Understand the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

8/3/2019 Understand the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

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Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

Understand alloys.

Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.

Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

Evaluate the uses of composite materials.

Appreciate various synthetic industrial materiala.

2

(H

4

SO

4

)

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1.Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which

are highly soluble in water and can be easily obsorbed by plant.2.Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used

as the electrolyte.3.Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.4.Chemical like

paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

1 . S u l p h u r i c a c i d i s m a n u f a c t u r e d i n i n d u s t r y t h o u g h

contact process

2 . T h e p r o c e s s c o n t a i n

three stage

STAGE1:

Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur

i.Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO

2


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.S(s)+O

2

(g)

SO

2

(g)sulphur

i i . s u l p h u r d i o x i d e i s d r i e d a n d p u r i f i e d .

STAGE2:

Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide

i . T h e p u r i f i e d s u l p h u r d i o x i d e S O

2

and excess air are passed over vanadium(V) oxideV

2

O

5

at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO

3

.2SO

2

(g)+O

2

(g) 2SO

3

(g)i i . T h e o p t i m u m u s e d a r e a ) T e m p e r a t u r e : 4 5 0 - 5 0 0 C b )P re ss ur e : 2 -3

a t m o s p h e r e s c ) C a t a l ys t : V a n a d i u m ( V ) o x i d e i i i . U n d e r c o n t r o l l e d o p t i m u m c o n d i t i o n s ,

9 8 % co n ve r s io n i s p o ss i b l e. S u lp h u r d io x id e and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow

back again over the catalyst inthe converter.3


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SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1.Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and poisonous gas with a vary

pungent smell.2.Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.3.Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which

dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic, H

2SO

3

.In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphurous acidic.SO

2

(g) + H

2

O(l)

H

2

SO

3

(aq)4.Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2

SO

4

, which falls to theearth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide.

Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.SO

3

(g) + H

2

O(l)

H

2

SO

4

(aq)

Acid rain and environmental pollution

5


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(NH3

)

USES OF AMMONIA

1.Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.2 . I t u s e s: i. I n th e ma nu fa c t ur e o f c h e mi c al

fe rt i l iz er s su ch as am mo ni u m su lp ha te , am mo ni a nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.ii.To

manufacture nitric acid and explosive.iii.In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.iv.As a

degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:i.It

co lou rles s and ha s a pungent odour. ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.iii. It le ss

dense then water.iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.2.The chemical properties of

ammoni a ga s:a)A mmonia gas disso lves in water to fo rm a weak alkali . NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) +OH-

(aq) b)The presence of hydro xide icon causes the aqueous sol ution to b ecome alkaline. Thus aqueous

ammonia solution:i.Turns red litmus paper blue.ii.Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization

reaction. NH3(aq) + HCI(aq)

NH4CI(aq)2NH3+ H2SO4(aq)

(NH4)2SO4(aq)iii.Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq)


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Fe (OH)2(s)

(Form ammonia solution) Dirty green precipitate

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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY1.Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process,

ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas inthe volume ratio

1:3.2.The gas nitrogen obtain form the fract ional distillation of liquefied air. T he hydrogen gas is

obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of naturalgas, CH4, with steam.CH4(g) +

H2O(g)

CO(g) + 3H2(g)3 .T he m i x t u r e o f n i t r oge n a nd hyd r oge n ga s e s i s p a s s ed ove r an i r on

c a t a l y s t u n d e r controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.i.Te mper atu re: 450 -

500Cii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheresiii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings N

2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)4.Under these contro l opt imum c ondit ion, only 15% o f t he g as mi xture turn

into ammoniagas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalystagain in the

reactor chamber.5 . Th e am mon ia p rod uct i s t he n co ol ed a t a l ow t emp era tur e so tha t i t

c o n d e n s e s i n t o a liquid in the cooling chamber.7The Haber Process


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AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS

1 . N i t r o g e n i s r e q u i r e d i n l a r g e a m o u n t b y p l a n t t o m a k e p r o t e i n s w h i c h a r e

ne ce ss ar yfor growth and cell repair.2. Mo st pl an t a re no t ab le to ge t a ni t r og en su pp ly

d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e a i r a l t h o u g h i t i s abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen

compounds fromsoil through their roots.3. T he ni tr o ge n co mp o un d s ar e us ua ll y so lu bl e ni tr ics a l t, a mm o n ia a nd a mm o n i a s al t which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.4. R e ac ti o n s o f

a m m o n i a w i t h a c i d s p r o d u c e a m m o n i u m f e r t i l i z e r s . NH

3

(aq) + HNO

3

(aq)

NH

4

NO

3

(aq)

Ammonium nitrate3NH

3

(aq) + H

3

PO

4

(aq)

(NH


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4

)

3

PO

4

(aq)

Ammonium phosphate

2NH

3

(aq) +H

2

SO

4

(aq)

(NH

4

)

2

SO

4

(aq)

Ammonium sulphate

8 N i t r o g e n H

y d r o g e n N

2

and H

2

are mixed in the proportion of 1:3 N

2

(g) + 3H

2

(g) 2NH

3(g)Temperature: 450-500CPressure: 200-500 atmospheresCatalyst used: Iron fillings

LiquidammoniaIn cooling chamber Unreacted N

2

andH

2

gasesIn the reactor chamber

Outline Of Habert process


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ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1 . T h e a t o m o f p u r e m e t a l s a r e p a c k e d t o g e t h e r c l o s e l y . T h i s c a u s e s t h e m e t a l t o h a v e

ahight density2 .T he f o r c e s o f a t t r a c t i on be t w een a t o m s ( m e t a l l i c bond s ) a r e s t r o ng .

