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UNCCD + SDGs
-DLDD Issues and
Mitigation Approaches
in Asia-Pacific Region Yang Youlin
Coordinator
Asia-Pacific Regional Coordination Unit,
UNCCD Secretariat
LDN TSP Inception workshop
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Dec. 27,2016, LDD, Bangkok
• What is DLDD
• Main causes of DLDD
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion and soil degradation
• Definition and negative effects of drought
• Impacts and disasters
• Response Measures and Roles of UNCCD/Partners
• Biology solutions to control DLDD Issues
• Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD (Possibility in Thailand)
• Recommendations
OUTLINES
2/48
Drought, a natural phenomenon (precipitation below
normal recorded levels) adversely affecting land resource production systems
Desertification is land degradation in drylands
Land Degradation is the reduction or loss of the
biological or economic productivity of land including processes arising from human activities
What is DLDD? United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3/48
Main Causes of DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Unsustainable
Human
Activities
International
Economic
Forces
Climate
Variability
Ignorance,
errors, and
natural & man-
made disasters
Low priority
given to
environmental
protection
Unsustainable
Human
Activities
Low priority
given to
environmental
protection
4/48
- Serious issues and capacity building to address them was recognized as a priority in Thai NAP to mitigate DLDD;
- Defined as the main cause of land degradation, priority
concerns are needed to forest rehabilitation and reforestation;
- Preventing previously forest degradation is a prerequisite for
successful reforestation and forest protection which is cross-cutting issue in environment-related programme, projects, initiatives and plans of Thailand.
Deforestation United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Erosion by
water
Rain drops Surface-
water Side-erosion
of streams Landslide
Sheet
erosion
Linear
erosion
Stream-
bed
erosion
Stream-
edge
erosion
Soil Erosions United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
6/48
Drought :
Refers to naturally occurring phenomenon that exists
when precipitation has been significantly below normal
recorded levels, causing serious hydrological
imbalances that adversely affect land resource
production systems (UNCCD).
Definitions of Drought United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Environmental
Wind and water soil erosion
Increased desertification
Biodiversity loss
Increased fires
Economic
Increased food prices
Loss of livestock production
Loss of hydroelectric power, navigation
Loss to tourism industry
Social
Increased poverty and reduced quality
of life
Mental and physical stress
Social unrest
Political conflicts
Where are the drought? United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Where does drought has the direct impacts?
Environmental
Land degradation, desertification, dust and sandstorms
Water scarcity
Socio-Economic
Agriculture and food security
Unemployment and market asymmetries
Poverty and social instability
Forced human migration
Poor health and diseases prevalence
Conflicts over use of resources
Definitions of Drought United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
9/48
Droughts are very widespread in Asia and the Pacific, - from Afghanistan to
the Pacific small island states, including SE Asia (drought-induced by El Niño)
Slow onset
Non-structural impacts - do not seem profound until famine strikes
Change of dynasty in Chinese history because of peasants uprising due to
drought-induced famines
Linkages to climate change, land degradation/desertification and loss of
biodiversity (UNFCCC, UNCCD and CBD)
Lead to forest fires
Affect food production and food security
Impacts and Disasters United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Drought events
10/48
Top 10 most important Drought disasters for the period 1900 to 2013
sorted by numbers of killed at the country level:
Country Date No Killed
China P Rep, Drought 1928 3,000,000
Bangladesh, Drought 1943 1,900,000
India, Drought 1942 1,500,000
India, Drought 1965 1,500,000
India, Drought 1900 1,250,000
Soviet Union, Drought 1921 1,200,000
