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UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research & Education Center – Ona, FL
Understanding “SHRINK” in Beef Cattle
John ArthingtonProfessor and Center Director
Range Cattle Research and Education Center, [email protected]
Shrink in market calvesCalf shrink is generally poorly understood by cow-calf producers.
Cattle buyers understand shrink very well and are able to use the concept to improve value of their purchased calves.
Shrink is inevitable. Minimizing shrink will add considerable value to a marketed calf.
Cows > Calves > Feeders > Finished
Factors affecting shrink
Feed and water restriction
Trucking
Temperature
Stress– Commingling
– Gathering
Gathering time
Preconditioning
F.M. Pate, University of FloridaRange Cattle REC
“Considering the time involved, there are more dollars made or lost from cattle shrink than any other phase of the beef business”.
Loss in calf value due to shrink
Shrink, % Value, $ Value Lost, $
0 800 0
2 784 16
4 768 32
6 752 48
8 736 64
10 720 80
Cattle Shrink – two types
Fill Shrink– Cattle held from feed and water overnight.
Rumen fill
Manure
Urine
Tissue Shrink– Decreased carcass weight
Extra- and intra-cellular fluid loss
Fill ShrinkFill shrink is usually recovered in a short period of time once feed and water access is restored.
Hours off pasture Calf weight, lb % Shrink0 6885 661 4.010 650 5.617 640 7.124 633 8.1Hours back on pasture6 68725 694
Cra
vey e
t al., 1991
Rule of Thumb
Cattle typically shrink 1% per hour for the first 3 to 4 hours without food and water.
After 4 hours this rate declines to about 0.1% per hour for up to 10 hours.
Tissue ShrinkTissue shrink is usually associated with long periods without feed and water – such as a long 24-hour haul. Tissue shrink usually takes up to 10 days to recover.
Source of shrink % of weight lossDigestive Tract
Fill 3.2Tissue 0.4
Carcass 1.9Hide 0.6Other 0.4Total 6.5
Self a
nd G
ay,
1972
Yearlin
g feeder
ste
ers
; haule
d 2
4-h
Shrink affects the seller and buyer
Negotiating the impact of shrink helps the buyer and seller.– Pencil Shrink (3 to 4%)
Gross weight
Pay weight
– Time calves are run through sale ring?
Diet prior to shipping will impact calf shrink
Calves consuming a dry forage diet will shrink less compared to cattle on lush pasture –BUT, highly variable . . .
Pre-shipment Forage % Shrink after 4 hours on truck
Wheat pasture 5.1
Drylot with hay 3.9 Cra
vey e
t al.,
1991
Trucking increases shrink
Weaned calves standing in a drylot experience less shrink than calves in a moving truck.
Time following weaning
Standing in a drylot
Standing in a moving truck
--------------- Shrink, % ---------------
8 hours 3.3 5.5
16 hours 6.2 7.9
24 hours 6.6 8.9
Cow
-Calf H
andbook
Univ
ers
ity o
f W
yom
ing
Day
0
Day
1
Day
2
Day
3
Day
4
Day
5
Day
6
Day
7
Day
8
Day
9
Day
10
Day
11
Day
12
Day
13
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
Envi
ronm
enta
l Tem
pera
ture
,o C
Day
0
Day
1
Day
2
Day
3
Day
4
Day
5
Day
6
Day
7
Day
8
Day
9
Day
10
Day
11
Day
12
Day
13
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5
40.0
40.5
Vagi
nal T
empe
ratu
re,o C
Load out occured on Day 6, 11:00 AMReturn on Day 7, 9 AM
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
Envi
ronm
enta
l Tem
pera
ture
,o C
Load Out Off Load38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5
40.0
40.5
Vagi
nal T
empe
ratu
re,o C
22 h transport period
Heifers departed on truckat 11:00. Vaginaltemperaturespeaked priorto transport and declinedthereafter.
Peak dailytemperatureat 13:00.
34o C = 93o F
When do you gather your calves for transport to market ?
Typically calves are gathered in the morning.– Cooler early morning temperatures
– Accommodates trucking
This management procedure may be more costly to producers than previously thought.– Majority of a day’s total grazing occurs from
sun rise to about 9 or 10 AM.
Gathering calves in the early morning increases shrink
Gathering Time
Item 6 a.m. 7 a.m. 8 a.m. 9 a.m.
Off pasture weight, lb 681 684 687 695
Shrink to 3 p.m., % 6.2 5.9 5.0 3.3
Sale weight, lb 639 644 653 672
Added value, $/head --- 4.15 11.62 27.39
Total value, $/head 799 803 811 826
Source: Coffey et al., 1997; Calf value ($1.25/lb); Value of added gain ($0.83)
Shrink and recovery time of ranch- versus sale barn-derived feeder calves
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
RanchCalves
Sale BarnCalves
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
RanchCalves
Sale BarnCalves
Shr
ink,
%
Rec
over
y, d
3,455 ranch derived calves shipped an average of 1531 (Self and Gay, 1972)
Days relative to weaning
Effect of weaning management on calf shrink following transport and feedlot entry
Bod
y w
eigh
t rel
ativ
e to
wea
ning
wei
ght,
%
Additional Findings
In addition to economics, shrink has important animal well-being considerations.
As shrink exceeds 8%, transported cattle are more likely to become lame.
Cattle shrink less when hauled by drivers with more than 6 years of experience.
Gonzalez et a.., 2012Journal of Animal Science (90:3630 and 3640)
Summary and Conclusions
Shrink is a major factor influencing the value of beef calves.Shrink is unavoidable, but can be minimized.– Share shrink with the buyer– Gather cattle late in the morning– Transition cattle to dryer rations if possible– Minimize standing time in pens and sale barn– Minimize trucking time
UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research & Education Center – Ona, FL
Thank you for your attention
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