenot beendistributeduniformly, but on thebasis ofneed,whichmayexplainwhyradiosareconcentratedinsomeareasratherthanothers.

Yetthisrecoveryhasnotbeenentirelydonordriven–privateenterprisehasalsoplayedasignificantrole.ThecontinueddominanceofSerambiintheAcehnesemarketisanexample.UNFPA’sfreedistributionoftheSerambinewspapertobarracksandcommunitiesintsunami-affectedareasonSaturdaysislikelytohaveimprovedcommunityaccesstonewspapers.Interestingly,however,thissurveyfoundthatevenintsunami-affectedareas,mostcommunitiessurveyedcouldreceivenewspapersmostdaysoftheweek,suggestingthatSerambifounditswayintovillagesofitsownaccord.59

The reconstruction marketplace has allowed some media outlets to cash in on development dollars.Serambi, for example, has raised revenue from increased demand for advertising space by the variousagenciesoperatinginBandaAceh.SerambihasalsoprofitedfromthefortnightlysupplementsSeumangatandCeureumen,fundedbyexternaldevelopmentagencies.60Someradiostations,especiallythoseinlargemarketslikeBandaAceh,arealsoabletosupportthemselvesindependentlythroughadvertising.

To some extent recovery also seems to have been driven by other factors. To our knowledge, neithertelevisionsnormobilephoneshavebeenwidelydistributed,yethouseholdownershipoftheseitemswasapproachingthatofcommunitiesthatdidnothavepropertydestroyedbythetsunami.

Thisseemstoindicatethat,relativetosomeotherpopulationgroupsinAceh,thetsunami–affectedhaveaccesstoconsiderabledisposableincome,andhighlightsthattheimportanceandstatusassociatedwith59Serambialsofamouslymanagedtoprintanddistributenewspapersjustdaysaftermanyofitsstaffwaskilled,anditspremisesandequipmentdestroyedbythetsunami.60TheReconstructionandRehabilitationAuthority(BRR)andtheDecentralizationSupportFacility(DSF)throughtheWorldBank,respectively.

Differences In Communications In Tsunami, Conflict, Urban And Rural Environments ��

theseconsumeritemsmakethemprioritypurchaseswheneverfundsareavailable.

Improved Channels for Intra-village CommunicationsFurther, large-scale reconstructioneffortshavehelpedcreatebetterchannels forcommunicationat thevillagelevel.Programactivityisintenseinthetsunamizone,andthisappearstomeanagreaterfrequencyofvillagemeetings.AcrossAceh,communitiesidentifythenumberonekeyinformationsourceasbeingthe Village Head, but in tsunami-affected areas, program facilitators are more likely to be named asinformationsourcesthaninnon-tsunamiareas.Peoplelivinginthetsunamizonearealsomorelikelytocongregateatreligiousandculturalevents,andtohaveanoticeboardintheirvillage.

Theseresultsshouldbeviewedwithsomecaution.Blankspotsintsunami-affectedareasdoexist.Noteveryonehasthemeansortheequipmenttoreceivethemessagesconveyedbymassmedia. Forsocialandculturalreasons,certainsectionsofthecommunity,mostnotablywomen,arelesslikelytoaccessmassmedia,orattendvillagemeetings.Thepresenceofbothmassandcommunitymediaismeaninglessifthemediaareunderutilized,ormessagespoorlytargeted.Nevertheless,tsunami-affectedcommunities’accessisclosetoasgoodas, ifnotbetter, thantherestofAceh. Thechallengenowistoutilize informationsourcesmoreeffectively,andtoimprovethequalityofpublicoutreach.

4.2 Conflict Effects

Thedecades-old conflicthas impacted in far-reaching and complexways: on theprovisionof servicesandinfrastructure;onlivelihoodsandhouseholdincome;andoncommunitycohesionandrelationshipsbetweencommunityandgovernment.Alloftheseeffectshaveimplicationsforhowvillagerscommunicatewithoneanother,andhowinformationcirculates.

Breakdown of Local GovernanceConflict has impacted on the way local government functions, including its usefulness as a source ofinformation.Villagesinhighconflict-affectedareasaresignificantlylesslikelytoholdgovernmentvillagemeetingsthaninlow-conflictaffectedareas:74%comparedwith84%.Bycontrast,althoughmeetingscalledbycommunityanddevelopmentprogramsarelesscommonoverall,thereislittledifferenceintheirfrequencyinhighandlowconflictareas.

We have speculated that program meetings may be more immune to the factors than have caused areductioninvillagemeetingsinconflictareas,includingdistrustinlocalgovernment.Asnotedabove,thishasseriousimplicationsforhowprogramsandagenciesshouldinvolvelocalgovernmentforoutreach.Wesuggestthatwhileagenciesneedtolookbeyondgovernmenttopassinformationdownintothevillage,excludinggovernmentisnottheanswereither.Infact,improvinggovernmentcapacityforoutreachmaygosomewaytowardsrebuildingthecredibilityoflocalgovernment,andcommunityfaithinit.61

Fewer Notice Boards in High Conflict AreasAvailabilityofnoticeboardsdropsinhighconflictareas,sothataquarterofvillagesinthiscategoryreportthat theydonotpossess informationboards. This is an important consideration for agenciesworkingwithinthesecommunities,whoshouldbepreparedtoprovideboardsinvillageswheretheyarelacking.

Access to Mass Media Similar in High and Low Conflict AreasThe good news for agencies seeking to reach those communities worst affected by conflict is that thedistribution,reachandaccessofmostmassmediadoesnotdiffergreatlybetweenvillagesinhighandlowconflictsub-districts. Newspaper,radioandtelevisioncoverageareverysimilar. Communities inhighconflictareasaremorelikelytoownradiosbutlesslikelytoownmobilephones.Televisionownershipis61SeeBarronandClark(2006).


similar.NoristheremuchvariationbetweencommunalandprivateconsumptionofmediainAceh,whichfollowgeneraltrendsinbothhighandlowconflictzones.