China P Rep, Drought 1920 500,000
Ethiopia, Drought May-1983 300,000
Sudan, Drought Apr-1983 150,000
Ethiopia, Drought Dec-1973 100,000
Source: http://www.emdat.be/result-disaster-
profiles?disgroup=natural&period=1900%242013&dis_type=Drought&Submit=Display+Disaster+Profile
Impacts and Disasters United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
12/48
Country Date No Total Affected
India, Drought May-1987 300,000,000
India, Drought Jul-2002 300,000,000
India, Drought 1972 200,000,000
India, Drought 1965 100,000,000
India, Drought Jun-1982 100,000,000
China P Rep, Drought Jan-1994 82,000,000
China P Rep, Drought Apr-2002 60,000,000
China P Rep, Drought Oct-2009 51,000,000
India, Drought
China P Rep, Drought
Apr-2000
Jun-1988
50,000,000
49,000,000
Source: http://www.emdat.be/result-disaster-
profiles?disgroup=natural&period=1900%242013&dis_type=Drought&Submit=Display+Disaster+Profile
Top 10 most important Drought disasters for the period 1900 to 2013
sorted by numbers of total affected people at the country level:
Impacts and Disasters United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
13/48
Country Date Damage (000 US$)
United States, Drought Jun-2012 20,000,000
China P Rep, Drought Jan-1994 13,755,200
United States, Drought Jan-2011 8,000,000
Australia, Drought 1981 6,000,000
Spain, Drought Sep-1990 4,500,000
China P Rep, Drought
Iran Islam Rep, Drought
United States, Drought
Spain, Drought
Canada, Drought
Oct-2009
Apr-1999
Jul-2002
Apr-1999
Jan 1977
3,600,000
3,300,000
3,300,000
3,200,000
3,000,000
Source: http://www.emdat.be/result-disaster-
profiles?disgroup=natural&period=1900%242013&dis_type=Drought&Submit=Display+Disaster+Profile
Top 10 most important Drought disasters for the period 1900 to 2013
sorted by economic damage costs at the country level:
Impacts and Disasters United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
14/48
Basic Facts
UNEP estimates that Desertification costs annually US $42
Billion; Over 250 million people are directly affected; One
billion populations are under threats or at risk.
About 1.7 billion ha.
of land is affected by
DLDD
1/3 of the entire
area is drylands
71% of its drylands
are affected
All Pacific islands states
face deforestation, soil
erosion, degradation,
drought disaster and
fresh water shortage
15/48
Step slope areas
96,006,984 rai
Shallow soils
43,365,620 rai
Saline soils
14,393,467 rai
Acid sulphate soils
5,510,144 rai
Sandy soils
12,769,833 rai
Peat Soils 265,348 rai
Acid soils 143,940,006 rai
16/48
Impacts and Disasters ► Soils Deterioration in Thailand United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification
Area of Soil Loss in Thailand (Million)
Soil Loss
Classification
Central East West North Northeast South Total
Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai %
Low land (Peneplais and foots lope slope less than 35%
1.Slight 9.689 76.34 12.342 52.65 11.585 40.2 35.689 33.7 80.734 76.5 20.181 45.7 170.219 53.1
2.Moderate 1.771 14 4.951 21.1 4.733 16.4 11.038 10.4 14.163 13.4 6.258 14.2 42..913 13.4
3.Severe 0.243 1.91 2.384 10.2 0.928 3.22 2.937 2.77 2.185 2.07 1.114 2.52 9.789 3.05
4.Very severe 0.0254 0.02 0.056 0.24 0.029 0.10 0.371 0.35 0.116 0.11 0.115 0.26 0.690 0.22
5.Extremely
Severe
0.03 0.24 0.143 0.61 0.066 0.23 1.506 1.42 0.327 0.31 0.199 0.45 2.271 0.71
Highland (Mountain and vally slope slope morathan 35%
1.Slight 0.170 1.34 2.602 11.1 2.339 8.12 16.381 15.5 6.934 6.57 13.175 29.8 41.601 13
2.Moderate 0.130 1.02 0.232 0.99 5.894 20.5 19.212 18.1 0.232 0.22 0.013 0.03 25.713 8.02
3.Severe 0.403 3.17 0.392 1.67 2.912 10.1 9.691 9.14 0.760 0.72 0.075 0.17 14.232 4.43
4.Very severe 0.076 0.60 0.028 0.12 0.375 0.13 2.110 1.99 0.085 0.08 0.332 0.75 2.668 0.83
5.Extremely
Severe
0.179 1.41 0.312 1.33 0.282 0.98 7.093 6.69 - - 2.736 6.19 10.602 3.31
Region Area 12.692 100 23.442 100 28.805 100 106.028 100 105.540 100 44.197 100 320.697 100
Affected area 2.833 22.3 8.498 36.3 14.881 51.7 53.958 50.9 17.867 17 10.842 24.5 108.877 34
Note: Slight: 0-2 ton /Rai /Year; Moderate: 2-5 ton /Rai /Year; Severe: 5-15 ton /Rai /Year; Very severe: 15-20 ton /Rai /Year; Extremely
Severe: More than 20 ton / Rai / Year. * Soil loss more than permisible in Class 2-5 of bath lowland and highland.
Source : Land Development Department, 1992 Soil Loss Evaluation in Thailand. 17/48
reduces the land’s resilience to natural climate variability
Soil becomes less productive
Vegetation becomes degraded
or damaged
contributes to famine huge drain on
economic resources
cause health problems and air
pollution.
Close of school and impacts to
communication.
Consequences of DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
20/48
To establish a
preparedness system to
cope the effects of
drought and other natural
disasters
Investments in infra-structure
Innovative ways for economic
development
(China and Israel experiences)
Capacity building and Financial
Cooperation
Institutional tools
for improving
decision-making
(national authority,
budget, etc)
Response Measure ► What should/could be done?
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Policy development and governance
for drought management (National perspective)
21/48
Strengthening the infra-structure at farm level (communication,
hydrological infra-structure, access to the local markets)
Diversifying and improving productive activities to reduce the
risk
Traditional and new technologies to improve standards of living
(irrigation, rainwater harvesting)
Innovation for drylands development
Response Measure ► What should/could be done?
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Measures on drought management at local level
End poverty in all
its forms
everywhere
End hunger, achieve food
security and improved
nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
Ensure healthy
lives and promote
well-being for all
at all ages
Ensure inclusive and
quality education for
all and promote
lifelong learning
Achieve gender
equality and
empower all women
and girls
Ensure access to
water and
sanitation for all
Ensure access to
affordable, reliable,
sustainable and
modern energy for all
Promote inclusive and
sustainable economic
growth, employment and
decent work for all
Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
24/48
Take urgent action
to combat climate
change and its
impacts
Conserve and sustainably
use the oceans, seas and
marine resources
Sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, halt and
reverse land degradation, halt
biodiversity loss
Promote just,
peaceful and
inclusive societies
Revitalize the global
partnership for
sustainable
development
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable
industrialization and foster
innovation
Reduce inequality
within and among
countries
Make cities
inclusive, safe,
resilient and
sustainable
Ensure sustainable
consumption and
production patterns
Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
25/48
15.3 by 2020, combat desertification, and restore degraded land and
soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods,
and strive to achieve a land-degradation neutral world
The roles of the UNCCD and Partners to implement SDGs United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification
26/48
(DESA, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCAP, WMO, FAO, UNCCD, UNFCCC, WB, IFADS, ADB and
others)
To support countries to improve decision-making process and
National Policies on Drought Management (decision 9/ COP11);
and to promote the establishment of an Investment Framework to
cope drought and desertification at country level.
As a tool to contribute to National Policies on combating
desertification and mitigate the effects of draught;
To develop priority approaches (LDN, ELD, SLM, SOs, OOs
and Advocacy Policy Framework (APF) on DLDD mitigation
and support countries to address the prevailing issues;
NAP
The roles of the UNCCD and Partners to implement SDGs United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification
27/48
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD
Totally 1.633 billion population are living in NEA, which is
directly affected by dust/sand disasters and many inhabitants
in this vast region live under poverty line.
Covering a total land area of 28,837,000 sq. km in NEA, of
which arable and permanent crops land covers 9%,
permanent pasture/steppe represent 45%, forest and
woodland occupy 16% and other land covers 30% of the
region’s total land area (Source: State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific, 2000, p.5).
This slide shows the significance of dune fixation by using
mechanical/biological approaches at Baijitan, Ningxia.
28/48
Increasing interest of local people on agroforestry
More varieties be introduced based on nutritive value and their effect on soil
(fertile or dry)
Multiple cropping of tree, shrub and cash crops
Traditional farming practice in Hills
Practice of non-till farming on slope and terrace fields
Transfer of technology from Labs to field
Youth and Women’s participation in awareness raising
Increasing of extension service quality and quantity
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Agroforestry Activities
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
29/48
Serious soil erosion in
Nepali Mountain Area Vegetation destruction
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Soil Erosion Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Hand-spreading seeds on sand land
before rain season
Success story in Nepal Farmers involvement in
the efforts
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Soil Erosion Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Plantation to control soil erosion
Plantation on flooded plain
Water scarcity causes
vegetation destruction
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Soil Erosion Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Desert plants and
rotation grazing
Mulching of waste oil
sandy surface
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Rotation Grazing and Mulching of sand surface
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Sandbreaks to stop dune movement and sand encroachment
Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Sand Encroachment Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD ► Possibility in Thailand
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Stop Deforestation
Management of fragile ecosystem
Promotion of sustainable agriculture and rural development
Use and management of land resources
Laws and legislation
LDN Voluntary Targets at country level
Capacity Building
Alignment/further effort to implement NAP
Policy / plans on land management and prevention of land degradation
Initiatives
01
02 03
04
05 06
07 08
09
37/48
• Multi-purpose forest management
to increase the multiple functions
and services of forest ecosystems;
• Curb deforestation and rehabilitate
the degraded forest lands;
• Improvement of productivity of
forest lands.
• Capacity enhancement of forest
management planning.
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Stop Deforestation
38/48
Management of fragile ecosystem
• Introduction of drought resistant tree species and establishment of
irrigation system, especially in ISAN region;
• Improvement of protective forests in coastal and drought prone
areas (ISAN provinces);
• Development and use of non-combustible renewable energy
sources;
• Strengthening the current databases and encourage information
sharing.
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
39/48
Promotion of sustainable agriculture and rural development
• Improvement of national institutional framework for the
implementation of Rio Conventions;
• Strengthening of international exchange and cooperation for the
technical transfer in SLM sector;
• Strengthening the capacity of integrated watershed management and
its demonstration;
• Improvement of infrastructure for knowledge and information
collection, dissemination and Sharing in DLDD mitigation;
• Training of experts and capacity building of reeducation in the field of
land management and development;
• Public awareness raising on UNCCD and SDGs.
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
40/48
1. Demonstration of integrated, community-based land management and
rational sustainable use of natural resources in rural areas;
2. Strengthening of institutional capacity for the development and
implementation of National Action Plan and its regular update in
accordance with the UNCCD Requirements Capacity building for the
establishment of integrated database and information sharing in relation
to the land degradation;
3. Technical transfer and demonstration of advanced sustainable farming
methods including eco-farming to prevent degradation of agricultural
lands while ensuring the safe and sustained agricultural production to
meet the food demands;
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Capacity Building
41/48
4. Establishment and operation of training/awareness center on land
degradation and sustainable land management to promote public
awareness and dissemination of advanced technologies;
5. Demonstration of solving energy problems and improving livelihood
in rural areas through introduction of new energy sources including
solar and wind energies;
6. Capacity-building for establishing early-warning systems and pre-
responsive action plan to encounter with flood and drought.
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Capacity Building
42/48
1) Establishment of land resources protection management center for the
effective and sustainable management of land resources;
2) Consolidation of national institutional system for the comprehensive
assessment and effective utilization of land resources;
3) Strengthening of research and studies related to land resources;
4) Improvement of public awareness, training and education on
conservation of land resources and public participation including
women and youth in the protective management of land resources;
5) Establishment of regular communication and information sharing
related to land management;
6) Promotion of technical transfer and international cooperation.
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Use and management of land resources
43/48
1. The fund resources for UNCCD and implementation of the aligned NAP
should be raised from central and local budgets. In the past the activities to
address the land degradation were financially supported largely by central
budget while the local budgets at provincial and county levels also contributed;
2. Thailand has priority policy on land management, especially some Royal
projects were invested for the land management including reforestation and soil
improvement;
3. Regarding the local budget, the land management and planning agencies at
provincial design their land management projects and finance them in a
sustainable way;
4. The international resources are invested for the reforestation and sustainable
land management.
Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Financing mechanism to implement NAP
44/48
1) Development of LDN voluntary targets based on real situation and condition of Thailand;
2) Further efforts on technical cooperation and academic research on DLDD mitigation;
3) Address land degradation issues as one of the priority area of LDD agenda;
4) Encourage private sectors’ involvement in the long-term initiatives to DLDD mitigation and SLM;
5) Strengthen the awareness of DLDD Issues at both central and local levels;
6) Information-sharing among inline agencies and the affected provinces/community.
Recommendations United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
45/48
“Upon this handful of soil our
survival depends.
Husband it and it will grow our food,
our fuel, and our shelter and
surround us with beauty.
Abuse it and the soil will collapse and
die, taking humanity with it”.
From Vedas Sanskrit Scripture – 1500 BC
46/48
“If human needs are to be met, the
Earth’s natural resources must be
conserved and enhanced.
Land use in agriculture and forestry
must be based on a scientific
assessment of land capacity and the
annual depletion of topsoil.”
In “Our Common Future”
Report of the World Commission on Environment and
Development; 1987
47/48