Understanding

&

Atoms, Elements, Atoms, Elements, CompoundsCompounds

the

By Lucas Kraschnewski

Green Bay Site

Lesley University

What is an Atom?What is an Atom?

*Atoms are the smallest particle *Atoms are the smallest particle (thing) anything can be divided / (thing) anything can be divided / broken down intobroken down into

* Atoms make up everything* Atoms make up everything

* Atoms are the * Atoms are the “Building Blocks”“Building Blocks” of all of all thingsthings

Remember: Atoms can’t be broken down Remember: Atoms can’t be broken down into smaller things!!into smaller things!!

However…However…Each atom is made up of a combination of 3 Each atom is made up of a combination of 3

particles:particles:

1. Protons

2. Neutrons3. Electrons

WARNING: Attempting to break down atoms into smaller particles (Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons) may result in HUGE release of energy!!

Click to see!!

Splitting an individual atom Splitting an individual atom is not a real good idea!!is not a real good idea!!

-Atoms are super, super, super….. SMALL!Atoms are super, super, super….. SMALL!

* 1 Penny is made of * 1 Penny is made of 20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms!! atoms!!

COMBINING ATOMS TOGETHER COMBINING ATOMS TOGETHER FORMS…….FORMS…….

-So, don’t worry about splitting one with your knife at home and blowing up your house!

* Pure Substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

Pure Substance – is a substance made of only Pure Substance – is a substance made of only one one type of atom type of atom

FOR FOR EXAMPLE…..EXAMPLE…..

**You can’t make gold!!**

Gold is 1 of only 118 Elements

Nor can you make any of the other 117 elements

Because you can’t put a couple of different things together to make gold, or any other element

Gold is a Pure Substance - made of only 1 type of particle (those particles being gold atoms!!)

Gold is gold. You can’t make it. It’s made of gold. Gold was just here naturally when we got here!!!

The Million $$ Question: HOW DO YOU MAKE GOLD??

SORRY!!!SORRY!!!

These are the only elements found on earth. They are all pure substances. You cannot make any of them. They are all just here naturally! (Ag - above is the symbol for Gold)

Here’s how it all works together!!

Atoms are put together to

make Elements and

Elements are put together to make….

* Compounds are pure * Compounds are pure substances made up of 2 or more substances made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically elements that are chemically combinedcombined

- Water is a good example!!

- Water is a common compound- Water is made up of 2 different elements

1. Hydrogen (H)

2. Oxygen (O)REMEMBER:REMEMBER: Compounds are pure substances made up of 2 or more

elements that are chemically combined!

* Take a look around you *Most of the things around you are

compounds. They are made up of a combination of different elements.

Remember – there are only 118 total elements, but MILLIONS and MILLIONS of

compounds!Compounds are chemically combined elements:

That means the elements that are combined have changed into a new substance when put together.For Example: WATER (H2O)For Example: WATER (H2O)

Is made up of Hydrogen (which is a gas by itself) and Oxygen (which is also a gas by itself).

However, when put next to each other, they chemically combine and form a liquid (a new substance)

ATOMS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

Pure Substance Pure Substance Pure Substance

Smallest Possible Particle

Made Up of Many of the Same Atoms

Made Up of Different Elements

------------------- Ex. Oxygen, Helium, Gold,

Silver

Ex. Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)

Arrangement of the Periodic Table

* Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table by increasing Atomic Number

- ATOMIC NUMBER: The # of Protons in each atom of that

particular elementAtomic #

“Click” to see how the elements are arranged by increasing atomic number

Atomic Number & Parts of Atoms

Atoms are made up of 3 particles. Do you remember what they are??? If

not….click hereProtons

Charge: Positive (+)

Location: Nucleus

Indicated By: Atomic #

Neutrons

Charge: None (neutral)

Location: Nucleus

Indicated By: Mass Number - which is total of protons and neutrons in nucleus

Electrons

Charge: Negative (-)

Location: Energy Rings – (around nucleus)

Indicated By: Atomic Number

- Refers to size of that particular elements atoms

- Is the average TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS

- A.K.A Mass Number (Atomic Mass)

Carbon for example has 6 protons and 6 neutrons for a total

of 12!

Nucleus

Energy Level Rings

* Contains Protons and

Neutrons

* Contain Electrons

Let’s Take a Closer Look!!

Ring 1 (closest to nucleus) can hold 2 electrons

Ring 2 = 8 Electrons





Facts / Rules about Facts / Rules about ALLALL AtomsAtoms

1. Atoms have no overall charge

a. They have Protons which have a positive charge (+)

(like the positive end of a magnet or battery)

b. They have Electrons which have a negative charge (-)

However, they ALWAYS have the same number of protons and electrons!!! So, the charges cancel out and the atom as a whole, has no charge.

* It works just like adding negative and positive numbers: -3 + 3 = 0 2. The first energy level must be full of electrons (2) before filling the 2nd energy level (8) before filling the 3rd energy level (8) etc.