The Special Case of Mid-level Conflict ZonesAsnotedthroughoutthispaper,theresultsforcommunitieslocatedin‘medium’-levelconflictzonesoftendiffermarkedlyfromthoseinhighandlowconflictareas;communitiesintheseareasoftenhavetheworstaccesstomediaofall.Tosummarize,medium-levelconflictzonesarebettercoveredbynewspaperandradio networks, but have the lowest household ownership figures for radios, televisions, landlines, andmobilephones.TheyaremorelikelytolistentoradiosandwatchTVprivately,notcommunally;theyarealsomorelikelytoholdprogrammeetings.

Are Communities Poorer in Mid-level Conflict Zones than Elsewhere?Lowratesofownershipofhouseholditemslikeradiosandtelevisionsmaypointtolowerratesofdisposableincome,particularlyasradioandtelevisionsignalsremainonparwith,orbetterthan,otherpartsofAceh.Thisseemstobethemostplausibleexplanation,astheanomalousresultsformedium-levelconflictzonesarenotexplainedbyabiastowardstsunamiorurbanorruralfactors(seeAnnexA5).

Whycommunitiesaffectedbymediumlevelconflictmightbepoorerthancommunitiesinhighandlowconflictareas isbeyondthescopeof thisresearch.Analysisof the latestcensusdatatotest forrelativelevelsofhouseholdincomeaccordingtotheconflictintensitycategorieswouldbeonewaytogainabetterunderstandingofwhetherornotthisistrue.

Nevertheless, if communities in medium-level conflict zones are poorer than those in high and lowlevelconflictareas,thenthiscouldhavewiderimpactforpost-conflictprogrammingandtargeting.Theclassificationof sub-districts into the three levels of conflict intensitywasdevised for thepurposes ofallocatingfundsforpost-conflictprogramming.Villagesinhighconflictsub-districtswillreceivemoremoneythanthoseinmid-conflictsub-districts,whilelow-conflictaffectedcommunitieswillgetlessagain.Ifcommunitieslivingmedium-levelconflictzonesreallyareeconomicallyworseoffthanthoseeveninhigh-conflictareas,thentheremaybeanargumenttotargetmedium-levelconflictareasforassistanceasaggressivelyashighconflictareas.

Potential for Post-conflict Programming to Improve the Communications LandscapePost-tsunamireconstructionhashadapositiveimpactonthecommunicationsenvironment,andanincreasein programming for conflict-affected communities may similarly improve the frequency of meetingsinvillages,andperhapsevenavailabilityandownershipofmassmedia.However,progressintsunami-affectedareashasbeendueatleastinparttothededicateddevelopmentofthemediainfrastructureinaffectedcommunities.Justastsunami-affectedpopulationsinAcehhavespecialneedsforcommunicationandinformationaboutthereconstructionprocess,conflict-affectedpopulationsneedtoknowaboutpost-conflict/reintegrationprogramming,thepeaceprocess,andthepoliticalclimate.Itwillbenecessarytosupporttheestablishmentof local-levelmediasources,andpossiblydistributeradiosandotherdevicestoachievesimilarresultsincommunitiesrecoveringfromconflictashasbeenseenintsunami-affectedareas.

4.3 Urban/Rural Effects

Itistobeexpectedthaturbancommunitieshavebetteraccesstomediaandotherservicesthanruralareas,andthisissupportedbythesurveydata.Massmediaisnaturallytargetedatlarger,urbanmarkets,supplyroutesarebetter,urbancommunitiesaremorelikelytobeconnectedtoelectricityandtelecommunicationsnetworks, and so on. However, while rural communities across the board were worse off in terms of

Differences In Communications In Tsunami, Conflict, Urban And Rural Environments �1

coverage and ownership than their urban counterparts, the degree of difference varied between mediaforms.

Thegapbetweenurbanandruralvillageswasmostnotableintermsofnewspapercoverage,ownershipoftelevisionsets,andthepresenceofnoticeboards.One-fifthofruralcommunitiesdonotgetnewspapers,comparedwithalmost100%coverageinurbancommunities;urbanhouseholdsareonaveragetwiceaslikely toowntelevisionsetsasruralcommunities;andalmostaquarterof ruralvillagesdidnotreporthavingnoticeboards,comparedwithjust5%inurbanareas.

Beyondtheseareas,coverageandaccesstomediainurbanandruralvillagesisrelativelysimilar.Radiosignal coverage is stillhigh, at87%of rural villages (comparedwith100%) inurban, andwhileurbanhouseholdsarestillmorelikelytoownradios,thedifferenceisslight.Televisioncoverageisuniversal,whilelandlinetelephoneconnectionsareuniversallyscarce. Significantlyandsurprisingly,ruralcommunitiesreportthesameaveragelevelsofmobilephoneownershipasurbanvillages,underliningthepotentialformobilephonestobeusedmorewidelyforpassingmessagesdowntovillagers.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


The survey results point to a number of recommendations that can help improve the informationenvironmentinAceh,and,insodoing,canimprovethequalityandefficacyofpost-tsunamiandpost-conflictdevelopmentefforts.

Program Interventions

• Continue to develop and support local, decentralized media.Thesurveyidentifiedanumberofblank spots in terms of newspaper and radio coverage. The success of Seuramoe in Aceh Jaya and Nagan Raya suggests that there is a market for highly localized publications, and that similar publications could be trialled in other areas, particularly where other newspapers are scarce. There is also potential for community radio stations, broadcasting over short distances, to augment commercial and public radio coverage. Both community publications and radio have additional benefits beyond simply filling gaps in mainstream coverage; community media allow for coverage and discussion of local issues that is beyond thescopeoflarger,commercialmedia.