M o r e h e a t e n e r g y is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during

themelting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.3 . H e a t e n e r g y c a n b e t r a n s f e r r e d

e a s i l y f r o m o n e a t o m t o t h e n e x t b y v i b r a t i o n . T h i s make metal good conduct of

heat.4.The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able to

conduc telectricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.5 . S i n c e a t o m s o f p u r e m e t a l a r e o f

th e sa me si ze , th ey ar e a rr an ge d or de rl y in a r eg ul ar layered pattern. When a force is applied tometal, layer of atom slide easily over oneanother. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.9

Force Layer of atom slide Metals are ductileForceThe shape of themetal change Matel are malleable

WHAT ARE ALLOYS


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1 . P u r e m e t a l a r e u s u a l l y t o o s o f t f o r m o s t u s e s . T h e y a l s o h a v e a l o w r e s i s t a n c e

to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.2. To im pr ov e th e p hy si ca l pr op er ti e s o f me ta l, a sm al l

a mo u n t o f a no t he r e le me nt (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.3. A n a ll o y i s a

m i x t u r e o f t wo o r m or e m e t a l s ( s o m e t h i ng non - m e t a l ) i n a s pec i f i c proportion. For

example:a . B r o n z e ( 9 0 % o f c o p p e r a n d 1 0 % o f t i n ) b . S t e e l ( 9 9 % o f i r o n a n d

1 % o f c a r b o n ) 4.The purposes of making alloys include the fol lowing:a)Increase the

strengthi.Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added toiron, an alloy, steal is

formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes.i i . P u r e a l u m i n i u m i s l i g h t b u t n o t

s t r o n g . W i t h a s m a l l a m o u n t o f c o p p e r a n d m a g n e s i u m a r e a d d e d t o a l u m i n i u m , a

s t r o n g , l i g h t a n d d u r a b l e a l l o y c a l l duralumin is produced. b)Improving the resistance to corrosioni.Iron

rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,1 8 % o f c h r o m i u m a n d 1 % o f

n i c k e l d o e s n o t r u s h. T h e s e p r o p e r t ie s m a k e stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument

and cutlery.ii.Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which isknown as brass

develops a high resistance to corrosion.c)Enhancing the appearancei.Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony

and copper is not only hard but also hasa more beautiful white silvery appearance.i i . W he n c o p p e r i s m i x e d

wi t h n i ck e l t o f orm cup ro nic ke l , a n a l lo y th a t h as a n a tt ract ive s ilvery, br ight appearance

is formed which is suitable for makingcoins.10

WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1 . P u r e m e t a l a r e u s u a l l y t o o s o f t f o r m o s t u s e s . T h e y a l s o h a v e a l o w r e s i s t a n c e

to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.2. To im pr ov e th e p hy si ca l pr op er ti e s o f me ta l, a sm al l

a mo u n t o f a no t he r e le me nt (usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.3. A n a ll o y i s a

m i x t u r e o f t wo o r m or e m e t a l s ( s o m e t h i ng non - m e t a l ) i n a s pec i f i c proportion. For

example:a . B r o n z e ( 9 0 % o f c o p p e r a n d 1 0 % o f t i n ) b . S t e e l ( 9 9 % o f i r o n a n d

1 % o f c a r b o n ) 4.The purposes of making al loys include the fol lowing:a)Increase the

strengthi.Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added toiron, an alloy, steal is

formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel becomes.i i . P u r e a l u m i n i u m i s l i g h t b u t no t

s t r o n g . W i t h a s m a l l a m o u n t o f c o p p e r a n d m a g n e s i u m a r e a d d e d t o a l u m i n i u m , a

s t r o n g , l i g h t a n d d u r a b l e a l l o y c a l l duralumin is produced. b)Improving the resistance to corrosioni.Iron

rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,18 % o f c h r o m i u m a n d 1 % o f

n i c k e l d o e s n o t r u s h . T h e s e p r o p e r t i e s ma k e stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument

and cutlery.ii.Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which isknown as brass

develops a high resistance to corrosion.c)Enhancing the appearancei.Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony

and copper is not only hard but also hasa more beautiful white silvery appearance.i i . W he n c o p p e r i s m i x e dwi t h n i ck e l t o f orm cup ro nic ke l , a n a l lo y th a t h a s an a tt ract ive s ilvery, br ight appearance

is formed which is suitable for makingcoins.10

A l l o y C o m p o

s i t i o n P r o p e

r t i e s U s e s H i g h

c a r b o n s t e e l 9 9 % i r o n 1% carbonStrong,hard and

highwear resistance

Making of cuttingtools, hammers andchiselsS t a i n l e s s

s t e e l 8 0 . 6 % i r o n 0.4% carbon18%chromium1% nickelDo not rust

andtarnish, strong anddurable

Making of surgicalinstrument, knivesforks and

spoonsB r a s s 7 0 %

c o p p e r 30% zincHard, do not rust, bright appearance

Making of ornaments,electrical wiringand

plug.B r o n z e 9 0 %

c o p p e r 10% tinHard, do not corrodeeasily and durable


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For casting bells,medals, swordsand

statuesP e w t e r 9 0 %

t i n 2.5% copper 0.5% antimonyDuctile andmalleable, whitesilvery appearance

Making of ornaments,souvenirs andmugsD u r a l u m i n 9 5 %

a l u m i n i u m 4% copper 1%magnesiumLight, strong anddurable

Making part of aircrafts and

racingcarsC u p r o n i c k e l 7 5 % c o p p e r

25%nickelAttractive, silveryappearance, hard andtough

Making of silver coins

Composition, properties and uses of alloys

The formation of alloy

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Understand the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid