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UMEÅ UNIVERSITY
UMEÅ INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND CLINICAL MEDICINE
THESIS REPORT
“Self-reported occupational health problems and factors affecting
compliance with occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania”.
A thesis report submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of MSc in
Public Health of the Umea University.
Thesis, 30 ECTS
Author: Gilbonce Betson Supervisor: Prof Berndt Stenberg MSc in Public Health candidate Email: [email protected]
May 2012
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Self-reported occupational health problems and factors affecting compliance with occupational health and safety
requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Author: Gilbonce Betson
Supervisor: Prof Berndt Stenberg
Year: 2012
Umeå International School of Public Health, Umeå University
Sweden.
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ABSTRACT Occupational health and safety among barbers and hairdressers are issues which need individual, country and global attention due to their impacts to the general public. Workers in this sector are exposed to variety of occupational health hazards and suffer from problems such as dermatitis, asthma, respiratory infections, musculoskeletal disorders and back pain. Purpose: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported occupational health problems and factors affecting compliance with occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality. Design: A cross-sectional study was done in July, 2011. Methodology: In addition to one researcher, two trained research assistants were hired for data collection. A total of 378 questionnaires and observation checklists were used to interview workers. Workers were sampled by simple random sampling from a list of workers obtained in 9 stratified wards of Ilala Municipality. The permission to conduct the study was provided by Ilala Municipal Council, while informed consent was obtained verbally by each participant. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was also used to estimate the effects of occupational health and safety training and socio-demographic characteristics on the compliance level. Results: A total of 378 barbers and hairdressers were included in the study of whom 205 (54.2%) were females and 173 (45.8 %) were males. The mean age of the participants was 27.4 (95%CI=26.8-28.1; range=18-51) years. This sector provides employment to majority of people with low education level. The findings revealed that majority of workers had low compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements (81.2%). There was no significant difference in proportion of compliance level by sex (p-value=0.23). It was revealed that both males and females had almost similar compliance level (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 0.8-2.4). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that workers who did not receive occupational health and safety training were more likely to have low compliance level compared to those who received training (OR=13.5; 95%CI: 4.3-42.3). Also, workers with low education were more likely to have low compliance level compared to those with high education level (OR=12.3; 95%CI: 5.2-28.8). The study identified factors such as inadequate occupational health and safety staffs (3.4%), negligence (15.1%), absence of workplace policies (2.1%), poor workers’ knowledge and skills (22.2%), and poor law enforcement (57.1%) as the main contributory factors for low compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements. About 77% of barbers and hairdressers reported to experience occupational health problems in their working life. Barbers and hairdressers who received training on occupational health and safety reported fewer problems compared to those who did not receive training. Not only that but also, those who had higher compliance level with OHS requirements reported fewer problems compared to those with low compliance level (p<0.0001). The most self-reported occupational health problems were; back pain (25.7%), hand dermatitis (21.2%), chest pain (16.4%), respiratory problems (8.7%), dermatitis on other parts of the body (5.3%) and other problems such as stress, fungal infections and discomfort (22.8%). Conclusion: It was observed that, low compliance with occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality was mostly due to poor law enforcement and inadequate knowledge and skills among workers. Majority of barbers and hairdressers are not aware on the occupational health and safety requirements and they suffer from different types of occupational health problems. Therefore the study recommends an urgent need to establish effective law enforcement systems and training programs among barbers and hairdressers to increase law enforcement and hence improve occupational health and safety at workplaces. KEYWORDS: Occupational health diseases, barbershop, hairdressing salon, Ilala Municipality.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………...…iv
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES …………………………………………………………….vi
CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... vii
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................. ix
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................................x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... xi
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Conceptual framework .................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Broad objective....................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Specific objectives: ................................................................................................. 5
1.2.3 Hypotheses: ............................................................................................................ 5
2.0 METHODS .................................................................................................... 6
2.1 The study setting ........................................................................................................... 6
2.2 The study design ............................................................................................................ 7
2.2.1 Sampling procedure and sample size ................................................................. 8
2.3 Data collection techniques ........................................................................................... 8
2.4 Ethical issues .................................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Data management, entry and analysis ....................................................................... 9
2.6 Operational definition of variables ........................................................................... 11
3.0 RESULTS ..................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of participants ................................................ 12
3.2 Compliance level with occupational health and safety .......................................... 12
3.3 Compliance level by training on occupational health and safety ......................... 13
3.4 Compliance level by worker’s education level ......................................................... 14
3.5 Multivariable logistic regression analysis ................................................................ 14
3.6 Occupational health and safety practices ................................................................. 15
3.7 Occupational health and safety records ................................................................... 16
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3.9 Working environment and worker’s experience ..................................................... 18
3.10 Common activities and chemical brands used in salons in IMC ...................... 19
3.12 Factors mostly affecting compliance with OHS in IMC ..................................... 21
3.13 Self-reported occupational health problems........................................................ 22
3.14 Occupational health problems among barbers and hairdressers ..................... 23
3.15 Most reported control measures for OH problems ............................................. 25
3.16 Accident history by sex of workers ........................................................................ 25
3.17 Regulatory and policy framework ......................................................................... 26
3.17.1 Inspections ............................................................................................................ 27
3.17.2 Law enforcement in Tanzania ........................................................................... 28
4.0 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 29
4.1 Compliance with occupational health and safety ................................................... 29
4.2 Occupational health and safety practices among barbers and hairdressers ....... 30
4.3 Environmental health and sanitation ....................................................................... 30
4.4 Chemical use in hairdressing sector ......................................................................... 31
4.5 Factors affecting compliance to occupational health and safety .......................... 32
4.6 Self-reported occupational health problems ........................................................... 33
4.7 Law enforcement and policy framework on occupational health and safety ...... 34
4.8 Study strengths and limitations ................................................................................ 35
4.9 Generalizability of the findings ................................................................................. 36
5.0 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 37
5.1 Areas for further study ................................................................................................ 37
6.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 38
APPENDICES: Questionnaire and observation checklist. ....................................................... 41
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
List of Figures
Figure 1: Conceptual framework ……………………………………………………………………………...............4
Figure 2: A map of Tanzania and Dar es Salaam City showing Ilala Municipality….…………………6
Figure 3: A picture of workers working without protective equipments………………….……………..18
Figure 4: A picture showing chemical brands used in Ilala Municipality ……………….………………21
Figure 5: Pie chart showing factors affecting compliance to OHS …………………………..…………….22
Figure 6: Most reported control measures for occupational health problems ………………………..25
List of Tables
Table 1: Inventory of barbershops and hairdressing salons in IMC …………………………………………7
Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of participants ………………………………………………….12
Table 3: Compliance to OHS by worker’s sex ……………………………………………………..……………….13
Table 4: Compliance to OHS by training on OHS …………………………………………….….………………14
Table 5: Compliance level by worker’s education ………………………………………………………………..14
Table 6: Multivariable logistic regression analysis …………………………………………….………………..15
Table 7 Occupational health and safety practices ………………………………………………………………..16
Table 8: Occupational health and safety records …………………………………………………………………16
Table 9: Environmental health and sanitation …………………………………………………….……………..17
Table 10: Summary measure of worker’s age, working experience and hours ………………………..19
Table 11: Chemical brands used hairdressing sector in IMC …………………………………………………19
Table 12: Occupational health history by worker’s sex …………………………………………………………22
Table 13: Occupational health problems by training on OHS ………………………………………………23
Table 14: Occupational health problems by worker’s sex …………………………………………………….24
Table 15: Occupational problems by compliance level ………………………………………………………...24
Table 16: Accident history by worker’s sex …………………………………………………...……………………26
Table 17: Awareness on OHS laws by training on OHS ………………………………………………………..27
Table 18: Awareness on OHS laws by worker’s sex ……………………………………………………………..27
Table 19: Occupational health and safety inspectors in IMC ……………………………….…….…………28
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CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that he has read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Umea
University a thesis entitled: “Self-reported occupational health problems and factors
affecting compliance with occupational health and safety requirements among
barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality, Tanzania” in fulfillment of the
requirements for award of Master of Science in Public Health of the Umea University.
……………………………………….
Prof Berndt Stenberg
(Supervisor)
Date: …………………………………
viii
DECLARATION
I, Gilbonce Betson Mwakapinga, declare that this thesis is my own original work and that it
has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any
other degree award. I also, declare that all sources that I have used or quoted have been
indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.