• Free distribution of personal communications devices should not remain limited to tsunami-affected populations. The survey indicates that tsunami-affected communities are well on their way to recovery in terms of the extent to which populations possess key media-related goods (radios, televisions, etc). Any further distribution would be better targeted elsewhere. Evidence from the research suggests that mid-level conflict areas have the lowest ownership ofsuchgoodsacrosstheboard,andthateffortsshouldbedirectedtotheseareas.

• Develop the potential of outreach via mobile phone technology.Althoughoverallmobiletelephone ownershipisstilllow,itisontheincrease,andeveninmanyruraldistricts,somehouseholdsownamobile telephone.ThereiscertainlyscopeforsystematicuseofSMStechnologytopassinformationinto villages via mobile phone owners, particularly if community leaders are the people most likely to own mobile phones. SMS is especially suited to providing short updates of progressmade,announcementsofeventsandschedules,andsoon.

•SMS also has potential as a way to ask questions and make complaints. However, agencies shouldthinkcarefullyabouthowenquiriesandproblemswillbehandledandrespondedtoonce theyarereceived.Simplyprovidinganumberforcomplaintswithoutpreparingthesupporting infrastructure isa sureway tooverwhelmprogramstaffandraisecommunityexpectations that thengounmet.

Working with Mass Media

• Design newspaper advertising for public display. The survey shows that a high proportion of villagesreceivenewspapers.However,itislikelythatthisonlystretchestoafewcopiespervillage, and the evidence suggests that newspapers are shared and read in communal areas such as the almost exclusively male environment of the coffee shop. One way to maximize the impact of the few newspapers available is to design advertising as inserts that can be pulledout of thepaper andput onpublic display. Displaying this kindofmaterial inneutral areas (or even in areas where women congregate) would go some way towards countering thegendergapinherentinnewspapersasapredominantlymalemedium.

• Where possible, work with local radio stations.Localradiostationscollectivelycoveraroundtwo- thirdsofthesampledcommunities,andlocalradioisusuallymorepopularwithaudiencesthanthe state broadcaster, RRI. Unfortunately, local radio stations are only loosely networked, which

Conclusions And Recommendations �5

presentsaproblemforagenciesbasedinBandaAcehseekingtobroadcastviastationsthroughout the province. There are several brokers in Banda Aceh that can arrange for the distribution and broadcast of materials on district-based radio stations, which offer the best solution. These agencies, however, are new and inexperienced, and any agency seeking to work with them should monitor their efforts closely. More capacity building assistance for these bodiesfromspecialistmediaagenciesisneeded.

• Nevertheless, parallel broadcasting on RRI creates maximum reach for radio programming. State broadcaster RRI exclusively covered almost a quarter of the sample; residents in these villages represent a captive audience. Including broadcast on RRI as a part of any communications strategypotentiallyliftsthenumberofcommunitiesreachedfromtwo-thirdsto88%.

• Advertising or programming on local television is unlikely to reach a wide audience.Whiletelevision is a popular medium, it is also very difficult to work with. TVRI is the only station that can broadcast localized programming, and while TVRI has relatively good coverage it is very unpopular.Further,itbroadcastsitslocalcontentintheafternoons,whenaudiencenumbersare attheirlowest(childrenaretheexception).

• Aceh-specific or Aceh-relevant programming on national television (particularly RCTI) may gain a better audience. As such, any opportunities to leverage local issues into national stories should always be taken. Television is potentially also a key medium for public service messageswithanation-wide remit suchasdisasterpreparednessorpoliovaccination,not least becauseitistheonlymajorformofmassmediawithanysignificantaudienceofchildren.

• Where possible, incorporate incentives for interaction into mass media outreach.Wehavesuggested thatoneofthereasonslocalradiomaybemorepopularisthatcommunitieshavetheopportunityto request songs, phone in, etc. As part of a program to support peace socialization, 700 Acehnese responded to a competition advertised in a newspaper asking them to say what peacemeanttothem.Centrallycoordinatedmass-mediacampaignscantendtobeuni-directional. Offering opportunities to actively engage with the message being conveyed can help to streng thenit.

Working with Community-level Media

• Ensure village leaders have all the answers.AcrossAceh,villagersaremostlikelytonametheVillage Head as the most important source of information. Village Heads need to be adequately informed, particularly about issues that directly affect their communities, even if they are notalwayspro-activeaboutpassingtheinformationon.UseofSMStechnologymaybeoneway toopenadirectchannelbetweenagenciesandfacilitatorsandlocalleaders.

• Consider alternatives to socialization via government channels, particularly in conflict-affected areas. Aquarterofcommunitiesinhigh-conflictareasreportedthatgovernmentmeetingswerenotheld, while reported ratesofprogrammeetings remained steady across conflict categories. Agencies holding meetings in conflict areas, and particularly over sensitive topics, should aim to be seen as neutral and not government (although local government must still be involved). Thisisparticularlyimportant(anddifficult)forgovernmentagenciesliketheelectionsbody(KIP) and the reintegration authority (BRA), which could consider conducting any socialization meetingsthroughaneutralthirdparty.


• Consider socialization via informal community gatherings. Acehnese in most villages gather informally for religious and cultural events. Incorporating socialization into these events, or holding similar events for the purposes of socialization, are ways of reaching a large audience,whichhastheaddedbenefitofoftenincludingwomen.If‘piggy-backing’onexisting events, however, agencies should be aware of how association with that eventmight reflect on themessagetheywishtoconvey.Forexample,passingoutinformationataGAM/KPA-sponsored rallymaybeagoodwaytoreachpeople,buttheagencythenrunstheriskofbeingseenastoo closetoGAM.

• Ensure that notice boards are available, especially in conflict-affected areas. Noticeboardscanbe useful tools in providing ongoing information to communities, and are important particularly for agencies running programs for villagers. A quarter of communities in high conflict areas said that they did not possess notice boards, which has implications forpost-conflictprogramming.

