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Undergraduate Research: Developing “green” experiments for chemistry laboratory courseBlain Mamiya, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Independence Community College, Department of Chemistry, Independence, KS
Nurali Mamedov, Undergraduate Student, Independence Community College, Independence, KS
Gulhumay Gardashova, Undergraduate Student, Independence Community College, Independence, KS
Allamyrat Tuyliyev, Undergraduate Student, Independence Community College, Independence, KS
John Amend, Ph.D., President MicroLab, Inc., Bozeman, MT
AbstractThe laboratory portion of every chemistry course is vital in student development of chemical concepts. Many of the experiments produce hazardous waste, requiring expensive disposal methods. These waste products can contaminate the food and waters supply and has led to a movement to develop experiments that are inexpensive and more environmentally friendly. Using equipment from MicroLab, located in Bozeman, MT, we have developed two experiments for our chemistry laboratory course. One of these involves the electrochemical series and the Nernst Equation, the other quantitative measurement using sodium as an internal standard in atomic emission spectrophotometry.
Flame TestConduct Flame Test experiment to identify unknown cations in solution.
Students identify the unknowns by matching the flame color.
Students typically get Li+ and Sr2+ ions mixed up because of the similarity in color
Atomic Emission SpectraConduct Flame Test experiment using Visible Spectrometer to differentiate ions of similar color like Li+ and Sr2+.
Atomic Emission SpectraPreviously gas discharge tube with handheld spectrometer used to visualize atomic emission spectra when discussing the electronic structure of the atom.
Difficult to use and calibrate. Could not easily be used to determine unknowns.
Could not record atomic emission spectra for further analysis.
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer with the fiber optic cable adapter allows students the ability to visualize real emission spectra.
Using a point and shoot camera or cell phone camera, students can record the spectra.
The fiber optic cable adapter allows students to prepare a calibration graph to identify emission lines from unknown samples.
Atomic Emission Spectra
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer:Hydrogen Lamp (known)-Mercury Lamp
Model 141 Visual Spectrometer:Hydrogen Lamp (known)-Helium Lamp
Model 141 Spectrometer Set-Up
Flame Test MetalsMetal ion used for flame test experiments:
Li+
Na+
K+
Sr2+
Ba2+
Cu2+
Li Flame Test
Li Emission Spectrum
Li Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
Li Atomic Emission DataLi Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Graph
Li Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Table
Pixels Wavelength (nm)
2118 (H2) 656
871 (H2) 486
496 (H2) 434
2216 (Li) 669
Theoretical 671
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400400
450
500
550
600
650
700
f(x) = 0.136732125002138 x + 366.49618145585R² = 0.999989740332494
Pixels
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
Na Flame Test
Na Emission Spectrum
Na Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 StandardH2 Standard
Na Atomic Emission DataNa Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Graph
Na Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Table
Pixels Wavelength (nm)
2256 (H2) 656
1099 (H2) 486
726 (H2) 434
1857 (Na) 589
Theoretical 589
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400400
450
500
550
600
650
700
f(x) = 0.145533611370218 x + 327.359110666047R² = 0.999897665717449
Pixels
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
Sr Flame Test
Sr Emission Spectrum
Sr Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
Sr Atomic Emission DataSr Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Graph
Sr Atomic Emission Spectra Calibration Table
Pixels Wavelength (nm)
2105 (H2) 656
851 (H2) 486
463 (H2) 434
1716 (Sr) 603
1598 (Sr) 587
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500400
450
500
550
600
650
700
f(x) = 0.135290720723819 x + 371.147008615087R² = 0.999995254009954
Pixels
Wav
elen
gth
(nm
)
Cu Flame Test
Cu Emission Spectrum
Cu Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
Ba Flame Test
Ba Emission Spectrum
Ba Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
K Flame Test
K Emission Spectrum
K Profile Plot
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
H2 Standard
Quantitative Atomic Emission SpectraBeer’s Law
Use Image J software to measure the volume of the emission.
Use an internal standard and measure the volume/volume percentage of each emission spectra.