Click Here if you would like to re-

examine

Look at 1 Atom of the Element CarbonAtomic Number

= 6

(So, carbon atoms have 6 protons and 6 electrons)

KEYKEY

Protons:

Neutrons:

Electrons:

Atomic Mass =12(So, carbon atoms have a TOTAL of 12 Protons and Neutrons

*Remember we already have 6 Protons, so we need to add in 6 Neutrons)

1 Atom of the Element Oxygen 8

O16.00

Key

Protons:

Neutrons:

Electrons:

Atomic Number = 8

Atomic Mass = 16

8 Protons and 8 Electrons

8 Protons + (8) Neutrons = 16

CompoundsCompoundsWhy do elements combine in a certain ratio?

For Example – Why is Water H O and not H O or H O etc ?2 3 4

Because all elements want to be Because all elements want to be happy!!!happy!!!

And just like you and I, we aren’t And just like you and I, we aren’t happy unless we are full!!happy unless we are full!!

What I mean is that elements want their outer energy level ring to be full

of electrons.

Why is Water (H O)?2You have to look at each element individually to

understand!1

HH

1.001.00

11

HH

1.001.00

88

OO

16.0016.00

Remember, atoms want their outer energy level filled!

The Hydrogen atoms want to gain 1 electron each, to fill their outer level. The Oxygen wants to gain 2 electrons to fill it’s outer

level. So…..the 3 of them decide to share!

The Compound Water: H O

2

Hydrogen and Oxygen share some of their electrons! ( )

* Count the electrons in the outer ring on all 3- Are they full now?

YES!!!!

All 3 are Full and All 3 are

Happy!!Hydrogen Hydrogen

Oxygen

The Compound Table Salt : Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

11

Na

23.00

17

Cl

35.50

Sodium atoms have an extra electron to get rid of. Chlorine atoms want 1 electron. So, Sodium gives the extra one to Chlorine.

Now they are both happy. Their outer levels are full!!

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Periodic Table Design / Arrangement

The up and down columns of elements are called GROUPS or

FAMILIES

The horizontal rows of elements are called

Periods

Groups / Families Why are certain elements in certain groups or

families???

All elements within a group are related:

A. There are 18 Groups of elements on the Periodic Table

B. They all have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level rings

C. They are all similar substances (Shiny Metals, Gases, etc)

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 1 Elements- - The Alkali MetalsThe Alkali Metals

1. These elements are all soft, silver-colored, shiny, and have a low density

2. They all have 1 electron in their outer energy level

3. They are all metals

4. They are all very reactive (They only need to get rid of 1 electron) so they will combine with nearly any other element to form a new compound

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 2 Elements

- The Alkaline Earth - The Alkaline Earth MetalsMetals

1. These elements are all metals

2. They all have 2 electrons in their outer energy level ring

3. They are silver colored, but more dense than the Alkali metals

4. They are reactive, but not quite as reactive as the group 1 elements

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 3 - 12 Elements- The Transition - The Transition

MetalsMetals1. These

elements are all metals

2. They are all shiny, good conductors, are very dense, and have high melting points

3. They all have 1 or 2 electrons in their outer energy level ring

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 13 Elements- The Boron - The Boron

GroupGroup

1. These elements are all solids at room temperature


3. They are all reactive

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 14 Elements- The Carbon - The Carbon

GroupGroup

1. These elements are all solids at room temperature


HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

- The Nitrogen - The Nitrogen GroupGroup

1. These elements all have 5 electrons in their outer energy level ring

2. All but Nitrogen are solids at room temperature

Group 15 Elements

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 16 ElementsGroup 16 Elements

- The Oxygen - The Oxygen GroupGroup


2. They are all reactive

3. All but oxygen are solids at room temperature

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 17 Elements- The Halogens- The Halogens


2. They are all very reactive (they only need to gain 1 electron)

3. They are all nonmetals

4. They are poor conductors of electricity, react to form salts, never found uncombined

HH

NbNb

TaTa

DbDb

BB CC NN OO FF

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

KK

RbRb

CsCs

FrFr

MgMg

BeBe

CaCa

SrSr

BaBa

RaRa

VVSCSC

YY

LaLa

AcAc RfRf

HfHf

ZrZr

TiTi CrCr

MoMo

WW

SgSg

MnMn

TcTc

ReRe

BhBh

FeFe

RuRu

OsOs

HsHs

CoCo

RhRh

IrIr

MtMt

NiNi

PdPd

PtPt

UunUun

CuCu

AgAg

AuAu

UuuUuu

ZnZn

CdCd

HgHg

UubUub

AlAl

GaGa

InIn

TlTl

SiSi

GeGe

SnSn

PbPb

UUqUUq

PP

AsAs

SbSb

BiBi

SS

SeSe

TeTe

PoPo

UuhUuh

ClCl

BrBr

II

AtAt

NeNe

ArAr

KrKr

XeXe

RnRn

UuoUuo

Group 18 ElementsGroup 18 Elements- The Noble - The Noble

GasesGases1. These elements are all

nonmetals

2. Their outer energy levels are all full (8) or (2 for helium)

3. They are all colorless, odorless gases at room temperature

4. They are all unreactive (they are full, they don’t combine with other elements)

Facts about compounds!!Facts about compounds!!

1. Group 1 elements combine with group 17 elements because group 1 elements want to lose 1 electron and group 17 elements want to gain 1 electron Ex. NaCl (Table Salt)

* Group 2 combine with Group 16 etc. for the same reason

2. Compounds form 2 ways:

A. Elements share electrons in order to become full (Water-H2O)

B. Elements exchange electrons in order to become full (Table Salt-NaCl)

Element Symbol / Name Reference Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 1Page 1

1. H – Hydrogen 2. He – Helium 3. Li-Lithium 4. Be-Beryllium 5. B-Boron

6. C-Carbon 7. N-Nitrogen 8. O-Oxygen 9. F-Fluorine 10. Ne-Neon

11. Na-Sodium 12. Mg-Magnesium 13. Al-Aluminum 14. Si-Silicon 15. P-Phosphorus

16. S-Sulfur 17. Cl-Chlorine 18. Ar-Argon 19. K-Potassium 20. Ca-Calcium

21. Sc-Scandium 22. Ti-Titanium 23. V-Vanadium 24. Cr-Chromium 25. Mn-Manganese

26. Fe-Iron 27. Co-Cobalt 28. Ni-Nickel 29. Cu-Copper 30. Zn-Zinc

31. Ga-Gallium 32. Ge-Germanium 33. As-Arsenic 34. Se-Selenium 35. Br-Bromine

36. Kr-Krypton 37. Rb-Rubidium 38. Sr-Strontium 39. Y-Yttrium 40. Zr-Zirconium

41. Nb-Niobium 42. Mo-Molybdenum 43. Tc-Technetium 44. Ru-Ruthenium 45. Rh-Rhodium

46. Pd-Palladium 47. Ag-Silver 48. Cd-Cadmium 49. In-Indium 50. Sn-Tin

51. Sb-Antimony 52. Te-Tellurium 53. I-Iodine 54. Xe-Xenon 55. Cs-Cesium

56. Ba-Barium 57. La-Lanthanum58. Ce-Cerium 59. Pr-Praseodymium

60. Nd-Neodymium 61. Pm-Promethium 62. Sm-Samarium 63. Eu-Europium 64. Gd-Gadolinium

65. Tb-Terbium 66. Dy-Dysprosium 67. Ho-Holmium 68. Er-Erbium 69. Tm-Thulium

70. Yb-Ytterbium 71. Lu-Lutetium 72. Hf-Hafnium 73. Ta-Tantalum 74. W-Tungsten

75. Re-Rhenium 76. Os-Osmium 77. Ir-Iridium 78. Pt-Platinum 79. Au-Gold

80. Hg-Mercury 81. Tl-Thallium 82. Pb-Lead 83. Bi-Bismuth 84. Po-Polonium

Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 2 Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 2 85. At-Astatine 86. Rn-Radon 87. Fr-Francium 88. Ra-Radium 89. Ac-Actinium

90. Th-Thorium 91. Pa-Protactinium 92. U-Uranium 93. Np-Neptunium94. Pu-Plutonium

95. Am-Americium 96. Cm-Curium 97. Bk-Berkelium 98. Cf-Californium99. Es-Einsteinium

100. Fm-Fermium 101. Md-Mendelevium 102. No-Nobelium 103. Lr-Lawrencium

104. Rf-Rutherfordium 105. Db-Dubnium 106. Sg-Seaborgium 107. Bh-Bohrium

108. Hs-Hassium 109. Mt-Meitnerium 110. Uun*-Ununnilium 111. Uuu*-Unununium

112. Uub*-Ununbium 113. Unnamed 114. Uuq*-Ununquadium 115. Unnamed

116. Uuh*-Ununhexium 117. Unnamed 118. Uuo*-Ununoctium

*The official names and symbols for the elements greater than 109 will eventually be approved by a committee of scientists.

1. What is the smallest particle something can be divided into?

2. How is an element different from a compound?

3. What does the Atomic Number tell you?

4. What does the Atomic Mass tell you?

5. What are the 3 parts of an atom?

6. Is water an element or compound? How do you know?

7. What do all elements have in common?

8. How is the Periodic Table arranged?

9. Why are certain elements arranged in families / groups?

10.Why do some elements combine with only a few other elements?

1. Atoms

2. Elements are made up of a combination of the same atoms. Compounds are made up of a combination of different elements.

3. Number of protons

4. Total number of protons + Neutrons

5. Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

6. Compound; It is made up of 2 different elements (H and O)

7. They are all pure substances, can’t be created

8. By increasing Atomic Number

9. They are all similar, they all have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level ring

10.Elements only combine with other elements if it will result in both of them being happy (outer energy level full)

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