• Focus on improving notice board quality. Many agencies provide notice boards for community and program use, but this does not guarantee that they are well maintained and contain information that is useful to beneficiaries. Agencies should monitor the quality of informationcontainedontheirnoticeboardsandworktoimproveit.

Reaching Women

• Radio programming targeted at women should be broadcast in a midday timeslot.Thereareparticular opportunities for reaching women through radio, who make up the majority of the daytime audience.

• Reaching women means going to them.Massmediahaslesschanceofreachingwomenasitdoes men. Women are less likely to read newspapers, and they have lower rates of radio and television consumption. Further, women’s radio and television choices are likely to be influenced by their men. As such, outreach campaigns targeting women need to get right in amongst them. Communities reported that the best ways to reach women were via quoranic reading groups for women, other organized women’s activities like health clinics and the family welfare association, and through arisan. Women also participate in communityreligiousandculturalevents,probablymoreoftenthantheyattendformalmeetings.

• Improving women’s access to information and their participation takes time and effort, and there are no easy solutions. Agencies might consider organizing socialization events to coincide with women’s activities, or working with women leaders to pass information throughtheirnetworks.

Reaching Children

• There are opportunities to target children via afternoon television. The only demographic that might benefit from local programming broadcast in the afternoon by TVRI is children, who are most likely to be watching at that time of day. While it does seem unlikely that TVRI is the preferred station for Acehnese children, it is possible that such programming could build up a following in the long term. This kind of programming means significant investment, but for some types of outreach, like peace education, itmaybeworthconsidering.

References ��

ReferencesAspinall,EdwardandHaroldCrouch(2003).“TheAcehPeaceProcess:WhyitFailed”.Policy Studies 1.Washington,DC:EastWestCenter.

Barron,PatrickandSamuelClark(2006).“DecentralizingInequality?Center-PeripheryRelations,LocalGovernanceandConflictinAceh.”Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction PaperNo.39.Washington,DC:WorldBank.

Barron,Patrick,SamuelClark,andMuslahuddinDaud(2005).Conflict and Recovery in Aceh: An Assessment of Conflict Dynamics and Options for Supporting the Peace Process.BandaAceh/Jakarta:WorldBank/DSF.

Barron, Patrick, Rachael Diprose, and Michael Woolcock (2006). “Local Conflict and CommunityDevelopmentinIndonesia:AssessingtheImpactoftheKecamatanDevelopmentProgram.”Indonesian Social Development Paper No.10.Jakarta:WorldBank.

CDACollaborativeLearningProjects(2005).Report of the Listening Project.Cambridge,MA:CDA.

Cochran,WilliamG.(1963).Sampling Techniques.NewYork:JohnWileyandSons.

Eye on Aceh and AidWatch (2006). A People’s Agenda? Post-Tsunami Aid in Aceh. Eye on Aceh andAidWatch.

Guggenheim,ScottE.(2005).Picturing Indonesia: Grassroots Views.Jakarta:LontarFoundation.

Huber,Konrad(2003).“TheHDCinAceh:PromisesandPitfallsofNGOMediationandImplementation”Policy Studies 9.Washington,DC:EastWestCenter.

InternationalFederationforRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(2005).World Disasters Report 2005: Information, A Life-Saving Resource.Geneva:IFRC.

Sen, Krishna and David T. Hill (1999). Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia. Melbourne: OxfordUniversityPress.

Telford and J. Cosgrave, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (2006). Joint Evaluation of the InternationalResponse to the Indian Ocean Tsunami.London:TsunamiEvaluationCoalition.

UNDP(2004).“TheEconomicsofDemocracy:FinancingHumanDevelopmentinIndonesia.”Indonesia Human Development Report.Jakarta:UNDP.

UN-OCHAPublicInformationWorkingGroup(2005).Where’s My House?BandaAceh:UN-OCHAPublicInformationWorkingGroup.

Wall, Imogen(2006).The Right To Know: The Challenge of Public Information and Accountability in Acehand Sri Lanka.NewYork:OfficeoftheSpecialEnvoyforTsunamiResponse.

WirelessWorldForum(2006).Indonesia Mobile Market 2006 Statistical Handbook.Jakarta:WorldWirelessForum(April30th2006).

WorldBank(2002).Enhancing Women’s Participation.Jakarta:WorldBank.

Wu, Treena (2005). Beneficiary Accountability: Effective Communication and Feedback. Oxford: OxfamInternational.

Annex A : Methodology ��

Annex A: Methodology

A1. Sampling

Toensurethatthesurveycouldbeusedtomakestatisticallyvalidinferencesaboutmediauseincommunitiesin Aceh, we employed a two-stage sampling procedure. For the sampling frame, we used BPS’s 2005VillagePotential(Potensi DesaorPodes)data,whichliststhenamesofallvillagesinIndonesia.Basedonthissamplingframe,weconductedatwo-stagesampleselection.Sincemostofthequestionscanbeinterpretedasabinary(yes/no)questions,weneededabout400villagestoensurearound90%statisticalpowerwitha5%marginoferror,assumingadesigneffectofbetween1.5–2.0(Cochrane1963).

In the first stage, we wanted to choose 108 sub-districts. To obtain them, we perform probabilityproportionaltosize(PPS)samplingonthe2005Podesdata.Foreachsub-district,weusedthenumberofvillagesasitsprobabilityweight.Afterobtainingthesesub-districtsinthefirst stage,weperformedasimplerandomsampling(SRS)forthesecond stage,toobtainfourvillagesineachsub-district.Thisgaveusatotalsampleof432villages.Thistwo-stagemethodologysimplifiedtheweightingofoursampledvillages:allofthevillagesinthesamplehaveequalweights.

