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Unaccounted-for-Water Reduction in Water Supply
Systems
Franz R. DreesMarch, 2003
UFW Reduction – The Challenge
Over the past two decades…
Increased competition for scarce water resources + population pressure in major urban centers àwater shortages / rationing in many countries à pressure to reduce physical losses in distribution systems;
Increased attention to utility performance has drawn attention to commercial losses (esp. where tariffs are high) as well as physicallosses (esp. where production costs at current sources or marginal cost of new water sources is high). (à Brazil, 5%↓ com. losses @ $0.34/m3à resources to extend water supply coverage to about 3 million additional people !)
UFW Reduction – The ChallengeThe World Bank has financed dozens of UFW reduction campaigns through its projects, in many cases with little long-term success…Example of UFW reduction performance by a public utility in a middle income Latin American country:
U F W ( % )
05
101520253035404550
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
Y e a r
(%)
B e g i n U F W R e d u c t i o n C a m p a i g n ( 1 9 7 8 )
M i n U F W ( 3 2 % )1984
U p w a r d U F W d r i f t
UFW Reduction – Looking for Answers
International Water Association (IWA)Leakage Management Conference (Lemesos/Cyprus, Nov. 2002)
Brazil Water Sector Modernization Project (4292-BR)
Latin American Conference on UFW Reduction Programs (Fortaleza, Brazil, Oct. 2001) (112 participants from LAC) – WHAT TO DO ?
Technical Seminar on UFW Reduction in Water Supply Systems (Salvador, Brazil, Feb/Mar. 2002) (203 participants from Brazil) --WHAT TO DO ?
International Conference on UFW Reduction Programs (Recife, Brazil, Dec. 2002) (298 participants from 14 countries and 4 continents) – HOW TO DO IT ?
UFW Reduction – Key Trends
New Management Models (Performance-based UFW reduction contracts) (Franz Drees, Roland Liemberger, Fouad Djerrari);
Use of UFW indicators as a regulatory tool (OFWAT, UK; Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios, Chile) (Ian Stephens);
Enhanced indicators to monitor UFW performance over time and to allow comparisons between systems (Infrastructure Leakage Index,ILI) (Roland Liemberger).
Water Produced – Water Billed UFW = ----------------------------------------- Water Produced
UFW Reduction – New Mgmt Models
P S P
Public Water Company
In-house UFW Reduction Unit
Medellín/Colombia
Campinas/Brazil
Private Water Company
In-house or
outsourced UFW Reduction
Barranquilla/Col. Santiago/Chile
(in house)
Macao/China (outsourced)
Public Water Company
Limited
performance-based contract
São Paulo/Brazil
Public Water Company
Full
performance-based contract
Malays ia
Ceará/ Brazil
(Management contract in one sector of Fortaleza)
UFW Reduction – Management Models
P S P
Public Water Company
In-house UFW Reduction Unit
Private Water Company
In-house or
outsourced UFW Reduction
Public Water Company
Limited
performance-based contract
Public Water Company
Full
performance-based contract
Medellín Colombia
Medellín (Colombia) – Municipal Water Company (EEPP)
Population: 3.3 million (2002);Since 1982: UFW control dept.Customer meter change-outs and right-sizing, optimization of meter life-cycles;Network sectorization, installation of pressure reduction valves, change out of break-prone pipes, leak detection campaigns;Continuous political support
Evolución de pérdidas reales
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
l/día
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
m3/
día/
km
l/día/instal 445 396 316 302 280 233 210 202 189 185
m3/día/km 78.1 72.6 60.3 60.4 59.1 54.8 52.6 52.8 50.8 47.6
1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002
UFW Reduction – Management Models
P S P
Public Water Company
In-house UFW Reduction Unit
Private Water Company
In-house or
outsourced UFW Reduction
Public Water Company
Limited
performance-based contract
Public Water Company
Full
performance-based contract
Campinas Brazil
Campinas, SP (Brazil) – Municipal Water Company
Population: 970,000 (2000);100% household (HH) and bulk water metering (ave. age: 4 years);Network sectorization, installation of pressure reduction valves, change out of HH connections and break-prone pipes;Continuous political support and steady budget allocations for UFW reduction
23.33
24.50
24.47
25.07
28.79
31.07
30.23
32.62
34.57
33.44
36.08
34.5233.43
34.8936.85
30.9730.30
20.00
22.00
24.00
26.00
28.00
30.00
32.00
34.00
36.00
38.00
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
*
Índice de Perdas de Faturamento (%)
* até junho/02* até junho/02
Êxito emÊxito emReduçãoRedução
Início do Início do Programa de Programa de Redução de Redução de
PerdasPerdas
IPFIPFÍndice de Perda FaturamentoIPDIPDIPFIPF
23.33
24.50
24.47
25.07
28.79
31.07
30.23
32.62
34.57
33.44
36.08
34.5233.43
34.8936.85
30.9730.30
20.00
22.00
24.00
26.00
28.00
30.00
32.00
34.00
36.00
38.00
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
*
Índice de Perdas de Faturamento (%)
* até junho/02* até junho/02
Êxito emÊxito emReduçãoRedução
Início do Início do Programa de Programa de Redução de Redução de
PerdasPerdas
IPFIPFÍndice de Perda FaturamentoIPDIPDIPFIPF
UFW Reduction – Management Models
P S P
Public Water Company
In-house UFW Reduction Unit
Private Water Company
In-house or
outsourced UFW Reduction
Public Water Company
Limited
performance-based contract
Public Water Company
Full
performance-based contract
São Paulo Brazil
São Paulo (Brazil) – State Water Company (SABESP)Limited Performance-Based UFW Reduction Contracts
About 2.6 million water connections in metro São Paulo;About 1% of meters account for 28.5% of billings with substantial sub-metering…
Reduction of commercial losses:=> Competitive tender in 5 lots for private companies to identify meters for change-out, then supply and install meters;Payment is % of incremental billings up to ceiling of 8.5%;Incremental consumption metered: 76-137 additional m3/month/meter;
=> PS more agile and more rigorous in identifying meters for change-out (elasticity of demand !)
UFW Reduction – Management Models
P S P
Public Water Company
In-house UFW Reduction Unit
Private Water Company
In-house or
outsourced UFW Reduction
Public Water Company
Limited
performance-based contract
Public Water Company
Full
performance-based contract
Macau/China
Macau (China): ONDEO with outsourcing to LYSA
Even in PS, need Integrated Program to manage institutional change (commercial, technical, production, operations dept., etc.) => “Broad-based UFW committee (2-3 years during impl.) à transfer to operational units for consolidation;Key measures:
Phase 1: updated customer cadastre, meter change-out, replacement of break-prone pipes; Phase 2: optimize meter lifecycle, active leak detection, right-sizing meter for lg. users
0
10 000 000
20 000 000
30 000 000
40 000 000
50 000 000
60 000 000
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
45,0%
Pumpage Sales NRW
11,00%
11,50%
12,00%
12,50%
13,00%
13,50%
14,00%
14,50%
15,00%
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UFW Reduction in Water Supply Systems
Thank You