Signature ……………………………… Date……………………
Gilbonce Betson Mwakapinga
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank God who gave me good health, brain and knowledge
throughout my life and master’s study at Umea University in Sweden.
Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt and deep thanks to Professor Berndt Stenberg, my
supervisor for his tireless supervision and guidance on my thesis work.
Thirdly, I acknowledge the financial support given by the Global Health Scholarship, it’s through
them that I have managed to do my masters study and thesis work at Umea University.
Fourthly, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to my wife, Eva Kibona for her empathy,
encouragement and moral support.
Also, I would like to express my special thanks to Sabina Bergsten, our Programme
Administrator for her tolerance and all practical issues to facilitate my master’s study at Umea
University.
Lastly but not least, I wish to thank the Ilala Municipal Council through Health Department for
technical, material support and permission for master’s study in Sweden.
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my father and mother, Mr. Betson George Mwakapinga and Mrs.
Catherine Masebo for their love and care throughout my life.
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Air Conditioning
CI Confidence Interval
DSM Dar es Salaam City
EABI East African Bribery Index
EHO Environmental Health Officer
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HMIS Health Management Information System
ILO International Labour Organization
IMC Ilala Municipal Council
MOH&SW Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
MSDs Musculoskeletal Disorders
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
OR Odds Ratio
OH Occupational Health
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Authority
PHC Primary Health Care
PPE Personal Protective Equipments
SD Standard Deviation
SIDO Small Industries Development Organization
TACINE Tanzania Cities Network
TBS Tanzanian Bureau of Standards
TCB No Base Cream
TOHS Tanzania Occupational Health Service Institute
VETA Vocational Education and Training Authority
WHO World Health Organization
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Occupational health and safety among barbers and hairdressers are issues which need
individual, country and global attention due to their impacts to the general public. Workers in
this sector are exposed to variety of physical, chemical, biological hazards as well as psychosocial
stress which threaten their health during their working days (WHO, 1994). Workers experience
problems such as skin infections, back pain, stress, respiratory infections, and joint pains
through their work processes (Mandiracioglu et al., 2009). Prolonged standings, longer working
hours, as well as being exposed to noise and higher temperatures are examples of important
physical occupational health risks among barbers and hairdressers (Muss & Gouveia, 2008).
Products used regularly in hairdressing salons such as shampoos, creams, hair dyes, sprays, and
hair conditioners contain chemicals linked to asthma, cancer, skin irritation and allergy,
reproductive problems and other potential health effects (Ameille et al., 2003). Dermatitis is the
most common health problem amongst hairdressers, which is an irritating and unsightly
condition of the skin (Lind et al., 2005). Therefore special care should be taken in order to
prevent these health and safety problems.
Unsafe or unhygienic practices at barbershops and hairdressing salons may affect the health of
both the customers and the workers. For instance where procedures involve skin penetration
through processes such as cutting, manicure, pedicure, and skin care if not managed properly
may transmit bacterial, fungal and viral infections including HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C,
not only to workers, but also to their customers (Baakrim et al., 2002).
Health and safety at workplaces are important issues that relate to general health and well-being
of all workers and therefore should be given due consideration in policies at all levels (WHO,
1994). According to the recommendations from the Global Strategy on Occupational Health for
all in 1994, it’s possible to avoid and control many occupational health hazards by improving the
working practices and conditions. This will be achieved when workers are aware on the hazards
and apply appropriate control measures. Most of occupational health and safety hazards can be
primarily prevented at low costs. Creating a healthy and safe working environment and practice
at barbershops and hairdressing salon is the responsibility of the employers, workers and the
law enforcers (WHO, 1994).
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Despite industrial and economic growth in Tanzania, occupational health and safety issues are
not getting adequate attention, owing to a lack of priority setting, outdated legislation, lack of
data and limited legislations (Monyo, 1998). Although, many researchers have investigated the
factors affecting occupational health and safety in other areas, barbershops and hairdressing
salons have not yet caught attention in Tanzania. Little is known regarding health and safety
issues at barbershops and hairdressing salons in Ilala Municipality. Health and safety at
barbershops and hairdressing salons is a problem which need special attention. Most of workers
do not comply with health and safety requirements in salons, therefore there is a need of
knowing the factors affecting compliance with occupational health and safety requirement and
provide appropriate ways of improving health of the public.
In Tanzania, the Public Health Act of 2009 (sections 151-155) specified a number of health and
safety requirements for hairdressing salons, beauty salons, and barbershops but there is low
compliance with the requirement to this Act. According to this Act, it is the requirement that all
workplaces should have among other things conducive working environments and workplace
policies. The majority of health problems among barbers and hairdressers are associated to low
compliance with occupational health and safety requirements at workplaces (Tanzanian Public
Health Act, 2009).
This study tries to explore factors associated with low compliance level with OHS requirements
and assess the self-reported occupational health problems as well as recommend appropriate
ways of tackling the problems and help protect the health of workers and the public. The focus is
on barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality both registered and unregistered. However the
findings of the study are expected to benefit other institutions in other areas in Tanzania.
1.1 Conceptual framework
The concept of occupational health has a long tradition and refers to the general health and well-
being of all workers. The World Health Organization and International Labour Organization
(ILO) in 1950 agreed that occupational health should aim at ‘the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupation by
preventing departures from health, controlling risks and adaptation of work to people, and
people to their jobs’ (ILO/WHO, 1950). Therefore occupational health include protection and
promotion of health of the workers by preventing and controlling occupational diseases and
accidents as well as eliminating factors hazardous to health and safety at work (WHO, 2001).
3
Access to proper occupational health and safety services is one of the fundamental rights of each
worker to the highest attainable standard of health as stipulated on the WHO constitution
(1946), the Alma Ata Declaration of Primary Health Care (1978), the WHO strategy on
occupational health for all (1994), and the ILO Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
(No. 155). Access to occupational health services should therefore be available to all workers
irrespective of age, sex, nationality, occupation, type of employment, and size or location of the
workplace (WHO, 1994). Despite of this, workers in Small Scale Industries such as barbers and
hairdressers in Tanzania have been neglected and given low priority on occupational health and
safety services.
The focal point for practical occupational health activities is the workplace (WHO, 1994).
Therefore, employers are responsible for planning and designing a safe and healthy work,
workplace, work environment and work organizations, as well as for maintaining and constantly
improving occupational health and safety (WHO, 1994). This applies to all occupations
including barbershops and hairdressing salons, and therefore it’s the responsibility of every one
to ensure compliance with occupational health and safety requirements at workplaces.
Determinants of compliance with occupational health and safety at workplaces may be at
individual, societal and structural levels (Figure 1). Individual factors which affect compliance
include negligence of required safety procedures, poor knowledge and skills. Socio-economic
factors include culture, societal values, social support, poverty and ignorance. Furthermore,
structural and political factors such as policies, education system, governance, politics and law
enforcement also affect compliance with occupational health and safety requirements. Not only
that, but also environmental factors such as temperature may affect worker’s compliance level
with occupational health and safety for example use of personal protective equipments. Workers
should therefore be empowered to improve working conditions by their own actions, provide
information and education in order to improve occupational health and safety compliance
(WHO, 1994).
Compliance level with occupational health and safety at workplaces may affect workers’ health.
High compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements at workplaces will help
workers to promote and maintain their highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being.
In turn, low compliance with occupational health and safety may jeopardize workers’ health.
This also applies to barbers and hairdressers, where their health is highly influenced by the
working conditions and compliance level with occupational health and safety regulations.
4
Therefore, in order to improve workers’ health, all social determinants of health should be
addressed at different levels. This study tries to draw attention on the impact of these factors and
implication to public health decision markers. The conceptual framework below was adapted
from the Dahlgren & Whitehead (1991) framework on social determinant of health as it provides
summary of this study.
Figure 1 Determinants of occupational health and safety among barbers and hairdressers
(Adapted from Dahlgren & Whitehead, 1991)
Compliance
with OHS
requirements
Worker’s
health Structural factors
Policies
Law enforcement
Political will
Education
system
Governance
Societal factors
Social capital
Culture Poverty
Ignorance
Societal values
Environmental factors
Working conditions
Enabling environment
Poor
health
Individual factors
Negligence
Knowledge and
skills
Access to
Information
Good
Health
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.2.1 Broad objective
The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported occupational health
problems and factors affecting compliance with occupational health and safety requirements
among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Year 2011).
1.2.2 Specific Objectives
1. To determine the occupational health and safety compliance level among barbers and
hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
2. To determine the relationship between OHS compliance level and training among
barbers and hairdressers.
