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6/5/13 1 Uncertainty modulates an6cipatory anterior insula ac6vity in generalized anxiety disorder Dan W. Grupe, Desmond J. Oathes, Dan R. McFarlin, and Jack B. Nitschke Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging & Behavior and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry University of WisconsinMadison What is anxiety? An emo6onal state characterized by an#cipatory affec6ve, cogni6ve, and behavioral changes in response to uncertainty about poten6al future threat

Uncertainty&modulates&an6cipatory& anterior&insulaac6vity ...brainimaging.waisman.wisc.edu/~dgrupe/pubs/SfN.2012.slides.pdf0.1 0.05 0 43Controls 57+GAD+ Aversive+ Uncertain Neutral

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Page 1: Uncertainty&modulates&an6cipatory& anterior&insulaac6vity ...brainimaging.waisman.wisc.edu/~dgrupe/pubs/SfN.2012.slides.pdf0.1 0.05 0 43Controls 57+GAD+ Aversive+ Uncertain Neutral

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1  

Uncertainty  modulates  an6cipatory  anterior  insula  ac6vity  in  generalized  anxiety  disorder  

Dan  W.  Grupe,  Desmond  J.  Oathes,  Dan  R.  McFarlin,  and  Jack  B.  Nitschke  

Waisman  Laboratory  for  Brain  Imaging  &  Behavior  and  Departments  of  Psychology  and  Psychiatry  

University  of  Wisconsin-­‐Madison  

What  is  anxiety?  

An  emo6onal  state  characterized  by  an#cipatory  affec6ve,  cogni6ve,  and  behavioral  changes  in  response  to  uncertainty  about  poten6al  future  threat  

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2  

An6cipa6on  of  aversion  in  healthy  controls  

Grupe  et  al.,  Cer.  Cort.,  2012  

PHASIC   SUSTAINED  

Sustained  differences  for  an6cipa6on  of  aversive  vs.  neutral  pictures  

Grupe  et  al.,  Cer.  Cort.,  2012  

R  Anterior  Insula   Midbrain/PAG  R  BNST  L  Anterior  Insula  

AVERSIVE  ANTICIPATION  NEUTRAL  ANTICIPATION  

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An6cipa6on  of  aversion  in  GAD  

•  Sustained  an6cipa6on  under  condi6ons  of  threat  uncertainty  is  par6cularly  relevant  for  GAD  

?  

•  Individuals  with  GAD  may  show  heightened  anterior  insula  ac6vity  during  uncertain  an6cipa6on  

Methods  

•  57  par6cipants  with  GAD  (43  F,  mean  age  27.5  ±  10.6  years)  

•  43  healthy  controls  (22  F,  mean  age  24.2  ±  6.7  years)  

•  Four  11-­‐minute  fMRI  runs  of  Emo6onal  An6cipa6on  task  

•  Group  analysis:  Group  (GAD,CON)  x  Condi6on  (X,O,?)  ANOVA  for  sustained  an6cipatory  period  – Whole-­‐brain  voxelwise  analysis  conducted  at  p  <  0.05  (corrected  using  clustering  and  Monte  Carlo  simula6on)  

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Results:  main  effects  of  condi6on  

x=-2

-­‐0.1  

-­‐0.08  

-­‐0.06  

-­‐0.04  

-­‐0.02  

0  

43  Controls   57  GAD  

Aversive   Uncertain   Neutral  

y=24 y=-2 R  

Results:  main  effects  of  condi6on  

x=-2

-­‐0.12  

-­‐0.1  

-­‐0.08  

-­‐0.06  

-­‐0.04  

-­‐0.02  

0  

43  Controls   57  GAD  

Aversive   Uncertain   Neutral  

y=24 y=-2 R  

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Heightened  anterior  insula  responses  to  uncertain  an6cipa6on  in  GAD  

Group x Condition Interaction p < 0.05 (corrected)

-­‐0.25  

-­‐0.2  

-­‐0.15  

-­‐0.1  

-­‐0.05  

0  

43  Controls   57  GAD  

Aversive   Uncertain   Neutral  

y=24 R  

Heightened  anterior  insula  responses  to  uncertain  an6cipa6on  in  GAD  

Group x Condition Interaction p < 0.05 (corrected)

-­‐0.25  

-­‐0.2  

-­‐0.15  

-­‐0.1  

-­‐0.05  

0  

43  Controls   57  GAD  

Uncertain   Neutral  

y=24

p = 0.004

R  

z=-6

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But  what  does  it  mean?  •  Relate  anterior  insula  ac6vity  during  sustained,  uncertain  an6cipa6on  to  self-­‐reported  Intolerance  of  Uncertainty  (IU).  

