Upload
anabel-bennett
View
242
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Understanding and Troubleshooting
Your PC
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 2
Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:– How hard drives work and organize data– How to install a hard drive– How floppy drives work and how to install a floppy
drive– About optical storage technologies and external
and removable storage– How to manage and troubleshoot hard drives
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 3
How Hard Drives Work
Hard drives are magnetic storage media that have one, two, or more platters that stack together and spin in unison
Each side of the platter contains two read/write heads The drive fits into a bay inside the computer case,
where it is securely attached Data is written to the disk as bits, where each bit is a
magnetized, rectangular spot on the disk A hard drive requires a hard disk controller, which is
a special-purpose chip that allows the CPU to communicate with a hard drive
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 4
How Hard Drives Work
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 5
How Data is Organized on a Hard Disk
Physical storage involves how data is written to and organized on the storage media
Logical storage involves how the OS and BIOS organize and view the stored data
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing by defining how files will be organized on the disk– Low-level (physical) formatting– Partitioning– High-level (logical) formatting
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 6
Low-Level Formatting
A hard disk must be physically formatted before it can be logically formatted
Low-level formatting of a hard disk is accomplished by writing a pattern of ones and zeroes on the surface of the disk
These ones and zeroes divide the hard drive platter into tracks, sectors, and cylinders
With zone bit recording, the number of sectors per track varies from one track to another
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 7
Low-Level Formatting
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 8
Partitioning
Partitioning allows you to organize a hard disk into segments and lets you run multiple operating systems on a single computer
Partitioning under Windows 9x– The OS can divide a single physical drive into
more than one logical drive– The partition table at the beginning of the drive
records all these divisions– The first physical sector of the hard drive contains
the Master Boot Record (MBR)
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 9
Partitioning
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 10
Partitioning
Partitioning Under Windows NT and Later Windows Systems– A drive can have up to four partitions– The active partition is the partition on the hard drive used to
boot the OS– A primary partition has only one logical drive in the partition– An extended partition can have more than one logical drive
• A drive can have only one extended partition
– The system partition contains the OS boot record
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 11
Partitioning
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 12
High-Level Formatting
High-level formatting places a file system on the disk for each logical drive– A file system allows an operating system to use
the space available on a hard disk to store and retrieve files
The file system also defines the size of the clusters used to store data– A cluster is the minimum unit the operating system
uses to store information
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 13
High-Level Formatting
High-level formatting using FAT– Boot record– Bootstrap loader– File Allocation Table
High-level formatting using NTFS– Master file table (MFT)
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 14
File Systems
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 15
Hard Drive Interfaces
A hard drive interface is the communication channel over which all the data that is read from or written to the hard disk flows
For a hard drive to work in a system, the hard drive interface must be compatible with the hard drive controller, the OS, and the BIOS
With autodetection, the BIOS detects the new drive and automatically selects the correct drive capacity and configuration
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 16
IDE/ATA Interface Standards
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 17
IDE/ATA Interface Standards
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 18
DMA or PIO Transfer Modes
A hard drive uses one of two methods to transfer data between the hard drive and memory– DMA (direct memory access) transfer mode can
transfer data directly from the drive to memory without involving the CPU
– PIO (programmed input/output) transfer mode involves the CPU and is slower than DMA
Most new systems use DMA
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 19
IDE Cabling Methods
40-conductor IDE cable 80-conductor IDE cable Serial ATA (SATA)
cable
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 20
Configuring IDE Drives in a System
A motherboard can support up to four IDE devices using parallel ATA cabling– Primary IDE channel, master device– Primary IDE channel, slave device– Secondary IDE channel, master device– Secondary IDE channel, slave device
A cable-select cable has a master connector and a slave connector
The hard drive always should be installed as the master device on the primary IDE channel
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 21
Other Interface Standards
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
FireWire (IEEE 1394)
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 22
Preparing to Install a Hard Drive
Make a backup of important data
Read documentation Prepare your work area
and take precautions Plan drive configuration
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 23
Setting Jumpers
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 24
Mount the Drive in the Bay
Remove the bay for the hard drive and insert the hard drive in the bay