Althoughthissamplecalledfordatafromjustfourvillages,werandomlyselectedeightvillagesforeachsub-district.Eachenumeratorwasinstructedtovisitthefirstfourvillagesonthelist.Theremainingfourwereback-ups,onlytobeusedif,duetoextenuatingcircumstances,sheorhewasunabletogotoone(ormore)ofthefirstfourvillages.

ToallowforthepossibilitythatPodesmissedoutthenamesofsomeofthevillages,weinsertedtwoblankrows,inrandomsequence,inthelistofeightpriorityvillagestovisit.Ifanenumeratorcameuponablankrow,heorshewastoinserta‘new’villageorcommunitythatwasnototherwiselistedintheBPSdata(thiscouldincludehighconcentrationsofpeople,likebarrackscomplexes).

A2. Data Collection

Enumerators(fieldstaff )fromthreeorganizationsassistedwithdatacollection:InformationFacilitators(inassociationwithVillageFacilitators)fromtheKecamatanDevelopmentProgram(KDP);fieldresearchersfromprivatemediaresearchanddevelopmentconsultancyInfoAceh;andIOM.Enumeratorsweregiventhefollowinginstructions:

Box 9. Instructions for Enumerators

A village list has been created using a sample size of 108 sub-districts. 8 villages have been randomly selected in each sub-district. These have been numbered 1-8. However, researchers only need to fill in surveys for 4 villages out of the 8. Researchers should aim to fill in surveys for villages 1-4. However, if it isn’t possible to get information on one of the villages (e.g., because it no longer exists), researchers should move down the list and to number 5, and so on. If you have to skip a village, please make a note of why. Enumerators MUST NOT simply chose the four most convenient villages on the list.

There are a number of ‘blank’ villages (marked ‘fill’) included in many of the sub-district. Forthese ‘blank’ villages, researchers should identify a ‘new’ community/population/village that does

50 Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environtments in Aceh

not otherwise appear on government (BPS) lists of villages. This is to cover IDP populations that are not living in standard villages (e.g. large barracks/tent complexes), or ‘new’ villages that have split from old ones. Researchers should give this community some kind of name (e.g. ‘Samalanga Barracks’), and note its location.

For each village/community, please interview at least 3 people – preferably one man, one woman and one youth – in order to get a good representation of the village/community.

A3. Surveys Returned and Data Used for Analysis

Duetoavarietyofreasons,mainlytodowithdifficultiesinfindingenumeratorsthatcouldcovereveryoneoftherandomlyselectedsub-districts,somesub-districtsdidnotreturndata.

Theanalysiscontainedinthisreportisbasedonsurveysreturnedfrom410villagesin98sub-districts.The‘missing’sub-districtscomefromthesedistricts,inthefollowingratios:Pidie(5of17);SouthAceh(1of6);AcehTamiang(1of4);CentralAceh(1of5);EastAceh(1of9);andAcehJaya(1of3).62

Atthesametime,enumeratorsinseveralsub-districtsmisunderstoodtheinstructionsandreturnedmorethanthefourvillagesurveysrequired.Thisresultedinanadditional18villagesaltogether,inthefollowingdistrictsandamounts:South-EastAceh(1+2);EastAceh(4+1);AcehBesar(3);Bireuen(1+2+3);North-WestAceh(1).Thedecisionwastakentoincludethisextradata,ratherthandiscardit.

TheexceptionisforthemapscontainedinFigures3,4,5and8,9.Thesemapsillustratetheintensityofavailabilityofvariousnewspapersandradiosignalsinthesampledsub-districts.Intensityismeasuredonascaleof0-4,accordingtohowmanyofthefoursampledvillagescouldaccessnewspapersandradio.(0of4villagesbeingthelowestintensity,4of4villagesbeingthehighestintensity).Inordertoworkwithjustfourvillagespersub-district,the‘extra’villagesnotedabovewerediscarded.63

A4. Category Definitions

Urban/RuralThisanalysisusestheVillagePotential(Podes)definitionsofurbanandruralvillages,followingclassificationsassignedtovillagesinPodes2005.

ItshouldbenotedthatPodesappliesacomplexdefinitionof‘urban’and‘rural’accordingtoanumberofvariables.Assuch,an‘urban’villageisnotlimitedtoavillagelocatedwithinthecitylimitsofadistrictcapital,andmayincludesmallerregionalcentressuchassub-districtcapitals.Assuch,the‘urban’sitescanincludevillagesthatwouldotherwiseseemquiterural.

Table 1: Urban/Rural Sample BreakdownRural Urban

369(90%) 41(10%)

62AcehJayaprovedaparticularproblemfordatacollection.Therandomlysampledsubdistrictswere:Panga,Sampoinet,andJaya.Pangawasmissed,Sampoinetwascomplete.TwoofthevillagesfromJayasubdistrictwerecorrectlysurveyed,accordingtothesample.DatafromJayawassupplementedbytwovillagesinKeudeeUnga,whichweresurveyedseparatelybyaresearchteamthathappenedtobevisitingthearea.63Weworkedoutwhichonestodiscardbylookingattheinitiallistofeight,randomlysampledvillages.Wekeptthedatacollectedfromthetopfourvillagesonthelist,anddiscardedanyothers.

Annex A : Methodology 51

64I.e.,BandaAceh,Lhoksumawae,Langsa,andSabang.TheonlyexceptionisMuaraDua,whichisactuallylocatedwithinthemunicipalityofLhoksumawae,butwasassigned‘medium’levelconflictintensityasconflictimpactswerenotable.

Tsunami Affected/Non-Tsunami AffectedSeveralmonthsaftertheDecember2004earthquakeandtsunami,BPS,inassociationwithKDPfacilitators,conductedacomprehensivesurveyoftsunamidamageacrossAceh.Eachvillagewasassignedoneoffourclassifications:1=high tsunamidamage;2=medium tsunamidamage;3= low tsunamidamage;4=notsunamidamage.Classificationswereassignedatthediscretionofthesurveyor;assuch,oneoftheproblemswiththisdataisthatitisprobablynotlikelytobeconsistentacrosscategories.

