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LOCALIZED AND GLOBAL APPROACHES FOR TILED NOSC TD 1228WINDOW MANAGEMENT BY: JF CHEN, JS GREENSTEIN UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLA5SIF I-E JAN 1988IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIuEllllllllllllllllllllllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIullllllmhllllhuIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl
C44
'48
C cj' January 1988
o Localized and GlobalAP~ro~hesfor Tiled
NNIndow Mianagement
J ,F. ChenJ.S. Greenste!,"
(Cl emson Univers'ity
A,
NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTERSan Diego, California 92152-5000
Comm ancr' Tehia e rec~or
\.I)\INISI U \H\11 INI(R 'I()
ACKNOWLED)(AENTFS
7c- -up rrt . v the Humnan an's d SpeechTeI .-. , N
* ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ! ~ .. :ir~ ccecK ,--a: Jirectmon of Dr Gilenn -v (),c p n tfxt m- ,,,:. ~ uren W~. V~r r(~vl ihIe ,,)ric. cQwupment. ad n:::~.
* .... .. ;~.i~r mn e nerner", Dr P p~ '~ an D ) 1. K'. ~r a
REPORT DOCUYENAThON PAOF I
DO PCM 1177 j:','
,.r a' wa
ow ' a 11 e
rtnur e -r. *-i~
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for ~ Hil nrA--Sze- -D: : v v~n 7
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a* a r O.ltw Y'ana v men 7 mie
z r Mor VNawp. l-d N s,
zmr-,rnTa l for4-4e At Airiow ana semenr
§-r~lit2S Te n: Moej':~aP4 Data 5'Ws
7es-- on -n- i :n p a r
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:j~ nda e~ t. -
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0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -lml-7 - l y~
Oma v - f .
714;...Ppta>
l7'. rp4 :A-r 7
!"r. NPe f :n o r c
-o Aa K m~u i r :z
7t-n ci,"paeoL na l
L -qs s n lrn D
Ta k my -Io T me lu i h r 0 KPa-
x t x e prac4
. fr N;mbe fo ',I. -".arnageme!, p ra' c-ri S s.T1a~ -
rte rat o 'c' A N,-Lm ari
ur 'Ire ,spla et 'as
-t ., -p 3 c - - a i>- '
I I P
-CA 7 'P4 nc-'
re± On
-P- i's >:3s pm <rs - <-
V07! wi i' 07 1 0 y i n rs r l t ew ~
S eL -C V"j a i I v P r i e - eS
4- ~ ~ ~ s r i Crnca an ~ere i j
- ~ --- A. A -
- - - - .. t< - . . I .~ -. - ,- -
- *~~~1~~*'~
- a---> -< - - ,.
- - - .,- -I -
- - a . A
- - lTd -- -
-
- -- I - -- I -
a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Be e:st - .' -
i s nm e.s.t- s e r .
ic aa'
hte ow .a-o' raA
SI' sg s n '
;i1,
innmav be isl!i h P;:-Y xml ;nwindows .2onlingmeus_ [mgd r-.I~kwi
Mvserve as ar nl~~o or -wnan onerWh ne display cursor is i 1:p window :Omr 4-ala pcLi O n~go 7na winow necomts acL r T~
znecomand language 7w e simple and more~ m~o 0' 2
7hex' can he used to dispav mu lrtple represerrtanluns tr77iame cask This can permit moe ucser on :ert'-: a svqcecp Aactions using UPo rep~esentatnorI c ;ies7 n ;so a-vc r7
in the sequence.
Bul avies and Darnel I l99'5; conducpni n experiment to tes7
tie hyothesis ch~at the user can gain benefits from nu tLple windows
a nask whi~ch requires the aisplay of supplemental iforna.ior relevant
7: toe ver's primary; task Alttoug;: users of the wcndowec' ernviror.Ten
szetnt addiional time ge~ning windows onto twe screen and arranging then
a usable lavout their performance was more accurate than that of
.3fSi the ncn,-w i ocowed erirornen
3urv et a! "P85) suggest that users can also benefit from mclzicrue
in the following tasks
t asks in which users moni tor svs tern changes in a senonrdarvwindow while performing a task in a primary; window
i asks in which specific Locations within more than.o'ne application need. to be specified
Window Coategories
IArd e7 VI stated that current des igns for windo~w marnage-
T;"sstems :an be bWken down into approximnatel t our categories
sin "l winows ne-uzped Lndows spacl mtr:, w-,
-- ~~~~ - a a~rt ~ Fr t.
-,oa are m: : tle'4u.t'o Ws tso-a -r aS ie rns<. -c e e -
.'eo "nor:mat!7or ma' v ainze wtnro ac ross -,>ndcws los
teal~~~ ~~ ot~dw wlhe'~dw an a0 h r~dw ae t r ni'ce s
Icos are very sm-al windos, eeraw represented on the screen
toasma s'rnbolio- Moto rs or some sort. An icon may; be selected and
e xca nded into a fr-ill-size window. Icons are a means for keepi.ng.rr~c
itS of a large amount. oF Inrormiatlon on th-e screen w-:ncut t-aking up
Bifocal wi ndow s too zuoe to se w, idow s in whi ch h ie r ar hCal in7fo
7- -r s displaved in fuldetail- in the center. R e La -- : Int"ormia t>;n
I;I s:a'',e , or t1h e peri,4.phe r-;- - n e nough dIer ail to r~:gz t
rt user alwayvs tas de ta o,-dis plav of s3om e ie m t t-est -c
e4diLs ~ n; of mnrte x c-a trel ated iems .
e image t a coy- i 'r rrc r Tn Ilo fral f e- wn
~ec n s r~ ra,,, e r e, ~ o'rdz
- ' ~ j~c~ win *- r - ' ,-, i-
.a-, e- t each at e ) n -
,q 7 - sm .lrC-in -he m v e at n Z- :-!-;
n- r istr.. . g parts ,at -ae -mst :. "r ,a,
lonefl gs:" :t . and iverson . < -. .-- 1 0 1- = i- - 1- . - -- - ,
e: 'wirindow organizations have hee:- -- '-
linh.C co. nmn---indc-s are .- '-,d ," "-' cal1v i.- a s r -P
t M.lti.. un The screen is 07 :nuIt i I , e
wirnws are l..ned up verttrsa"v in e.cr. co~lmr
- Pierarchical- -The screen is divided ei'her :erti:all:v Pr hoi-
zonra!Lv into partitions. and the para:Ition is then recursive.vdivided into subpart-tions. Windows correspond to the fina set
of undiviled partitions Each partition corresponds to a node
in a hierarchy, with windows at the leaves
Nonnierarchical--Any rectangular tiling can appear in the
svstem.
Tiled Windows vs 'yer lacr'ng 'indows
tiled window sstem is defined as one in which any -ster window is
-vs fulv-- visible windows are not allowed to overlar .r ,-,vrar-
i 4 window svstem is defined as one in which the user -n, .aaze a w-'t
n.w s location and size in arv wav desired
-,oodfellow (1986 noted that tled windows and -verl,:;irz Ki'd-'
-- n:. have advantages The advantames of tiled windows i-cAe
- S.-, no windo'w is ,nscured. -he :ser ,,ver 4. a 1. r - rra e
screen to see somethi:g ;,hat has keen .urted -i 'Iv ,Yt.5.
is :aomon with the over 3 L, ' nModel
I7r" r is O - ', i, ne ' "
'ons a'reYso.7Ylow anazrer .::rr
IL Dac - ha zi
.1W CA t ie m,
-_ or~ v w -tr a''-- -
rle .jan .s ic n wil I .
-. Mor theo~ j~rim.T . T<Q.C tiA.>&,o
windows.
-%ht-r e: a: ret .9rmd :ha: useris at the desktop maode! wht:n
allwT indws c oer~p acK otner like sheets of paper piled tip onr a
swdesk.. >0k' a pric for fVs flexibl iL:.v especiall wc heni larze
-.=hors f c-daz ne-ed no oe a..:ommodareu The desktop can become
T-STfr->ng t:.e user nooo - Pfl :ocate jind reart-rag wtndc'-s
.7,1aPig winfdows ma-; he most ~setnl for svstems usinz small screens
i: fir i:-stanns trw. .. se 5n..; a5 few windows over a lc-g period *
AP umared wit. ovrp. inw tiled stems wc alowA
to~ 7 control theiln r save spr: do rnot need n3worvao!
C7a nas open buried' acciier' l :7o car rpqr flfl wrkof71
Srin -K'-me trostrl~ 7:505t9we 4w>h.i;Ql> 3noaial re-
nwscreen o5ised nnVe.:. n- car r, v h he id-
-ask , - n .V 1 cr3 .: n "I:H -inan
*a 7S w.r o ~indow s arn; r >r 4 a:as
-. :twe -.ndews and mak~e -.he nece'ssar;. 7eX- iO ~ ':~ ~
tre S ei-rUsrol~ an3n 1~ ztuw eiOcs
-1. Ze'ue -n r e wlco a1.~ i.rrz. 0'..; 're Skic-
I eU. W1 dS It us er s a re Ine xpPe E e a rthe se o m.'e r a-
- Wzno's Led !;idows are erFor bDo-h kinds cf tasks Th e
suge te pas s ibiiit a o a j s pr e, q 11a tro 7z
let :- an. tiedu w ,ndow svs ze-s tilec windows a' )e er
s tatz:onr.s Paradoxi4,caI> -, ~, iv r : e ?s'-ectsS;7-
a~- -Jerap tn w nd'ow e nd w S
*ser ".-s
- 1..-, report-ec e> ToE 'fs z,7
W ow -La agerne n S! sse m S
r s rjrstr c~~ ec , ome 'If e P05 t
e *- dws a ve been in s s e m S K ~
S t r- n(k- r s se o'a
7 ew. T- ~s m a e co w i s auznma w. e-.
- ~do'~'Managemerz
e a - s~ a ed uhia tt re d w in doc w m a na ze me n s:;S em s
we r v idely !- ie~r approc;i ,es :o resiZing ard operJ :-g a window
a ~w 0, re1,sl zer 17 -drew and RT.RL::,wc of th-e several
.4e .w management- svystem -Ppeena on t -a a-e 'been re.ported,
e t',3 e f fe c ts a re o.cal and manual ion' --. e adiacent,
or 1tve -or space and ?--he amount of space .ie r taier ;-s
sv eh sr. r- CePd ar ; nd RTL/C(RTL, e ffe c s ar:7e a~~ a.d
te 0otn-e r w indows a re g ivE,,n o r g -.,e i s -tc w'
s space wi';er or t-aker :onr.,o ILed ;n-: e -Ite S r
lY~~l ~ rn ieeffect is as -oa, as possibic. :f the i'aen
a' ea/ Srog apce eraC r, vk -m f- f- ox 7T:C s- 'I'i~7.
S.2s *e7 t* '.- - wi *7e' ... '
".d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D ... 7. ,_.s2, a-! ,{ o.P O S ~} ,2 P a ad d a._~,T& i , Me lf-
SW- t a k e n -a w is v rr, m . .
n- *-. a. r..
,:~~- a rr: a 'e m. s "" -. ,a ; a e e.
-. . *anae e ' st u9.ce:so '. i df td- san n tLei ce.
. ... [YuA .s L z3 3 p r e e I T
S s - s enra in a wir.ow takesS~~ ~ Fe m9~ "
es cn "an nas e arn a "Wdo d a sese
:-.:..r Ycrr .an, AJda,_en~t w4120dw Ure..-tr-h adiacenr ,d1nco0 rerorme> too
>- .<. -tmer- e iarg- an t.: p:r.7<.teO1 e g - osling' -_'.; , t:
: : r* .. :.t .w"1 A..:< n : , . . y' .,:;oC.e 'e g . ndrew arK,' _7 RI"
. , a 1 ' 9 se a e w dow
mm~ ~~~ '>n -I-.M. SWF U
I - r1~~~~s Q --p irtg ''o
<-i r r or XiIros ft '<rd,<', r s a '.* i v ,l s s ,' r,,w e a - "' '
r) " *I. ., , : e aR , " l t "4
v.me 575*T i:?p:.;ta--s aalrec-yiv-o I
____ anu systems adopt a7 DC:rC- ac:A7r Ynmand strjc::re
,,sir onsortict ettecttv se r srom'zjs for a s:snem wthich uses an
7.7wetsit axK V-rc-_-- isecase WH;i rmt
~.-krowerk of th 4sei inrpn'os and On ser' iner-2us
-i e Ne'i'cer 7v a greater axn- with knowldge o nh ation than
r'&A enu pcdg othe abec r ah other hand, th ohrV: actionf
s-n ssf~ore Asua ., rehav in dr SV a wit fewe = tS ac thiLs
is R-7 -a ! reg~'arc a' as hrh
-ido DeyiP y
-qr orc' C . 1 4 n n ; A i f re t S b o s 1 7 ~- -
vnlh'wl a/5-3 o 7r *- i c m a .
?0177 ~ ~ an -~ en;an adn~ SWI
" T-,S-.-- U T -
:- -,- ". - , 3. - ,- " .-. : - " .. . ' '. . 7 -
'' - ,_ p -
-: , J*- c- w ---. S C,- -
a M. F- * *4' cl'- - f- ;a --,- i r-'-,-'. -*
&OG se LQt e-ISa L ___e WrL-stigCin t o'dnwsVS. ove r apb
a:unows e-> al i '"e s~' th ::vg e be nefits o f multirle
A 0 ,. 3 e e :rtnc a re a son f or uis iF:g w iudow mana em enT.t s stemrs
to ai te e~ftsof a jetter ,uan-,_computer ir-tertace it Is
ran f~ - s~ dsiner-s to Know, fc-r exam-'e n S>0 suatttus,
rue..oazed a')proach for rettn ndoeni ttj ;ncows is bett-er
7cT th7e zcb p~ahand in7 ih4,ch sit uations sVstem onro of- win.r-
7r,-, IaP aamet t ts etter th'an. ust-r conrlol .SuICh'if ntrzratn wou, pr -
-destgner-s to tmieen:te -. dow manazement s-;s'-"-7 -olae
2 2e.n S taion
Be, a;Se ursprs I ted -nowmnaajemet.(,, s'.'sem7s ma need tosper>;
a!- a 3t *) u S 4- m - r- -a C rr-7f-w-w r - 0 or ' t1o. . t-3
nc -: a fu
rn. e s. . S m<.2 ,I e
* ~ ~ 'sse~v : Ce a<> 1, z e .. r e~ an Fe-i: -
v -:ak-,n "C . =
- ~ 7- na%-e en~nspaoe t?,te K- h eed
s,., -s a s akeT )rn . next- Pmost a,-4 ace<
S .stm n f-c Im :a. w ln st ze r- 7e~C' t- a
r.. en-arz, ~.o Or; -a .: space ::coa ,t:e ocoer W47o.ows ToeS
__~~ fr' . : ef th Stpa - t, o a-a-wo
7 e.vot of a displav are I -rta- ei :--, Fi ures I , a nd 3
'Three hvpotheses are troposed regrdJing _,e e ffect:s of thlese t'
~-onson. he amount- ot tiLme e user must , d c1ndcy Ta nag
st.n tnes hothIe s e s. t s ass- ed :hat a maximum ofM
w-,- . ~..ndow~s are r~itdon -. e diisplav. The mean number of data
..ra ar. 'e dis',pav~ed jin tn e4lr eno lrer' '-tv h tta.-rce
7 < fc -;r se M1 r-,ss -s denrec: 7"~ ~i.(iavrie~ :~.
a,.,L .a':It on the .-ide a d ispi TI is sluff ;Cie.,,! to, perm -- e sIu -
-i3:us di spl. ' of MxN data sets I nl r:rt hn~ss'
7i se s are i s p Ia.-e' P Or ~e vide c .sp a,'. 1 7~ c -,CE,'
eWindow aI'or a te d te a, o f thre 1-ip ',ave d d1a ta s Pts': w pf. r
-r, d's-t 'av. the f I -l'enos of the data sf <.e T m roo. 7 'A.
e-- e -do e.-' 7r eEY ,e oE r
'~1K - <Irr
K "" -I
~----.- I-:
13______ it
N '- Km-''4 'K
I~ ~ K) ~
'- I r~LIIZ<'I'- ~-~ ___________________
~K I -K) -'I, .--- ,
LAJ -
I. N N-
~I ---- ~
-'--------.--->
~ KJ ~-
'4
II 3 -W C~j~ - -
I ~ ~Th
L<. U
K I
I
- i1 \Q
- - - .' - - -.- "
" - C - - 3
.I LJ
, ~ k,
0 L_
r---7
11 K l7
aa - l Pe- e --
r? a s f r Ss We 7 r-.. - 2i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n h j..e c .. 51. s a';o~;s e, es soL*'- ehr nr :-
w_:nifdows are appro.xmmare y qa n s _z e i s e 1eiv hat e ac- of e
.cnows cont.ains space in excess of t.hat requi red :o displav th1-e fuiL
>;t E~i of the associat-ed data set: hUs it enexisrinrg win-dow re-'IS
enlarged or a new window needs to Ibe opened, the smallm~nto
-ae tniat w. be t.aken from each w-nrdow to accomvlisn r on-raticn
.e ecoba, a-Ppro-ach ma'; lea-;e these wi--ncojws s'f ::nx are*
- i I ->i osp av of the f'll as soci-ated datia set s i.e h oaie
triacr . rowever. space will be t.agenl troM onriv -)re or two wiod-ows.
.Tbe .srge amount of space thait each. of1 these windows must zive -Apfflav
tnese wir'dows to-o small -ocntne s)&o heI-asccw'
se, _ anex -44 ndow o en )w~-
Do 1wd -7 add~ I "Iu ~rdww r). Lir r 1 io -a sOn
TT4
A A
/
I / /
/ / /
/
LilN)/
rn(
0E11 cD QL.~
~ VV
-o- data se~s that vary greas,> in iz. e
The oasis for "in s hv",urnesis is as follows lie: inu e :, 1",,
-a A" windows on the M.splav and the Qa~ a sets aver1i.
• inrdows varY zreaniv, in size. -i i 's l ikelv O-}at stnme wiv::daw s neonta':
great deal mrc-e space tnan that requi:ed lo displav -heir contents,
-i.le other 41nuows So uu. contain much excess space it tne cata sets
" d ...... tc par:crM a .sz ar:. . J 1 4, i"eldependen t f.ll cortents
of several of these laca sets may need 7o be, isplayed simultaeousLv
:erml.t performance At the :as, .n exist-:,g .indow needs to be
enlarged or a new window neecs no be opened tAe localized approach ser-
-t
ts the user to take space only from thse windows with sufficient
eKe-ss space to meen the needs of the operanion Under the global
a:;rsach more w!"r.cows woold be affected by the operation increasinz
.e likelihood that windows without much excess space wl be reduce A
_e.]w the size needed to view their till contents This in t.:rn, wou"
in'rease the likelihood that addt:iotnal erarging operatior.s will he
- , AV -x: o m re w. dows on e J t - . ... .- ... s "
- ert r:n a . 'ask ar- q,7.v .- er eperd r- *>.
- %..n r M-. ' , .i w n . ma.azem-" " ,- -" , -
71, Iw Aev fi
*2
p. ii
--
) II
/ LJ
'7K x / 7/'
I _
Li/
/1§N
V~~i A
cizLJ
III(~~) _
'>0
- - sewert-.! of At9>C >... Se~s Pd,' have :o be- displ-:e':
7n u ;v --i :w ma:.ce &5 th ask Thts. if an s:::-in wii-
Vt- emlargeu o'r anew. wi:ndow needs to be oot-nec, mer lu~i
nzv~- llreduc~e ->nr: one or two '-:ncows below ne sine neple -
71OW- er Kl:contents. Vnu if the dlata sets cownained in tne'u- w> -
avs rE nezessar': to complete the cask Wil. ant' adi~iona erlarpirz
:Wfains be necsessary Unlder the g-.oca. dpprflac howev:er, sev-eral
windiw. wl e rednced Wo-w OEt siz reer 7a- *vXiew A . l co-
non:- incrasin - lk- n o Oat L1-, ~v,---,-
41 e teq.1re--
xy'crtenz 'was Uesiveu 1-- tes- rhe r- jti'>c ewizin---
.- Ae andy 4g'' 0- approaches no ile atrdow mar>z-<.t. 'arer ;se.
V~r ech f iut Uec'su iF makZing SKPvaviL 125 7ni ---- !v
-- <i oss perminve ) : .. sula; I- waas Kiy an- %wt
- - - ---- s --- -3 Vi7'C . . .
- 'Yutns P*-1-.,-a--A im tr~s soud& cl
.7ors are ,~eed for norcnO202 vision at a distance of 67 c7-
7"P evrep I-zr 1 fru -h -'e s-cut in the experiment t o 8 hours
Ayrarat':si
:- arwa<rp e 'nti~ur-jI:- consisted of a Tardx 1:7 D versonal
7=-r wi .>kevncard inter:faced to a Tand-: <'4 1 mnotocurme text riI-
r ~cinM" 7 0',I clr grpnc Mni Sfwre
70 p rodu ce a'' tile idwsoe arager an!cfpeir
jdn c re oe r'rg wi d ws i ec h atAr'q nG r
toep hena~zd or goa ;rm-, es -a WPM ctna-77 7pc
;7iar a4is &esg-" ' pe1mi auwai 'Ain O xstn w-
t~- w nr;nn laZr r repniqa-'- -1r P 4
-I P :.C oa p k-r. cor r r ai sp e c re -Wr CO cow -a
i c3 J u e -sea 10, enlarl, e a Sle:I
x L 2-i- I u. u iest4,ons -. oe answtered
ec e d e anr a-d answe rs en-e red '-v ThIe par~h
i7. we e ~r e~ c o T- e I f mc n r om e re x mo n t or see Fig;ure ~ .
~were dis ',afl -d '4oowe 0n r~ln to h
aa * zn r-aCK ackern,d _rore- ! hsaes
-~-<Irnet As-lerisa -s ro the efoit a- I -- a sets .-. Yhe
'A7A SETS men~u contaI-ns Ions KJlata se-7s --. a- rave s)eer
e displi .rv to_ mak~e rncom fo)r wther cdlata set-s
.ee 7.areidn a arcas e a wro Irest~3~ -,es c : a7 ',
e~'~e r'ac e S * r, e- '"ed i r I
ENTER TO, , ENLARG A ' NDV
ENTER, T'O7 REDSP.' A DATA SET
ENTER--' TOCT AN ANSWEBR
1Y:ESTI.'DN M ,
nat us ,he :ial nuwmber of ci_ :es and s-.aes
:onwained in: dat se t s h .ac &
>a a
'..-s 3.cs'-er Is l,-r w? SI& 1w." Key 70. lorn n'.
* -
I -~
-' I
I I
- - U >~) ~
\--, ~ KJ -, I 92
9 -~ U~-' ~i -
K) -j -~ -
~ '9 - ~-
2-, ,-, '-~~ ~o D -
~ ~ K) ~ Lj I Li U U
- ~* -~ - - ,- -I
- - ~- ~- -~ ~-, - -I
-~ ~~ -1 V( 2 - . i t
Lia :as S m.e !ne-n amount, op mpace r- eq __ '
;arrotsofa daa Set was the same a s tne nmw tar.allt
171 -,tY nat aSet::S r equiLr ed- ltesae for- c o m Le dsl a:
rr e qur red, mu: larger amon-ar star e '.a s et n ts ;-etr
-maf: :straaed ,th a stad ar C dev- a on e qua t o one frou
me mean OA St w t hetidndenpendent '.ar atte re ee.
e-nc: --at7a s et was tested a t rwo I ,. e Is low and hlb Inh te 10oW
ereeCnc-case eatctat w r, 'e r red to r et rl1-ee i nf o rmationr
promtwo -a set-s at- a iuet eterminre lfact-s e~g - hat i:s the di:
-zsc etwe the toa iber of trapezoics and rectangles containec
d7 ,ata se:: Z and- th ,e t-ota'l inumber of circles and parallelogramns t
Ae di it, d ata se ki-1 h igh L-nr-erdeoendency case tw-o to fer
a- et ne ed e to) he a c cesse to deteP-rm ine P fa ct-s ,e . r.4nat Lstt
-a nn er of sqluares cont.Ial ned rn d4a t-a s etrs t-. oa. r., a nd t0-Te
aKse--, employed in the 'low and high data set in te rde; enrdenrcv ret
rett onnton ate :nc~aded .as A;rpendilxP
41:0G v maae.. apra s two -£eest nat (et er vrr e
- -; --.-. . .
/
7/
//
///
1~/
/
:7
I,
/ /
- ---- ~-1~ _________
F!
//
V - - *!-
f-~
w -~ ?apazement sws-Ems nmp'i$5 e.y A vi;Kt r-s tdSK, Oirp T li
inn-rm necrossinog At two .vels DI window mana-mp>r ac root:- dana
inryn.i4 to 7ese elltt iask blocks waE nont craloapd a' oss s.<
OAC? En P :n es- eilzn: taskO~O blcks Cqirei tone sut'ect cexrC
.rrst to'- srEqwring th qSect to use to window management so-stem to
secermre 5;e,. fact 7ro § he 2" data sets, The 36 sub:asks in
,ah'eatment condition ca D ivided into two pn:ses.
The first phase Acncd.en the first in subrasks To complete -he
tfirst subtask the sutject na d to open two windows to accommodate two
:aa sets from which the sur,~ect needed informazLon in each of the
ond loh. -tQ. 7h, Pth, 13th :5th, and 17th subtasks. '-he subject had
--en an additional wirdow to accommodate a new data set from wfltst.
7t.sub.r'ect needed information. To complete these ana the other sub-
tasks in ALs phase. the subc" might a'so need to enlatAe or rpoenr
.,-Iqs Enarging would be necessary if an" of he windows cna'nri
:i-d set 7ecessary to compiere asurak were 7no nro7adipv -N
.1 n 7s of the associated9 a sP7 Rpoene' -q -1 be pece<55,
it .v A- r Ae windows contaiin da ta sets necesa& nn-eepa
7as were- .tnaticallv clase The fis S s'>'~ wr apzrz
i&-55 t&O" PraGC4 ;F idw i te apenn' on n '":n al suhask
'ns7 - KSW- A -r~ InyA"' o ,,OA
* " 7m W 7P .rn 0 -. . . . . . . ..n! 1ma fop.T7 M
27: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .'TV -. sz4k l h s , -" "" v m l , - Y
-'' wa . ..y~ .- im !:] Cn 4v of :no d 'l so. 77
a, io s r 7n443"'.''4' co - e a Hn -R was. ana wia l c4ciK 4
- ' ' so er was '4"ne n:-- fct darT i"r- 4 ''e utis'2..
41_p if -o -sks :n2pr' 4ces A 2 and I Each s" as. ,in-
7ikr r%. p&" ca.' Rof'r acK v 'h rs h.saks a
i~hs he 4'~ i ~ - n- -e -a ; r y :T e s ..- *n :
in *4he pr p...4 .1 n".. .4.
-.- n ... ,-.- 1-.Y .k........- no SW -
o z. . .. 4
ccc ~ 1 recr'e aC el 'Dt tet ecn.
r'irru;eed I ''. In e de aut at e arr-gz
s- nt as r: ?,u ra on a~~ waz, Cl~K mI. ~:pe
n ma e ~ n %W tilc siu e i waes e n o erz du,
.e a''e Toc llu e de T m e s pet P1 n a r widws.nd
cc -~'- e" ew n Ic ~e d th ie spent- enargng os
c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t g~ccr~tm o 'c.cc ~ r o e windows
Taa s5o Ir D ime -is -- e -ime -he sub ct devoted to determining
t'e -'pcf-1' t a ",:S r eque s :PC orice he had arranged th'e windows -.n:o a
SLi n ~ -C, per .- r !i -a
I,:PrMt Se; 7 27 0 n~ prrv ous Iv s tated rese ar 2h vpotheses. ne
c.~ easres~er *cte-r-zed as follows
4 easures based on the performance of subtasks I trou h 18.Sliltasks 1 '_"rough Ii were performed under conditioins in whlich
-e numoer ot wincows on t-ne display was less t:han !:he mean:_mber of data set-s that could be fully displayed w'ithin th-eaea available on, the video d~splay (!Ix.N - 2x5 c
~'eas-ures based on the performance of subtask 19 -..,rough 36ese subtasks were performed under conditions inic the-_~ner of wi ndows on the display was equal -o or great-er thane mean nu.mb er o f d1at-a s e ts t hat c o uld b e f 1- - s I av ed
thi7 the area avai lable on the vdeo d"is-.I'
''-aurs ased or the overall p-.-formance all s ur':aS ks.
e me asu11r esF rr'dc a, overall indicati or- e 'a,- acve
*ln c c sc te w 7-l ow m a r, A m, r i c
ret c~te Iease -- rn:. c <' .- t:t
a C..r. 1 c( e I elt CS ott3IT
CTA ~ ~ c stsa:on aw r~t~~c c eto c!unc. x man acE, ient
A --a s s
A tee t-ctr -'--rttr - r suet a na1%ssis atva r--an e was ret
e c e rm IncE votch windo maacm e nt ap pr o-a ch ro v id ed t he mo)s t ef f5e: -
-.. .~ rr~~r ctrfare nd er e a ch in the four -ac o :s:- .ma Kn
s.enr: sarc c ur'.peac of -hie wo ,chases -esred Less tht:1 is
ax-ed 1,3ta s et!s a!,,dJ z> or , mre ds p Ia,;ed d at-a set-,s * Analyt-ical un
-ar-s~ -were pe-formed., wnere arrprt-t et~ermine telocu-s of
arty, significan: Lnterfactrons among t he -independent vari'ables t:hat. were
Ae tf *e d byv t he anr.aly vsi4s of v a riance An analysis of vari4ance su-mmary
w~ s presented i'n Table
S~~ 0 we, L S
S mS
Q 'A
Sx S
~Bx3
BS St Mt. MtS
Bxx - 5;. M Ss
-x Ax!x msAxx
AxBxS a - I '-I; SS Rms
kx x Axx ex
BxC (- L 5 Bx Msxc M
Bxtx~A C x-i SI An-I C3 MS
BxCx3 BxcxS
a- IBxJ a- - .-I (c-I; 33 ms is4M- ~AxB-x(7 Ax B xC xx "xx
Ax Bx -:KS (a-) I b .1 - xxxS M 5
cc r 4)ndow ManagmnApra
cr >ata S>e .re rdea r)vr
~~:-m opnetrasu I[ 's we m
.=tr f indlow managemenvt or;er.7i.ons , 'tre
aarzed se-ararel';- for the m h.por- i-c h te tasK 0r' reo - S
art ca ra s et s Lao bIe en ds P hi , td o n 1, e s( r Pen, .e r e-a; -rice r 2
rasKc block w'>e.- 10 or more data set-s hLaO b~eer ls' y:o z~ ore
and 7he entire -ask block.
'ondow Manazetnenr Tme and ',,'mberof T;indow.. M anagement Or erations
"esTan 10 Dlsr,'aved- Daca. Sets
~ables, II aind 7l contain '.he ANOVG'A summarv zab'es for w'i-dow man-
a zeel tltne and number of window management: operations, respect iver;.
-~ ~ndo Managamernt Approach '-,) x D)ata Set Size araLrv D%, x
-e-- :nterdependenic; (Di) interact: on is s igni tIcan-_ -c ,,a
r and 10 der ict a-_'neacin o nn
irot management: operat,.ons . respect~i'e. S ,tr:e -e e,-.s es
eS T andV)' indicate tha the simple t A x Di inte ra!C: s
fo r bo)th measure s when dJat:a s et- s 1z P a r iab: liz:
lesrs indi cate tha 4en data set_ size varlab: ...
aPr'ra achn re sul ts In s i Pnlf Ic ant> e s s -.'ndo- w mar~ ze. P e.c
rma.nor i~ee I n o ons nhan) the -'al Ie arip r oac Li -1lt
re. tn IMOre C- t i~r> ::.%re _7:~: a'~etc, ;e:o :aV 4 t
"i+•j~ 7 1 7 ___, IS. -a V t,
r sa'--A,<
.4a.C. , Set iZe
-v x s 81b.
.. a:a. Set "l;ter-tepen de nv 61 " *t._ ' .. 19 2.. 0 '
_.1 x Sub :6: :6
sz x S. ub6 .6 18 - .1.- '3
A x , D 1 3 12 9
j....6 X S u. 3 P8
-v "..fr-,4 0 . . '' ('
-c r~ -
-05
-'".-v :< tr~ -. - - -, '4-
- -, Db (~) (\ ZQ' Th
- - -q ~w -- '4--
-J *1-.
A -
- -- ~i 4- -- -' j -
- ~K ~X' ' s-A> 4
3
0 - -
- f
~
- E
3
r.
3
--
0
- - - -- -
- .-.--.z,,
:3
z
C - ~-
3
Z. . 7.=77- - - --- -
La n
'.4nce DLV 0
laza set lnz.ef- ,. --...
A 1 DL . 2
- . ra sr"
SLe ~L': cAI& . .:',
A" -0oach .
-! en eaa s es ze .r i.a t I
".'ro c 0 d .C. r 2 ? 3
Data set 4n:er-
e er dn .i 31.1-
in d ta .a se. ~ . s :--,e. :a i:Z:Ildc 'S. ... :v-e
1ob a. apnpro ach is sensi -. ,.e aro chanes in data st teree~exx
". ;Pe r.on a r e wi -Z- to e l~oci ized a pproac!h is :t sens 4%P
Th s-rp e - ef f'ec ts ~is s on 1h e A x 7 vx D i Intie ra ct~ c)tfeveai
s ,,e main eftect of w Jndow manageme~ apra' r zoth]
~ ~tmeasc-ires when. da-a set size vaibit 's low see aDe
-' This ef fect irdit:aces t-nat whe dat se s-evraiisI
..Dw t e 4' obaL a; proac*- requl res less w4i :;dow manag7emet! I ime anid fewer
w~now -nanagemen:: oera - .s t-./ s and 11C .;( operati'ons ,than the
.ccai iLzed approaci (91 8-3$ r . :- .4. operat tons regardless of t he
~evel of daa set Itreenny
Te simple-effects F-tests on the A x Drv x Di interaction -.lso
Ind"-cate tiat- t-e simple main effect of data set intetdependencv is
'E~~fcant for doth dependient .easures when daca set size variabilit.'
IS hi h Less window management :.:.Lme and fewer window management oper-
jt-.ons were needed t:o complete tas;ks when the interdependencv among data
set:s was low (9S.d2 s and 14.31 operations, to-an when :t was hig~h
o- 6.3 s and 16 25 operations. Thle signifi-ant simpe Ax Di inter
a:k - or.n r) w ev e r. id ic ate s ta t ts ef f e ct is vali d On>:- fo r th;e global
oah Performance of the Lc al Ized apoproso,.r s Lnsens It -"e t
:ange5 i n data set ntrpedn;when data %e-iz ariabsL It'V is
.~ 'a '~r f window maavpmenta-i sb i K. Se' slIze4
In r~~ forp. 15- n:t.r 'd
a n-* j. i~ mer
--
/ -
/
/
/
//
//
/
~2> -- - //
/
//
ow H:;>
2 -~ -
:4.
ap~ 5a reults ip less ira mL~''a'gemF27' .my- d~d fewer WL~dow n:nemv: n' ea! l °: -:!a .. 1 .. Z e- c jp-r- a . I r: wne * : 37 Set s-l.ze :.
S:n~~ i w. 1 to ne;Z> dlifferent from the locl.-
iza apraa w'en Qn3 ~in,;size variabilinn is high Aable 711 The
..c.r fiz A x D% Y Di: '.: -era,.'i3:: indficates, hnowever, that th'e laiter
re:i.t- is .::-n:n eit no- s-* i~nnerdEpendetv Specifica.:w the
.ninple " -Pst,, of 70 e Z : icate that when data sot size -ria-
.l ',v s n.L;Tn ",:' y a, roacr results in less window managemer.
time an... few'er ': :dow maragement operations than the localized approa$ n
if data set irerepende.v is low Yhen, both data set size varrabiliz,;
and a set r are n. the global approach results ta
more management time an, operations than the localized approach. The
sivnificano A x Dv interaction depicted in Figures i and 12 suggests
"-at when there are less thoran data sets on display, performance with
7A globa: apprcach is mo-e sensitive to changes in data set size
var -an" "o than performance w ith the localized approach
The main effects of all three independent variables are significant
for horh window management tIne and number o window ma.ni.ement opera-
. _0r4 ness window manangement time and fewer windo6 management opera-
-:. n- were needed a cnmp:e'e task, for the gjoba approa 4 V s an,-
. . erations -&v tor the ucalized approah QQ q s and lI ,"
....- A"rs Thne '.rterI :>:I A x Dv x Di interaction :ndicates. however.
7- , ,r e- -',: ! t ror K .,eneri .: The lc:a ized app rna'h i.,
:-." 4 0 4" ppro c ! sizer' . dj" . .- -i-s - and
'A-'.--- ruA -'> --
4-..ViwAzemw ITtI aid NunrueY 7 A . V -~, pe~ yr2.i
IS
.- aua &
5..
Cd >9
ma - 0~
'I - .-) - I:
r A ~ -- Morn ____
e ''artali: -i vi:
High
@5! - hI 38
('.1 - Cp - - .~.
sanl 'lp scc .A
te 3 0 r. Sr~ A a C. .trcunn. :a e S ',e'~
erre e dos n o t h c .d ~e e r aj is d e t h ueirpr
mance f thie global approach when d4ata setL Size v-a rra~ -is se
tu re s I ard- c 12.
.es sndow management timae and fewer windli nagenent otrittocs
Se r e n eed c-c! o complete tasks when th-,e int'erd!e-erdenc-x amoni data set-s
w as cow sI' i sn d J: operatio ,ns t han when was '1, 86
an1 t coeracions~ The under'.- ng A x Dvx Di neatinsuzges
-- ,a- -I~ ea~ s due :rmrr o improvement:s -n thne pertormance of
tne gloL-al. approach. at ig dat-a set: size variabilLt',; when rtedpc
dency~ is low rather t:han. ni,7!h
* .or M!.ore Disj-l-tved Dat a Sets5
abes Y:and IX cont!ain the XNQVA summary t-abes for wircnw
targemnt ime a-.d number of window management nperattors, resoec-
: The ;ntera( ion of windo management app rcac' wid ata s-
evis sl'grr . -an ctrr, j measures. e anPd
.- erac-t on to man~tagement t-4.c and numiber tm-dee-'
a, rc r--"c.- e It;-res-s sh-ow rhia-
i - -e' ss wndow management t ine and fewer w.indow
la. ,AatM.-n- ompra~lors at ~ ot t asJinK rde
itt- '~ r~ s'es.howev.-er, h. at ! '~t~
S-.ppr'ach 1 -Es en
Sr ' ~ ir - .* 7
etu .a Set.,
se-rc SS
~e e .v
x 's2 )
x x X ub - zs;
:able lX AXNOVA SC)ax T> Nun L
Operati: n's Ten or More Disp>Iavetd Da:-i Se~s
Sour e dfS4K
3e- -een
-.P,,proach i Q, C.
-a~ Se- S--ze
xSub 0
.a!:a Set ne r-eoendencv -Di 1 1 72C56 00001
x Sub 250,94
:)-"7 x S Ub 1 i15.5
L 370 56 12 33009X~ x Suh 210,4
-. L56 0.81x 0' x Sub 91. 4
X' Dv x :Di 0.06 0 964"
'K xv X'.'x x Sub 20)4
'al b3
A
/
/
I
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
I,
/ 7/
I-
7
7
I,
7
2 7
/
7
7
H:gh
/
//
/
/
A-/
/ V
/ //
- 7
/ //
/ 7
//
//
/7
/
Low
* .~'....
" -. .t . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
'." ,. S- . -_-.-. ..
--- jr- 2 *' 1C , Y! -Z
°he loca zed apr c.-n
he main effects of .:: . man ,, :Tk Ed dC >a son l.ey-
:ependenc;" are also significant for window management time and nuber of
"iqCow management opera-t:s .Ass window man.agemenr rime and fewer
wundcw management operations were needed no complete tasks under the
localized approach 289 6A s and V 6 3 operations than under the go-nbal
.prcach -. 2"s -nd V3 :0 operations Less management time and fewer
management operations were needed to complete tasks when the interdepen"-
lenvc among data sets was low ut ! s and 50 66 operations, than when
in was hin (09 6. s and -3 .- operations).
Entire Task Block
[aotes X: and , conta -the ANOVA su4'rnarv tables for window man-
aemer,. rime and number of window management operations. respectively
... ieraction of indow management approach with data set interdepen-
dencv is sig.if.cant for both lependent measures Figures it and 16
eyi-* ihs interaction tor management time and number -L;t. management
:erations respectiveln Multiple t-tests show that tre ,oca ized
t roacIr reso:lts in less wintiow manag--ment time and fewer widnw
-a iagrer'. operations than the g ival approah r'r how :' and hiq:
a,.- spt interdependenc't tasrs Tahle x.l l U iterac i- in uces
w.an i-e advantage of 'he :ocaiz-d appr-ah over the gi2oa app'roach is
wron--- Ken thr e casks are ,ie,v interdeperdert Figures 1 and >.
,', :w ' .ar t eto.rmarr-e wi - . ; .bhal ap. n is more se -si'.-
. t -' ' [ :, ,
So,."u. ce A..S F p'
t czt~s Sb. 303180 .8
Apprcarh -A 1 145772.19 17 73 .? GOO4
A x Sub 7 59223.51
lara Sez size
",arfanillt i ; 4 " .C) 1 6 - 0 . 20",
DV x S:.b 9:8
:.ta Sec inner
mseVmc o, I 09 37 7 .000iZx Sub MCA 7
A x D, 15402,36 3 .03 0 08-7
S 0-2 -, 27399 51
1 34117 32 26 03 *D C.x V x Su 7 9174 ,5
- . 347,96 0.10 0 . 7618x' x, _ W:i <. 24_ 525, 00
k x DA x A! 3053.53 0 63 ,-25
. K- x V x Sub 73786.36
'able Xi ANO'iA S .;ucar.- T .I e -:r ':nb r . -. '. X ..£::e:
r aer a o rs Ej. e aSK <C,.-
Source SS
3et.ween
'uJec ts Sub 7 7
dihn
ADorach 'A Ix ub 190 914
2a'a Set Size'ariabi.i v 'Dr, 39 06 3.71 0 0959Sx Sub
Data Set T-er-dependency ' 18428.06 4f2 0.0001
Di x Sub 261 9
A x Dv I 96.00 14.22 0.00Dv x Sub 96.50
x Di 400 00 21,79 0 0023Di x Sub 128.50
,>,X .xI Di 4.00 1- 0 6845x Di x Sub 156.00
x Dv x Di 18.06 0 66 0 4.3A D Dv x x1 : Sub 192 :,4
oa 6
p
/1
//
/
/
7/
/
/-~ - / 'A-.
7
7
- 7
/ 7
/ 7
.2::- J 7
- 7
7
*1 7
/
7
7
7
7
Lc~w H: ;h
A 7 '-.
/
I
/
/
/
//
//
/
/ //
///
'V
/
/
L ow H2 gh
.- - U
inc 1 Alwv v;1;;gn;7- res-.Is in fewer window~ Tanagosier; q:
v 7e ! wa d; a: ni fo h:4 o and.; Aig 4'%t set 2 '
a -IA7 -ak 7..llc able Z7~ Oir 1" SggenSs Znat -he .s7-A.ZR'
siesi I4 als; -vggeso tar pefrmancE 's i'- -K g~ta
rnaaceK is Tore1 *-t7, no' nan: -sa in- n o ievraiiOr
The ma,-: efet A~ .510w ianagemer.t a pproa- nd cats set in;,: -
-rDeteri-v are Zsa Qwitli a-:: tar window management -ine ant numbler ofl
-. .. ov management vperat:: iS Len -Swinodow manageine:. -t.me and fewer
-- mvw manag"'een trt op -905r wo- needed no compclets tasks -:nder 7ne
- -- a. zed approaen bh0 6n. and: %6 01 ora tinsi than inder the gloha
<Yr~A -n n i ad 9 Z- rertio4 Lssnanagemrnen7 lime and
P_---e7-raaeMent ape raIT..ss were needed to comrplete 7-asks when A-e
'"~ t.±7-e7-.'&efls;wascrowdacs So2 s andn_ i2 Gperatilor-
4n w4t9 1' ashg Zrmsad" 6uera'on
7al 7 nari'en7A.Ma' a~ 3r 9' t3- SA:1
T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~- o-ak-liniTit esA 1m ~n' w ' pa 2, anyi1 W t m
:,Ow F 1gln
hA.
hA - ~,..
- -. ~-1,- -C
- ,-
- - 7...- -a.
-. i c- !- C,
'2e bLZr
as; - LW- -> - - 2 - ~- Cd
-- 1 -' -
'-tens - -~ - -'-Nfl-
( >1Z -
0~ ,;,-> <
- vi -. 566 0 t
-31' ID - -7.,-I -
-. '-)
a- -
1 4 .- c :r1 v t< C Z a w e !- -a - 1
ilaSTiterdepend.cency is aCcsg~fcn ouintmswr
-nane We e 'nterdepenercw amrn . a~ sen was Ao Sl 3oW s. .3
V-pn ~. in wa hihF 6 rediciv window management4- r~
*a :1. en7K ie :ex'o~ed 10t. rmnn r .&o -v inf34-
-io r e a. jr:70e w:cow -ct....ra7L= has seer: cnip-t'ed
TA v respnts toe "aA n~n~W v nr rt.r- ---.ro tim
wher. ten or more da~,a sets ran oe.~n t~splaved There are no significant
.. zeractwsr effects
.-ne main: te~ct At data set size ;'ariasi:Lo it is significant L.ess
"ie was needed to so tve task.s shean tbe data set size '.aria.ili. was
:-,~~~~~ ~ ~~ 52.2 7rwe :wa ih142 s. The main effect ot
:da eiineyepndnc i also sigificant. a..-.-t:on -es wecre
sn..ct-..r when use interdependerc among data sets was low _14,4. s) than
ar-en in was high 471'69 s) Azain. window managemnet aptroach has no
offe-v .e rime devoted to determining the reoaesedintormation
to-ie Taske Block
Tale40 ontalts twe ttNCOs..mrar7 t04~ for the entire t41-k
7ask scl.ni.ttr tiames nhere are :no signi ti-r.: inr~ractrn eflects
7e main PHC& of data set size wsr:awilisw .s sizi~rS, Lvs'
1:7'- was rnveW '7 Vc-il e task w-er. toe toWa so, S.:e -a:,-~ W
K .Su 3 f
e9 2 1
Ae~6-8 5 .
183 8 t
Dw x b
x v x '8 8''i.t
.* ... ..... --------
Ta~es XIXard KX present we A-'(-; 's _-'nsr.- e
:iszta3ed C '- screen tar tre remaindter at one t7ask h..ck andl for
r f..ie -a,& 41ac? :es-w"l.. ze. NA, Q: Q e it.C&QCMSC' varaoles.
eityer ~ng§:vh an 0 o in.>. -cbPtno a - -K th e -ntmoer of : ncOFrect;: tisr
Y;Clutnto S '-V-.e AT. ope-- men: :rwbrers At Lncorre. t task so!. -
7ios e~vr 12i each 7rjtmrn * li..r tar one initial aortoon of tnt
oas< block, the remainder of 7ne *ask block, and the entire task block.
7e mean nosmners or incorrect soluitons5 are generally Low, not exceecligz
_Q te ask blct? in an'; at :4e treatment cancd trans ;ou t of total
-1 ns per tnssr tack ?xe maxz-.mun number at inCott .i soluztions
-oTierr't ox a sub-ect i a. nr -ren't cndtivon was tour
7a> M novn 7hmar -AKA tor toe tts. rime
n :n&-ticiretv Ke :asks ThisA meare is toe s,-uTr -- ' >_e windas
4 o,1vvmer- and - -3s a>.Is 7imoe The nreractic. of wtni
7a1.rme''rapyaco WIn laaso Scttop Tvcahir..t is s..7....-.a.t
1- -- - .. , . . . . e~ W 7ni - l.v< . - -
in r.-Z- - - - -*' V"'
.K 1 . . . . . .'
* . 4-.,.., * . . 4.
F
~e ~ee:
e. ~.,
4,
a ~
~ ~e: w.~r7. . 7;.-.
-~ x S*Ab
x D'z . '78 7* C C '. - t, 4
.4- .4 -i .. ~4
* x ~ 4.
44,
' nr e 2sIedData Sts
Sourc Of e F
2e t:wee n
-2 4ect.s 2 3
-: trDacn ALC* 7
Data Set Size
X S
1~ec~ 39 026 02 53
x Vu
rx S,, b 2.36
D0.0 2 8786x~ 36
C) 002 0 ~ ' 88S50
2x x~ 2 86
Task B' ock
Sou)rc e ss FSSS p
A ,rachA e'*- '7
A x Sub
ata Se- Size
3 xSub :i
,ata St-t int,-er-
dependency D ' 2 0 0.9298x Sub 12
A x D7 Q 0.02 0 .9I"A x Dv x Sub 6.61
x Di 1 0 0.28 0.6115- i x Sjb
x Di 0 0.:1 0 5933&! x D x S0b 0.461
x Dv .i 0 012 0.6702x Dv x Di x gut, ,498
a . --sn:ar,~ ~ vi aast
Loca!4ized *)ooa~
Low ;nter- High 7iter- Law Inter- High Inter-(dependencv depenaei.cv Iepende ncv dependernc,;
c" w Sizear at it 'I 15 85 806
High Size
T en or more dsaeddata set:s
TLocalized G o a~
Low Inter- High Inter- Low inter- High Inter-diependency dependency dependezcv dezenderncv
Low Sze';ar -ao rv 1 3 8 11
H 7hb S iz e
tva-) I
re Yis nPocK
ADproach
Loc a1Z e ( LotaI
Low inter- High nti-er- Low intcer. HI Ier -d ep endnc (iepen,-denc-. iependen c';dpndrc
2~ -- W
, Sub A;<6
Daldata SetSze
a at-1
xS - .
.a Se n'zeLw x S<bit" T4
5a Set Inter-iependenc'; .ni -83083. 7 3 3Q43I0
x Sub 33693 51
x 5v -2919! 85 03 <03>D3, x S'-ul.)W 7
:.. :< D{ i6 {02, ':" 3
x Sub 3 1u-9 33
-" x Di t 1387.56 <-.254x x x Sub 3563 96
- x Dw x D S 5909 ,..1 9.8303A. :< x',x b Sub 7'9056 6-.
-dl £a[63
A
t,. 1
I I - A.
Z. .2.Z -
z7- '16-it
-es -4ME: s 7eec : C-o~' e7 e a SK, C1,
7 7- ~ ~ U
ANi e- l D.~ r: r.
7 9
37 S0 S9i r~ bL .'-.
' :; "" {,2-. '- - "
av Z S -- . :'- i
. -.7; 6 "> : 4 i --I.
*- , ~ 51 7 ,8,1-",-, .--: X 3. ;( S:b : ,8dB9 -.
.:1 < <v,:C 77 0 }{i A2.. 'i 7:-/ ,'. A S: 6 . 8 ,
* Viab}
, -, e
' X5: Set :._r
de e*fde .-. . 7 - ,2 ., 6 --I0 0
585
.>: A Sub 28858:.5
£ ?[ .,'Tv 1 ~92009. 63 " -
-.. 3iqS: 2 "_a -
I. , D, k - ',1 S- -. 28,. (-
Sr - 7h sq en-v ~ -ws a a v p i4 1 -1 .z
it a:lm s l it. .5,,i .S C :(i: ' ,i'< .T t1 '" 1571_ <-' -- > .. & .-
.01 I.s 108V *r : the comrarts,_s if the nwo w'.G- w Man. e
rert o-.r'acnes were , . 7o be significant fo-r anv of the -rea-mert
. re 10 ,.C sion ofr -he s -ud each patti K-ar't as also askew -
ran. tOe !wo it-dow manageTen a" -r 2act, s in order of over:. preference
rpr,cx E Six sub'ec-s indicated a preference for the localize'
a2 :r.an, r.-Le :Two u-e's preferred the z.oha.. approa'h The Frid-
mat. tMs'- rrons 1491 was .sed .- atalme this data with wigdow map-
aZemeC approach wte to. --r of :rzerest and subjects the blocking
Factor T.e res.'Is of 7.s -r.a-vsis indicate that there is no s.nifi-
:anic difference n prefer eee bet'ween the two window mnnazement
.;Proacnes P - , 1
- - , T > Z -.-,cow m .". e.- .2_ z
e 1 , -,- ,a- .z-,
ei a- se . .he e.a.- ''e e::mue,:&se~ tes of ti Xto e"r 2do ,fal aem
a< es e r e- r e.av-e e r,-- et so n te - z o e ow - at set
a,: e a A e .o- , te r a,, .I e sizes -t te data s e
:- t.i ,e ':: ;- :':,: te:- t.Asks . -, Pi t e level ot :nseraepecder'cv amonu:
--::, ta sets .m:e tec .t5_ >f "e >ru-d; that lead " : .e.-.-r e~:
.5n>7 - A,Sv a: e a: --.- e
""~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r-e S_.' kt ,Lt' a ' ' :. "",7 -
., a ;a< t t " .
: : ..; ,: '. " ::, 7L '" -- ," s 1 '~", '' r : , ,;" , .ie - ke : . ' , 'j <
' " ; ::ese :,1'*M-'-..
e- Sr S3 c l , S ere o.~~ ~ z. r 2 t. e -' . '.a- , L -was "'W 7 '- r--< : _ : e sS:,-
aram
[ e S E. s , *r C Za_ a ;mp e .r" ::1 - S
r ar
t: 2,:a :: - pv:-, - :' '_s '.as;tre~ a '. ' [flat] r :atet n '[ .et gor.'~ ner v
3 i". m iS a n
re-. S e-' e r a e 0- d a.n -.1os d e:s a a
: ar Z t" aS.a:[- r ed data sets d data
st s, czet dap-f' < m TA> .... , 5: 1 , .e Is t~eu; that each o e " ; -
S e o s a e e ess M tat j p-S . - a e so a e
<a>~ se- -} -, " A: , &X ', ' :m, E P do . reeds tz ne en-:'arz d or .,a tea'
-1::04 reedls t~ re o1er-- '[ne sma. ,, sta-e '[-at at be 'een
Pro... ea t- . *<w:ilnta xi -,rfl p.;: 'ti '[,.e t 'on '--Cr~d -T - "a. a ,,a :
..... r i[ (I A 5 <
-~~ ~ 3
ai e> '' r a- ia-
WT. ,o.A
7KeZ-On 'rt Kasin 'Ithe resear<-h hvi;te:'; -.S'
~~o'.et te a ex.Atzaz r). n17A- and:r eve.t incrase -e N-. W-no v
vrary!. fipadthr r Les 4a ax win'ows E7.7r . 7:x- is..
T.e sec ow; reseatcr hxohe s stated 1:i Char%. r 1 prpGcted~ *hi
ta,-Vr t.9>- :esz :Kan VwindOowso 0: e 'Aispla i h C .ca.iz&. 'w1
tnh7n ars set -.. :- -uariail! v ands 7e s1r set V r:ieperder-
were tt7 47:he renal -s of te study support trts r. .esis Zner Less
-.ac '0 wndow, were on the d1s.w arts :urt dots set size varin!!,
i-zqVa so;. w - erx ~ere high rte localizred apj- n
-W~ M ~ dow tanag-In ne miire ad fe20waer wi 1604 manaleern
- nnbi t - It]e nv- .s a i e .h.,s se.e 'VI rta da7,r
- Ac Pin - 1 s'& 2 il-IV: An; S0M1d "IM w.-. a
lea, -n- np - t n V i e.e n Qs lvn.r s
ii' w l -r-i WPr-i.> to-rC n a n Mu h e ~ s p c
-. r ! n.'.. 'm aSK are)" r 1ft 1 qi A* Pro 5 pp iS
SO Ora a Z we . s :,:' -' ,M- 1- 7S .; nV -a! do S fr:m in., M ..
tee: Tne needs *te cre h ea i and i mav be sossi>>- t "ake space
of the .nperation Additor'a enlarging operations may be necessary on.!
if the data sets assoclated with the affected windows are needed to
complete .ater tasks Under the glubal approach, more windows ,ouid be
affected K: tne opeari:ons, increasing tne likelitcod tO at wirdcws -
uich excess space wo' n be reduced below the size needed to view-
7ne-r ssociated data sets This in turn, would increse =e like:?-
-cc& that additional enlarging apeiations would be required t- comp:ete
-Ie c rrent or later tasks when the global maraecnc approach is used.
r-h.ime the study tested a si:c'ation in which an average of N - 5
data ets could be completely displayed within each row of wirdows, the
gio.ba. approach would affect even larger numbers of windows when an
existing window needs to be enlarged or a new window needs to he opened
and the value of N is greater than five Thus, the advanraze of the
locali:ed approach would be expi -ted to hold, and even ircrease, when N
Ls greatc than five and theie are less than MxN windows on the dispiav.
No hpotnheses were stated for the case in which there are less than
K: w,:dows on the iispi&: data set size varfabilit" 7s V#,:h and data
,et interdependency is low The -esunis ot the study indi'ate UWever
tita whvi -here were *ess : .an 1 windown on the display . e
wi.dow management approa- h requiLred less window management rime ,Fire
and fewer window management oppra'_imus 'Figure 101 than the .ocalize'
sypr,-h when data set size variabilitv was high anc ,.iaa set inter-
,erdern was , 7 d, ifM.e:p-P in *rtarrmanc e'Ne~r =v 'w" -u
w maraeme - appr'a hes while sinm.:-rt, w-i: s'ah'a, " ,
r2~C v r. -',~ e t- .~~ eG C a.. 'I a * e U
--i i~ e c'ks- ' 1; . tiferre.es cire rc>:i-_vel, small -here i s -
r a :oriectu-'..' 7 t -- te ao':a' a, t n t~ g-Fa a oc. I
1'for -,Lus Df N other hn --he .:tA 1 e
ECn'r Mr e L'9;~ Thia -Sets
mc 'a,,. --r w,_ndows were displav.ed simul oaneou-s~ i. ie d
:s-.a. 3rea as raverage, not- large enovh o permit 'ewi:.g- ofth
7n~.: cmet f the assoc-ated da:ta sets .The third research hvpo-
trles's s-ated Ln. ha;rne r I predict-ed th'at when thIere were ten or more
o -.ows et 1a c la v tine local izeed window man~gement approach wcum-.
e more e f f 1er t-(-,-ha-, tine g -o'bai. app rrach if the inte rdependencv among
,--a sets was 'Iig The resum-s ot the stuy upport thishxphsi
s ggest that. , e locaiized approach is more efficient than the
mtaocracl ee -r e the interdependency among data sets is low.
-_en. ar or more windowis were onth displav, the loca"Lized aproach
re ~red _,'es S w4 dc'., management time 'Fiui 3) anc fewer watndow mran-
operartIoas -iue.- hr he global approach eatat-
me -a S ~ze d a p pr oa ch o,.-er te globhalI ap pr o ach w;a s zo* maa ft
~vlsotdaa n , Irederendencv, but w;aq greater wiren 'L nt,,
.-_Penc-v among data set-s was n I n Th-e advantage o* The localie
71ac w, r nt a ifect:ed by the .-. I oat data set- s,,ze 'ra
e ~ast Zrr ~ e*h:rdh.uthes. s was titwren te :s no'cl
zn i- is n v areu-a 'n a-'e r~a e . -o perm it a~ I I p er w nc w a ,1 t , *:p 1
ro- nttr ca~en~s<,tthei a:,o~ate iat es' 17 Is
~ me sob:.rar'.:ar. t at 7 pr '1 a. Prr a'r .. ~ .4
assocdte dat se It a: exust~2 i oiwurd z~ r.a
'ew~w ed to '- en~ e locaI4trod apprrazrI. a>; re O UCE o
~'-~w wndos elw7he? S_-e required to view their Ull on--nts
~~Leniarging operain L '~b necessary -11l-; if thne data set s
contanelchese windows are necessarv to complete tlhe current t ask .or
'-aks 'nder -the glolbal- approach, however S e -,e ra I w in (,0w s
-te rev t:ed below th,-e siz-e ineded to view thi ulcontents,
.. _reasnz te .!-elihou that additoa enagn oprtin viib
repr e d tocomplete the c-urrent or su,,-bsequent t.asks The likelihoodl
-,at adc~tioa P-.1arg-io g c)e rat ions w4ill be reaul red under the global
aDTroac. s partic;;Ilar.vni; ; wnen th.e Iata sets required to complete
t:asKs are ngl trd etdt.bec-ause in this case thEI Ifull. contents
Df: several data setls mrav 'n-are to be displayed simultaneously to ?ermi--
per formance of the task.
The stud.' test-ed a Sitoattor 4n which an average of N - r data sets
.c .mpIet-e'lv dispLa,.ed within each row of windows. IThe gl obalI
aot3roac-,eum affect even Larze: numbers cf windows whnan existing4
dtno w 7neez-s t-o be eniLarcoid or a re,. andow needs ?-o be open-ed and the
,a N is greater thian fie 7.us a~ adva n t age of th lcare
onPproacn is expect-ed to h)old, l,1ee ncrease, when N is ireatLer t..
7:.e InK -re ire M-Io nr idws;tb ita
C,-NCLUS n ,;
Recom endat cns
7he obective of this research was to Aetermine the relative ef!.-
:or7cies of the o'naIized and global approaches to ciled window :na:-age-
merit ander each of several decision making scenarios. Each of these
:em:srn making scenarios is characterized by its location alone each of
:Zree dimensions
1. Whether or not the windowed display area in large enough onaverage. w. permit all open windows to display simultaneously
the re -v-t: contents of the data sets associatead with them.
7 The vartability in one sizes of the data sets required to
perform tOe decision making tasks.
? The level of interdependency among the data sets reQuired toperform tie decision making tasks
:-h.e results ot the stud-. of human performance using he localized
t :obal window aanagement approaches led to the followi7F empirica :-
.t:orTed guidelines for the de.-gn of window managene-i svstms
VTen there is enough display area. on average. to ye'=t all open
. 7;-s o display simultaneouslv *he rlevant contents of Tre nata sis
v .':iated wLu, these windows the feY owing nizernazi.'es b-ye
YQ-sam]hl:e .-de V
: t e vdziabilit; in the sizes of the data se-s rejairet to per
, .rm e de :ion making tars is low, An -.',-V w. - man ame t
armrcach is recommanded This recommnnda ion holds bnth whep r ;r.tlur
lepenenencv imorg O: e data sets reqi: red 7" perf:rm the "asys - s .uw ar-
rt s: ecicto pe r crm te :eISO! .1 nar. K -.J. Ai- a
hi s research does p rovi de slf f icint sprot r a er ea~
-'a*- -' t t~n app! c abhe -cth case i which he d'ata set s z e :r
P- nh and thne z.!-erdepenclencv among data sets 4-S Ow F c;r te
ar 4c T! ion" 2nRri evr ent etdrce& < oa i.
mta,- 40en, apprc-ach tro'-ved fo- one super ior t:o -- e .oca. ized atpr ;ach
7-1" ce re I s n Ct e c' 'o e~rs ire. o r. a verage to no r mn .:
trwindcws to o14spiPav s4-Eroitar.eous<- t- e -L)'an onEr-'ts of th!e ila
et.s asSof-.ated with th ese w:diows, the 'o jijze-d windlow managemerit
at-,roacn, is recommended T-, s r ec ommendatr-o n nolos r e.r d Ie ss of tn e
s.i zf P- -.ze vriabi arn d n te rde pe nd enc amo ng teda ta s et s
- Lred t-o perfora the de-'.sion maKing tasks
Lirnitart-or~s and Su&Zestrcsfor Fu;ture Research
.. ;e research!, 'ovpotheses ct-:a--ed in- Ch-apter 1-11 were -so pporteo
emtic v by he resuit.s of th e studv repocr ed Ln ha:rrers 17and
.. e :i:onssare stated- fr a sttonin wiha rzxoibc 5rcwS
windcws i4s permit-ed on a display and an Nvr~ : "~'a-a cel-s
rc, ve i-; isplaved! wi- h-7 acr. cif -ese -'w ' e sdv cpc
r .- is vrid onfse~ or -ese wsse
Sr~~ i tc1 1 s V
LOCALIZED AND GLOBAL APPROACHES FOR TILED NOSC TD 1228r, UNLASIFED WINDOW MANAGEMENT BY: JF CHEN, JS GREENSTEIN UNCLASSIFIED
:,oarsims ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 1a e a ,d K 7 w ~ am n h 7~ n h n i r
-z ol- -V6 rSSl' s i
re ' Y a* -IO ' u i7 nxat7 -7
-K oc -a 1D* "- :eAi p
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-an1 zat ad i io a .1ad -o a ld wm z zm n ,7
'Vori~e arnr in-which~ Av - r mad 3v ia l fr Y ind ttl
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:P'ormi~n Avrhpr *y ICC-inin.r r l f rhn
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CtC-r ~ x 7 !w p k r ' n h p v AT :~ !Sm !
7 s r7 n7 mlav r '
VA -T i-C I- -Iy . ;C 0 1t - , W
1A 2T 0'~ PY - r v2 ' a
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11 7.i..; .- A.-I ne' S A" -ire
7. -Z ' e .~
C- S S T- -, liun z:a r r
rec c - '-C~ 1re use of tone sottwa r e 0u . a
at-e I_: tou-_r expertxerntay_ sessv-ors, and -;ou w. t e askec -- ,oea rcueslonnazre regardtzg- th'e .tindow mianagement, azorroacrec -;se_'
es, -he exprmenal. se351s. W cons st o f twJo Mnu:<s r st rr otter r-e st r e a k bet.eeo b'oc,cs Te eot:-'
- re ~~abo' severn hours tocIn eeu ee>-7 "coe aomo hur"_ of 3Q'oar upon. completion of th"e stdy -
-yl7z, rest '--e.,ks and que sti onrna ire adn'.o strat7-D-
.d ex e e rm e n te an:teein exteere-
:'Iv-SStf _e a: r~es, Prim; e trust.ratedor57-3>
r ac oe t ,'e -i 7~f -~ r 4 4' -.
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:4: oo-n -r'wec ire gjchal a~nrocc. *reates sua-w fir % ew I -
-cwidow b'y zaktrw equ~al ;irciiros Ad space fromn -tKec -'odows zi
3.0 row- Qs i Ar dsrov Fiz~res B3<3 ?, ard '"-e Mw r
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aerz tearowcost r.te erm -.ere hondr of a eow
-- ~<reme rg'--S S-d at' o a r -w r Oet-weco '-w 3prE7- 2G- .. a
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* - .. t :.e u<'<. -,, , <her ata, set s a:, >ir- : - 1- r
-)~~: t; t- t -
a ~ a- L'82 S:~ P ,~~iir ee a crc'ss 'u rsc
..- eme o ies tS Mnovlps 0 e~so to te:dec
H~t he N.'P ~v *xc :Ilnow see lie new ins-rc io~n '
-7 P.IH E :-A R, EAG E T HE 'LN DO on W thr.' ie right: hand
s _' isplay The cross cursor aut-omato cal~ m ov es t o t- e elt boundar-.
d cow e s ince -ere are no wndows on t.he r i ht: hand s ide c w4_dow
n we can onri be enlarged t:owards t he left:) .N -w h-,i -,th e l eft'
-e' tenl times Then hit- ENTER, You can see to-at W-.714ow e is
-re u he conten.ts w ith in itare s tillI not. ful: d i srla I
t-he si.ze of window o is reduced sonc e zt ave up some c' -ts
-winr dow e: - ou w:. have to en' ar~ewno :urthe : o-
.esam~e trocedure- T'h is t we cen ,,o u e nIa rg e r indw e .it:e
-. ec-tcn key five t_-imes You car. see from the ds-er.;sK tt a
conensOf data set e are now c Isplaved. Since we [cav.e -c zet
oratonfrom -windows i- and gwe wiIhave to enlarze win7dow as
-or "erlarze-, and ENTER Then hit- the do'-mr dieco r,
-r -ie det I~. ri. lect . e re e tmes 7
--.. r; .. (j-. Io e Wt 7, )~W v
... ~~i wy, c i
ttn sizes ofwn - S.V - a: o Wj'7 . -:rw "Ic
. z p :he lef': r r .. , ilrectio.n key to eniarge window : look an "-n
new insrnc'-:on bhown on 74e right hand side display But wai:r yOuS
on ct wa= t enarve widow P Ve are supposed to enlarge window e
:= .:an )ii the ESC key _o respeciNv the window wA o. 'an wan:
.:.arze 7rv it and look at the new ins rnction on the righo hand side
11.:1V The new irstruction orn the right hand site displav asks :00o
."< TIRT'''N KEYS: 7C '- SE TE W:NDO-W WH:CH "77 WANT TO EULARGE"
nit te down director Key once and hit the right direction ke'- four
Times I,.e cross cursor snould now he in the middle of window g. Hit
ENTER The cross cursor ",, stav in the middle of window g Hit the
left direction key 14 times 7hen hit ENTER. You can now view the ful'
Konten-s of data set g. But notice that window f has been closed and
-ava set f has been hidden data set f now a ppears as a small rectangle
in the second row of small rectangles titled "HTDDEN DATA SETS" in the
7o: left corner of the display . A window will be closed automaticallv
wnen it s fuli v covered by another window This happens when the space
:e:ta.r he window is very small Now, since you can view the full
tor-ents of data se t s e and g, 'ou can count the specified graphic
e:ct s and answer the question
We wi. now proceed to the next question. Question 1 asks "'ov
"0a7 is t . .ta :,u ber of parallelograms contai-P& in data sets f nn.
- ;.:.;e 3 windw for data set p hasn't 7et been ojened . oil: Ya-
"' ,' :>:W tt- proce .e -, otter, a wildow .7d :'- P" 7.,w I'
e-l s . w inn , Windu"p' ,t w "- -,en " 4"7 v-
~-. e zc~ ~e s c w 7 s z -irnd cer edr:
atr i7 71 lip spacp :r'at - 5a ~7 :a
7 .~f sa smovl rec a- e :t w~t s7oo c.
nt of wno w p, c u w a e toI e rz io r e.
'c oedr y do -hs Af-er eT-.arg:rg w ;D.o p o wl a"
o reoen wuo'.nswer ttIe cuetin indos. 4_'as open~ef
-a atm osed -..; e enlarg;ed ;ido g a T
-ra K s ac e tr -a w - do w a*-a s o penr.ed t_ ate r c Io se d we re o e n e
-cw ratt-er -han. eve o r reopen wi ndow h hit a ad then htt
An arrow cu-rsor ~S now Sow nte tstsa cage ofte
c -5 rw at r _ ne t o~ of t7 e d s u av Hit t -he r ight direction Key o:nce
rrow. cu-rsor mo,.E!s to the smaX rectang'e cnann hrce
-e ETRkey The arrow cu-rsor 4s now show-n a-, the >5 oundar-,
007dw k NOW hit. th-e ri-ght direr:tion kePy t--.,e t7ne Te a rr ow
-nv~ IIC.e o the r ight, boundia- oft wind(w row one ion r. i. .z .
of window e; Now hit ENTER 7T-he size of window e Is reduced
--ac s;Dace for window f A;indow f is n ow reopened n,-e i:
hne fulcont ents -t 'iuncow f %you wi n o nr-. .
r.' Pna~d wiiw ount- te s-,ec ;fe dgarh;-Ie-" c
W, i-c you arnswcr
dc . .. r.. .. . ~
S e C -. oste woPiT s r- some ttne - ea s r C
W.'.e ne cor t it otner data se ts are art e - ;
toe e.estion on the rL ' ,a nd side 6 sp>a The . So-e
-o .o ,Ft and enter the iota rumiber ot s,: a , .data se e c
n..ce vou cannot view the fu'i contents of eitner data set e or e-a iee
zvou wi have to en'arze their windows
Io enlarge window e, first hit 'e' for "enLare and ENTE P.
toe right hand side displav vnu can see the new instruction "*SE
n IROST. N KEYS TO CHOOSE THE YTNDO: CHYOU"T T " -E', "*
look at the lef - hand side d isplav, you can_ see a cross cursor 'n tr-e
midddie of the first window in row one $window k; Hit the right direc-
t"o- key four times. This moves the cross cursor to zhe middle of win-
cw e. Hit the ENTER key You will now see the new instruction 'UE
7E- SR RIGHT DTRECTION KEY TC ENl.ARGE THE ,.on. the right hand
ie display. The cross cursor automatically moves to the left boundary
, (r, dow e. Now hit the left direction key ten times Then hit ENTER
; ., :ar see that window e is enlarged, but the contents within it are
sr..1 not filly displayed, while the size.- of the otner windows in the
same row are reduced 'since they gave up some of their space to wKdcw
c You will have to enarge window e further n is time, when you
en . arge window e, hit the left direction key five times You can see
from the asterisk that the f,;l! cnntents of data set e are now dis-
Oaved Since we have to get nformatir. from wi, nd.ws e r- , ww
-•cmt e .ar, dwga eII Hiro ", t ET
-:. ., 'r z'L r - ey :,1 . t1 me T % I -e, A' .L; P I .. .z ,- ' . : -
71nes Ti rnser 'wd
Lvy: diro:-W '4ha :7nr i Wts Axrorota
f -! zoocerins osf data sec B 7 notice trrw wind-ow r 7 " L. --
r.c data set 7 h-as been hidder; Now sluve YoA; can. V.',,, one 7.: -,.--
-errs of data set, e andc g . you -aN. ou.: , rny v-p.,ci.r e. • ler.. n+ "
±7"., answ 'er on~e q.u.ession
zonr.ined in data sets n and a" Sirce a w-d.w for data set ; hasr' -
ver been ovene, :ou wl .ave .0- ) ten L7 F'low the rocedur to ;--
a window and put window p netwea windows g and h window p wi" W
inened. but you wil" not be .dL.e -a view one full contents of data set
SThen we opened winow p in row two all the other windows in rov os ,
.z 7n give "up space :Dr the newv -perec wind,d. As a result window
.as so sinai" after gi.ir up spawn. than if was automatica' - clsed
la. ser h. now appears as a sma. rectangle in the second row of small
7e*-a .les in the Vp >it corner it the df-piav sirco V." 03=07
77 ..e f .t:. .evr s of window p. vo, wi- have to enlarge win,n. v se
..e enarging procedure to do thi s After enila.ging Yndow ; .. :I.
-,.si have to reopen window n o answer the qb.estor ,To roTen.
..: 'r' and then K E,NTER. A arr w corsor K o shown L7-. ,e
'h-s" sma" reqntanrge of the second row at the ro: of "p .:sy.-v HP-
.4 Y.t.difr - ion cO key oT. !he arrow crsor mo-es '; .y 7A!,
'0 ' 7 ... 7 r -, --- 7 *. - - :I:
*i.n - .', - : ", nec ;Inc- :ou Cr 7 ', W 1r,
f ,
_,-IS Of Wndow n., -ou wi: Kave 7o en..l arge it After -on have ernarp
.:rnio,- zw nrr ,e spec:: fed graphic objects hit 'a' and give vour
u You ,an use the backspace key to correct your input ;etore .osi
t the ENTER key
7he ESC key can he very usefu 4when ou type a command an enter
i:, but then change 'tour mind Hitting the ESC key at thisoint wrIt :ndo" the last command vou entered and bring thestem back to where it was before vou entered that command
B-t there are four exceptions about the ESC key
a Y:ou cannot "undo" the answer you gave.
You cannot "ando a window that has been opened
c You rannot "undo" a window that has been enlarged.
,d You qarn- "undo" a window that has been reopened.
:. -- :",.- :,: Q e' .( w ', ':men COO "
. cueratel: eas'." erv di
Acal:ze a~proac:. low data ser size "ariabi ii. at: and 1s lan.
set i:rterepdene-;
; en the data set sizes are low variabilitv, the 'ata sets are l:w
interdependency, and the screen hasn't vet been filled witn data
s.ts how satisfied are you with the local:ed approach to wi:dow
managemen: 7
,:remeD: ;us- not satisfied:a:isfied satisfied at at!
- Ynen the data set sizes are low variability, the data sets are im-w
itecdependencv. and the screen has been filled with data sets, h -w
satisfied are vout with the localized approach to window manage:ent
23
just not satisfied
"167 1 o f le( satisfied at a!"
Ser: tne data set sizes are low variabiitv, the data sets ark low
i-terdependency, how satisfied are vou with the localized approaci:
-Q window management
Wilreme v lust not satisfied
5 -tsfied satisfied at all
a0 ized approach, low data set size variabil i'v, and ri h Oita
S- 1Prdepenrderov,
J 11&7 e: ° e !a a , " a:e <,"w W.aVIA M IV 1!0 la .d ta Se-s lip K..1,,av
d T : h een Ka, -een M y w = , -a w "i-
" (,,!are ms,, wi",' -he :oan !i et apyroa : -: wlrcow :m 'a~raev " "
A",en 7 :e mala SP: Si;n : o*r~e low mar- m il l * "r- ]a ,. -e la, n
-not ; t sav sfie
S localized acproach :t& d a ta set size -ariabiliva a and ,-> .. --
1 ' 5' ' i & t: t ' --
seta interdependenc-e
_a Then the data set sizes are high -4rabilinj<° data seis are
interdeper~dency', and the screen hasn't vet been: filled with data
5ems, how satisfied are vou with the iotalizen araroach on wind.ow
Ma na gement
te hc-; tow- -.
lre.'e:v ins- not satisfied
----,at ted a: all
, en the data set sizes are high 'ariabii,;, he data sets are 12"
inrerJependencv, and the screer has bet been fille d w ata se .
sae:sed are dou ae 'o-he -alized approach to iroa,h taand:
.,rere '; ls not sazlsfied
satisfied av n!'
lien tte data set s:zes are high 'lariabi iv re da sets ar-e
.e--ev-erdencv, how ratisfied are vou with -he localized approach
1. t o w", ma: a e Te " t
S. -no!
li -,a a -
e er r- er- and thAe screeni 'as te:a- ser- s'
<'-tpc' ae vonaw-t t.:e are372C V,-fl>l W17 It, anr
extrme> IV st not satisfied
--e te daaae Ssre ar eo :a~ ttv thee dat siet a.trd -cndenc,r., anid the screen .at'tvt er1ild -:hdt
sets, how sat~isfied are vou wt~.' the glblapocht ,-e
o:anazemernt
cc:. unst not s at.st'-s
' t.ed, satisfied ait al-
',.e n txe diata set si-zes5 are Ilow .'ar~amr '*:l-, -the -aast r
terdependencv, and the screen nas be*en fill'.ed ia-th data
satisfied are von wih he global approach townowmnaern
e ! sat .tft4e d at at.,
C " A'.