You must be able to mount the drive in the bay securely
Decide whether to connect the data cable to the drive before or after you insert the bay inside the computer case
Place the bay back into position and secure the bay with the screw(s)
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 25
Mount the Drive in the Bay
Install a power connection to each driveConnect the data cable to the IDE connector
on the motherboardConnect the hard drive light on the front of the
case, if necessaryTest the drive before replacing the computer
case
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 26
Mount the Drive in the Bay
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 27
Use CMOS Setup to Change Hard Drive Settings
When you first boot up after installing a hard drive, go to CMOS setup and verify that the drive has been recognized, the boot order is set correctly, and that settings are correct
Confirm that IDE HDD Auto Detection is enabled
It may be necessary to enter the information about the drive in CMOS manually
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 28
Partition and Format a New Drive
Partitioning and formatting a drive while installing Windows
Partitioning and formatting a drive with an installed OS– Disk Management utility
Partitioning and formatting a drive without an OS
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 29
Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations
Check that the formatting utility you used has been run successfully
Verify the CMOS setup has been configured correctly
Your system BIOS must recognize large drivesCheck DIP switch and jumper settingsCheck power cord and data cable connections
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 30
How Floppy Drives Work
Floppy drives now are used mainly for troubleshooting a failed boot and as a quick and easy way to transfer small files from one computer to another when a network is not available
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 31
How Data is Organized on a Floppy Disk
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 32
Optical Storage Technology
This technology uses laser beams to read and write data– CDs and DVDs use optical technology
The surface of an optical disc stores data as pits and lands– Lands are raised areas on the surface– Pits are recessed areas on the surface
The bits are read with a laser beam that distinguishes between a pit and a land by he amount of deflection or scattering that occurs when the light beam hits the surface
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 33
Installing a CD-ROM Drive
Follow the same basic steps as for installing a hard drive– IDE interface– SCSI interface– External drive
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 34
CD-R and CD-RW
CD-R (CD-recordable) drives allow you to write data to a CD, and can be read by regular CD-ROM drives
No one can edit or overwrite the data on a CD-R disc
A CD-RW (CD-rewritable) drive allows you to overwrite old data on a CD-RW disc with new data
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 35
DVD
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 36
Troubleshooting Optical Storage Drives and Media
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 37
External and Removable Storage
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 38
Defrag and Windows Defragmenter
Fragmentation occurs when a single file is placed in several cluster locations that are not directly next to each other
On freshly formatted drives, the OS writes files beginning with cluster 2
After files on the drive have been deleted, the OS writes new files in any available clusters
Since fragmentation is undesirable, you should defragment your hard drive periodically– Defrag command from the command prompt– Disk Defragmenter utility (GUI)
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 39
Disk Cleanup
Disk Cleanup is a Windows utility used to delete temporary and other nonessential files on a hard drive
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 40
Disk Caching
A disk cache is a temporary storage area in RAM for data being read from or written to a hard drive, and is used to speed up access time to the drive
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 41
Enabling Disk Caching
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 42
Troubleshooting Hard Drives:An Ounce of Prevention
Be gentle with a hard driveHigh humidity can be dangerous for hard
drivesDo not smoke around your hard driveDo not leave the PC turned off for weeks or
months at a time
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 43
Troubleshooting Hard Drives:An Ounce of Prevention
Defragment files and scan the hard drive occasionally
Run antivirus software regularlyMake backups and keep them currentBack up the partition table and boot record
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 44
Common Hard Drive Problems
Drive retrieves and saves data slowlyHard drive not spinningHard drive not foundInvalid drive or drive specification
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 45
Common Hard Drive Problems
Damaged boot record Damaged FAT or root directory or bad sectors Data and program file corruption
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 46
Getting Technical Support
To make calls to technical support more effective, be sure to have the following information ready when you call:– Drive model and description– Manufacturer and model of your computer– Exact wording of error message, if any– Detailed description of the problem– Hardware and software configuration for your
system
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 47
Getting Technical Support
Chapter 5: Understanding, Installing, and Troubleshooting Disk Drives 48
Chapter Summary
In this chapter, you learned:– How hard drives work and organize data– How to install a hard drive– How floppy drives work and how to install a floppy
drive– About optical storage technologies and external
and removable storage– How to manage and troubleshoot hard drives
Understanding and Troubleshooting
Your PCChapter 5 Complete