UNITED NATIONSNATIONS UNIES

MANUELDE STATISTIQUES

DE LA CNUCED

UNCTADHANDBOOK

OF STATISTICS

U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TCONFERENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT

2012UNITED NATIONSNew York and Geneva NATIONS UNIESNew York et Genève

MANUEL DE STATISTIQUES

DE LA CNUCED

UNCTADHANDBOOK

OF STATISTICS

U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N TCONFERENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT

NOTE

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates areference to a United Nations document.

General disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where the designations “economy” or “country or area” appear in tables, they cover countries, territories, cities and areas. The designations “developing”, “transition” and “developed” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.

Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is obligatory, together with a reference to the document number (TD/STAT.37). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat.

** *

La cote des documents de l’Organisation des Nations Unies se compose de lettres majuscules et de chiffres. La mention d’une telle cote indique qu’il est fait référence à un document de l’Organisation.

Déni de responsabilité

Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent, de la part du secrétariat de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Les appellations «économie» ou «pays ou zone» figurant dans certaines rubriques des tableaux désignent des pays, des territoires, des villes ou des zones. Les termes «en développement», «en transition» et «développés» sont utilisés pour plus de commodité dans la présentation des statistiques et n’impliquent pas nécessairement un jugement quant au stade de développement atteint par un pays ou une zone donnée.

Le contenu de la présente publication peut être cité ou reproduit sans autorisation, sous réserve qu’il soit fait mention de ladite publication et de sa cote (TD/STAT.37) et qu’un justificatif soit adressé au secrétariat de la CNUCED.

To order the print version of the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, please contact: United Nations Publications 300 East 42nd Street, Room IN-919 New York, NY 10017, USA Telephone: 1-212-963-8302 Toll free: 1-800-253-9646 Fax: 1-212-963-3489 Internet: https://unp.un.org

Pour commander la version imprimée du Manuel de Statistiques de la CNUCED, veuillez vous adresser à : Publications des Nations Unies 300 East 42nd Street, Bureau IN-919 New York, NY 10017, USA Téléphone : 1-212-963-8302 Numéro vert : 1-800-253-9646 Fax : 1-212-963-3489 Internet : https://unp.un.org

TD/STAT. 37UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION – PUBLICATION DES NATIONS UNIES

Sales number / Numéro de vente : B.12.II.D.1 ISBN 978-92-1-112836-9

e-ISBN 978-92-1-055688-0 ISSN 1992-8408

© Copyright United Nations 2012 All rights reserved

How to order the Handbook Comment commander le Manuel

ii

FOREWORD INTRODUCTION

The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides essential data for analysing and measuring world trade, investment, international financial flows and development. Reliable statistical information is often considered as the first step during the preparation of making recommendations or taking decisions that countries will commit for many years as they strive to integrate into the world economy and improve the living standards of their citizens. Whether it is for research, consultation or technical cooperation, UNCTAD requires comparable, often detailed economic, demographic and social data, over several decades and for as many countries as possible.

In addition to facilitating the work of the secretariat’s economists, the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics also enables other users, such as policymakers, research specialists, academics, officials from national governments or international organizations, executive managers or members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from developing, transition or developed countries to have access to this rich statistical information. The Handbook further offers journalists comprehensive information in a presentation that meets their needs.

This publication is available in printed copy and DVD. Moreover, the underlying data of the Handbook are available online at UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). Unlike the Handbook, which captures statistics at one point of time, UNCTADstat is continuously updated, enriched and providing users with the latest available data. In this regard, users should use caution when comparing data between the Handbook and UNCTADstat, as the date of update may differ.

In this edition of the Handbook, the presentation of data for trade in services by service category has changed. Table 5.2 now includes statistics for selected country groups, in addition to those on main exporters and importers among individual economies, by service category.

To provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you are invited to fill up the feedback questionnaire on the last page or you can send your comments directly to statistics@unctad.org.

Le but du Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est de fournir les données statistiques essentielles à l’analyse du commerce mondial, de l’investissement, des flux financiers internationaux et du développement. Une information statistique fiable est souvent le préalable à la formulation de recommandations et à la prise de décisions qui engageront les pays pour de longues années dans leur processus d’intégration dans l’économie mondiale et l’amélioration des conditions de leurs peuples. Que ce soit pour la recherche, la concertation ou la coopération technique, la CNUCED a besoin de données économiques, démographiques et sociales comparables et souvent détaillées, disponibles si possible sur plusieurs décennies et pour un maximum de pays.

Au-delà de la mobilisation et de la vérification des données, du calcul d’indicateurs dérivés qui alimentent les travaux des économistes du secrétariat, le Manuel de statistiques de la CNUCED est l’occasion de partager une base statistique riche avec les décideurs et les chercheurs, qu’ils soient universitaires, fonctionnaires d’administrations nationales ou d’organisations internationales, cadres d’entreprises ou membres d’organisations non gouvernementales de pays en développement, en transition ou développés. Les journalistes trouvent aussi dans ce manuel une information synthétique dans une présentation bien adaptée à leurs préoccupations.

Le Manuel est disponible en version imprimée et DVD. Les données présentées dans le Manuel sont disponibles en ligne, dans UNCTADstat (http://unctadstat.unctad.org). À la différence du Manuel qui présente des statistiques figées à un moment donné, UNCTADstat est actualisé et enrichi régulièrement pour mettre à la disposition des utilisateurs les données les plus récentes. À cet égard, il est important de signaler que les données d'UNCTADstat et du Manuel ne pourront être comparées systématiquement en raison de la différence de date de leur mise à jour et de publication.

Dans cette édition du Manuel, la présentation des données sur le commerce des services par catégories de services à été modifiée. Désormais, le tableau 5.2 comprend les statistiques d'une sélection de groupements de pays en plus des données des principales économies exportatrices et importatrices pour chacune des catégories de services.

Pour mieux nous adapter aux besoins de nos utilisateurs et mettre à leur disposition des statistiques pertinentes, nous vous invitons à remplir le questionnaire qui se trouve en fin de publication. Vous pouvez également nous faire part de vos commentaires en nous écrivant à statistics@unctad.org.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Note.................................................................................................. ii Note ..................................................................................................... ii

How to order the Handbook ............................................................. ii Comment commander le manuel ........................................................ ii

Foreword ..........................................................................................iii Introduction......................................................................................... iii

Table of contents ............................................................................. iv Table des matières ............................................................................. iv

Explanation of symbols ...................................................................vii Signification des symboles ................................................................ vii

General notes.................................................................................viii Notes générales .............................................................................. xxii

Distribution of countries and territories............................................ xi Répartition des pays et territoires.................................................... xxv

Distribution by geographical region Répartition par régions géographiques

- Developing economies.................................................................xii - Économies en développement .................................................... xxvi

- Transition economies ..................................................................xiv - Économies en transition .............................................................xxviii

- Developed economies.................................................................xiv - Économies développées ............................................................xxviii

Distribution of developing economies by economic Répartition des économies en développement par grouping ......................................................................................... xv groupements économiques ............................................................ xxix

Distribution of economies by trade group..................................... xviii Répartition des économies par groupements commerciaux ..........xxxii

Distribution of economies by interregional grouping ...................... xx Répartition des économies par groupements interrégionaux........xxxiv

Abbreviations and acronyms ..........................................................xxi Abréviations et acronymes ............................................................ xxxv

Product classification for international trade............................... xxxvi Classification des produits pour le commerce international ..........xxxvi

PART ONE PREMIÈRE PARTIEInternational merchandise trade Commerce international des marchandises

1.1.1 Exports and imports of countries and geographical 1.1.1 Exportations et importations des pays et des régions regions géographiques

- Value ................................................................................... 2 - Valeur ................................................................................. 2 - Share ................................................................................. 10 - Part................................................................................... 10

1.1.2 Exports and imports of economic 1.1.2 Exportations et importations des groupements groupings économiques - Value ................................................................................. 20 - Valeur ............................................................................... 20 - Share ................................................................................. 22 - Part................................................................................... 22