3. To determine factors associated with compliance with occupational health and safety
among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
4. To determine the prevalence of self-reported occupational health problems among
barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
5. To identify the role of law enforcement in improving occupational health and safety
among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
1.2.3 Hypotheses
1. There is low compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements among
barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
2. Barbers and hairdressers who received OHS training comply better with the
occupational health and safety requirements in Ilala Municipality.
3. Low compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements among barbers
and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality is mostly aggravated by poor law enforcement and
low worker’s knowledge on occupational health and safety.
4. Majority of barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality have experienced occupational
health problems in their life.
5. Proper law enforcement helps to improve occupational health and safety among barbers
and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
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2.0 METHODS
2.1 The study setting
The study was conducted in Ilala Municipality which is one of three municipalities forming Dar
es Salaam city in Tanzania. The municipality lies between longitude 39o and 40o east and
between latitude 60 and 70 south of the Equator. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean on its
eastern part with distance of about 10 kilometres. On the southern part it is bordered by Temeke
Municipality, whereas on its western part it is bordered by Kisarawe District and on its northern
is bordered by Kinondoni Municipality.
Ilala Municipality covers an area of 210 km2 with population of 777,364 projected in 2010 with
an average growth rate of 4.6%. Administratively, the municipality is the headquarters of Dar es
Salaam region and is divided into three divisions (Kariakoo, Ilala, and Ukonga), 25 wards and
102 sub wards. The Municipality has an estimation of 601 barbershops and hairdressing salons
as seen on Table 1 (Source: www.imc.go.tz/administration). Majority of barbers and
hairdressers in Ilala Municipality are migrants from almost all parts of Tanzania with different
cultural backgrounds. The area was selected as it will provide the real picture of what is
happening at barbershops and hairdressing salons not only in Ilala Municipality but also in
other areas in Tanzania. Ilala Municipality is also a commercial area with many occupational
health and safety challenges, therefore the findings will help to improve occupational health and
safety at workplaces.
19-May-12 3
Coast Region
Indian OceanKinondoni
Ilala Temeke
Bagamoyo Road
Morogoro R oad
Pugu
Road
Kilw
a R
oad
Legend
Kinondoni Municipality
Ilala Municipality
Temeke Municipality
Railway
Arterial Road 2 Lanes
Arterial Road 4 Lanes
Local Roads
In Km
20100
Dar es salaam City
E
Figure 2 A map of Tanzania and Dar es Salaam City, showing Ilala Municipality (study setting).
7
Table 1 Inventory of barbershops and hairdressing salon in Ilala Municipality (IMC, 2010).
Number of Salons
No Ward Hairdressing salons Barbershops Total
1 Kivukoni 6 5 11
2 Mchafukoge 10 4 14
3 Kisutu 7 10 17
4 Upanga East 9 5 14
5 Upanga West 6 10 16
6 Jangwani 15 8 23
7 Kariakoo 15 12 27
8 Gerezani 5 1 6
9 Mchikichini 8 8 16
10 Ilala 38 29 67
11 Buguruni 34 25 59
12 Tabata 42 34 76
13 Segerea 26 29 55
14 Kinyerezi 12 3 15
15 Vingunguti 18 10 28
16 Kiwalani 20 14 34
17 Kipawa 28 11 39
18 Kitunda 13 7 20
19 Pugu 7 4 11
20 Chanika 4 2 6
21 Msongola 3 0 3
22 Ukonga 21 23 44
Total 347 254 601
2.2 The study design
A cross-sectional study was done in July 2011 to determine the prevalence of self-reported
occupational health problems and identify factors mostly affecting compliance level with
occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and hairdressers. Cross-sectional
study was considered appropriate as can easily determine the prevalence of self-reported
occupational health problems and identify factors associated to compliance with occupational
health and safety requirements at one point in time. This study is also appropriate in the case of
limited time and resources for conducting an investigation.
8
2.2.1 Sampling procedure and sample size
Geographically, Ilala Municipality is divided into 25 wards with three zones; city centre, peri-
urban and rural areas. Therefore, stratified sampling technique was used to select 9 wards from
the three zones based on geographical location. The study population was then randomly
selected from a list of workers by lottery method. The list of wards included in the study was as
follows;
a) City Centre (Upanga East, & Upanga West)
b) Peri-urban (Ilala, Buguruni, Tabata, Segerea)
c) Rural (Pugu, Kinyerezi, Ukonga).
All barbers and hairdressers over 18 year’s old working within Ilala Municipality were eligible to
participate in the study. Workers above 18 years were considered grown up enough to give
correct information according to Tanzanian Constitution (1977). All workers who have worked
less than one month period were excluded in the study, as it was believed that they will affect the
results of the study. A maximum of two workers per salon were randomly sampled from a list of
workers by lottery method. A total of 378 barbers and hairdressers participated in the study. The
estimated total sample size was 384; therefore the response rate was 98.44% (378/384).
2.3 Data collection techniques
The data collection methods used in this study included interview, observation, literature
search, and documentary review. Documents reviewed included health reports, occupational
health and safety policy, regulations and legislations. These documents were found useful on
discussion on policy and regulatory aspects of occupational health and safety among barbers
and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
A pilot study was done in Kinondoni Municipality to test the applicability of the research
instruments and increasing awareness of the study objectives and methodologies employed
among the two research assistants before the start of the actual data collection. Also, research
assistants received effective training that oriented them on the study purpose and received
detailed instructions on administering the study questionnaire and observation checklists.
Interview was done in July 2011 by interviewer-administered questionnaire which was
supplemented by direct observation of occupational health and safety practices and recorded in
observational checklists. About 378 structured questionnaires including observation checklists
9
were used to collect socio-demographic information of workers, occupational health history, and
working environment. After getting an informed consent, each worker was asked to participate
in the study by providing appropriate information as specified in the questionnaire and noted by
interviewers. A Swahili version of questionnaire and observation checklist was used to collect
information because majority of participants are speaking Kiswahili language.
2.4 Ethical issues
The permission for conducting the study was provided by Ilala Municipal Council, through
health department and the Umea International School of Public Health. Barbers and
hairdressers were informed about the purpose of the study and its importance in improving
their health and safety at workplaces. Workers’ information was kept highly confidential and for
this study only. Workers were not forced to participate in the study and an interview was done
only when they were not working. Confidentiality was of first concern and all information
collected was treated as strictly confidential. Workers names are not included in this report to
increase anonymity and therefore assurance of confidentiality of information.
2.5 Data management, entry and analysis
Control of data quality was achieved through the review of data collection instruments in the
field and at the end of each day. Data entry was done as soon as possible after interviews have
been conducted. Correction of errors identified was made accordingly at the end of each data
collection process and going back to the field for verification. Data entry was done by using
EpiData software version 3.1 (Lauritsen & Bruus, 2005-2008), and then analyzed by STATA
version 11 statistical software packages (StataCorp, 2009).
Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impacts of OHS training and
socio-demographic characteristics on the compliance level with OHS requirements. Cross
tabulation and Chi square test was also used to assess the relationship between two variables for
example compliance level by OHS training. Data presentation was done by use of text, frequency
tables, cross tabulations, pictures, map and bar chart, The pie chart was only used do show
different factors mostly responsible for poor compliance with occupational health and safety as
reported by barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
10
The overall occupational health and safety compliance level was defined based on the extent of
fulfillment of occupational health and safety requirements according to the Tanzania Public
Health Act (2009). The observers were required to tick the right category for overall compliance
level based on the approximate percentage of fulfillment of requirements for each salon at the
end of the interview and observation processes. The overall compliance level with occupational
health and safety requirements was therefore categorized as;
1. Low (less than 50%).
2. Medium (50-59%)
3. High (60-74%)
4. Very high (75-100%)
The overall compliance level was further recoded into two categories of low compliance (low
and medium levels) and high compliance (high and very high levels) for logistic regression
purpose and easy interpretation of the findings.
Furthermore, worker’s education level was also recoded into two categories of low education
(no formal and primary education levels) and high education (secondary and college
education levels) for easy interpretation.
11
2.6 Operational definition of variables
“Barber” refers to a person who cuts men’s hair and shaves or trims beards as an occupation
(Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition).
“Barbershop” means any establishment engaged in the practice of barbering for the public
(Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition).
“Hairdresser” refers to a person who cuts and styles hair (Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition).
“Hairdressing Salon” means any establishment engaged in the practice of hairdressing,
cosmetology, or barbering for the public (Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition).
“Salon” includes a barbershop, hairdressing salon, beauty salon and any other premises used
for the related or like purpose (Tanzanian Public health Act 2009).
