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Chapter 3: Food Packaging
Expected outcome: a) Able to discuss the roles of food packaging b) Able to characterize of various materials of food packaging
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
Content
• Introduction
• Functions of food packaging
• Issues in food packaging
• Packaging materials
• MAP
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Introduction
• The enclosing of food requires protection from tempering whether by physical, chemical or biological means
• Communicate nutritional information
Photo credit: R L Sheehan; Wikipedia; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rlsheehanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Food_packages_(1).jpg
Function of food packaging
• Efficient delivery to the customer
• protecting the food physical, chemical and biological damages
Photo credit: Gisela Francisco; Wikipedia; CC BY 3.0
Photo credit: Wikipedysta:Julo; Wikimedia; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gifrancishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cartonhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedysta:Julohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pudliszki-wyroby.jpg
Function of food packaging
• Physical barrier to oxygen, moisture, volatile chemical compounds, and microorganisms
• providing convenience to the customer Microwavability, resealability, ease of use
• conveying product information product contents, nutritional values, preparation instruction
Photo credit: Sarah Lee; Dailymail; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2566893/Tabasco-British-40-proof-shot-cordiale-Italians-Can-guess-armys-nationality-ration-pack.html
Issues in food packaging
• Physical damage • Distribution environment handling, storage, transportation
• Shock, vibration and compression
• Shock – during handling drop height based on size, weight
• Vibration – during transportation
• Compression – warehousing and shipping
• Product fragility
Photo credit: Paul Sullivan; flicker; CC BY-ND 2.0
Photo credit: Goldmund100; Wikimedia; CC Attribution 3.0
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://www.flickr.com/photos/pfsullivan_1056/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/pfsullivan_1056/4629540612https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Goldmund100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Broken_egg_orange.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commonshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
Issues in food packaging
• Food-package interaction • Chemical and physical interaction • Chemical – corrosion of the material • Physical – mass transport food and package
• Migration – volatile compounds package to food
• Scalping – volatile compounds food to package
• Packaging and waste disposal
Photo credit: Howcheng; Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 3.0 Photo credit: Susan Sutton; Adhesivesmag; PD farhanmsaid@ocw,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Howchenghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_popcornhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.adhesivesmag.com/authors/2174-susan-suttonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.adhesivesmag.com/ext/resources/Issues/2014_Feb/roundtable-img2-slide.jpg
Issues in food packaging
• Regulation packing, shipping, selling, advertising, grading, standardizing, marking • Weight – consumer is not misled/deceived by the printing or appearance
of the package
• Adulteration –prevent direct or indirect addition of foreign components
• Public safety – temper-resistance package
Photo credit: StickerYou; Stickeryou; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://d3ccuprjuqkp1j.cloudfront.net/ProductLandingPages/FeaturedImages/ProductLabels_8.jpghttp://d3ccuprjuqkp1j.cloudfront.net/ProductLandingPages/FeaturedImages/ProductLabels_8.jpg
Issues in food packaging
Other considerations • Suitable packaging machinery • Economic consideration • Good packaging graphics
Photo credit: Selo; Selo; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.selo.com/petfood-equipment/packaging-machines-for-pet-food/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.selo.nl/wp-content/uploads/Rejecting-conveyor1.jpg
Packaging materials
•Basic material glass, metal, paper and plastic
•Each has both advantages and disadvantages
•Selection functional requirements, economics of specific applications
•To optimize performance and cost food packages use > 1 type of package material
Photo credit Mr Rea; reac-ism; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://reac.ism-online.org/author/reac/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://reac.ism-online.org/files/2014/05/Why-a-forum-on-food-packaging.jpghttp://reac.ism-online.org/files/2014/05/Why-a-forum-on-food-packaging.jpghttp://reac.ism-online.org/files/2014/05/Why-a-forum-on-food-packaging.jpg
Packaging materials
•Excellent barrier protecting from oxygen and moisture
•Excellent visibility and an image of cleanliness • Major constituents SiO2, Na2O and CaO •Properties of glass (eg strength, transparency,
moldability) can be modified composition of these constituents
Glass
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Packaging materials
•Considerations in designing glass containers • Mechanical strength • Thermal strength • Optical properties
Photo credit Isaac Fletcher; vertassets; PD
Glass
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.foodonline.com/author/isaac-fletcherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/88a322f7/88a322f7-ac3b-4e06-826c-57e0ec0b77a2/all_kinds_of_glass_bottles.jpg
Packaging materials
• Excellent protection of oxygen, moisture and light
• Most common - Steel and aluminum
•Aluminum foil and metalized films • Aluminum foil food-packaging application, such as
pouches • Metalized films – very thin layer of aluminum (vapor
deposited) on a plastic film
Metal
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Packaging materials
• Odorless, tasteless, non-toxic
• Provides a very good barrier moisture, gases and light
• Retains the volatile flavors.
• Foil is fragile protection from torn or punctured.
Photo credit Toronto; Toronto; PD
Metal- aluminum
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
Packaging materials
• Made of wood fibers cellulose, hemicellulose, and polimeric residues
• Good mechanical strength protect physical damage
• Poor gas-barrier properties and mechanical strength
• Often coated with aluminum or plastic for better performance
Paper and paperboard
Photo credit Toronto; Toronto; PD farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD
Packaging materials
• Polymers/long chain macromolecules molded, extruded and cast films, sheet and containers
• Broad range of gas-barrier properties permeability
• Permeability plastic material, permeate gas, temperature, and RH
• Versatility of packaging many different foods
Plastic
Photo credit print-packaging; print-packaging; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/
Packaging materials
• Polyethylene (PE) • Most frequently used in food packaging low cost, easy process
and good mechanical properties
• HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE
• HDPE (0.94 – 0.97 g/cm3 , 135oC) • greater tensile strength, hardness and better chemical resistance
• blow-molded bottles, food containers, bags
• LDPE (0.91 - 0.93 g/cm3 , 110oC) • Soft, flexible and stretchable
• Films for fresh produce and baked goods
• Good clarity and sealability
• LLDPE, density same as LDPE • Has clarity and heat sealability of LDPE and strength and toughness of HDPE
Plastic Types
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Packaging materials
• Polypropylene (PP) • melting point (165oC) • density (0.9 kg/m3) but higher tensile strength, stiffness
and hardness than PE
• hot filling, retorting, good heat seal strength, excellent clarity
• Polystyrene (PS) • Excellent clarity, hard, low impact strength
• gas barrier, melting point (88oC)
• Cups, dishware, closures, windows in paperboard boxes
display products
Plastic Types
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Packaging materials
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) • Mostly in injection blow-molded bottles
carbonated soft drinks, water, edible oil, juices • Stronger, clearer and better gas barrier than HDPE, more
expensive • films that have high strength, high melting point
(267oC), high scuff resistance, good clarity, good printing characteristic, excellent dimensional stability
• food trays used in microwave/oven
Plastic Types
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Advantages and disadvantages of food packaging materials
Materials Advantages Disadvantages
Glass Excellent barrier oxygen & moisture
Chemically inert
Transparent
Easily breakable
Relatively heavier
Metal Excellent barrier oxygen, moisture,
light
Good mechanical strength & durability
Good thermal stability
Susceptible to corrosion
Metal cans generally more
difficult to open and reseal
Paper Relatively inexpensive
Excellent printability
Lightweight
Poor gas and moisture
barrier
Greatly reduced
mechanical strength when
wet
Plastic More versatile
Can be formed easily into many shapes
Lightweight
More susceptible to
migration and flavor-
scalping problems
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MAP
• Relatively new preservation technology
• Normal composition of air; 20.9% O2, 78% N2, 0.9% Ar, 0.03% CO2
• MAP – normal composition of air is changed within a package, but the change is not constant due to product respiration and permeation of gas
• Normally involve the reduction of oxygen content and increase in level of carbon dioxide in the package headspace
• Always enhancement of refrigeration as preservation technology
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MAP
•Methods of atmosphere modification • Passive modification
• Used in fresh respiring fruits and vegetables
• Film with a correct gas permeability
• Atmosphere within the packaged product is modified; consumption of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide through respiration of product and the permeation of gases
• Depletion of oxygen to near ‘0’ leads to anaerobic respiration or fermentation results in spoilage
Photo credit: Packaging Machinery; record; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
http://www.record.it/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.record.it/packaging-solutions-for-flexible-packaging/modified-atmosphere-packaging-en-gb/
MAP
•Active modification • Used in meat industry to extend shelf life, keeping quality • Film of low O2 permeability, air is removed under vacuum,
package is heat sealed • Headspace O2 is reduced < 1%, CO2 produced from tissue
and microbiological respiration, may increase to 10 to 20%
• Extend the shelf life of meat by inhibiting the growth of meat-spoilage microbes, particularly Pseudomonas and Alternaria species
• Other method oxygen absorbent
Photo credit: Packaging Machinery; record; PD
farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]
http://www.record.it/http://www.record.it/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.record.it/packaging-solutions-for-flexible-packaging/modified-atmosphere-packaging-en-gb/