1.1.3 Exports and imports of 1.1.3 Exportations et importations des groupements trade groups commerciaux

- Value ................................................................................. 24 - Valeur ............................................................................... 24 - Share ................................................................................. 26 - Part................................................................................... 26

1.2.1 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.1 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of countries and geographical regions................................. 28 importations des pays et des régions géographiques ........ 28

1.2.2 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.2 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of economic groupings......................................................... 38 importations des groupements économiques..................... 38

1.2.3 Annual average growth rates of exports and imports 1.2.3 Taux d’évolution annuels moyens des exportations et of trade groups..................................................................... 40 importations des groupements commerciaux..................... 40

1.3.1 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.1 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of countries and geographical regions................................. 42 importations des pays et des régions géographiques ........ 42

1.3.2 Value of trade balance, and as percentage of imports 1.3.2 Valeur de la balance commerciale et sa part dans les of economic groupings......................................................... 52 importations des groupements économiques..................... 52

1.4 Intra-trade of trade groups ................................................... 54 1.4 Commerce interne des groupements commerciaux........... 54

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES

PART TWO DEUXIÈME PARTIE International merchandise trade by region Commerce international des marchandises par régions

2.1 Country trade structure by partner 2.1 Structure du commerce des pays par partenaires - Exports by main region of destination ............................... 58 - Exportations par principales régions de destination......... 58 - Imports by main region of origin ........................................ 70 - Importations par principales régions d’origine.................. 70

2.2 Export and import structure by partner and product 2.2 Structure des exportations et importations par partenaires group et groupes de produits

A. World.............................................................................. 82 A. Monde........................................................................... 82 B. Developing economies .................................................. 86 B. Économies en développement ..................................... 86 C. Developing economies: Africa ....................................... 90 C. Économies en développement : Afrique....................... 90 D. Developing economies: America ................................... 94 D. Économies en développement : Amérique................... 94 E. Developing economies: Asia ......................................... 98 E. Économies en développement : Asie ........................... 98 F Developing economies: Eastern, Southern F. Économies en développement : Asie orientale

and South-Eastern Asia............................................... 102 méridionale et du Sud-Est .......................................... 102 G. Developing economies: Western Asia ......................... 106 G. Économies en développement : Asie occidentale ...... 106 H. Developing economies: Oceania ................................. 110 H. Économies en développement : Océanie................... 110 I. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas I. Économies en développement : principaux

exporters ...................................................................... 114 exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz............................... 114 J. Developing economies: Major manufactured J. Économies en développement : principaux

goods exporters ........................................................... 118 exportateurs d’articles manufacturés.......................... 118 K. Transition economies................................................... 122 K. Économies en transition.............................................. 122

L. Developed economies ................................................. 126 L. Économies développées............................................. 126

PART THREE TROISIÈME PARTIE International merchandise trade by product Commerce international des marchandises par produits

3.1 Country trade structure by product group 3.1 Structure du commerce des pays par groupes de produits - Exports ............................................................................ 132 - Exportations ................................................................... 132

- Imports............................................................................. 145 - Importations.................................................................... 145

3.2 Export structure by product 3.2 Structure des exportations par produits A. World............................................................................ 158 A. Monde......................................................................... 158 B. Developing economies ................................................ 163 B. Économies en développement ................................... 163

C. Developed economies ................................................. 168 C. Économies développées ............................................ 168 D. Individual countries and territories ............................... 173 D. Pays et territoires individuels...................................... 173 E. Major exporters for leading products among E. Principaux exportateurs de produits majeurs parmi

developing economies ................................................. 195 les économies en développement .............................. 195

3.3 Concentration and structural change indices of 3.3 Indices de concentration et de changement structurel product markets des marchés de produits - Exports ............................................................................ 204 - Exportations ................................................................... 204 - Imports............................................................................. 208 - Importations.................................................................... 208

PART FOUR QUATRIÈME PARTIE International merchandise trade indicators Indicateurs du commerce international des marchandises

4.1.1 Export and import concentration and 4.1.1 Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of countries and exportations et importations des pays et des geographical regions ......................................................... 214 régions géographiques..................................................... 214

4.1.2 Export and import concentration and 4.1.2 Indices de concentration et de diversification des diversification indices of economic exportations et importations des groupements groupings ........................................................................... 224 économiques .................................................................... 224

4.2.1 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.1 Indices du commerce international des marchandises countries and geographical regions des pays et des régions géographiques - Volume indices of exports and imports ........................... 226 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 226 - Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et imports ............................................................................. 234 importations .................................................................... 234 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de l’échange et du pouvoir power indices of exports .................................................. 242 d’achat des exportations ................................................ 242

4.2.2 International merchandise trade indices of 4.2.2 Indices du commerce international des marchandises economic groupings des groupements économiques - Volume indices of exports and imports ........................... 250 - Indices du volume des exportations et importations ...... 250 - Unit value indices of exports and - Indices de la valeur unitaire des exportations et imports ............................................................................. 252 importations .................................................................... 252 - Terms of trade indices and purchasing - Indices des termes de l’échange et du pouvoir power indices of exports .................................................. 254 d’achat des exportations ................................................ 254

4.3 Average applied import MFN tariff rates on 4.3 Droits de douane moyens NPF appliqués à l’importation non-agricultural and non-fuel products .............................. 256 des produits non-agricoles et non-pétroliers .................... 256

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES

PART FIVE CINQUIÈME PARTIEInternational trade in services Commerce international des services

5.1.1 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.1 Valeur des exportations et importations de services countries and geographical regions................................... 274 des pays et des régions géographiques........................... 274

5.1.2 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.2 Valeur des exportations et importations de services economic groupings........................................................... 282 des groupements économiques ........................................ 282

5.1.3 Value of exports and imports of services of 5.1.3 Valeur des exportations et importations de services trade groups....................................................................... 284 des groupements commerciaux ........................................ 284

5.2 Exports and imports of services by 5.2 Exportations et importations des services par catégories service category de services - Transport ......................................................................... 286 - Transports ....................................................................... 286 - Travel............................................................................... 288 - Voyages.......................................................................... 288 - Communications.............................................................. 290 - Communications ............................................................. 290 - Construction .................................................................... 292 - Bâtiment et travaux publics............................................. 292 - Computer and information ............................................... 294 - Informatique et information ............................................. 294 - Insurance......................................................................... 296 - Services d'assurance ...................................................... 296 - Financial services ............................................................ 298 - Services financiers .......................................................... 298 - Royalties and license fees............................................... 300 - Redevances et droits de licence..................................... 300 - Other business services .................................................. 302 - Autres services aux entreprises...................................... 302 - Personal, cultural and recreational services.................... 304 - Services personnels, culturels et relatifs aux loisirs........ 304

5.3 World merchant fleet by flag of registration and 5.3 Flotte marchande mondiale par pavillons d’immatriculation type of ship of countries and geographical et par types de navires des pays et des régions regions ............................................................................... 307 géographiques................................................................... 307

PART SIX SIXIÈME PARTIECommodities Produits de base

6.1 Annual and quarterly indices of free-market 6.1 Indices annuels et trimestriels des prix d’une prices of selected primary commodities............................. 322 sélection de produits de base sur le marché libre............. 322

6.2 Instability indices and trends in free market 6.2 Indices d’instabilité et tendances des prix d’une prices for selected primary commodities ........................... 328 sélection de produits de base sur le marché libre............. 328

PART SEVEN SEPTIÈME PARTIEInternational finance Finance internationale

7.1.1 Balance of payments: Current account net of countries 7.1.1 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des pays and geographical regions .................................................. 332 et des régions géographiques........................................... 332

7.1.2 Balance of payments: Current account net of economic 7.1.2 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des groupings ........................................................................... 340 groupements économiques............................................... 340

7.1.3 Balance of payments: Current account net of trade 7.1.3 Balance des paiements : compte courant net des groups................................................................................ 342 groupements commerciaux............................................... 342

7.2.1 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.1 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of countries and geographical regions ..................... 344 sortants des pays et des régions géographiques.............. 344

7.2.2 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.2 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of economic groupings ............................................. 352 sortants des groupements économiques .......................... 352

7.2.3 Foreign direct investment: Inward and outward 7.2.3 Investissement étranger direct : flux entrants et flows of trade groups ......................................................... 354 sortants des groupements commerciaux .......................... 354

7.3.1 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of countries and 7.3.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des pays geographical regions ......................................................... 356 et des régions géographiques........................................... 356

7.3.2 Migrants' remittances: Receipts of economic 7.3.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : recettes des groupings ........................................................................... 364 groupements économiques............................................... 364

7.4.1 Migrants' remittances: Payments of countries and 7.4.1 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des pays geographical regions ......................................................... 366 et des régions géographiques........................................... 366

7.4.2 Migrants' remittances: Payments of economic 7.4.2 Envois de fonds des migrants : paiements des groupings ........................................................................... 374 groupements économiques............................................... 374

7.5.1 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.1 Réserves internationales des économies en by country and geographical region .................................. 376 développement par pays et régions géographiques ......... 376

7.5.2 International reserves of developing economies 7.5.2 Réserves internationales des économies en by economic grouping........................................................ 382 développement par groupements économiques ............... 382

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES

7.6.1 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.1. Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux sources by country and geographical region.................... 384 par pays et régions géographiques................................... 384

7.6.2 Official financial flows from bilateral and multilateral 7.6.2 Flux financiers publics bilatéraux et multilatéraux à sources to developing economies by economic destination des économies en développement par grouping............................................................................. 398 groupements économiques............................................... 398

7.7 External long-term debt by lending source 7.7 Dette extérieure à long terme par catégories de prêts A. Developing economies ................................................ 402 A. Économies en développement ................................... 402 B. Developing economies: Africa ..................................... 403 B. Économies en développement : Afrique..................... 403 C. Developing economies: America ................................. 404 C. Économies en développement : Amérique................. 404 D. Developing economies: Asia ....................................... 405 D. Économies en développement : Asie ......................... 405 E. Developing economies: Oceania ................................. 406 E. Économies en développement : Océanie................... 406 F. Developing economies: Major petroleum and gas F. Économies en développement : principaux

exporters ...................................................................... 407 exportateurs de pétrole et de gaz............................... 407 G. Developing economies: Major manufactured G. Économies en développement : principaux

goods exporters ........................................................... 408 exportateurs d’articles manufacturés.......................... 408

PART EIGHT HUITIÈME PARTIEDevelopment indicators Indicateurs du développement

8.1.1 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.1 Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant of countries and geographical regions............................... 412 des pays et des régions géographiques ........................... 412

8.1.2 Nominal gross domestic product: Total and per capita 8.1.2 Produit intérieur brut nominal : total et par habitant of economic groupings....................................................... 420 des groupements économiques ........................................ 420

8.2.1 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.1 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of countries and intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des pays geographical regions ......................................................... 422 et des régions géographiques........................................... 422

8.2.2 Annual average growth rates of total and per capita 8.2.2 Taux de croissance annuels moyens du produit real gross domestic product of intérieur brut réel total et par habitant des economic groupings........................................................... 430 groupements économiques............................................... 430

8.3.1 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.1 Produit intérieur brut nominal par catégories de expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dépenses et par branches d’activité économique countries and geographical regions................................... 432 des pays et des régions géographiques ........................... 432

8.3.2 Nominal gross domestic product by type of 8.3.2 Produit intérieur brut nominal par catégories de expenditure and by kind of economic activity of dépenses et par branches d’activité économique economic groupings........................................................... 450 des groupements économiques ........................................ 450

8.4.1 Population and labour force of countries and 8.4.1 Population et main-d’œuvre des pays et des geographical regions ......................................................... 454 régions géographiques...................................................... 454

8.4.2 Population and labour force of economic 8.4.2 Population et main-d’œuvre des groupements groupings ........................................................................... 472 économiques..................................................................... 472

0 Zero means that the amount is nil or negligible. 0 Un zéro signifie que le montant est nul ou négligeable. _ The symbol underscore indicates that the item is not applicable _ Un tiret signifie que la rubrique est sans objet. .. Two dots indicate that the data are not available or are .. Deux points signifient que les données ne sont pas

not separately reported. disponibles ou ne sont pas communiquées séparément. - The use of a hyphen on data area means that data is estimated - Le trait d’union dans le champ des données indique que

and included in the aggregation but not to be shown. A hyphen le chiffre est estimé et inclus dans l'agrégation mais n'est between years (e.g. 1985-1990) signifies the full period involved, pas publié. Le trait d'union entre deux millésimes (par exemple

including the initial and final years. 1985-1990) indique qu’il s’agit de la période tout entière, y compris la première et la dernière année mentionnées.

(b) Break in the series (b) Interruption de la série (e) Estimate (e) Estimation (f) Forecast (f) Prévision (p) Provisional data (p) Donnée provisoire (r) Revised data (r) Donnée révisée Some exceptions are indicated in footnotes. Les exceptions sont indiquées dans les notes en bas de page.

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS SIGNIFICATION DES SYMBOLES

vii

GENERAL NOTES

These notes summarize the content of each part of theHandbook according to the revised Table of Contents of thepresent issue of the Handbook of Statistics.

The tables included in this book represent analytical summaries of the full time series contained in the UNCTADHandbook of Statistics 2012 on DVD.

PART ONEInternational merchandise trade

Table 1.1 shows the value of total exports (f.o.b.) and imports(c.i.f.), expressed in millions of dollars and percentages of the world total, of individual countries and geographical regions (1.1.1), economic groupings (1.1.2), and trade groups (1.1.3).The trade flows shown in table 1.1.1 refer to the General Trade System except for the countries which employ the Special Trade System and which are marked with an asterisk. TheGeneral Trade System is used when the statistical territory of acompiling country coincides with its economic territory.Consequently, imports include all goods entering the economic territory of a compiling country and exports include all goods leaving the economic territory of the compiling country. TheSpecial Trade System is used when the statistical territorycomprises only a particular part of the economic territory withinwhich “goods may be disposed of without customs restriction”. In such a case, imports include all goods entering the free circulation area of the compiling country, which means cleared through customs for home use, and exports include all goods leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country.

Average annual growth rates of international trade derivedfrom table 1.1 are presented in table 1.2.

Table 1.3 contains trade balances (exports f.o.b. minus imports c.i.f.) and these balances, as a percentage of imports ofindividual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings.

Table 1.4 shows the relative importance of trade amonggroup members as compared to the regional or total trade ofthat group.

PART TWOInternational merchandise trade by region

Table 2.1 shows the export and import structure of individual countries by main regions of destination and origin. Data are presented for as many individual countries as possible, while trade partners are grouped in 14 major clusters.

Table 2.2 (A to L) presents the structure of exports bydestination and imports by origin by major commodity groups for 12 selected country groups. The table provides detailedinformation on the world trade network for 19 regions of origin and destination and six commodity groups. Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables found in parts one and two are not strictly comparable due to complementary but different sources and remaining unallocated trade flows, despite efforts to distribute trade flowsby destination, origin and commodity group. Exports by destination may differ considerably in some cases from data on imports as reported by countries of destination for a variety of factors, among which the following may be ofparticular importance: - Most import data are reported on a c.i.f. rather than an f.o.b. basis; - There is a time lag between the date on which goods arerecorded as exports and their arrival at their destination; - There may be considerable differences between the recordeddestination of exports and the actual destination as shown in import statistics.

PART THREE International merchandise trade by product

Table 3.1 shows the export and import structure of individual economies by commodity groups for selected years for ninecommodity groups (total, all food items, agricultural rawmaterials, fuels, ores and metals, manufactured goods,including chemical products, machinery and transportequipment and other manufactured goods).

Table 3.2 (A, B and C, respectively) presents the structureof exports for the world, for developing and developedeconomies, by product, at the SITC group (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Each product share of world exports is calculated for eacheconomic grouping as well as the average annual growth rateand the latter’s deviation in relation to the world growth rate.

Table 3.2D establishes for each economy the list of mainproducts exported (SITC group, Revision 3, 3-digit level). Each product’s share of total exports of individual countries, geographical regions and the world is also indicated.

Table 3.2E lists major exporters of 70 leading products among developing economies at the SITC group (Revision 3,3-digit) level as well as corresponding shares in world trade.

Table 3.3 provides concentration indices and structuralchange indices for exports and imports by product group at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. The first indicator shows how aproduct market is concentrated in a few countries or homogeneously distributed among several countries. Thestructural change indicator shows whether the market share fora given product among export countries has changedsignificantly when compared with a reference year.

Totals of international merchandise trade presented in the tables of this third part may also differ from the data containedin the first part for the above reasons, to which must be addedmargins of exports and imports not distributed by commoditygroup or the use of different product nomenclatures by the exporting and importing countries.

PART FOURInternational merchandise trade indicators

Table 4.1 includes calculation results of concentration anddiversification indices for individual countries, geographical regions and economic groupings. This concentration index specifically shows how exports and imports of individual countries or country groupings are concentrated on severalproducts or otherwise distributed in a more homogeneousmanner among a series of products. The diversificationindicator signals whether the structure of exports or imports byproduct of a given country or country grouping differs from thestructure by product shown for the world.

Table 4.2 contains volume indices of exports and imports,rounding out trade value available in tables 1.1 and 1.2, unitvalue indices of exports and imports and derived terms of tradeand purchasing power of exports presented at the level ofindividual countries and geographical regions (4.2.1) andeconomic groupings (4.2.2). To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, thefollowing procedure was used in the calculation of unit value indices: - A set of average prices indices at SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit)group level was constructed using UNCTADstat CommodityPrice Statistics, international and national sources and UNCTAD secretariat estimates; - At the country level, unit value indices were calculated using current year’s trade values as weights at the SITC (Revision 3, 3-digit) level. Trade values are available in table 3.2. In some instances these indices may differ from the estimates published in official sources, since the main aim is to providetentative estimates for most developing countries on a comparable basis.

Table 4.3 presents average applied import MFN tariff ratesfor major categories of non-agricultural and non-fuel productsby individual markets.

viii

GENERAL NOTES

PART FIVE International trade in services

Tables 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3 present exports and imports oftotal trade in services by individual country, geographical region, economic grouping and trade group. The statistics shown are a result of the common work of UNCTAD and WorldTrade Organization (WTO) and they correspond to the definitions of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5,1993). The aggregate data from tables 5.1 include estimates ofmissing values that are not shown separately. Services are defined as the economic output of intangible commodities thatmay be produced, transferred and consumed at the same time. However, services cover a heterogeneous range of intangibleproducts and activities that are difficult to capture within a single definition and are sometimes hard to separate from goods. Services are outputs produced to order, and they typically include changes in the condition of the consumers realized through the activities of the producers at the demand of customers. By the time production of a service is completed, it must have been provided to a consumer.

Table 5.2 presents statistics on international trade inservices by category of service for selected country groups andfor major individual economy exporters and importers amongdeveloping and transition economies, as well as among developed countries. The data shown are a result of thecommon work of UNCTAD and WTO and they correspond tothe definitions of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5,1993). The following services categories are included:transport, travel, communication, construction, computer and information services, insurance, financial services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, and personal, cultural and recreational services.

To the extent possible, the inter-agency Task Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services aims to explain andreduce the divergences noticed in statistics for trade in services published by different international organizations. An overviewof existing databases covering statistics on international trade in services is described at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/TFSITS/matrix.htm.

Table 5.3 concerns international maritime transport. Itcontains data on the world merchant fleet by flag of registration and by type of ship by region and economy, highlighting the group of major open-registry countries. A ship owner who registers his or her vessel in an open-registry country does notneed to have any connection with a country of registry. The number of open-registry countries has varied over the years. The group in this table includes 10 countries. Table 5.3 contains consolidated time series from various issues of the UNCTADReview of Maritime Transport. The Review reports on the worldwide evolution of shipping, ports and multimodal transportrelated to the major traffics of liquid bulk, dry bulk and containers.

PART SIX Commodities

Table 6.1 includes aggregated price indices for primary commodity groups such as food, tropical beverages, vegetableoilseeds and oils, agricultural raw materials and minerals, ores and metals, as well as an all groups price index in currentUnited States dollars. Also included are the annual and quarterly free-market price indices for selected commodities exported by developing economies. The weight of price indices for the above mentioned commodity groups (2000=100) are based on the value of exports of developing countries from 1999 to 2001.

Table 6.2 presents instability indices and trends in free-market prices for selected primary commodities that are ofparticular interest to developing economies.

PART SEVEN International finance

Tables 7.1.1, 7.1.2 and 7.1.3 present values of the currentaccount net in millions of dollars and as percentages of GDP for individual countries, geographical regions, and trade andeconomic groupings. Balance-of-payments current account data cover all transactions between residents and non-residentsof a reporting economy. In general, the current account balance describes the difference between current receipts andexpenditures for internationally traded goods, services and income payments. At the same time, from a national perspective, the current account balance would equal the gapbetween national savings and domestic investment.

Tables 7.2.1, 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 contain information on foreigndirect investment (FDI) inflows and outflows by individual country, geographical region, economic grouping and tradegroup. These figures correspond to the Statistical Annexes ofthe UNCTAD World Investment Report 2012. FDI is defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest in and control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) of anenterprise resident in a different economy (FDI enterprise oraffiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate). Such investment involvesboth the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent transactions between them and among foreignaffiliates. A direct investment enterprise is defined as an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which the direct investor, resident in another economy, owns 10 percent or moreof the ordinary shares or voting power (or the equivalent).

Tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 present values of receipts (credits) oftotal migrants’ remittances, in millions of dollars, for individualeconomies and regional and economic groupings. They also show total remittances receipts as percentage of GDP andinternational trade. The Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5,1993) classifies workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers separately. In this table, their sum is given in order to present a clearer picture of the flows that enter economies via transactions by migrants and temporary or cross-border workers. BPM5 defines workers’remittances as goods and financial instruments transferred bymigrants living and working (being residents) in a new economy to residents of the economy in which the migrants formerlyresided. A migrant must live and work in the new economy formore than one year to be considered a resident there. Compensation of employees includes wages, salaries and otherbenefits, in cash or in kind, earned by individuals – ineconomies where they are not residents – for work performedfor residents of those economies. It covers seasonal and othershort-term workers and border workers. Migrants’ transfers cover flows of goods and changes in financial items that arise from migration (change of residence for at least one year).

Tables 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 include data on payments (debits) oftotal migrants’ remittances, based on the same approach usedfor tables 7.3.1 and 7.3.2.

Tables 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 present statistics on total international reserves (including gold) of developing countriesby country, region and economic grouping, in millions of dollars.Other calculations included show months of imports that thesereserves could finance at current import levels, as well as the annual change in total reserves. According to the IMF definition, international reserves consist of the sum of the country’s foreignexchange, its reserve position in the IMF, the monetary goldreserves, and the United States dollar value of SDR holdings byits monetary authorities.

Tables 7.6 give a summary of official financial flows by typeof flow, country, region and economic grouping. Flows frombilateral and multilateral sources are shown, as recorded by theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC).

Tables 7.7 present time series on the external long-termindebtedness of developing economies. They also provide a detailed breakdown of public and publicly guaranteed debt bysource of lending. External debt data in this table are based onthe Debtor Reporting System (DRS) maintained by the WorldBank.

ix

GENERAL NOTES

PART EIGHTDevelopment indicators

Table 8.1 provides information on total and per capita nominal gross domestic product (GDP) (in United States dollars) byindividual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The GDP figures in dollars are derived from GDP data providedin national currencies. The prevailing annual average market exchange rates, as reported by IMF, have been used for the conversion from national currencies to dollars.

Table 8.2 contains annual average growth rates of total andper capita real GDP by individual country, geographical region and economic grouping. The growth rates are based on GDP in United States dollars at constant 2005 prices.

Table 8.3 provides data on GDP by type of expenditure andkind of economic activity by country, geographical region andeconomic grouping.

Tables 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 provide some estimates on population and labour force: total population, urban population(as a percentage of total population), total labour force, femalelabour force (as a percentage of total labour force), total agriculture labour force and female labour force (as a percentage of total agriculture labour force). The figures forcertain groups may be different from those published by thesources cited when the UNCTAD definitions for those groupsare different.

OTHER NOTES

Unless otherwise specified, country aggregates are the sums ofthe relevant country data by group. Calculations of aggregatesmay in some cases include data estimated by the UNCTADsecretariat that are not necessarily all reported separately.

Because of rounding, details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add up to totals.

Data were collected and checked to ensure that theymatched the geographical coverage of the countries, as described at the beginning of the Handbook. However, some gaps could not be avoided due to data unavailability and aredescribed in the notes at the end tables.

Unless otherwise stated, dollars ($) refer to United Statesdollars and data in dollars are expressed in current UnitedStates dollars of the year to which they refer.

Average annual growth rates are defined as the coefficient b in the exponential trend function y = aebt where t stands fortime. This method takes all observations in a period intoaccount. Therefore, the resulting growth rates reflect trends thatare not unduly influenced by exceptional values.

x

DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES

The country distributions presented are for statistical convenience only and follow those used by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), of the United Nations. They are grouped by economic criteria or by adhesion to commercial agreements for the purpose of statistical analysis and research.

The term “economies”, as used in this publication, refers to regions, countries and territories. In case of change in the statistical coverage of a country, it is identified by adding an end year after the country name. For example, Indonesia (…2002) indicates that the statistical coverage of Indonesia, including Timor-Leste, was valid until 2002.

The composition of country groupings is evolving in order to provide relevant statistics for research and analysis. In this regard, UNCTAD reviews and updates the definition and composition of groups every year. User should be aware that the changes may impact significantly the figures from one given release to the other. The detailed changes in the groups are thoroughly outlined in the section Methodology & Classifications at UNCTADstat website.

1. Geographical regions

There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system. In common practice, Israel and Japan in Asia, Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. This section includes all countries and territories divided into three major categories: developing countries, transition economies and developed economies. Each category is further divided by geographical regions.

1) Developing economiesThis category includes countries and territories in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania not specified below. The geographical regions are further subdivided into subregions in order to present more detailed statistics. Exceptions are specified in table footnotes.

2) Transition economies This group includes countries in transition from centrally planned to market economies.

3) Developed economies This category is subdivided into four geographical regions: America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.

World’ total represents the sum of the figures of the three above-mentioned groups plus the figures of a group of territories and partners not elsewhere classified, whose composition is detailed below. Data of these territories are included in the world total if they have been reported but are not presented individually or in any group, either by geography, economy or trade. The composition of the group “not elsewhere classified” is as follows: - Territories: Antarctica, Bouvet Island, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, French Southern Territories, Heard and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Pitcairn, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin (French part), South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, United States Minor Outlying Islands, and United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands. - Partners: “Confidential information and differences”, “Neutral zone”, “Free zones”, “Bunkers”, and “ship stores”. These specific partners are only used in the merchandise trade tables.

The total of each group presented in the Handbook is also completed, should the case arise, with data that have not been allocated to the different elements composing the group.

2. Economic groupings of developing countries

The Handbook provides numerous and varied groups of countries and territories in order to provide easy access to the statistics necessary for socio-economic analysis and development research.

Developing economies are presented at three levels of aggregation: the total group, the group excluding China (referring to continental China) and the group excluding the least developed countries.

The category of heavily indebted poor countries includes those economies benefiting from the HIPC debt reduction initiative of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are recognized by the United Nations as categories that require special attention from the international community.

Since 1994, the United Nations has recognized the particular problems of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), even though the criteria for drawing up an official list of SIDS have not yet been determined. The unofficial list is used by UNCTAD for analytical purposes only.

The developing economies are also categorized into three subgroups according to their average 2004-2006 per capita GDP: high-income (above $4,500), middle-income (between $1,000 and $4,500) and low-income (below $1,000).

The group of major petroleum and gas exporters consists of countries whose share of petroleum and gas (SITC code 33 plus 34) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least 1 per cent of petroleum and gas world share for the period 2004–2006. This group is divided into three geographical zones: Africa, America and Asia.

The group of major manufactured goods exporters consists of economies whose share of manufactured products (SITC 5 to 8, excluding 667 and 68) was not less than 50 per cent of their total exports, and whose exports of these products amounted to at least 1 per cent of manufactured goods world share for the period 2004–2006. The group comprises countries in America and Asia.

The composition of the groups of emerging economies (in America and Asia) and newly industrialized Asian economies (composed of first and second tier) corresponds to UNCTAD’s Trade and Development Report.

The different geographical regions are also presented at various levels of aggregation:

- Africa: Northern Africa excluding Sudan, sub-Saharan Africa, including Sudan, including and excluding South Africa.

- America: Central America and Greater Caribbean Islands excluding Puerto Rico, including and excluding Mexico, South America and Central America, and South America excluding Brazil.

- Asia: Eastern and South-Eastern Asia excluding China, and Southern Asia excluding India.

3. Trade groups and interregional groupings

Statistics of trade groups with special analytic interest are presented according to their pertinence. These groupings include all relevant economies and are sub-classified by geographical regions, with the exception of following interregional groups: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States; Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation; Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and Commonwealth of Independent States.

xi

DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

AFRICA

Eastern Africa Burundi Malawi Uganda Comoros Mauritius United Republic of Tanzania Djibouti Mayotte Zambia Eritrea Mozambique Zimbabwe Ethiopia Rwanda Kenya Seychelles Madagascar Somalia

Middle Africa Angola Congo Sao Tome and Principe Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea Chad Gabon

Northern Africa Algeria Morocco Western Sahara Egypt Sudan Libya Tunisia

Southern Africa Botswana Namibia Swaziland Lesotho South Africa

Western Africa Benin Guinea Nigeria Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Saint Helena Cape Verde Liberia Senegal Côte d’Ivoire Mali Sierra Leone Gambia Mauritania Togo Ghana Niger

AMERICA

Caribbean islands Greater Caribbean Small Caribbean islands Cuba Anguilla Dominica Dominican Republic Antigua and Barbuda Grenada Haiti Aruba Montserrat Jamaica Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis

Barbados Saint Lucia Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines British Virgin Islands Sint Maarten (dutch part)* Cayman Islands Trinidad and Tobago Curaçao* Turks and Caicos Islands

* Netherlands Antilles were dissolved on 10 October 2010. The composition of all groupings has been modified accordingly.

Central America Belize Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Rica Honduras Panama El Salvador Mexico

xii

DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (concluded)

AMERICA (concluded)

South America Argentina Ecuador Suriname Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Uruguay Brazil Guyana Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Chile Paraguay Colombia Peru

ASIA

Eastern Asia China Macao, Special Administrative Democratic People’s Republic Region of China

of Korea Mongolia Hong Kong, Special Administrative Republic of Korea

Region of China Taiwan Province of China

Southern Asia Afghanistan India Nepal Bangladesh Iran (Islamic Republic of) Pakistan Bhutan Maldives Sri Lanka

South-Eastern Asia Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Thailand Cambodia Myanmar Timor-Leste Indonesia Philippines Viet Nam Lao People’s Democratic Republic Singapore

Western Asia Bahrain Occupied Palestinian territory Turkey Iraq Oman United Arab Emirates Jordan Qatar Yemen Kuwait Saudi Arabia Lebanon Syrian Arab Republic

OCEANIA

American Samoa Micronesia (Federated States of) Samoa Cook Islands Nauru Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia Tokelau French Polynesia Niue Tonga Guam Northern Mariana Islands Tuvalu Kiribati Palau Vanuatu Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea Wallis and Futuna Islands

xiii

DISTRIBUTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

TRANSITION ECONOMIES

Albania Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Armenia Montenegro Ukraine Azerbaijan Republic of Moldova Uzbekistan Belarus Russian Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Croatia Tajikistan Georgia The former Yugoslav Republic Kazakhstan of Macedonia

DEVELOPED ECONOMIES

AMERICA

Bermuda United States of America Canada including Puerto Rico and Greenland United States Virgin Islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon

ASIA

Israel Japan

EUROPE

Andorra Gibraltar Poland Austria Greece Portugal Belgium Holy See Romania Bulgaria Hungary San Marino Cyprus Iceland Slovakia Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia Denmark Italy Spain Estonia Latvia Sweden Faeroe Islands Lithuania Switzerland including Liechtenstein Finland including Åland Islands Luxembourg United Kingdom of Great Britain and France including French Guyana, Malta Northern Ireland including Channel

Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Islands and Isle of Man Monaco and Réunion Norway including Svalbard

Germany and Jan Mayen

OCEANIA

Australia New Zealand

xiv

DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING

Heavily indebted poor countries (40) Afghanistan Gambia Nicaragua Benin Ghana Niger Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Guinea Rwanda Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Sao Tome and Principe Burundi Guyana Senegal Cameroon Haiti Sierra Leone Central African Republic Honduras Somalia Chad Kyrgyzstan Sudan Comoros Liberia Togo Congo Madagascar Uganda Côte d’Ivoire Malawi United Republic of Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali Zambia Eritrea Mauritania Ethiopia Mozambique

Landlocked developing countries (31) Afghanistan Kazakhstan* Rwanda Armenia* Kyrgyzstan* Swaziland Azerbaijan* Lao People’s Democratic Republic Tajikistan* Bhutan Lesotho The former Yugoslav Republic Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Malawi of Macedonia* Botswana Mali Turkmenistan* Burkina Faso Mongolia Uganda Burundi Nepal Uzbekistan* Central African Republic Niger Zambia Chad Paraguay Zimbabwe Ethiopia Republic of Moldova* * These countries are classified as economies in transition (neither developed nor developing).

However, as they are landlocked States, they are also members of this group.

Small island developing States (29) Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Samoa Bahamas Marshall Islands Sao Tome and Principe Barbados Mauritius Seychelles Cape Verde Micronesia (Federated States of) Solomon Islands Comoros Nauru Timor-Leste Dominica Palau Tonga Fiji Papua New Guinea Trinidad and Tobago Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Tuvalu Jamaica Saint Lucia Vanuatu Kiribati Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Least developed countries (48) Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group Year of inclusion in the group

Africa and Haiti Asia Angola 1994 Malawi 1971 Afghanistan 1971 Benin 1971 Mali 1971 Bangladesh 1975 Burkina Faso 1971 Mauritania 1986 Bhutan 1971 Burundi 1971 Mozambique 1988 Cambodia 1991 Central African Republic 1975 Niger 1971 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 1971 Chad 1971 Rwanda 1971 Myanmar 1987 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1991 Senegal 2000 Nepal 1971 Djibouti 1982 Sierra Leone 1982 Yemen 1971 Equatorial Guinea 1982 Somalia 1971 Eritrea 1994 Sudan 1971 Islands Ethiopia 1971 Togo 1982 Comoros 1977 Gambia 1975 Uganda 1971 Kiribati 1986 Guinea 1971 United Republic of Tanzania 1971 Samoa 1971 Guinea-Bissau 1981 Zambia 1991 Sao Tome and Principe 1982 Haiti 1971 Solomon Islands 1991 Lesotho 1971 Timor-Leste 2003 Liberia 1990 Tuvalu 1986 Madagascar 1991 Vanuatu 1985

xv

DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING

UNCTAD ECONOMIC GROUPINGS

2004-2006 average per capita current GDP above $4,500: High-income (48)

American Samoa French Polynesia Republic of Korea Anguilla Guam Saint Kitts and Nevis Antigua and Barbuda Hong Kong, Special Administrative Saint Lucia Argentina Region of China Saudi Arabia Aruba Kuwait Seychelles Bahamas Lebanon Singapore Bahrain Libya Sint Maarten (dutch part) Barbados Macao, Special Administrative Taiwan Province of China Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba Region of China Trinidad and Tobago British Virgin Islands Malaysia Turkey Brunei Darussalam Mexico Turks and Caicos Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat United Arab Emirates Chile New Caledonia Uruguay Cook Islands Niue Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Costa Rica Northern Mariana Islands Curaçao Oman Equatorial Guinea Palau Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Qatar

2004-2006 average per capita current GDP between $1,000 and $4,500: Middle-income (50)

Algeria Grenada Philippines Belize Guatemala Saint Helena Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Honduras Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botswana Iran (Islamic Republic of) Samoa Brazil Jamaica South Africa Cape Verde Jordan Sri Lanka China Maldives Suriname Colombia Marshall Islands Swaziland Congo Mauritius Syrian Arab Republic Cuba Micronesia (Federated States of) Thailand Dominica Morocco Tokelau Dominican Republic Namibia Tonga Ecuador Nauru Tunisia Egypt Occupied Palestinian territory Tuvalu El Salvador Panama Vanuatu Fiji Paraguay Wallis and Futuna Islands Gabon Peru

2004-2006 average per capita current GDP below $1,000: Low-income (60)

Afghanistan Guinea-Bissau Nigeria Angola Guyana Pakistan Bangladesh Haiti Papua New Guinea Benin India Rwanda Bhutan Indonesia Sao Tome and Principe Burkina Faso Iraq Senegal Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone Cambodia Kiribati Solomon Islands Cameroon Lao People’s Democratic Republic Somalia Central African Republic Lesotho Sudan Chad Liberia Timor-Leste Comoros Madagascar Togo Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Uganda Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Mali United Republic of Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Mauritania Viet Nam Djibouti Mongolia Yemen Eritrea Mozambique Zambia Ethiopia Myanmar Zimbabwe Gambia Nepal Ghana Nicaragua Guinea Niger

xvi

DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BY ECONOMIC GROUPING

Major petroleum and gas exporters (12)Africa America Asia Algeria Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Iran (Islamic Republic of) Angola Iraq Libya Kuwait Nigeria Oman

Qatar Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Major manufactured goods exporters (8)America Asia Mexico China

Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Malaysia Republic of Korea Singapore Taiwan Province of China Thailand

Emerging economies (10)America Asia Argentina Malaysia Brazil Republic of Korea Chile Singapore Mexico Taiwan Province of China Peru Thailand

Newly industrialized Asian economies (8)First tier Second tier Hong Kong, Special Administrative Indonesia

Region of China Malaysia Republic of Korea Philippines Singapore Thailand Taiwan Province of China

xvii

DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUP

AFRICA

Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionArab Maghreb Union – UMA (5) Economic Community of Central Economic and Monetary Community Algeria 1989 African States (10) - ECCAS of Central Africa (6) - CEMAC Libya 1989 Angola 1999 Cameroon 1994 Mauritania 1989 Burundi 1983 Central African Republic 1994 Morocco 1989 Cameroon 1983 Chad 1994 Tunisia 1989 Central African Republic 1983 Congo 1994

Chad 1983 Equatorial Guinea 1994 Common Market for Eastern and Congo 1983 Gabon 1994 Southern Africa (19) - COMESA Democratic Republic of Burundi 1994 The Congo 1983 Mano River Union (4) - MRU Comoros 1994 Equatorial Guinea 1983 Côte d'Ivoire 2008 Democratic Republic of the Gabon 1983 Guinea 1980 Congo 1994 Sao Tome and Principe 1983 Liberia 1973 Djibouti 1994 Sierra Leone 1973 Egypt 1994 Economic Community of the GreatEritrea 1994 Lakes Countries (3) - CEPGL Southern African Development Ethiopia 1994 Burundi 1976 Community (15) - SADCKenya 1994 Democratic Republic of Angola 1992 Libya 2005 the Congo 1976 Botswana 1992 Madagascar 1994 Rwanda 1976 Democratic Republic of Malawi 1994 the Congo 1992 Mauritius 1994 Economic Community of West Lesotho 1992 Rwanda 1994 African States (15) - ECOWAS Madagascar 2005 Seychelles 1994 Benin 1975 Malawi 1992 Sudan 1994 Burkina Faso 1975 Mauritius 1992 Swaziland 1994 Cape Verde 1977 Mozambique 1992 Uganda 1994 Côte d’Ivoire 1975 Namibia 1992 Zambia 1994 Gambia 1975 Seychelles 2007 Zimbabwe 1994 Ghana 1975 South Africa 1994

Guinea 1975 Swaziland 1992 East African Community (5) - EAC Guinea-Bissau 1975 United Republic of Tanzania 1992 Burundi 2007 Liberia 1975 Zambia 1992 Kenya 2001 Mali 1975 Zimbabwe 1992 Rwanda 2007 Niger 1975 Uganda 2001 Nigeria 1975 West African Economic and United Republic of Tanzania 2001 Senegal 1975 Monetary Union (8) - UEMOA

Sierra Leone 1975 Benin 1994 Togo 1975 Burkina Faso 1994

Côte d’Ivoire 1994 Guinea-Bissau 1997 Mali 1994 Niger 1994 Senegal 1994 Togo 1994

AMERICA

Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionAndean Community (4) - ANCOM Central American Common Market (5) - Dominican Republic 1994 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1996 CACM Ecuador 1994 Colombia 1996 Costa Rica 1962 El Salvador 1994 Ecuador 1996 El Salvador 1961 Grenada 1994 Peru 1996 Guatemala 1961 Guatemala 1994

Honduras 1961 Guyana 1994 Caribbean Community (15) - CARICOM Nicaragua 1961 Haiti 1994 Antigua and Barbuda 1974 Honduras 1994 Bahamas 1983 Free Trade Area of the Americas (34) - Jamaica 1994 Barbados 1973 FTAA Mexico 1994 Belize 1974 Antigua and Barbuda 1994 Nicaragua 1994 Dominica 1974 Argentina 1994 Panama 1994 Grenada 1974 Bahamas 1994 Paraguay 1994 Guyana 1973 Barbados 1994 Peru 1994 Haiti 2002 Belize 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1994 Jamaica 1973 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1994 Saint Lucia 1994 Montserrat 1974 Brazil 1994 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1974 Canada 1994 Suriname 1994 Saint Lucia 1974 Chile 1994 Trinidad and Tobago 1994 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1974 Colombia 1994 United States of America 1994 Suriname 1995 Costa Rica 1994 Uruguay 1994 Trinidad and Tobago 1973 Dominica 1994 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1994

xviii

DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUP

AMERICA (concluded)

Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionLatin American Integration Organization of American States (35) - OAS Paraguay 1948 Association (12) - LAIA Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Peru 1951 Argentina 1980 Argentina 1948 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1984 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1980 Bahamas 1982 Saint Lucia 1979 Brazil 1980 Barbados 1967 Saint Vincent and Chile 1980 Belize 1991 the Grenadines 1981 Colombia 1980 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1948 Suriname 1977 Cuba 1999 Brazil 1948 Trinidad and Tobago 1967 Ecuador 1980 Canada 1990 United States of America 1951 Mexico 1980 Chile 1948 Uruguay 1951 Paraguay 1980 Colombia 1948 Venezuela (Bolivarian Peru 1980 Costa Rica 1948 Republic of) 1951 Uruguay 1980 Cuba 2009 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1980 Dominica 1979 Organization of Eastern Caribbean

Dominican Republic 1948 States (9) - OECSMercado Común del Sur (4) - MERCOSUR Ecuador 1948 Anguilla 1995 Argentina 1994 El Salvador 1948 Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Brazil 1994 Grenada 1975 British Virgin Islands 1984 Paraguay 1994 Guatemala 1948 Dominica 1981 Uruguay 1994 Guyana 1948 Grenada 1981

Haiti 1948 Montserrat 1981 North American Free Trade Honduras 1948 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1981 Agreement (3) - NAFTA Jamaica 1969 Saint Lucia 1981 Canada 1994 Mexico 1948 Saint Vincent and Mexico 1994 Nicaragua 1948 the Grenadines 1981 United States of America 1994 Panama 1948

ASIA

Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionAsia–Pacific Trade Agreement (6) - APTA Philippines 1967 Gulf Cooperation Council (6) - GCC Bangladesh 1975 Singapore 1967 Bahrain 1981 China 2001 Thailand 1967 Kuwait 1981 India 1975 Viet Nam 1995 Oman 1981 Lao People’s Democratic Qatar 1981 Republic 1975 Economic Cooperation Organization (10) - Saudi Arabia 1981 Republic of Korea 1975 ECO United Arab Emirates 1981 Sri Lanka 1975 Afghanistan 1992

Azerbaijan 1992 South Asian Association for Association of South-East Asian Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1985 Regional Cooperation (8) - SAARC Nations (10) - ASEAN Kazakhstan 1992 Afghanistan 2007 Brunei Darussalam 1984 Kyrgyzstan 1992 Bangladesh 1985 Cambodia 1999 Pakistan 1985 Bhutan 1985 Indonesia 1967 Tajikistan 1992 India 1985 Lao People’s Democratic Turkey 1985 Maldives 1985 Republic 1997 Turkmenistan 1992 Nepal 1985 Malaysia 1967 Uzbekistan 1992 Pakistan 1985 Myanmar 1997 Sri Lanka 1985

EUROPE

Year of accession Year of accession Year of accessionEuropean Free Trade Association (3) - Hungary 2004 Euro area (17) EFTA Ireland 1973 Austria 2002 Iceland 1970 Italy 1957 Belgium 2002 Norway 1960 Latvia 2004 Cyprus 2008 Switzerland 1960 Lithuania 2004 Estonia 2011

Luxembourg 1957 Finland 2002 European Union (27) - EU Malta 2004 France 2002 Austria 1995 Netherlands 1957 Germany 2002 Belgium 1957 Poland 2004 Greece 2002 Bulgaria 2008 Portugal 1986 Ireland 2002 Cyprus 2004 Romania 2008 Italy 2002 Czech Republic 2004 Slovakia 2004 Luxembourg 2002 Denmark 1973 Slovenia 2004 Malta 2008 Estonia 2004 Spain 1986 Netherlands 2002 Finland 1995 Sweden 1995 Portugal 2002 France 1957 United Kingdom 1973 Slovakia 2009 Germany 1957 Slovenia 2007 Greece 1981 Spain 2002

xix

DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY TRADE GROUP

OCEANIA

Year of accession

Melanesia Spearhead Group (4) - MSG Fiji 1998 Papua New Guinea 1993 Solomon Islands 1993 Vanuatu 1993

African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (79) - ACP Angola Gambia Rwanda Antigua and Barbuda Ghana Saint Kitts and Nevis Bahamas Grenada Saint Lucia Barbados Guinea Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Belize Guinea-Bissau Samoa Benin Guyana Sao Tome and Principe Botswana Haiti Senegal Burkina Faso Jamaica Seychelles Burundi Kenya Sierra Leone Cameroon Kiribati Solomon Islands Cape Verde Lesotho Somalia Central African Republic Liberia South Africa Chad Madagascar Sudan Comoros Malawi Suriname Congo Mali Swaziland Cook Islands Marshall Islands Timor-Leste Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania Togo Cuba Mauritius Tonga Democratic Republic of the Congo Micronesia (Federated States of ) Trinidad and Tobago Djibouti Mozambique Tuvalu Dominica Namibia Uganda Dominican Republic Nauru United Republic of Tanzania Equatorial Guinea Niger Vanuatu Eritrea Nigeria Zambia Ethiopia Niue Zimbabwe Fiji Palau Gabon Papua New Guinea

Year of accession Year of accession Year of accession

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (21) - Black Sea Economic Cooperation (12) - Commonwealth of Independent APEC BSEC States (11) - CIS Australia 1989 Albania 1992 Armenia 1991 Brunei Darussalam 1989 Armenia 1992 Azerbaijan 1991 Canada 1989 Azerbaijan 1992 Belarus 1991 Chile 1994 Bulgaria 1992 Kazakhstan 1991 China 1991 Georgia 1992 Kyrgyzstan 1991 Hong Kong, Special Greece 1992 Republic of Moldova 1991 Administrative Region of China 1991 Republic of Moldova 1992 Russian Federation 1991 Indonesia 1989 Romania 1992 Tajikistan 1991 Japan 1989 Russian Federation 1992 Turkmenistan 1991 Malaysia 1989 Serbia 2004 Ukraine 1991 Mexico 1993 Turkey 1992 Uzbekistan 1991 New Zealand 1989 Ukraine 1992 Papua New Guinea 1993 Peru 1998 Philippines 1989 Republic of Korea 1989 Russian Federation 1998 Singapore 1989 Taiwan Province of China 1991 Thailand 1989 United States of America 1989 Viet Nam 1998

DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIES BY INTERREGIONAL GROUPING

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ANCOM Andean Community APEC Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation APTA Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (former Bangkok Agreement) ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BPM Balance of Payments Manual (IMF) BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation CACM Central American Common Market CARICOM Caribbean Community CCSA Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries c.i.f. cost, insurance and freight CIS Commonwealth of Independent States COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DAC Development Assistance Committee (of OECD) DRS Debtor Reporting System EAC East African Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFTA European Free Trade Association EIU Economic Intelligence Unit ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union excl. excluding FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI foreign direct investment f.o.b. free on board FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP gross domestic product GFCF gross fixed capital formation GNP gross national product HIPC heavily indebted poor countries HS Harmonized System ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund LAIA Latin American Integration Association LDC least developed country MERCOSUR Mercado Común del Sur MFN most favoured nation MRU Mano River Union MSG Melanesia Spearhead Group NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement n.e.s. not elsewhere specified NIE newly industrialized economies n.i.e. not included elsewhere NPISHs non-profit institutions serving households OA official aid OAS Organization of American States ODA official development assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OOF other official flows OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SADC Southern African Development Community SAR Special Administrative Region SDR special drawing right SFR Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (former) SIDS Small Island Developing States SITC Standard International Trade Classification TFYR The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia TNC transnational corporation TRAINS Trade Analysis and Information System UMA Arab Maghreb Union UN/DESA/SD United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WITS World Integrated Trade Solution WTO World Trade Organization

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NOTES GÉNÉRALES

Ces notes générales présentent le contenu de chaque tableau du Manuel de statistiques ainsi que les modifications introduites dans cette nouvelle édition, s’il y a lieu.

Les tableaux inclus dans cette publication constituent un résumé analytique des séries chronologiques complètes publiées dans le Manuel de statistiques 2012 de la CNUCED sur DVD.

PREMIÈRE PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises

Les tableaux 1.1 donnent la valeur des exportations (f.a.b.) et des importations (c.a.f.) totales de marchandises, exprimée en millions de dollars et en pourcentage du monde, des pays et régions géographiques (1.1.1), groupements économiques (1.1.2) et groupements commerciaux (1.1.3). Les flux du commerce présentés dans le tableau 1.1.1 se réfèrent au Système du Commerce Général, à l’exception des pays et territoires qui utilisent le Système du Commerce Spécial et qui sont munis d’un astérisque. Le Système du Commerce Général est utilisé lorsque le territoire statistique d’un pays coïncide avec son territoire économique, et en conséquence, les importations comprennent tous les biens admis sur le territoire du pays déclarant et les exportations tous les biens qui le quittent. Le Système du Commerce Spécial est utilisé lorsque le territoire statistique ne comprend qu’une partie du territoire économique à l’intérieur de laquelle « les biens peuvent être écoulés librement sans restriction douanière ». Dans ce cas, les importations comprennent tous les biens qui entrent dans la zone de libre circulation du pays déclarant, c’est-à-dire qui ont été dédouanés pour mise à la consommation et les exportations comprennent tous les biens qui quittent la zone de libre circulation du pays déclarant.

Les taux d’évolution annuels moyens du commerce international des marchandises, calculés à partir des valeurs des tableaux 1.1, figurent dans les tableaux 1. 2.

Les tableaux 1.3 présentent les balances commerciales (exportations f.a.b. moins importations c.a.f.), ainsi que ces mêmes balances en pourcentage des importations des pays, régions géographiques et groupements économiques.

Le tableau 1.4 indique l’importance des échanges entre pays membres de groupements commerciaux par rapport aux exportations régionales et totales de ces groupements.

DEUXIÈME PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises par régions

Le tableau 2.1 présente la structure des exportations et des importations des pays par régions de destination et d’origine. Le plus grand nombre possible de pays en développement sont inclus tandis que les partenaires commerciaux sont regroupés en 14 groupes considérés comme particulièrement importants pour l’analyse du commerce international.

Les tableaux 2.2 (A à L) indiquent la structure des exportations par destination ainsi que des importations par origine et par groupes de produits pour le monde et une sélection de 12 groupements de pays. Le tableau fournit une information détaillée sur le réseau du commerce international avec le monde, 19 régions d’origine et de destination, et pour six différents groupes de produits.

Les totaux du commerce international des marchandises présentés dans les tableaux des première et deuxième parties ne sont pas strictement comparables en raison de sources complémentaires mais différentes et d’une marge d’exportations et d’importations non distribuées, en dépit des efforts déployés pour répartir les flux commerciaux par destinations et origines.

Les exportations ventilées par destinations peuvent accuser un écart parfois considérable par rapport aux importations déclarées par les pays destinataires en raison de divers facteurs dont les plus importants sont les suivants : - Les importations sont déclarées en principe “valeur c.a.f.” plutôt que “valeur f.a.b”.; - Les importations de marchandises peuvent arriver à destination et être enregistrées longtemps après la date de leur enregistrement à l’exportation ;

- D’importantes différences peuvent exister entre la destination des exportations déclarée par les pays exportateurs et la destination réelle telle qu’indiquée dans les statistiques d’importation.

TROISIÈME PARTIE Commerce international des marchandises par produits

Le tableau 3.1 fournit la structure des exportations et des importations des pays par produits classés en 9 groupes (total, produits alimentaires, matières premières d’origine agricole, combustibles, minerais et métaux, produits manufacturés, dont produits chimiques, machines et matériel de transport, articles manufacturés divers) pour plusieurs années.

Les tableaux 3.2A, B et C présentent respectivement les exportations par produits du monde, des économies en développement et développées, à un niveau très détaillé (CTCI révision 3, position à trois chiffres). Les parts que représente chaque produit dans les exportations du monde et de la région, sont calculées pour chaque groupe d’économies, ainsi que le taux annuel de croissance et l’écart de ce dernier par rapport au taux de croissance mondial.

Le tableau 3.2D établit, pour chaque économie, la liste des principaux produits qu’elle exporte (CTCI révision 3, position à trois chiffres). La part de chaque produit dans le total des exportations du pays, de la région et du monde est également indiquée.

Le tableau 3.2E liste les plus gros exportateurs de 70 produits parmi les produits les plus exportés par les économies en développement (CTCI révision 3, position à trois chiffres), ainsi que les parts correspondantes dans le commerce mondial.

Le tableau 3.3 fournit les indices de concentration et de changements structurels des exportations et des importations des produits au niveau de la CTCI (révision 3, position à trois chiffres). Le premier indicateur a vocation à montrer comment le marché d’un produit est concentré sur quelques pays ou réparti de façon plus homogène entre les pays. L’indicateur de changement structurel indique si la répartition du commerce d’un produit entre les pays exportateurs ou importateurs a connu une évolution importante par rapport à une année de référence.

Les totaux du commerce international des marchandises présentés dans les tableaux de cette troisième partie peuvent aussi être différents des données de la première partie pour les raisons précédemment citées, auxquelles il convient d’ajouter des marges d’exportations et d’importations non distribuées par groupes de produits ou l’utilisation de nomenclatures différentes de p