Li Emission Spectrum
0.1 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.2 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.2 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.2 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.3 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.3 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.4 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.4 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.5 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
0.5 M Li with 0.1 M Na Internal Standard
Li Quantitative Atomic Emission Spectra
Li with Internal Standard 0.1 M NaVol/Vol% vs Li Concentration (M) Table
Li with Internal Standard 0.1 M Na Vol/Vol% vs Li Concentration (M) Graph
Li Concentration
(M)
Vol/Vol Percentage
0.1 8.0%
0.2 14.5%
0.3 24.5%
0.4 32.0%
0.5 40.0%
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.550.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
f(x) = 0.797272727272727 xR² = 0.999297101355126
Li Concentration (M)
Vol
/Vol
Per
cent
age
Electrochemistry & Nernst EquationE = Eo − RT lnQ
nF
Two variables:
Concentration
Temperature
MicroLab Electrochemical Cell
Various ConcentrationThree metals studied
Copper
Zinc
Lead
Five concentrations studied
1.0 M
0.1 M
0.01 M
0.001 M
0.0001 M
Electrochemical Cell Set-Up
0.1 M
1.0 M
0.1 M
0.01 M
0.001 M
0.0001 M
Electrochemical Cell Set-Up
Electrochemical Set-Up with Temperature Probe
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 298K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 1.106 1.119 1.159 1.199 1.218
Minimum 1.038 1.046 1.043 1.100 1.018
Mean 1.062 1.077 1.091 1.137 1.164
Median 1.062 1.076 1.082 1.140 1.170
Standard Deviation
0.009721004
0.014499453
0.028048642
0. 13911887
0.03606137
Theoretical 1.070 1.100 1.130 1.159 1.189
Percent Error
0.742 2.098 3.425 1.890 2.047
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 298K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 1.183 1.133 1.074 1.050 1.038
Minimum 1.144 1.094 1.044 1.006 0.965
Mean 1.157 1.107 1.057 1.021 0.997
Median 1.154 1.104 1.059 1.021 0.994
Standard Deviation
0.006965771
0.006965771
0.007603081
0.00862764 0.014777132
Theoretical 1.130 1.100 1.070 1.041 1.011
Percent Error
2.394 0.600 1.273 1.878 1.398
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 298K
1.0 M Pb 0.1 M Pb 0.01 M Pb 0.001 M Pb
0.0001 M Pb
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.661 0.650 0.619 0597 0.568
Minimum 0.632 0.611 0.545 0.538 0.510
Mean 0.649 0.628 0.580 0.565 0.531
Median 0.652 0.630 0.579 0.562 0.530
Standard Deviation
0.007310477
0.007822034
0.015888674
0.010471189
0.010477005
Theoretical 0.660 0.630 0.600 0.571 0.541
Percent Error
1.622 0.365 3.358 1.000 1.883
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 298K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.626 0.655 1.131 0.746 0.755
Minimum 0.582 0.576 0.600 0.516 0.593
Mean 0.601 0.626 0.650 0.681 0.695
Median 0.602 0.626 0.645 0.673 0.696
Standard Deviation
0.008770725
0.011505925
0.046916215
0.03283421 0.017766573
Theoretical 0.600 0.630 0.660 0.689 0.719
Percent Error
0.078 0.697 1.405 1.167 3.233
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 298K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.522 0.486 0.445 0.427 0.409
Minimum 0.493 0.461 0.415 0.388 0.370
Mean 0.506 0.476 0.431 0.404 0.390
Median 0.507 0.476 0.430 0.403 0.389
Standard Deviation
0.004911275
0.005346092
0.00635585 0.007262474
0.007910952
Theoretical 0.500 0.470 0.440 0.411 0.381
Percent Error
1.301 1.197 2.108 1.167 2.340
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 298K
1.0 M Pb 0.1 M Pb 0.01 M Pb 0.001 M Pb
0.0001 M Pb
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.454 0.492 0.568 0.647 0.958
Minimum 0.410 0.433 0.396 0.338 0.095
Mean 0.438 0.468 0.511 0.534 0.558
Median 0.440 0.472 0.514 0.534 0.570
Standard Deviation
0.007719291
0.011144107
0.024328189
0.034664593
0.087102814
Theoretical 0.440 0.470 0.500 0.529 0.559
Percent Error
0.449 0.378 2.371 0.990 0.125
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu
Sample
Con
cent
rati
on (M
)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Con
cent
rati
on (M
)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu
Sample
Conce
ntr
ati
on (
M)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Con
cent
rati
on (M
)
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.9000
0.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
Lead-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
Copper-LeadElectrochemical System Graph 298 K