Forthepurposesofthisresearch,villagesincategories1and2weresaidtobe‘tsunami-affected’,whilevillagesincategories3and4werecombinedforthe‘not(orlittle)tsunami-affected’.Thiswaspartiallydoneforthesakeofsimplifyinganalysis,butalsowiththerationalethatsubjectiveopinionsof‘high’and‘medium’leveltsunamidamageweremorelikelytobeblurredthan‘low’damage.‘Low’tsunamidamageseems less likely to have had the same drastic impact on communications infrastructure and personalproperty.

Thistsunamiimpactdatadoesnottakeintoaccountsubsequentmovementoftsunami-affectedpopulations.Hence,whenwe refer to tsunami-affectedhouseholdsandcommunities in this report,weare limitingthedefinitiontothosestilllivingintsunami-affectedareas.Thisdefinitionstillallowsustolookatthewaystsunamiaffectedareashaverecovered,andalsoattheimpactsofpost-tsunamireconstructionandrehabilitationprogramming,whichislargelyfocusedinthetsunamibelt.

Table 2: Tsunami Affected/Not- little Affected Sample BreakdownTsunami-Affected Not-little Affected

369(20%) 41(80%)

High, Medium and Low Conflict-AffectedTheWorld Bank has developed a Conflict Intensity Index that classifies sub-districts as experiencinghigh,mediumandlowconflictimpacts.Theindexwasconstructedusingnineindicators,namely:conflictvictims(2002),conflictvictims(2003),conflictvictims(2004),militaryintensity,GAMreturneeestimates,politicalprisoners,GAM-GOIincidents(2005),perceptionsofsafety(pre-MOU),perceptionsofconflict(pre-MOU).

Thequantitativedatawasthenverifiedwithtwo(sometimesthree)district-basedactorsexperiencedwithlocalconflictmapping:theSPADAconsultantswhohaveundertakenintensivesocialandconflictin2005and2006;and,theIOMCommunityTechnicalAssessmentswhoundertookconflictmappingin2005.Forthepurposesofthisresearch(andindeedforprogramtargeting),everyvillageinasub-districthasthesameconflictintensityranking).

Table 3: Conflict Intensity Sample Breakdown

High Medium Low

101(25%) 113(28%) 179(44%)

TheConflictIntensityIndexdoesnot includesub-districts locatedincities(municipalities),64whichiswhy17villages(4%)inthedatasethavenotbeenassignedconflictintensitiesandareexcludedfromanydiscussionsoftheeffectsofconflict.


TopographyThereportbriefly looksat the impactonAceh’s topographyon radio signal. Podesdataassigns threegradesoftopographytovillagesinAceh,namelycoastal,flatlandsandmountains.

A5. Overlap between Category Definitions

ThereportaimstoisolatesomeoftheeffectsonthecommunicationsenvironmentinAcehbymeasuringthedifferencesbetweenvillagesaccording to levelsof conflict intensity,degreeof tsunami impact, andwhether or not a location is urban and rural. However, these various classifications are not mutuallyexclusive–tsunami-affectedvillagesmayalsohaveexperiencedhighconflict,urbanandruralareaswereaffectedbythetsunamiandsoon.Assuch,weruntheriskofconfusingthedifferenteffects.

Fortunately,forthemostpart,thesedifferentwaysofslicingthedatadonotseriouslyskewthedatainanyparticulardirection.Insummary,tsunami-affectedareasareslightlymorelikelytobeurbanthanrural,andmedium-levelconflict-affectedareasarealsomorelikelytobetsunami-affectedthaneitherhighorlowconflictareas.

Tsunami-Affected and Urban and Rural

Table 4. Correlation between Tsunami-affected and Urban/Rural

Tsunami Urban/Rural Total (#) Total (%)Deviation from

average

Affected Rural 71 84.52% +5.48%

Urban 13 15.48% -5.48%

Not/littleaffected Rural 298 91.41% +1.41%

Urban 28 8.59% -1.41%

Theurban/ruralsplitforunaffectedvillagesisconsistentwiththeoverallaverage(90%rural,10%urban).However, the percentage of urban communities in tsunami-affected areas is about 5% above average.Analysis that adjusts for thedifference (for instance,byonly lookingat tsunamieffects in rural areas)demonstratesthatthisskewisnegligible,anddoesnotaffectconclusionsdrawn.

Conflict Intensity/Urban and Rural

Table 5. Correlation between Conflict Intensity and Urban/Rural

Conflict Urban/Rural Total (#) Total (%)Deviation from

Average

HIGH Rural 100 99.01% +9.01%

Urban 1 0.99% -9.01%

MEDIUM Rural 104 92.04% +2.04%

Urban 9 7.96% -2.04%

LOW Rural 160 89.39% -0.61%

Urban 19 10.61% +0.61%

Annex A : Methodology 5�

Again,theurban/ruralsplitforlow-andmedium-intensityconflictzonesisconsistentwiththeaverage(10%/90%).However,highconflictareasarealmostexclusivelyrural–9%morelikelythantheaverage.

Tsunami-Affected/Conflict IntensityThereappearstobenocorrelationbetweenhigh/lowintensityconflict,andtsunamiimpact. However,thereisaslightcorrelationbetweenmediumconflictintensityandunaffectedtsunamiareas.