“Safety” refers to the state of being safe; freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury, danger,
or loss (Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition).
“Hazard” means a source of or exposure to danger (OSHA Act 2003).
“Occupational health” includes protection and promotion of health of the workers by
preventing and controlling occupational diseases and accidents as well as eliminating factors
hazardous to health and safety at work (WHO 2001).
“Occupational disease” means any disease arising out of or in the course of employment
(OSHA Act 2003).
“Workplace” means any premises or place where a person performs work in the course of his
employment (OSHA Act 2003).
“Compliance license” means an Occupational Safety and Health Compliance license issued
under Section 17 (3) of the Tanzanian occupational Health and Safety Act 2003.
“Compliance with OHS” means complying with the Public Health Act (sections 151-155),
Occupational health and safety Act 2003 and other legislations, regulations or standards
regarding occupational health and safety among hairdressers and barbers.
12
3.0 RESULTS
3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
The socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants are summarized in Table 2. This
study included a total of 378 respondents with a response rate of 98.4% (378/384). This sector
provides employment to majority of people with low education level, of different age and sex.
Majority of respondents are females, single or married and aged 25-34 years. The mean age of
the participants was 27.4 years (95%CI: 26.8-28.1; range: 18-51 years). There was an average of
3 workers per salon (range: 1-7 workers).
Table 2 Socio-Demographic characteristics of barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality (N = 378).
Variable Number Percentage, % 95% Conf. Interval
Sex: Male 173 45.77 40.75 - 50.79
Female 205 54.23 49.21 - 59.25
378 100
Age group: 15 -24 157 41.53 36.71 - 46.35
25 – 34 171 45.24 40.22 - 50.26
35+ 50 13.23 9.81 - 16.65
378 100
Marital status: Single 169 44.71 39.70 - 49.72
Married 192 50.79 45.75 - 55.83
Divorced1 7 1.85 0.49 - 3.21 Separated2 9 2.38 0.84 - 3.92
Widow/widower 1 0.27 -0.25 - 0.77 378 100
Level of education: Low (at most Primary
education) 294 77.78 73.59 - 81.97
High (secondary to college) 84 22.22 18.03 - 26.41
378 100
1Divorce is a legal ending of a marriage; 2separated means still married just living apart.
13
3.2 Compliance level with occupational health and safety
The findings revealed that majority of workers (81.22%) had low compliance level with
occupational health and safety requirements. After recoding the compliance level into low and
high levels, there was no significant difference in proportion of level of compliance by sex (p-
value=0.23). It was observed that both males and females had almost similar compliance level
(OR=1.37; 95%CI: 0.79-2.37). Table 3 below provides the summary of the findings after
categorizing the compliance level into two levels.
Table 3 Compliance level with OHS requirements by sex of workers in Ilala Municipality (N=378).
Compliance level
Sex of workers
Female Male
Total
Low 171 (83.41%) 136 (78.68%) 307 (81.22%)
High 34 (16.59%) 37 (21.39%)
71 (18.78%)
Total 205 (100%) 173 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson chi2 (1) = 1.42 P-value = 0.23
3.3 Compliance level by training on occupational health and safety
The study revealed that there is a significant association between compliance level and training
on occupational health and safety (p<0.0001). Workers who did not receive training on
occupational health and safety had lower compliance level with the OHS requirements
compared to those who received training (OR=65.73; 95%CI=23.17-223.74). However, it was
only 11.11% of barbers and hairdressers who received training regarding occupational health and
safety at workplaces. Table 4 provides details of the summary of the findings based on worker’s
opinion and observation made by interviewers.
According to worker’s opinion trainings on occupational health and safety were provided by;
Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA), Environmental Health Officers (EHO),
Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO), Tanzania Occupational Health Service
Institute (TOHS) and the Occupational Safety and Health Authority (OSHA).
14
Table 4 Compliance with occupational health and safety by training on OHS (N=378).
Compliance level Received OHS training
Yes No Total
Low 5 (11.90%) 302 (89.88%)
307 (81.22%)
High 37 (88.10%) 34 (10.12%)
71 (18.78)
Total 42 (100%) 336 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson Chi2 (1) =148.80 p-value < 0.0001
3.4 Compliance level with OHS requirements by worker’s education level.
The findings revealed that there was a significant association between compliance level and
worker’s education level (p-value <0.0001). Barbers and hairdressers with low education level
had significantly higher proportion of low compliance level compared to those with high
education level (OR=29.33; 95% CI: 14.44-60.39). However it was only about 22% of workers
who had high education level (secondary to college level). Table 5, provides a summary of the
findings based on worker’s opinion and observation done by interviewers.
Table 5 Compliance level with OHS by workers’ education level in Ilala Municipality (N=378).
Compliance level
Education level
Low High Total
Low 277 (94.22%) 30 (35.71%)
307 (81.22%)
High 17 (5.78%) 54 (64.29%)
71 (18.78%)
Total 294 (100%) 84 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson chi2 (1) = 146.58 P-value < 0.0001
3.5 Multivariable logistic regression analysis
The results of the multivariable logistic regression to assess the effects of training on OHS and
socio-demographic factors on the compliance level with OHS requirements, it was observed
that, compliance level was not related to respondent’s sex, age and marital status. However, it
was observed that only education level and training on OHS was associated to compliance level
with OHS requirements. The analysis showed that workers who did not receive OHS training
were more likely to have low compliance level with OHS requirements compared to those who
15
received training (OR=13.48; 95%CI: 4.30-42.30). Also, workers with lower education were
more likely to have low compliance level compared to those with higher education level
(OR=12.28; 95%CI: 5.24-28.77). Table 6, provides the summary of the multivariable logistic
regression analysis of the effects of socio-demographic and OHS training on the compliance
level.
Table 6 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the impacts of socio-demographic and OHS training factors on the compliance level with OHS requirements (N= 378)
Compliance level Multivariable logistic regression
Characteristic Category Low High
Odds Ratio 95% Conf. interval
Sex Males 136 37 1 (ref)
Females 171 34
1.6 0.77 - 3.35
Age group (yrs) 15-24 142 15 0.86 0.21 - 3.62
25-34 134 37
1.001 0.35 - 2.89
35+ 31 19
1 (ref)
Education level High 30 54 1 (ref)
Low 277 17
12.28 5.24 - 28.77
Marital status1 Single 148 21 1 (ref)
Married 142 50
0.91 0.34 - 2.44
OHS Training Trained 5 37 1 (ref)
Not trained 302 34
13.48 4.30 - 42.30
1 Divorce, separated and widows were omitted due to small numbers (n= 361).
3.6 Occupational health and safety practices at workplaces.
Table 7 below provides the summary of the occupational health and safety practices based on
the worker’s response and observation made by interviewers using a checklist. In general, it was
observed that majority of workplaces do not comply with the occupational health and safety
requirements at workplaces. For example, majority of workplaces did not perform risk
assessment (97.88%), no first aid services (63.76%), no fire fighting equipments (75.93%), no
warning signs (77.51%) and no material safety data sheets (98.68%).
16
Table 7 Occupational health and safety practices among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
Factors
Availability of health and safety requirement Yes No Total Medical check up 194 (51.32%) 184 (48.68%)
378
Risk assessment 8 (2.12%) 370 (97.88%)
378 First aid kit 137 (36.24%) 241 (63.76%)
378
Fire fighting equipments 91 (24.07%) 287 (75.93%)
378 Emergency exit 148 (39.15%) 230 (60.85%)
378
Warning signs 85 (22.49%) 293 (77.51%)
378 Proper electrical system 355 (93.92%) 23 (6.08%)
378
Sterilize equipments 258 (68.25%) 120 (31.75%)
378 Material Safety Data Sheets 5 (1.32%) 373 (98.68%) 378
3.7 Occupational health and safety records
Occupational health and safety records are important evidence of showing compliance with
occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala
Municipality. Observations of this study revealed that, there were inadequate records regarding
occupational health and safety issues, therefore this also confirm that there is low compliance
level with the OHS requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality. Table 8,
provides the summery of the OHS records based on workers response and interviewer’s
observation. It was observed that majority of the workplace do not keep OHS records contrary to
Tanzanian Occupational Health and Safety Act (2003). For example, majority of workplaces are
not registered (97.09%), do not have OHS compliance license (94.44%), no risk assessment
reports (97.88%) and do not keep accident and incident records (90.48%).
Table 8 Occupational health and safety records in salons, in Ilala Municipality
Variable
Availability of records
Yes No Total
Registration certificate 11 (2.91%) 367 (97.09%)
378
OHS compliance license 21 (5.56%) 357 (94.44%)
378
Business License 359 (94.97%) 19 (5.03%)
378
Inspection reports 98 (25.93%) 280 (74.07%)
378
Risk assessment reports 8 (2.12%) 370 (97.88)
378
Accident & incident records 36 (9.52%) 342 (90.48%) 378
17
3.8 Environmental health and sanitation issues at workplaces
The study also revealed that majority of barbershops and hairdressing salons in Ilala
Municipality do not comply with environmental and sanitary requirements in their salons. For
example, it was observed that 56.35% of workers do not use Personal Protective Equipments,
62.63% do not use working clothing (uniforms), and about 53.97% of the workplaces had
inadequate ventilation. Table 9 and figure 3 below, provides the summary of the environmental
health and sanitation practices based on workers opinion and observation done by interviewers
at workplaces.
Table 9 Environmental health and sanitation practices at workplaces
Variable
Environmental health & sanitation status
Yes No Total
Proper waste management 210 (55.56%) 168 (44.44%)
378
PPE1 use 165 (43.65%) 213 (56.35%)
378
Uniforms 142 (37.57%) 236 (62.43%)
378
Washable floor 373 (98.68%) 5 (1.32%)
378
Good floor 370 (97.88%) 8 (2.12%)
378
Proper sits 346 (91.53%) 32 (8.47%)
378 Adequate ventilation2 174 (46.03%) 204 (53.97%)
378
Dryers with automatic cutoff switch 148 (39.15%) 77 (20.37%)
378
Adequate salon size3 237 (62.70%) 141 (37.30%)
378
Adequate store4 100 (26.46%) 278 (73.54%)
378
OHS risks5 present 227 (60.05%) 151 (39.95%) 378 1 Personal protective equipments (gloves, masks/ respirators, safety glasses etc).
2 Sufficient natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation.
3 Sufficient size to accommodate services depending on number of users (at least 9 square
metres for two workers).
4 Sufficient size to accommodate equipments and facilities (at least 6 square metres).
5 Existence of potential occupational health and safety hazards.
18
Figure 3 Barbers working without personal protective equipments (Field findings, 2011).
3.9 Working environment and worker’s experience
It was observed that most of barbershops and hairdressing salons do not meet the standards for
better working environment. For example, the average area of a salon was 11.061 ± 3.197 m2
(range: 6-20 m2). It was observed that most of salons depend on natural ventilation with only
one opening (door). Very few salons used Air Conditioning (AC) though they were not working
because of inadequate electricity. In general there was inadequate lighting, ventilation and
working space compared to the number of users. Most of salons are just single rooms and were
not planned for salon activities. Liquid wastes were discharged haphazardly outside the salons
instead of having proper drainage or sewerage systems. This increases risks of exposure to
hazardous chemicals and environmental pollution.
Table 10 below provides the summary measures of worker’s age, working experience, working
hours and the size of salons. Majority of barbers and hairdressers had enough experience with
their work, it was observed that the average working experience of workers was 6.0± 3.5 (range:
1-21) years. Barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality are working in average of 8.5 hours
per day which is consistent with the legal normal working hours in Tanzania (8 hours per day).
19
Table 10 Summary measures for workers’ age, working experience, working hours and the size of salons (n = 378).
Mean Std deviation Minimum Maximum
Age (years) 27.4 6.4 18 51
Work experience (years) 6.0 3.5 1 21
Working hours (hours) 8.5 1.0 5 12
The size of salon (m2) 11.1 3.2 6 20
3.10 Common activities and chemical brands used in salons in Ilala Municipality.
Barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality among other things perform the following
processes; pedicure, manicure, facial, waxing, massage, hair cutting, curl, relaxing, steaming,
bleaching, and general hair settings. The most commonly used chemical brands include; olive oil
cream, soft touch crème, Tcb (no base cream), dark and lovely cream, beautiful begin, Revlon,
blow out relaxer, magic shaving powder, and ultra sheen relaxer (table 11 and figure 4).
Table 11 Chemical brands used in salons in Ilala Municipality (Field findings, 2011)
No Type of chemical
Uses Ingredients Health effects
1 Olive oil (creamy Aloe shampoo)
Neutralizes, detangles, and softens, Organic and root stimulator
Aqua (water), Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, Ammonium Lauryl glucose, Disodium cocoamphodipropionate, Tridoceth-7 Carboxylic Acid, PPG-5
Contains Calcium Hydroxide and Guanidine Carbonate. Effects include;
Skin and scalp irritation
Hair loss
Hair breakage
Eye / ear injury
2 Soft touch Scalp conditioner and hair dresser
Petrolatum, Lanolin, wheat, Cream oil, Vitamin A,D and E, Fragrance, D & C Yellow colour, Carrot oil, D & C Red
No confirmed health effects
20
3 Tcb (no base cream) professional division, Manufactured in Alberto –Culve USA
Natural cream hair relaxer, hair and scalp conditioner
Aqua(water), Petrolatum, Mineral Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol, Propylene Glycol, Polysorbate 60, Sodium hydroxide, Cetyl Alcohol, Potassium cocoyl-Hydroxide, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Fragrance (parfum), Collagen, Peg-75 lanolin.
This product contains Alkali (lye), may lead to
Skin irritation
Eye irritation
4 Dark and lovely Cream relaxer with conditioners.
Aqua, Paraffinum liquidum, Petrolatum, cetearyl, Polysorbate 60, Sodium hydroxide,
May lead to skin and eye irritation
5 Revlon Realistic professional conditioning, cream relaxer
Aqua, Petrolatum, Paraffinum, Liquidum, Cetearyl Alcohol, Propylene glycol, Sodium hydroxide, Polysorbate 60, Laneth-15, PEG-60, Lanolin, Potassium cucoryl, Hydrolyzed collagen, PEG-150, Stearate, Steareth-20, Fragrance (parfum)
Contains Sodium hydroxide(lye), lead to Skin and scalp irritation, Can cause blindness
6 Beautiful begin Relaxer Contains alkali Skin irritation
7 Coconut & Papaya Shampoo
Add luster and sheen to any hair style
Coconut oil soap, sugar soap, aqua, vegetable glycerin, coconut milk, panthenol (Pro-vitamin B-5), Aloe Vera gel, vitamin E.
No confirmed health effects
8 Curly conditioner
Used to moisten and soften hair
Moisturizer, acidifiers, surfactants and lubricants
Surfactant contains very high percentage of protein (Keratin). It may left bound to hair after wash.
9 Blow out relaxer
Relaxer Contains alkali e.g. Sodium hydroxide Skin irritation
10 Magic shaving powder
Use to remove facial hair or beards.
Corn starch Zea mays, Calcium Carbonate, Barium Sulfate, Calcium Hydroxide, Fragrance, Parfum
This may cause skin irritation. Do not use with any after-shave product containing alcohol
11 Ultra sheen, made in Mexico.
Cream relaxer (super for hard-to-relax hair)
Water (Aqua/EAC), mineral oil (Paraffinum liquidum/Huile Minerale), Cetearyl Alcohol, Sodium Hydroxide, Polysorbate 60, Cetyl Alcohol, Laneth-15, Propylene Glycol, PEG-75,Lanolin, Fragrance (parfum), Butylphenyl Methyl Propional, BHT, Tocopherol
This product contains Sodium Hydroxide (lye), it may lead to skin & scalp irritation.
21
Figure 4, examples of chemical brands used by hairdressers in Ilala Municipality (Field findings, 2011)
3.11 Worker’s knowledge regarding use of chemicals at workplaces
The study revealed that most of workplaces (98.68%) did not have Material Safety Data Sheet
for chemicals used as seen in Table 7. Therefore, majority of workers do not have adequate
knowledge and information regarding the nature of the chemicals and procedure for safe
handling, storage, disposal and protective measures to be taken. According to section 44(1) of
the Tanzanian Occupational Health and Safety Act (2003), it’s the requirement for all workers to
use and understand the importance of Material Safety Data Sheets. The only source of
information available to barbers and hairdressers is that on container labels written in English
language and therefore its not easy to understand as majority of Tanzanian are using Kiswahili
language.
3.12 Factors mostly affecting compliance with OHS at workplaces
The study identified factors such as inadequate OHS staffs, negligence, absence of workplace
policies, poor worker’s knowledge and skills, and poor law enforcement as the main contributors
to the observed non-compliance with OHS requirements according to interviewed workers. Poor
law enforcement was the most reported factor for poor compliance to OHS requirements
(57.14%) among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality as seen in Figure 5. This is
according to workers opinions on the question requiring them to identify a factor mostly
associated with poor compliance to occupational health and safety at their workplaces.
22
Figure 5 Factors for low compliance level with OHS requirements based on worker’s opinions.
3.13 Self-reported occupational health problems
About 77% of barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality reported to experience occupational
health problems in their life. Table 12 provides a summary of worker’s response on experience
on occupational health problems by sex during their working time. It was revealed that there
was a significant difference in reporting occupational health problems among males and females
(p-value=0.01). Females reported less occupational health problems compared to males
(OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.30-0.89). These findings based on workers self-reported occupational
health problems.
Table 12 Self-reported occupational health problems by sex of barbers and hairdressers (N= 378)
Sex of workers
OH problem history Female Male Total
Yes 148 (72.20%) 144 (83.24%)
292 (77.25%)
No 57 (27.80%) 29 (16.76%)
86 (22.75%)
Total 205 (100%) 173 (100%)
378 (100%)
Pearson chi2 (1) = 6.51 p-value = 0.01
23
3.14 Occupational health problems among barbers and hairdressers
The most self-reported occupational health problems included experience of back pain, hand
dermatitis, chest pain, respiratory problems, dermatitis on other parts of the body and other
problems (headache, discomfort, stress, fungal infection, ergonomic problems etc). These
findings based on the self-reported occupational health problems among barbers and
hairdressers in Ilala Municipality are summarized in Table 13-15.
With regard to training on occupational health and safety, there was a significant difference in
reporting occupational health problems (P-value <0.0001). Overall, barbers and hairdressers
who received occupational health and safety training reported less occupational health problems
compared to those who did not receive training (Table 13). Note that barbers and hairdressers
were asked to state the most common problem that they had experienced. Therefore only one
most common alternative was included in the analysis though there is possibility that one
worker could have experienced several other health complaints.
Table 13 Occupational health problems by OHS training among barbers and hairdressers (N= 378)
OHS problems
Received OHS training
Yes No Total
Back pain 3 (3.7.14%) 94 (27.98%)
97 (25.66%)
Chest pain 6 (14.29%) 56 (16.67%)
62 (16.40%)
Hand dermatitis 5 (11.90%) 75 (22.32%)
80 (21.16%)
Dermatitis on other parts of body 0 (0.00%) 20 (5.95%)
20 (5.29%)
Respiratory infection 3 (7.14%) 30 (8.93%)
33 (8.73%)
Other problems (headache, discomfort etc) 25(59.52%) 61 (18.15%)
86 (22.75%)
Total 42 (100%) 336(100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson chi2 (5) = 39.08 P-value <0.0001
It was observed that there was a significant difference in reporting occupational health problems
by sex as seen in see table 14 (p-value <0.0001). Both males and females reported different
proportions for different types of occupational health problems. For example male reported
higher back pain problems compared to females (32.37% in males Vs 20% in females). With
regard to hand dermatitis, females reported higher proportion compared to males (33.66% in
females Vs 6.36% in males). The observed differences may possibly be explained by the nature
of different job tasks performed by males and females.
24
Table 14 Occupational health problems by sex of barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality (N= 378)
Sex of worker
Female Male Total
Back pain 41 (20.00%) 56 (32.37%)
97 (25.66%)
Chest pain 10 (4.88%) 52 (30.06%)
62 (16.40%)
Hand dermatitis 69 (33.66%) 11(6.36%)
80 (21.16%)
Dermatitis on other parts of the body 16 (7.8%) 4 (2.31%)
20 (5.29%)
Respiratory infection 12 (5.85%) 21 (12.14%)
33 (8.73%)
Other problems (headache, discomfort etc) 57 (27.8%) 29 (16.76%)
86 (22.75%)
Total 205 (100%) 173 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson chi2 (5) = 89.5246 P-value <0.0001
Compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements was also observed to relate
to the extent of reporting occupational health problems. The extent of reporting occupational
health problems significantly decreased by level of compliance with occupational health and
safety as seen on table 15 (p-value <0.0001). Barbers and hairdressers with low compliance
level to occupational health and safety requirements reported more occupational health
problems compared to those with high compliance level. However, there were exceptions for
respiratory infections and other problems such as stress, discomfort, fungal infections and
ergonomics where those with higher compliance level reported more problems; that could
probably due to reporting problems.
Table 15 Occupational health problems by compliance level with OHS requirements among barbers
and hairdressers (N =378)
OH problems
OHS compliance level
Low High Total
Back pain 88 (28.67%) 9 (12.68%)
97 (25.66%)
Chest pain 51 (16.61%) 11 (15.49%)
62 (16.40%)
Hand dermatitis 74 (24.10%) 6 (8.45%)
80 (21.17%)
Dermatitis on other parts 20 (6.51%) 0 (0.00%)
20 (5.29%)
Respiratory infection 24 (7.82%) 9 (12.68%)
33 (8.73%)
Other problems 50 (16.29%) 36 (50.70%)
86 (22.75%)
Total 307 (100%) 71 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson chi2 (5) = 48.67 P-value <0.0001
25
3.15 Most reported control measures for OH problems
Based on worker’s opinion, the most reported control measures for occupational health
problems included self-care, seeking medical care, stopping working for a while until recovery
and other methods such as drinking fresh milk. About 28.38% reported that they did not use
any measures to overcome occupational health problems. Figure 6 below provides the summary
of the mostly reported control measures for occupational health problems among workers who
experienced problems.
Figure 6 Most self-reported control measures for occupational health problems.
3.16 Accident history by sex of barbers and hairdressers.
With regard to accident history, the study revealed that about 18.52% of barbers and
hairdressers reported to experience occupational accidents in their life. Both males and females
reported similar proportions of accidents history (p-value=0.11). Table 16 below provides the
summary of the reporting accidents by sex of barbers and hairdressers. The most common
accidents were exposure to hazardous chemicals (8.47%), injuries (7.14%) and fire accidents
(2.38%). The most common measures taken to overcome accidents included self-care, seeking
medical care and stopping working for a while until the problem has been solved.
26
Table 16 Accident history by sex of workers according to workers’ opinion (N= 378).
Accident History
Sex of workers
Male Female Total
Yes 26 (15.03%) 44 (21.46%)
70 (18.52%)
No 147 (84.97%) 161 (78.54%)
308(81.48%) Total 173 (100%) 205(100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson Chi2 (1) = 2.57 P-value = 0.11.
3.17 Regulatory and policy framework
There are several laws and regulations dealing with occupational health and safety in Tanzania.
The available legislations include, The Occupational Health and Safety Act (2003), The
Industrial and Consumer Chemical (Management and Control) Act (2003), and the Public
Health Act (2009). However, these laws only cover certain groups of workers, and barbers and
hairdressers are not clearly specified on the two laws except the most recent Public Health Act
(2009) which specify the necessary requirements for these workers.
Despite having several laws dealing with occupational health and safety in Tanzania,
occupational health and safety issues are not getting adequate attention due to poor law
enforcement, high corruption, inadequate OHS staffs, and lack of equipments for assessment
and monitoring 0ccupational health and safety hazards (Manyela & Bilia 2003).
The findings of this study revealed that most of barbers and hairdressers (83.6%) are aware of
existence of legislations and regulations. It was only 16.4 % who reported that they are not aware
on the existence of occupational health and safety laws. It was observed that there was a
significant association between awareness on existence of laws and training on OHS at
workplaces (P-value=0.01). Majority of barbers and hairdressers who did not receive OHS were
not aware on existence of laws regarding occupational health and safety compared to those who
received training (OR=9.09; 95%CI: 1.48-373.74). Table 17, provides the summary of awareness
on existence of OHS laws by training based on worker’s opinions.
27
Table 17 Awareness on existence of OHS laws by training based on workers’ opinions (N = 378).
Awareness on existence of OHS laws
Received OHS training
Yes No Total
Yes 41 (97.62%) 275 (81.85%)
316 (83.60%)
No 1 (2.38%) 61 (18.15%)
62 (16.40%)
Total 42 (100%) 336 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson Chi2 (1) = 6.77 P-value = 0.01
Regarding workers’ sex, there was no significance difference in proportion of awareness on
existence of OHS laws and regulations (p-value=0.65). Both males and females had similar
proportion of awareness on the existence of OHS laws (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.49-1.58). Table 18,
provides a summary of awareness on existence OHS laws by sex of barbers and hairdressers in
Ilala Municipality.
Table 18 Awareness on existence of OHS laws by sex based on workers’ opinion (n =378)
Awareness on existence of OHS laws Sex of worker
Female Male Total
Yes 173 (84.39%) 143 (82.66%)
316 (83.60%)
No 32 (15.61%) 30 (17.34%)
62 (16.40)
Total 205 (100%) 173 (100%) 378 (100%)
Pearson Chi2 (1) =0.21 p-value = 0.65
3.17.1 Inspections
Based on worker’s opinion, barbershops and hairdressing salons in Ilala Municipality are not
routinely inspected by occupational health and safety inspectors. This study revealed that about
78.31% of the salons are being inspected at least monthly by OHS inspectors. It was also
observed that contrary to Section 153 (2 & 3) of the Public Health Act (2009), most of inspectors
don’t provide written notice to proprietor requiring him or her to comply with health standards.
According to the Tanzanian Public Health Act (2009) Environmental Health Officers are
authorized officers to inspect and take legal measures where required for those who bleach the
law. Other inspectors mostly reported to inspect hairdressing salons and barbershops are City
Security Officers, Industrial Hygienist, Ward and Street Executive Officers (Table 19).
28
Table 19 OHS inspectors mostly inspecting salons in Ilala Municipality (N=378).
OHS Inspectors Number Percentage (%) Cum frequency
Eha1/Eho2 327 86.51% 86.51%
City security Officers 27 7.14% 93.65%
Industrial hygienist 5 1.32% 94.97%
Others (executive officers) 19 5.03% 100.00%
Total 378 100% 1 Environmental Health Assistant; 2 Environmental Health Officers
3.17.2 Law enforcement in Tanzania
In Tanzania, there is no good system to promote adherence to Occupational health and safety
laws and regulations at workplaces. The mostly involved law enforcement agency for identifying
and punishing persons who violate the provisions of the law include police, city security officer,
Environmental Health Officers and Occupational Health and Safety inspectors.
Poor law enforcement in Tanzania is mainly due to inadequate law enforcers and high
corruption rate in the country. According to East African Bribery Index report in 2011, Tanzania
was ranked as the third most corrupt country in East African region. The Police Force was
ranked as the most corrupt institution, but local government was also in a top ten list of most
corrupt institutions in Tanzania (EABI, 2011). High corruption rate in Tanzania affects the
compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and
hairdressers.
29
4.0 DISCUSSION
This study observed and assessed the self-reported occupational health problem and factors
affecting compliance with occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and
hairdressers in Ilala Municipality. This section of the report therefore provides the discussion of
the findings as compared with other studies and the implications for improving occupational
health and safety among barbers and hairdressers
The findings of this study revealed that hairdressing sector includes self employed workers
mostly women of different age and marital status. Majority of barbers and hairdressers have low
education level, therefore they lack adequate knowledge and skills on occupational health and
safety. Furthermore, this sector is very important for the poor communities and therefore
requires special attention regarding their occupational health and safety.
Majority of barbershops and hairdressing salons are not registered and therefore they are
regarded as informal sector. In Ilala Municipality, like other three municipalities forming Dar es
Salaam City, only 10% of the workforce is in the formal sector, while about 90% are in the
informal sector, with conditions hazardous to health (ILO, 2000). Hairdressing sector as one of
the informal sectors is increasing due to unemployment and the failure of the formal sector to
provide employment for those without employment.
4.1 Compliance with Occupational health and safety
The findings of this study show that there is low compliance with occupational health and safety
requirements in this sector, which is mostly influenced by poor law enforcement. The level of
compliance was also mostly influenced by a number of factors, such as inadequate knowledge
and skills on OHS, negligence of responsibilities, and inadequate OHS staffs for law
enforcement. In general workers who received training on occupational health and safety had
higher compliance level with OHS requirements at workplaces compared to those who have not
received training. This may be due to increased awareness and exposure on occupational health
and safety hazards and how to control them. However, only very few were trained and therefore
training programs are crucial to improve occupational health and safety among barbers and
hairdressers.
30
The importance of training on improving occupational health and safety was also appreciated
by World Health Organization on the Strategy of Occupational Health for all, as it was
emphasized that all workers should be trained and have rights to know the potential hazards
and risks in their workplaces (WHO, 1994). Workers should be empowered to improve working
conditions by their own actions, should be provided with information and education, and should
be given all necessary information, in order to produce an effective occupational health response
through their participation (WHO, 1994). Therefore, training and education is very important
for improving occupational health and safety among barbers and hairdressers.
4.2 Occupational health and safety practices among barbers and
hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
The findings of this study revealed that there were poor occupational health and safety practices
among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality. Majority of workers did not have
occupational health and safety requirements at their workplaces. The focal point for practical
occupational health activities is the workplace. Therefore it’s the responsibility of employers to
plan and design safe and health work, and workplace for better improvement of occupational
health and safety (WHO, 1994). Therefore, barbers and hairdressers are required to observe and
practice the necessary occupational health and safety requirements in order to improve their
health. It’s the responsibility of every one to ensure compliance with occupational health and
safety at workplaces.
4.3 Environmental health and sanitation issues at workplaces
The study also revealed that barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality do not comply with
environmental and sanitary requirements in their salons. Majority of barbers and hairdressers
in Ilala Municipality do not use personal protective equipments, do not wear uniforms, and
work in poor environmental conditions. The working environment in general is not user
friendly, for example the sizes of the salons are too small to accommodate services and to allow
proper ventilation. Poor working environment may affect workers’ health; therefore it’s
important for the responsible authorities to strengthen law enforcement and provide advice to
workers on how to improve their working conditions.
The size of the barbershop and hairdressing salons should be adequate enough to accommodate
all services and ensure proper ventilation as well as considering the number of users. The
31
findings of this study are consistent with the study done by Mounier-Geyssant et al. (2006)
where it was observed that occupational hygiene measures such appropriate ventilation were
lacking in hairdressing salons. Salons are among the hazardous workplaces as they are involved
with the use of hazardous chemicals and processes. Poor disposal of chemicals increases risks of
exposure to hazards and may lead to environmental pollution. The importance of good working
environment was also studied by several scholars, who also observed that salon environments
are chemically and environmentally unsafe in terms of temperature, humidity, lighting,
ventilation and noise (Ronda et al., 2008 & Evci et al., 2007).
Promoting environmental health and sanitation issues at workplaces is useful in preventing
occupational health problems in barbershops and hairdressing salons. Barbers and hairdressers
are likely to have contact with blood through work processes such as cutting, manicure,
pedicure, and skin care (Mandiracioglu et al., 2009). Also, several other studies cautioned that if
special attention will not be given to workers particularly on their personal hygiene,
decontamination, disinfection, sterilization of equipments, disposal and sanitary conditions at
workplaces, may have increased risks of infections to themselves and customers (Moore et al.,
2007; Abdul & Smego, 2005; Murtagh & Hepworth, 2004; Baakrim et al, 2002). Therefore
special care should be provided to ensure good environmental and sanitation services in this
sector.
4.4 Chemical use in hairdressing sector
Barbers and hairdressers are daily exposed to corrosive chemicals especially for processes such
as shampooing, pedicure, manicure, hair colouring, waxing, hair cutting, curl, relaxing,
steaming, bleaching, and general hair settings as they involve the use of chemicals. Most of these
chemicals contain ingredients such as Sodium Hydroxide which may lead to skin and eye
irritation and other occupational problems as seen on Table 11. The nature of effects of these
chemicals is not new as it has been reported that most occupational health problems among
barbers and hairdressers are associated with multiple chemical and environmental exposures
(Ronda et al., 2008).
Repeated use of chemicals such as shampoos destroys the skin barrier and can increase risks of
irritation and allergic reactions (Lind et al., 2007 & Leino et al., 1997). Fumes and dusts that are
released during mixing and preparation of dyes can irritate the mucous membranes and cause
respiratory infections (http://osha.europa.eu). Not only skin and airway problems, repeated
32
daily exposure to chemicals may cause occupational cancers. An expert group set up by the
World Health Organization’s International Agency for research on cancer has recently classified
the occupation of hairdressers and barbers as ‘probably carcinogenic’. Exposure to chemicals in
hairdressing sector is also associated with reproductive health problems. For example, a study
done by University Hospital Department of Occupational Medicine at Lund in Sweden revealed
that hairdressers had a slight increased risk of having intrauterine growth-retarded infants and
infants with birth defects (Rylander et al., 2002). Another study done to assess the link between
facial malformations-cleft palates and hare-lips in newborns and their mother’s occupation
during pregnancy found a higher incidence of cleft palates among the children of mothers who
were hairdressers (Lorente et al., 2000).