1 2 3 4 50.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 273 K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 61 61 61 61 61
Maximum 1.074 1.118 1.141 1.159 1.183
Minimum 1.049 1.089 1.107 1.115 1.154
Mean 1.062 1.103 1.129 1.138 1.170
Median 1.064 1.103 1.131 1.140 1.169
Standard Deviation
0.006985992
0.008716935
0.008155272
0.013424918
0.008158007
Theoretical 1.073 1.100 1.127 1.154 1.181
Percent Error
0.977 0.244 0.186 1.397 0.957
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 273 K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 1.269 1.113 1.348 1.138 1.090
Minimum 1.151 0.221 0.943 0.927 0.871
Mean 1.190 1.090 1.053 1.037 1.023
Median 1.185 1.099 1.055 1.040 1.027
Standard Deviation
0.016759511
0.080710624
0.037570077
0.026608249
0.028710539
Theoretical 1.127 1.100 1.073 1.046 1.019
Percent Error
5.566 0.939 1.853 0.849 0.411
0.1 M Zinc-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 273 K
1.0 M Pb 0.1 M Pb 0.01 M Pb 0.001 M Pb
0.0001 M Pb
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.650 0.636 0.613 0.593 0.543
Minimum 0.606 0.587 0.574 0.534 0.485
Mean 0.639 0.620 0.597 0.561 0.523
Median 0.641 0.622 0.598 0.559 0.524
Standard Deviation
0.008815141
0.009181881
0.007292582
0.011799482
0.01256586
Theoretical 0.657 0.630 0.603 0.576 0.549
Percent Error
2.809 1.568 0.983 2.621 4.612
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Zinc 273 K
1.0 M Zn 0.1 M Zn 0.01 M Zn 0.001 M Zn
0.0001 M Zn
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.631 0.635 0.675 0.724 1.341
Minimum 0.572 0.581 0.621 0.631 0.587
Mean 0.598 0.620 0.660 0.675 0.711
Median 0.596 0.620 0.660 0.680 0.709
Standard Deviation
0.008438207
0.008867272
0.008867272
0.0188964718
0.06668078
Theoretical 0.603 0.630 0.657 0.684 0.711
Percent Error
0.834 1.625 0.408 1.342 0.026
0.1 M Lead-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Copper 273 K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.524 0.484 0.452 0.445 0.432
Minimum 0.505 0.460 0.418 0.377 0.397
Mean 0.520 0.473 0.436 0.429 0.416
Median 0.520 0.474 0.437 0.430 0.417
Standard Deviation
0.006000535
0.004863621
0.006319478
0.007186481
0.007529738
Theoretical 0.497 0.470 0.443 0.416 0.389
Percent Error
4.545 0.535 1.673 3.246 6.987
0.1 M Copper-1.0 M to 0.0001 M Lead 273 K
1.0 M Cu 0.1 M Cu 0.01 M Cu 0.001 M Cu
0.0001 M Cu
n 121 121 121 121 121
Maximum 0.471 0.499 0.637 0.641 1.009
Minimum 0.441 0.450 0.403 0.425 0.281
Mean 0.457 0.473 0.495 0.525 0.556
Median 0.456 0.474 0.500 0.524 0.554
Standard Deviation
0.006803013
0.007898241
0.024335937
0.023314989
0.064327473
Theoretical 0.443 0.470 0.497 0.524 0.551
Percent Error
3.158 0.744 0.352 0.068 0.812
Copper-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 273 K
1 2 3 4 50.9500
1.0000
1.0500
1.1000
1.1500
1.2000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
Lead-ZincElectrochemical System Graph 273 K
1 2 3 4 50.5000
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.7500
0.8000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Zn Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
Copper-LeadElectrochemical System Graph 273 K
1 2 3 4 50.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
0.5500
0.6000
Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Theoretical 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Cu Actual 1.0 M - 0.0001 M Pb
Sample
Cel
l Pot
enti
al (V
)
Cu-Zn CellTheoretical 298 K-273 K
Cu-1.0 M Zn
Cu-0.1 M Zn
Cu-0.01 M Zn
Cu-0.001 M Zn
Cu-0.0001 M Zn
298 K 1.070 1.100 1.130 1.159 1.189
273 K 1.073 1.100 1.127 1.154 1.181
Zn-1.0 M Cu
Zn-0.1 M Cu
Zn-0.01 M Cu
Zn-0.001 M Cu
Zn-0.0001 M Cu
298 K 1.130 1.100 1.070 1.041 1.011
273 K 1.127 1.100 1.073 1.046 1.019
Pb-Zn CellTheoretical 298 K-273 K
Pb-1.0 M Zn
Pb-0.1 M Zn
Pb-0.01 M Zn
Pb-0.001 M Zn
Pb-0.0001 M Zn
298 K 0.600 0.630 0.660 0.689 0.719
273 K 0.603 0.630 0.657 0.684 0.711
Zn-1.0 M Pb
Zn-0.1 M Pb
Zn-0.01 M Pb
Zn-0.001 M Pb
Zn-0.0001 M Pb
298 K 0.660 0.630 0.600 0.571 0.541
273 K 0.657 0.630 0.603 0.576 0.549
Cu-Pb CellTheoretical 298 K-273 K
Cu-1.0 M Pb
Cu-0.1 M Pb
Cu-0.01 M Pb
Cu-0.001 M Pb
Cu-0.0001 M Pb
298 K 0.440 0.470 0.500 0.529 0.559
273 K 0.443 0.470 0.497 0.524 0.551
Pb-1.0 M Cu
Pb-0.1 M Cu
Pb-0.01 M Cu
Pb-0.001 M Cu
Pb-0.0001 M Cu
298 K 0.500 0.470 0.440 0.411 0.381
273 K 0.497 0.470 0.443 0.416 0.389
Undergraduate Researchers
Undergraduate Researchers
Undergraduate Researcher
NuraliMamedov
Allamyrat Tuyliyev
GulhumayGardashova
AcknowledgmentsJohn Amend, Ph.D., President, MicroLab Inc.
Candace Goodman, Ph.D. MicroLab Inc.
Department of Chemistry, Independence Community College
Administration at Independence Community College
Thank you
