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Presentation given by Olivier Joffre at the Conference on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Food, Montpellier 28 June-1 July 2010.
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partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Understanding Adoption and Discontinuance for Greater Impact
Community Based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplain
O. Joffre, N. Sheriff and N. WeeratungeISDA 2010, Montpellier
Hot topic
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partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Outline
Floodplains
Community Based Fish culture
Project and experimental trials
Approach to understand adoption of the model
Factors influencing success
What model for better adoption?
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Floodplains
Floodplains are seasonally inundated & unavailable for crop production
It represents : 1.2-1.9 Million ha – Mekong Delta
(Vietnam) 2 Million ha - Cambodia 4.5 Millions ha – Bangladesh
50-100 million inhabitants live in deep flooded areas in Asia
When the land is not flooded it can be owned by individuals as private property but when it is flooded it is open access for subsistence fishing in most of cases
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Floodplains Unique ecosystem
o Flood pulse concept: bring nutrient rich sediment to farmland, trigger reproductive activities of fish
Importance of the rice-field fisheries (flooded rice fields)
• 50-150 kg/ha in Cambodia – 100,000 to 300,000 tons in Cambodia• Floodplain fisheries represent 30% of the wild fish catch (> 700,000 tons) in Bangladesh • More than 70% of HH engaged in fishing in flooded area of the
Mekong Delta
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Seasonality of the Floodplain
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Concept of Community Based Fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains
Opportunity to raise fish through alternating rice and fish farming in enclosed area
Increase land and water productivity of flooded area, with a socially and environmentally acceptable system
Why Community Based approach?o Reduce operational cost o Absence of individual
landownership in flooded land
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Study Sites- Ganges Delta and Mekong Delta
(2005-2010)
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Different Approaches Membership
o Landowners (Vietnam)o Open (Cambodia)o Landowners & previous users: local fishers
(Bangladesh)
Access rules o No fishing allowed (Vietnam, Cambodia)o Limited access with specific fishing tools
(Bangladesh)
Group Sizeo Small groups (<35) Cambodia & Vietnamo Large groups (>100) in Bangladesh
Size of flooded areas used for fish cultureo Small enclosure (<3 ha) in Cambodiao Large water bodies (20->100 ha) in Vietnam &
Bangladesh
Technical settingo More intensive culture in Cambodiao Nursing fingerlings practiced in some cases in
Vietnamo Large size fingerlings available in Bangladesh
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Uneven results and adoption of the technology
Results
o Wide range of productivity and economic outputs
o Productivity between <50 kg/ha to 636 kg/ha
o Gross return between <20 USD/ha to 506 USD/ha
o Project discontinue in most sites in Vietnam (3/5) and all in Cambodia (4/4)
What factors influence
the technology adoption?
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Approach to understand the adoption of technique
Comparative analysis between and within countries
o Bangladesho Cambodiao Vietnam
Semi structured interview and Focus Group Discussion
o Beneficiarieso Non beneficiarieso Project partners & local authorities
Analytical framework to evaluate enabling and constraining factors at:
o Community and household levels
Technical & Environmental
Market& Economy
Governance&
Social
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Governance factors
Seasonal Open access system
Community Based ManagementWhich governance factors are important to allow this change?
- Exclusion?- Access rules?- CBO development and regulation ?-…
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Governance factors Changes in access regime, leading
to conflict and tension
o Poaching from both project beneficiaries and outsiders;
o Vandalism due to exclusion of some previous users
o Can be prevented through involvement of previous users of the area with less drastic restriction rules, like in Bangladesh sites
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Governance factors
In several cases in Vietnam, Cambodia and Bangladesh
o Lack of transparency or
accountabilityo Lack of shared power for decision
making – typically unilateral by the group leader
Lesson learned from successful examples in Bangladesh
o Oversight of the FMC operation by local authorities and local partners
• Transparency and shared decision making authority
Water Body
Flood PlainManagement Committee
(FMC)
Project Implementation
Committee(FMC members, local
authorities and project partners NGOs
Report
Supervise, Control, Advice,Support
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Social Factors Past Experience in Collective action
Capacity to work in group – a constraint in Vietnam
o “Too many people, too many ideas”o Producing “public fish” less attractive
compared to rice production
Co-operation with other producers needed for integrating fish culture into rice based farming systems
o Water management and cooperation with rice farmers
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Economic & Market Factors Local fish market & market linkage
o Overlap between the harvest of farmed fish and the peak season of wild fish catch
o Lack of market linkage to sell large amount of fish
Cost-benefit efficiency of production systemo High input system with nursing fingerings (Vietnam) or higher
stocking density (Cambodia) selected at the study sites is not economically viable compare to other more extensive systems
Aquaculture sector infrastructure– availability of fingerlingso Price differs by 4 times between Bangladesh and Cambodia
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Economic & Market Factors
Household level economic constraints
o Competition for space (fishing, duck raising, lotus culture) and labor allocation (e.g. off farm wage labor) in Vietnam
o Need for daily income during the flood seasono Absence of guaranteed fish production
o Seasonal labor migration in Cambodia
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Environment and Technical Factors
o System depend on flood pattern and amplitude
o Require robust infrastructure (dikes) to face flood damage and resist to vandalism
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
How to improve adoption rate?
Community Based Fish Culture is a is difficult, complex, and sensitive (not easy, simple and robust)
The auto-diffusion as observed in Bangladesh shows that it “can work”, under specific conditions, which includes:
o Areas with excess labor availableo Areas with longer flood duration and infrastructure to demarcate fish
culture areao No conflict over the use of land or water bodieso Flexibility in access rights and development of transparent mechanismo Higher economic return to overcome potential conflicts and improve
organizational capacity of Community Based Organization
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Conclusiono Integrated and systematic approach to evaluate project
results helps to gain a better understanding of factors to take into account when selecting appropriate sites and areas for intervention
o Analyzing so called “failure” helps to learn and to find solutions:• In Bangladesh, CBO organization and access rights is a key aspects
taken in account by local partners during auto-diffusion of the technology
• In Cambodia , approach was modified to one specific technical approach - Community Fish Refuge Pond
• In Vietnam, local partners are now developing trial with smaller groups integrating both rice and fish culture in the same approach
partnership Ÿ excellence Ÿ growth
Thank you
