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UMTS and Beyond
Prof. Hamid AghvamiCentre for Telecommunications Research - King’s College London
Wireless Multimedia Communications Ltd
Mobile System Generations
First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.
Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to offer data at low rates.
Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different environments.
3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT2000) worldwide.
UMTS
“UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite components.It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to new and innovative services and applications.It will offer mobile personalised communications to the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used”.
UMTS Forum 1997
UMTS Main Requirements (3 Ms)
Multi-media
Multi-environment
Multi-operator Virtual operators
VideoConference
(High quality)
VideoConference
(Low quality)
TelephoneConference
Telephone
VoiceMail
ElectronicMail FAX
ElectronicPublishing
ElectronicNewspaper
ISDNKaraoke
VideoCatalogshopping
Database AccessRemote medical
service(Medical image) Video on
demand -Sports -News -Movies
Mobile TV
MobileRadio
Image
DataVoice
Multicast
Multi Point
AsymmetricSymmetric
Point to Point
Broadcast
2M
384K
64K
32K
16K
9.6K
2.4K
1.2K
News
Weatherforecast
Traffic information
Sports information
LeisureInformation
Mobile Multimedia
WWW
ftp
IPtelephony
etc
InformationDistribution
Services
InternetAccess
pager
Mobile Multimedia Services
Global
Suburban
Macro-Cell
Urban
Micro-Cell In- Building
Pico-Cell
Home-Cell
Different Environments for UMTS
Europe has decided to adopt an evolutionary approach for the UMTS core network based on migration from the GSM/GPRS infrastructure.
For the actual air interface, a revolutionary approach has been chosen. That is a new radio air interface for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).
There is another parallel activity concerning the UMTS air interface using an evolutionary approach (an intermediate approach).
First phase of UMTS
Evolution approach based on GSM InfrastructureEvolution Approach
New
Radio Access (UTRAN)
NSS
And
GSN’s
PSTN
N-ISDN
B-ISDN
IP-based
Networks
Radio Access GSM Infrastructure
Public Network
Dual-mode
Dual-mode
Evolved
GSM
Radio Access (GERAN)
In this approach the GSM air interface has evolved within GSM phase 2+ to support higher rate data services. The most important developments in this approach are:
1. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS )2. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD )3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE )
It is referred to GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)
Evolutionary approach for the GSM Air Interface
SMSC/VLR
GMSC
PSTN
HLR
PDN Internet
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
Ci rc
uit S
wi tc
hed
(GSM
)
Pack
et S
witc
hed
(GPR
S)
UTR
AN
Iu,psIu,cs
Gs
C
Gn
Gr
Gc
UMTS – Phase I
D
RNC
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu,cs
Iu,ps
….…
…….…..
….…
Applications& Services
Legacy mobile signalling network
Other PLMN
MultimediaIP networks
GGSN
PSTN/legacy/external
SGSN
SGSN
HSS(HLR)
GGSN
EIR
SGW
MRF
CSCF
MGCF
MGW
Simplified architecture for the support of IP-based multimedia services in 3GPP release 5
Signalling interfaceSignalling and data transfer interface
Gn
Gp
Mh
Cx
Mm
Gi
Mg
Mc
Gi
Gi
Mr
Gc
Ms
Gn
GiGr
Gf
TE MT GERAN
TE MT UTRAN
Iu-PS
Uu
UmR
R
New Functional Entities for the All IP Architecture
• Call State Control Function (CSCF) executes the call control. It is based on the IETF Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).
• Media GateWay (MGW) provides an inter-connection from GGSN to legacy circuit-switched networks such as PSTN.
• Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) controls the MGW.
• Media Resource Function (MRF) performs multiparty call and multimedia conferencing functions.
• Signalling GateWay (SGW) performs signalling conversion to/from legacy mobile signalling network.
• Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is an evolved HLR.
4G Concept
Towards 4GTowards 4GUser centric,
user controlled servicesand
context-aware applications
What does “user controlled services” mean?What does “user controlled services” mean?
“ The user has freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable QoS and affordable price, anytime, anywhere using any device in a secure manner”
4G Concept
What does “context-aware applications” mean?What does “context-aware applications” mean?
“ A context-aware application means the behaviour of the application adapts itself to user context changes. User context includes: -user profile and preferences. -user device and access network capabilities. -user environment and mobility. ”
4G Concept
Technologies
ChallengesChallenges• Convergence/integration/inter-working of all
existing and emerging fixed and mobile (wired and wireless) networks including broadcast
• Simple to select and easy to use desired services
• Universal and low cost terminals
IP Technology
Agent Technology
Reconfigurable Technology
• Inter-working Concept
• Integration Concept
Network Level Concepts
Interworking/Integration
• For the design of next generation wireless networks two different approaches are currently being considered. They are:
- Interworking with next generation Internet (tight coupling)- Integration within next generation Internet (very tight coupling)
• In the first approach, the access network and the core network use different IP protocols and mechanisms and only the core network is considered as a sub-network of the Internet.
• In the second approach, both the core and access networks use common IP based protocols and mechanisms and the access network is considered as a sub-network of the Internet.
The Internet
IP backbone
Billing VHESignalling Gateway
WAP Accounting
UMTS
Broadcast Networks (DAB, DVB-T)
Satellite FES
GSM / GPRS
Context-aware informationCentre
IP-based micro-mobility Wireless
LANs
ISPSIP Proxy Server
Inter-Working
General architecture of the IP-based IMT network platform
Applications
AP1 AP2 AP3 APn
Middleware
IP-based transport NW
Location Accounting/billing Media conversion Distribution
Basic network management sub-layer
RRM MM C/SM Security QoS
Service support sub-layer
IP IPIP
IPRadio
Radio RadioIP IP
IP
ISDN/PSTN
Internet
Integration
Global coverage
National coverage
Local area coverageWireless LANs
DAB and DVB-T, DVB-S
2G, 3G and 4G Cellular
Personal area coverage
Hierarchical coverage layers for 4G
Satellite
Regional coverage
Wireless PANs
Vertical Handover
Horizontal Handover
IP-based backbone
The complexity of the problem: user prospective
From a user prospective
Multiple Heterogeneous network operatorspart of
Multiple user environments accessed using
Multiple heterogeneous devices owned by
heterogeneous users
LaptopPDA
UMTS DVB WLAN
From a network prospective
Multiple Heterogeneous network operators
providing Multiple services
through multiple access networks
tousers with heterogeneous devices
The complexity of the problem: network prospective
Service
Access technology
Operators
Bluetooth GPRS WLAN
Downward Vertical Handover1 2
(i.e. GPRS WLAN)
Upward Vertical Handover2 3
(i.e. WLAN Bluetooth)
1
2
3
Operator D
Operator C
Operator B
Operator A
Service A
Service B
Service C
A Heterogeneous Network Architecture
UTRAN WLAN 4G RAN
PAN
Wireless Access Network
Core Network Future Internet
Intra-Cell PAN Ad-hoc Network PAN PAN
PAN
Inter-working between two radio access networks Open coupling
Inter-working between two radio access networks Loose coupling
Inter-working between two radio access networks Tight coupling
Inter-working between two radio access networks Very tight coupling
Inter-working examples - cachingHSS
SGSN
IP network
CSCF
MPEG-2 real time encoder
Packetiser IP packet
inserter
ATM/SDH
leased network
Transport Multiplexer
MPEG-2 real time encoder
Stream server
Gateway/IP
Encapsulator
Carousal Generator
Location Profile
Response(3)
Query(2)
Cache Server
Request mp3's / movie
(1)
Petrol station
Retrieve content
Content transfer
(5)
Content Storage(HTML,Clips,
mp3's, games)
DVB-Tregional
multiplexer
DVB-Tregional
multiplexer
local content
Response(4)
Satellite
Content transfer
(6)WLAN
Content DeliveryNotification
Content: video clip(15MB)Service: Music ClipsCompany: MTV
Please select delivery options Send to PDA (5 eur) –15min Send to office PC (10 eur) –7min Send to STB (20 eur)-2min
Delivery options
Network provides device delivery optionsincluding cost and delivery times
User selects desired destination
Slide:Slide:3030-40-40
Inter-working examples user centric
Load balancing i.e. Using DVB to multicast or broadcast to large number of users
Handovers i.e. Users in train moving outside the coverage of a network
Slide:Slide:3131-40-40
Inter-working examples – network centric
Network SelectionNetwork Selection
Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria
• User Context
• Service Type
• Available Resources
- Data rate- QoS
- Environment (When and Where)- Mobility- User preferences
Convergence
Convergence of Cellular Mobile Networks and WLANsBenefitsFor cellular mobile operators Higher bandwidths. Lower cost of networks and equipment. The use of licence-exempt spectrum. Higher capacity and QoS enhancement. Higher revenue.For users Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where mostly needed (e.g. in Central Business Districts and Business Customer Premises). Inter-network roaming.
Convergence
Convergence of Mobile Communications and BroadcastingDriversFrom broadcaster point of view
Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to-multipoint broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 2G/3G cellular systems.
From the cellular mobile operator point of view
Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular environments to support IP-based multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.
Convergence
Benefits
Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the content of their multi-media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from customers.
Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments.
Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi- media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.
Steve Deering - Cisco : Fifty-first IETF; London, England, August 5-10, 2001
IP Layer ModelIP Layer Model
Additional IP Functions Mobility Management Quality of Service AAA
IP Sec Ad-Hoc Routing etc.
Native IP Functions: Routing Addressing Packet Formatting and Handling
Lower Layers
Higher Layers
IP Network Layer
IP Convergence Layer
Data Interface
Error Control Buffer Management QoS Support Segmentation/Reassembly Header Compression Multicast Support
Control Interface
Configuration Management Address Management QoS Control Handover Control Idle Mode Support Security Management
IP Layer Model for WLANsIP Layer Model for WLANs
IP Layer Model
The functionalities and structure of the IP layer model are not sufficient and/or efficient to achieve the requirements of future inter-worked or integrated networks.
No fundamental changes have been made in the design of IPV6.
The question is:
“ Are some radical changes needed to the IP layer model in order to offer better solutions to the convergence issue?” If yes, what are the consequences and implications?
“ An agent is a software component (object) that is situated within an execution environment (e.g. computers) and acts autonomously on behalf of a user or process and has specific goal.”
Agent Definition
2G, 3GWLAN
…
AP
AP: Agent Platform
AP AP
AP
Service Centre
Agent Technology
• Mandatory features– Reactive: senses changes in the environment and reacts in accordance.– Autonomous: has control over its own actions– Goal-driven: is pro-active
• Optional features– Collaborative: communicates/negotiates with other agents–Mobile: travels from one host to another– Learning: adapts in accordance with previous experience– Believable: appears believable to the end-user.
Mobile vs. Static Agents
Client Server
Client Server
request
respond
requestrespond
“Software components that can migrate under their own control from host to host in a network or between networks”
Mobile Agents
• Mobile agents have already been used for network monitoring and service delivery including education at a distance.• In an ever-increasing world of service providers and service packages, a user demands a simple approach to the selection of the desired service and its delivery mechanism in real-time with least effort. This can be achieved through the use of mobile agents.• The use of mobile agents can also overcome the constraints imposed on applications by the limited processing power and speed of mobile terminals.
An open question:An open question:
Static or mobile agents for wireless networks?What are the pros and cons?
Agent TechnologyAgent Technology
Re-configurable Technology
What does Reconfiguration mean?
“Reconfiguration refers to the software re-definition and/or adaptation of every element within each layer of the communication chain.”
BasebandProcessing
UserData
A/D Converter
D/A Converter
RF Front End
Re-configurable Technology
Benefits• Users
• Operators
• Manufacturers
- Select network depending on service requirements and cost.- Connect to any network – Worldwide roaming.-Access to new services.
- Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).- Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.- Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.- Rapid development of new personalised and customised services
- Single platform for all markets.- Increased flexible and efficient production.
Re-configuration Procedures
ReconfigurationTrigger
Mode Identification
Mode Negotiation
Software Download
Mode Switch Decision
ModeMonitoring
ReconfigureTerminal
Initiated by network operator or user
Download software modules that are required
for the target mode
What networks are available?
What is the most suitable network (based on QoS, user preferences etc.)?
Decision on preferred mode
Re-configurable Technology
CHALLENGES
• Regulatory and Standardisation issues.
• Business models.
• User preference profiles.
• Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria.
• Software download mechanisms.
• Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators.
• Enabling Technologies (RF and antenna elements, ADC/DAC etc.)
Agent Technology
Conclusion
4GVision
IP TechnologyReconfigurable Technology