Sq er .a n' Yv be r 2 1 1 W -K j
i n - - s a n e
a 1 1S-sn i: at 3:e.
ih her- 7e t< se sizes a're low '.arwaitvlt the data sets are hig.
interdeen"cncv. =" Te s:reem has nrc: fillc with data sons
satlst :i are '. , AP global apz:rcach to window management
vxz:remeli 2u.st :non satisfied..... /d saosed sat C.a
i7 "Ten the da-a se- sizes are .,w variabil itv the data sets are hi ..
:nteriependercv, how sa" sfied are "ou with the glonal approach -D
window mana2 r r '7
ex:remev ':st not satisfied
.atistied satisfied at all
;Lonal approach, high data set size variahility. ant low data se.
in.ertependencv.
'a Then the data set sizes are high variabilitv the data sets are
irterdependencv, and the screen hasn't vet been filen with data
sets how satisfied are you with the global approach to window
management
-.v remerv i,.- not satisfied
satisfied at a!:
- a veilee. n r .led - data
sets ow sa:ist ed are c, t ,ne wooa afproa,- t, 'wi:low
management
e. .remev ot sat stied-: t :i ed santat.sleG/ at. ,a..
S en -- e data se z ses are nin variaofUi tr -he data sets ate
I terdependencdn ar t, ne screen LS been, filled .th data sets, ,ow
satisfied are ;o,: w th the 2idbal apprchn to window management '
-treme, 'r, not sat s edy:at:.sf e' sarp In d .-. a a
- £ cen -- e data set stz -s are r-E- -ariai..t', tne data sets are h y
eependencv, how --;ats -: , v, u wih the glo'a. a: roa< t:
cl ow management:
r e em '¢ ,..st nOt sat sft
S~ . 4 ,fSe sat .a
ski A: 1
Rank -- y -wo wLn 'w manaseT- :01 7r
0171 1 .",ng Moro ;-t:wfrpI Art
.s a! izet aywmw
ilk na:
a A~t. e- -
aL. a.
e PK.. s
an e ta-- o-n an eat rw- -1 th s~a xmc~
ac s e e rce ee re D
* .3 -etn ;a--
-a- :S te dfe renc e retz weer e jta. ume r-cte ant
7' e''
th li re c -eIM-r Se t,-t: n-tnr c, s.: ee n
zan'd s
raf mt a -- a ne in a at n~'>:a .
pses z'- retrae aorta e .a
-ectang as aoT.C.- ,. .s -<ct A.- -s /..e.r a: - ,
an!e t T:nes wrLiCT in -A. SP!
Wha: is e -7v A ub'7&bg.eS J-aare t tPar-P- 9az ±r
jesa eto Y . d
Wha: is the tifference between the Tn:a r'nwfer it Tpeitanees a
-raezoids zontaine in ,ata set k and the ita. -iner -f
:,td :rae.ids :or.tanect :l aa se
.'.es I A~n 1
What is the tota. number rf paral elograms art q.-res *ct.taI:ned
,ata sets e ann -
-:est-on TI.
Vhar is the aifCerence he.ween -"e tona nuh:er of square, and cirmescantaine - d.ata s& 2 z he 7o_ number or trapezoids and
para.lelograms contained in. data set
t esticn V'nat is tne tota ,.me o: circ es and trapezcids contained in data
sets g and s"
" ;escion 17
nat is the difference between the total number of ellipses and squares
contained in data set c and the total number of trapezoids and
rectangles -qn-a;ned in data set 7?
• .esiion "A
4nat is the difference between the total number of el lses and scuares
contained Kn cata set k and one total number of ellipses and squares
,onaied in data set p?
.etltvin -0
. ha. is the difference between :he total number of elipses and
rectangles contained in data set h and the total numner Qf em ipses
and rectangles contained in data set n?
:esTic-n 20
Mnat is the rota. n'r-m'rer o f circles and s-n-ares '-ntained in d ta eee Ard:, -"?
ia:. is the difference betweer the 'otal r ,mer at e. .pses and cir->et
contaired in data set q and the total number of 7rapezoits arnd
paraile ograms contained in data set d
dia, is 7. -oa-I n-anher -; retn q- dT A ' rp icT- or. Ainred in 4a!
sets n ard S,
a:Ls n e"4fe renc e '-,et Pt t _e t lnmbe r .- r llpe S ..
zar :aesr~ conaned- n dat r J ana ar n w. e un e r
:"s te to1a. rvrne C f C, ~ e nn' s a e r~e n
~est:: 2a is tie tffe re rce Inetwe en he to a n ber of S ese Sn ca.'
lont arzne c-aie 'ta se t- rda~ Ih an-a r'umbe --oMc~ elle and
scares -4.-,ne in - sett
', nat is the dfference neree te talnumber of trap": eoid and.oarallelograms. contaned in a data se3ran neta number of: n
sc ande co ctannes contine in~ satest
.eszion 2.,nat is the difference bet -ween th"e total number of ellPeo_s and-rcangevs con.ained in data set- and' hee total number o lise
arc rec angles conta-ed atla set e
-estior. 21. c,.z s --'e difference between t:he tot.aL number of ellipsels and
retranzoes contained in, data set mand the total T-.wnber of re11',psesand rcangzos contained in data set q
a es t ion 32Tht s t'ne total number ofrec-n-e arirallelograms and souares C-.'t:_e
d ata sesband g?
4.t s -,,e difference between .htoa 1 nuib er s -' - d rl-aedscontained in data s i and the r al nimberaecd u
an raeoras contained in dat-a set f"
Ahaz is he di'f ference- -ewe h o!:al. nvuiner )' e. p ss ~,onta4 'ed irn data set D and -he total nnbrc rpziz
re. -a .Z-s :orntalned -i ata set c
i1estion 26~ntis tn'e dfterence .De ween Z2-je t~otal numoDer oi el ipses and( s-:a re sonaned in data set t and thne tot7al -umber ife-an caes
:ornza nec- ;i7 data Se t k.
ha is the difference betw-.een th-e tot-al n-umber of elissandetgesconc~ained in -"ata set- e an-d the cotal number of ellipses
and rectangles contained_ In data set
,4 iestion;'-)at is the difference b-etween, the total number of circles and szccarescontained in data set e and the total numb~er of circles and squares
contained in data set
.,cestion 3:'at is the difference between the tital number of ellipses and c~rc--es
contained i n data set- p and th'e total number of t-rapezoids containec.4
data sets e and 4?
.uestion ~"hat is the difference between the total number of rectangles and
st4uares Lu(_naLned in data set p andI tne total number of parailelogramscontained in data sets e and
. e stc t :That is the sum of the number of trapezoids contained in data set-
el'lipses contained in data set 1, circles contained indata set t. i-,
rectan,,les contained in data set e?
"hat Is the total nubrof- par-alleLograms -ont.Ained in data sets e
p, and t
Ta t i s the sum of th-e number ot ellipses contained! 4r. daaset prectangLes contained in data set .squjares contained d- at:a se*
and trapezoids cont.ained in data se!t
W.hat is -_e dlttererce Ketwoo:n t e nial p mc pi . :r 1, C- s 11:,
data veta p and and "e "ona. rumner A: s'"ares -crk-aiec in !-,;
sets e ans 2,
1"evtic v -
A-ar is the total nanbs of recoanzies n.ntained it data se-v
:neszfon-at is the sum of the numner o squares contained in Kata se,
parallelograms contained in data set e trapezoids rortahned .i datissen q, and elipses conta:neo in data set
7eszir
-at is the tota! number of circles -ontained ir data sets Tc e, i ar:
.ueszion 12
That is :he difference between the tc,_al number of trapezoids contaf-e,-
in data sets p and q and the total number of rectangles con::ainea :!,
data sets I and C'
a estion 13
That i; the total number of scuares cortained in data sets c e i. and
1:estion !V
!hat is the difference oetween 'e total number of rectangles contaf:v.
in. data sets p and q and the total number of trapezoids contained in
sata sets I and V
1.esion 15
That is the sum of the number of circles contained in data set e,squares contained in data set b. ellipses contained in data set c. arnc
;aral~elczrams contained in data nt i?
S.es-on .6
<haz is the difference between the total number of trapezoids contain,'
in data sets k and p and the to-al number of ellipses ccntained A,
nata sets I and t?
1.esrion 1-
.Z-ar is the sum of the number of ellipses contained in data set v.
:ircies contained in data set V paral'el.cgrams contained in data sp"
q and squares contained in data set V
.esnion P
that is the total number of cnrrles contained in data sets 4
,ha is the ditferoncC be.-eY 'h <'. ntw t -. 12 lwp.n
rectangles contained in java set f .i-: he 7;-.1 v' mver : -].z ,
and rectaneles -onvatned in irta se 7'
N,-est icn :0
What is the difference :hetwee the total num:ber of an!. sqarescontained in data set k and the tonal number of circles and sq ares
contained in data set p,
;Nestion 21
That is the difference bezweer the total iLmber -.f I'ipses .,nd circles
contained in data set a and the :ota" number of trapezois c-r.ntaine
in dana sets e and i-
:4 est.ion '2,
What is the diference oetween twne total number o rectangles and
squares contained in data set q and the total. n'nber of parallelogra:ns
contained in data sets ' and o.
-Nestion 23
What is the sum of the nnmher of tra'yezoids contained in data set c
ellipses contained in data set v, circles contained in data set K and
rectangles contained n data set b?
Question 24.
That is the to'al number of parallelograms contained in data sets .
p, and r?
Tueston M.
Wnat is the s,.m of the numoer of ellipses contained in data set e
rectangles contained in data set m. squares contained in data set a.
and trapezoids contained in data set i?
7,estion 26.
','hat is the difference between the tcta. number of c4rc es contained in
data sets j and q and the total number of squares ccntained in data
sets b and o?
iuestion 27.
Vhat is the total number of rectangles contained In dat st- z
and t?
"Nestion 28
What is the sum of the number of squares contained i:n data set t.
parallelograms contained in data set k trapezoids :cntaine! in da!3
set r and ellipses contained in data set p''
:uestion z!
What is rhe tota, number of u:irces contained 17 ,i*a, s- , . i r2
rt data set s b tdr " 2." .- :-r " r1s,:tl '. es:'stA.me: ..
tata sets ,-
.a ' ne ern C 'W P. n De ot s) f eL a Ft
Sis tr.e e r)eteen .S& trA c, i er of recar:z>-s z'r. o t i d
• '. a ~ .e r. r~ . 'dd wr , n or: ',rf tapeio",: d t e it
- < r t r r are
r" t t " "'-s e 1' e l o nrams con7ained in d ata -a
,a e it' ,ata sets . a
B>;v S A and Rosenbezg. K, 19l86j. compariso)n of tiled 1and
ovr app ng windows. In Proceedinz5 of the 7H 'S Cnfere7,Ce :)7.H-=,an Fac-,o r s inr -o,-nQut -ngz Sy s -,ems (pp .l 1 0 1 6. New Yor'- A C
K F..Davies , S . E .d a.nl M. . K 9 June) i~oMana~emnen:. A review of I-ssu-es and some result-s from user testingTech. Report HFC-5>, San 7os, IB3M G-eneral - dcsi'il0
.laman Fact-ors Center
~.S K'. , a-.'el, .. a.Ftli. I8K ~ .u~Comp, ter dialogu~es -,'%e -sof -NEPAC - F r st
cnrerence on Hum.an.-Ynue LnteractIo)n C.oi , pp.553Amsterdam. EIs ev Ie r
--nell, F. S Smithi E. 7 and iverson, L. A. ~l8 6 Constrainr-based t led wIadows IF~ goptrGahc n plcros .
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