Table 6. Correlation between Tsunami-affected and Conflict Intensity

Conflict Tsunami Total (#) Total (%) Deviation from Average

HIGH Affected 22 21.78% +1.78

Not/littleaffected 79 78.22% -1.78MEDIUM Affected 16 14.16% -5.85

Not/littleaffected 97 85.84% +5.85

LOW Affected 37 20.67% +0.67

Not/littleaffected 142 79.33% -0.67

Onaverage,20%of thevillages in thesampleare tsunami-affected,whichcorrelateswith thesplit forhigh-andlow-levelconflictareas.However,medium-levelconflictzonesarearound6%lesslikelytoalsobetsunami-affectedthantheaverage.

The Medium-Intensity Conflict ConundrumAsnotedthroughoutthispaper,theresultsforcommunitieslocatedin‘medium’-levelconflictzonesoftendiffermarkedlyfromthoseinhighandlowconflictareas.Tosummarize,medium-levelconflictzoneshavebettercoveragebynewspaperandradionetworks,buthavethelowesthouseholdownershipfiguresforradios,televisions,landlinesandmobilephones.TheyaremorelikelytolistentoradiosandwatchTVprivately,notcommunally,buttheyarealsomorelikelytoholdprogrammeetings.

AsTable2indicates,thisisunlikelytoberelatedtourbanorruraleffects.Indeed,intermsofcoverage,mediumlevelconflictzonesmirrorurbanpatterns(superiorcoverage),butwhenitcomestohouseholdownershipofmedia,theymirrortheruralpicture.

Bycontrast,theanomalousresultformediumconflict-affectedareascouldbeslightlyinfluencedbythetsunami-effect.Sampledvillagesinmedium-levelconflictzonesareslightlylesslikelytohavebeenaffectedbythetsunami,althoughthedifferenceissmall.Theresultsofthissurveysuggestthatthetsunamihadapositiveeffectonownershipofradiosetsandmobiletelephones,whilenontsunami-affectedareashavebeenleftbehind.Mediumlevelconflictareasalsoreportproportionallylowerratesofradioandmobiletelephoneownership.However,higherreportedratesofaccesstonewspapersandradio,aswellashigherratesofprogrammeetings,runcountertothenon-tsunamiaffectedpicture.

Itseems,therefore,thatthereissomethingcommontomedium-levelconflictaffectedareasthataccountsfortheunusualresults.Thispapersuggeststhatlowereconomiclevelsmaybeafactor,butthisisamatterforaseparatestudy.

Annex B : Survey Format 55

Annex B: Survey Format

Media Mapping by Community

Location(circle):

Town Village Barracks Camp Other_________________

Nameofvillage(orbarracksetcifrelevant):_____________________________

Kecamatan: District:

ProfileofInterviewee(circleone):MaleFemale

AgeGroup(circleone):

15-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51andabove

NameofResearcherandcontactphonenumber:

I. Newspapers

1. Whatnewspapersareavailableinthisvillage?(circleasmanyasareappropriate) 1)SerambiIndonesia 2)Waspada 3)RakyatAceh 4)Kompas 5)Other?________________________________________________________________(listall)

2. Whichofthesenewspapersisthemostpopular?____________________________(listoneonly)

3. Howwidelyarenewspapersavailable?(circleone) 1)Inallvillagesinthesub-district 3)Injustafewvillagesinthesub-district 2)Inmostvillagesinthesub-district 4)Onlyinthesub-districtcapital

4. Howoftendoesthiscommunityreceivenewspapers?(circleone) 1)Everyday,onthesamedaynewspaperispublished 2) Everyday,butseveraldayslate 3)onceeverytwotothreedays 4) onceaweek 5) lessthanonceaweek 6) never

5. Wheredopeoplereadnewspapers? 1)Athome 2)Inapublicplace(coffeeshop,villagesecuritypost,(poskamling),other)


II. Radio

1.Whatkindofradiocanyouhearinthiscommunity?(Circleallthatarerelevant) 1)Publicradio(RRI) 2)Commercialradio __________________________________________(listnamesofstations) 3)Communityradio ________________________________________(listnamesofstationsandtheirlocations)

2.Inyouropinion,whichoftheseradiostationsisthemostpopular?(listoneonly) ____________________________________________________________________

3.Howwidelycanradiobeheard?(circleoneonly) 1)Inallvillagesinthesub-district 2) Inmostvillagesinthesub-district 3)Injustafewvillagesinthesub-district 4) Onlyinthesub-districtcapital

4.Howmanyhouseholdsownradios? 1)Most(morethan80%) 2) Many(60-80%) 3)Abouthalf(40-60%) 4) Few(20-40%) 5)Veryfew-none(lessthan20%)

5.Wheredopeopleusuallylistentoradio? 1)Athome 2)Inapublicplace(coffeeshop,villagesecuritypost(poskamling),other)

6.Wholistenstoradio,andwhattimeofthedaydotheyusuallylistentoit,andwhatprogramsdotheyliketolistento?(tickallthatareappropriate) WHO listens? WHEN? WHAT? Morning Midday Afternoon Evening Music/ News/ Religious Other Entertainment InformationMen [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []______________Women [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []______________Youth [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []______________Teenagers [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []______________Children [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []______________Elderly [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []______________

III. Television

1. WhatTVchannelsareavailableinthecommunity?(circleallthatarerelevant) 1)TVRI 2)RCTI 3)SCTV 4)Metro 5)TransTV 6)TPI 7)Indovision/Kabel/Satelite 8)Others_________________

2. Inyouropinion,whichoftheseTVstationsisthemostpopular?_______________________________________________________(listoneonly)

Annex B : Survey Format 5�

3. HowwidelyaretheseTVchannelsavailable?(circleoneonly) 1)Inallvillagesinthesub-district 2) Inmostvillagesinthesub-district 3)Injustafewvillagesinthesub-district 4) Onlyinthesub-districtcapital

4. Howmanyhouseholdsowntelevisions? 1)Most(morethan80%) 2) Many(60-80%) 3)Abouthalf(40-60%) 4) Few(20-40%) 5)Veryfew-none(lessthan20%)