Anterior  insula  ac6vity  posi6vely  correlated  with  Intolerance  of  Uncertainty  in  GAD  

Regression  of  whole-­‐brain  ac6vity  (contrast  of  uncertain–neutral  an6cipa6on)  on  Intolerance  of  Uncertainty  scores  p  <  0.05,  corrected  

y=18 -­‐0.6  

-­‐0.4  

-­‐0.2  

0  

0.2  

0.4  

0.6  

50   70   90   110   130   150  

57  GAD  

r=0.53

(?-­‐O  An#

c.  Ac#vity)  

IU  Scores  

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But  what  does  it  mean?  •  Anterior  insula  ac6vity  during  sustained,  uncertain  an6cipa6on  is  correlated  with  self-­‐reported  Intolerance  of  Uncertainty  (IU)  in  GAD.  

•  Elevated  ac6vity  in  the  anterior  insula  during  sustained,  uncertain  an6cipa6on  may  reflect  altered  parasympathe6c  func6on  in  GAD  •  Measure  of  parasympathe6c  tone:  high-­‐frequency  heart-­‐rate  variability  (HRV)  

•  HRV  correlated  with  cardiac  health  •  HRV  as  a  marker  of  adap6ve  emo6onal  responses  to  stress  

Anterior  insula  ac6vity  inversely  correlated  with  HRV  in  GAD    

Regression  of  whole-­‐brain  ac6vity  (contrast  of  uncertain–neutral  an6cipa6on)  on  average  HF-­‐HRV;  p  <  0.05,  corrected  

y=16

-­‐0.4  

-­‐0.2  

0  

0.2  

0.4  

3   5   7   9   11  

38  Con  51  GAD  

(?-­‐O  An#

c.  Ac#vity)  

Heart-­‐rate  variability  scores  

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Anterior  insula  ac6vity  inversely  correlated  with  HRV  in  GAD    

Regression  of  whole-­‐brain  ac6vity  (contrast  of  uncertain–neutral  an6cipa6on)  on  average  HF-­‐HRV;  p  <  0.05,  corrected  

Increased  AI  ac#vity  during  uncertain  an#cipa#on  may  reflect  deficient  inhibitory  parasympathe#c  control  

y=16

-­‐0.4  

-­‐0.2  

0  

0.2  

0.4  

3   5   7   9   11  

51  GAD  

r=-0.34

(?-­‐O  An#

c.  Ac#vity)  

Heart-­‐rate  variability  scores  

Summary  •  Individuals  with  GAD  show  heightened  sustained  anterior  insula  ac6vity  in  response  to  uncertain  threat  an6cipa6on  

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Summary  •  Individuals  with  GAD  show  heightened  sustained  anterior  insula  ac6vity  in  response  to  uncertain  threat  an6cipa6on  

•  Anterior  insula  ac6vity  in  GAD  correlated  with:  – Greater  intolerance  of  uncertainty  – Lower  high-­‐frequency  heart-­‐rate  variability  (i.e.,  reduced  parasympathe6c  tone)  

Thank  you!  

Collaborators  

Jack  Nitschke    Desmond  Oathes    Dan  McFarlin  

Technical  Support  and  Consulta#on  Tammi  Kral      Melissa  Schmidt    Dave  Perlman            Aaron  Heller    Michael  Anderle    Ron  Fisher  

Funding  

NSF  Graduate  Research  Fellowship  

NIMH  (R01-­‐MH74847,  K02-­‐MH082130,  K08-­‐MH63984)  NICHD  core  grant  to  the  Waisman  Center  (P30-­‐HD03352).