5. Wheredopeopleusuallywatchtelevision? 1)Athome 2)Inapublicplace(coffeeshop,villagesecuritypost(poskamling),other)

6. Whowatchestelevision,andwhattimeofthedaydotheyusuallywatchit,andwhatdotheyliketowatch?

WHO Watches? WHEN? WHAT? Morning Midday Afternoon Evening News Sport Sinetron Music Light Other Enter tainmentMen [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []____________Women [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []____________Youth [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []____________Teenagers [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []____________Children [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []____________Elderly [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []____________

IV. Telephones

1. Howmanyhouseholdsareconnectedtothetelephone(landlines)? 1)Most(morethan80%) 2) Many(60-80%) 3)Abouthalf(40-60%) 4) Few(20-40%) 5)Veryfew-none(lessthan20%)

2.Howmanyhouseholdsownatleastonehandphone? 1)Most(morethan80%) 2) Many(60-80%) 3)Abouthalf(40-60%) 4) Few(20-40%) 5)Veryfew-none(lessthan20%)

3.Howmanypublicphones(wartel)arethereinthecommunity?_______________(approx)

V. Information Boards

1.Isthereanoticeboardinthiscommunity?(circle) Yes No


2.Whohasprovidednoticeboardsinthiscommunity?Howwellaretheybeingused?

Whichorganizationsprovideorusenotice Ratethequalityofinformationavailableonthese boards?appropriate) manyas(circleasnoticeboards(choseone) 1)Localgovernment Good OK Bad N/A 2)KDP Good OK Bad N/A 3)BRR/UNDP Good OK Bad N/A 4)OtherNGO/organization_________(list) Good OK Bad N/AGood = often updated, filled with useful information, visually attractive OKBad = info is out of date or incorrect, etcN/A = There are no notice boards of this kind

VI. Community Leaders

1. Whoisthe‘key’informationpersonatthecommunity/villagelevel?(Circleone) 1) Keucik 2) KepalaDusun/RT/RW 3) Barrackleader 4) Religiousfigure 5) Othercommunityleader 6) Facilitatorprogram 7) Mukim 8) Other_____________________(list)

VII. Meetings

1.Whendocommunitiescongregate? 1) Villagemeetings(heldbyvillagegovt.) 2) Programmeetings(includingKDP) 3) Religiousevents 4) Culturalevents 5) Other_____________________(list)

2.Whataretheartistic/culturalformspopularinthiscommunity?_________________________________________________________________(list)

VIII. Information and Socialization Campaigns

1.Whatinformationorsocializationcampaignshaveyounoticedinthiscommunity?(circleallthatarerelevant) 1) MOUandthepeaceprocess 2) Health 3) Governance 4) Anti-corruption 5) Reconstructionprojects 6) Other_______________________(list)

2.WhatsocializationmaterialabouttheMOUandthePeaceprocesshastherebeeninthiscommunity?(Circleasmanyasrelevant) 1) Posters 2) MOUbooklets 3) Banners 4) MeetingsheldbyAMM 5) Meetingsheldbylocalgovernment 6)Othermeetings 7) Other________________________________________________________(list)

Annex B : Survey Format 5�

3.Whatlanguageshavethesocializationmaterialsused?(Circleasmanyasrelevant): 1) Indonesian 2) Acehnese 3) Gayolanguage 4) English 5) Other_____________________________(list)

4. Inyouropinion,whichlanguagewouldyourcommunityprefer? 1) Indonesian 2) Acehnese 3) Gayolanguage 4) English 5) Other_____________________________(list)

5. Inyouropinion,whatisthebestwaytoreachwomen?

6.Inyouropinion,whatisthebestwaytoreachchildren?

Indonesia Social Development Papers �1

Indonesian Social Development Papers

No. Title Language Author(s) Date

1 TheDynamicsofDistrictGovernance:Forums, English LuthfiAshari May2004 BudgetProcessesandTransparency Dynamika Pemerintahan Kabupaten: Forum, Indonesian Perencanaan Anggaran dan Transparansi 2 ViolenceandConflictResolutioninNon-ConflictEnglish PatrickBarron Aug2004 Regions:TheCaseofLampung,Indonesia DavidMadden

3 MobilizingforViolence:TheEscalationand English YuhkiTajima Aug2004 LimitationofIdentityConflicts

4 MoreThanJustOwnership:TenLandand English SamuelClark(ed.) Dec2004 NaturalResourceConflictCaseStudies fromEastJavaandFlores Bukan Sekedar Persoalan Kepemilikan: Indonesian Sepuluh Studi Kasus Konflik Tanah dan Sunber Daya Alam dari Jawa Timur dan Flores

5 Crisis,SocialTies,andHouseholdWelfare: English AnnaWetterberg Apr2005 TestingSocialCapitalTheorywithEvidence FromIndonesia

6 VillageCorruptioninIndonesia:Fighting English AndreaWoodhouse Apr2005 CorruptioninIndonesia’sKecamatan DevelopmentProgram

7 CountingConflicts:UsingNewspaperReports English PatrickBarron May2005 toUnderstandViolenceinIndonesia JoanneSharpe

8 Aceh:ReconstructioninaConflictEnvironment English AdamBurke Oct2005 Afnan

9 MediaMapping:UnderstandingCommunicationsEnglish JoanneSharpe Apr2007 EnvironmentsinAceh ImogenWall

10ConflictandCommunityDevelopmentin English PatrickBarron Jul2006 Indonesia:AssessingtheImpactoftheKecamatan RachaelDiprose DevelopmentProgram MichaelWoolcock

Allpapersareavailableat:www.conflictanddevelopment.org

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Documents

Understanding Communication Environments in Acehdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/652881468042927490/...Media Mapping Understanding Communication Environments in Aceh Joanne Sharpe