4.5 Factors affecting compliance with occupational health and safety
Ensuring proper occupational health and safety at workplaces are important to general health
and well-being of all workers. There are different ways of improving occupational health and
safety at workplaces such as use of legislative tools, environmental management and training
and education program. Workers’ health is highly influenced by the nature of work, work
environment and the extent of compliance with OHS requirements at workplaces. The findings
of this study revealed that there is low compliance level with occupational health and safety
requirements among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
Based on workers’ opinions low compliance with occupational health and safety can mostly be
due to poor law enforcement and inadequate knowledge and skills on OHS issues among
barbers and hairdressers. But in general the occupational health and safety issues are influenced
by many other determinants interacting in a complex way and therefore it’s important to focus
on the root cause of problems. Poor law enforcement seems to be the root problem for poor
compliance with occupational health and safety requirements at workplace. In Tanzania, poor
law enforcement is highly influenced by corruption, inadequate OHS staffs, and poverty.
Therefore, special attention should be taken to tackle the root cause of poor law enforcement in
order to improve occupational health and safety services. Occupational health and safety
problems in principle are preventable by improving working environment, law enforcement,
training and education (WHO, 1994).
According to the WHO (1994), the level of occupational health and safety, the socioeconomic
development of the country and the quality of life and well-being of workers are closely linked
33
with each other. Therefore improving occupational health and safety services will help to
increase development of workers and the country. This is also applicable to barbers and
hairdressers for instance in Tanzania majority are poor as they spend a lot on treatment of
different occupational health problems. Giving priority to occupational health will help to
achieve healthy working life and thereby to healthy socio-economic development (WHO, 1994).
4.6 Self-reported occupational health problems among workers.
Barbers and hairdressers suffer from a number of occupational health problems due to the
nature of their occupation and other health determinants. The findings of this study revealed
that the most self-reported occupational health problems among barbers and hairdressers were;
back pain, hand dermatitis, chest pain, respiratory problems, dermatitis on other parts of the
body and other problems such as stress and discomfort.
According to the findings of this study, males and females reported different proportion on
different occupational problems. For example males reported higher back pain problems
compared to females (32.37% in males Vs 20% in females). With regard to hand dermatitis,
females reported higher proportion compared to males (33.66% in females Vs 6.36% in males).
This may be due to exposure to different occupational health hazards, females are more exposed
to chemicals compared to males, that is why they reported more hand dermatitis problems.
Also, the differences in reporting occupational health problems can be due to the different job
tasks performed among males and females. The findings of this study are based on self reported
occupational health problems and therefore may be limited in terms of reliability, but provide an
alert of conducting clinical examinations to get better estimate of the prevalence of these
diseases.
The magnitude of occupational health diseases in the hairdressing sector has been revealed by
several other studies, for example the study done and published by the National Occupational
Asthma Monitoring Centre in France, nearly 20% among women with occupational Asthma
cases originated in the hairdressing sector (Ameille et al., 2003). According to a study by the
Orbis on improvement of working conditions department in Netherlands, half of hairdressers
suffered from neck, shoulder and wrist MSDs, and a third complained of low back pain (De
Kruif, 2001). A study done by Mandiracioglu et al. (2009) revealed that 27.4% of workers in this
sector suffered back pain. Furthermore, Pamela Powers conducted a survey of 70 hairdressers in
34
the Nelson/Marlborough area in 2002-03 and found that over 50% then had or had in the last 5
years suffered an overuse disorder and 10% had or had had dermatitis at the time of the survey.
Some of occupational health problems like back pain are due to poor adaptation of the work to
suite worker’s needs (ergonomics). Prolonged standing positions and constrained postures can
be some of the main factors associated with MSDs, which are particularly common occupational
health problems among barbers and hairdressers (De Kruif, 2001).
4.7 Law enforcement and policy framework on occupational health and safety
Law enforcement and policy aspect of occupational health and safety is an important tool in
ensuring compliance with OHS requirements at workplaces. The findings of this study revealed
that there are a number of OHS laws and policies in Tanzania though there is poor law
enforcement. In Tanzania, the available legislations dealing with occupational health and safety
include; The Public health Act (2009), The Occupational Health and Safety Act (2003), and
Industrial and Consumer Chemical (Management and Control) Act (2003). Despite having these
laws, compliance is still a problem due to a number of reasons. For example, the most recent
legislation the Tanzanian Public Health Act (2009) lacks regulations for its implementation;
therefore it is only applied broadly without any guide or direction. The Minister of Health and
Social Welfare has been granted powers to make regulations for the effective operation of
hairdressing salons, beauty salons, barbershops or the like including permitted chemicals,
shampooing materials and any other equipments and materials used for that purpose, but this
has not yet been made (Public Health Act 2009, Section 155).
Tanzania had no occupational health and safety policy for long time; it was in 2009 when the
National Occupational Health and Safety Policy was formulated. This policy encourages the
participation of the government, employers, employees, in setting of OHS standards,
enforcement of laws, and promotion of OHS at workplaces. The mission is on ‘prevention and
control of hazards at workplaces and adaptation of work processes and environment to workers
so as to increase their productivity’ (OSHA policy, 2009).
There are inadequate occupational health and safety standards in Tanzania. General health
standards are provided by the Tanzanian Bureau of Standards (TBS), mainly on chemical
management and safety. It is the role of the government to implement measures to enforce
35
compliance with minimum and acceptable standards for promotion of occupational health and
safety services.
Corruption rate in Tanzania is high among law enforcers, therefore affects the compliance with
occupational health and safety requirements among barbers and hairdressers. According to the
report of East African Bribery Index in 2011, Tanzania was ranked as the third most corrupt
country (EABI, 2011). Furthermore, there are inadequate OHS staffs and equipments to
facilitate enforcement of the legislations. Most of Occupational health and safety inspectors lack
equipments for monitoring and assessment of occupational health and safety hazards and risks
and therefore they lack sufficient evidence during prosecution process (Manyele & Bilia, 2003).
According to Section 153 of the Tanzanian Public Health Act (2009), it is the requirements for
Local Government Authorities to regularly inspect beauty salons, barbershops and the like to
ascertain for compliance with this Act, but in practice most of salons are not regularly inspected.
Majority of workers in Ilala Municipality are aware on the existence of occupational health and
safety laws and regulations but the absence of effective law enforcement mechanism affect
compliance with the OHS requirements. Occupational health and safety services should be given
special considerations regarding policies at all levels starting from workplaces, local
government, central government and internationally. The World Health Organization in 1994
recommended that, it is possible to prevent occupational health and safety problems by using all
available tools including legislative, technical, research, information, training and education,
and economic instruments. Therefore, governments are encouraged to make and enforce
policies and legislations and ensure there is good system of enforcement and inspection of
workplaces.
4.8 Study strengths and limitations
This study was based on the use of research instruments which were pilot tested to increase its
validity. Also, the sample size was adequate to give a good precision of the estimates among
barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality. The high response rate of 98.4% also increased
the validity of this study.
Despite having the above strengths, this study is subjected to some limitations which include;
firstly, the findings of this study are based on the observation study and workers’ history and
therefore did not include practical measurements and clinical examinations. Secondly, there is
36
inadequate literature in Tanzania regarding occupational health and safety among barbers and
hairdressers, therefore lack adequate context based information. Thirdly, the nature of some
questions did not allow several answers for multiple responses such as questions number 15 and
30 on factors affecting compliance level and occupational health problems respectively. It’s
possible that respondents could have answered more than one option; this should be noted for
improvement when doing further study.
Furthermore, recall bias is also common in cross-sectional study, therefore some of barbers and
hairdressers failed to give accurate demographic information and history regarding occupational
health and safety. But still the study provides important information and urgent need for further
study.
4.9 Generalizability of the findings
The findings of this study may be applied to the district or municipal level in Tanzania as the
study setting was in Ilala Municipality. Majority of barbers and hairdressers in Ilala
Municipality are migrants from almost all parts of Tanzania with different cultural backgrounds.
The results of this study will therefore provide the real picture of what is happening at
barbershops and hairdressing salons not only in Ilala Municipality but also in other areas in
Tanzania. The study alerts for further investigation and intervention in this sector.
37
5.0 CONCLUSION
This study observed that, low compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements
at workplaces among barbers and hairdressers in Ilala Municipality is mostly due to poor law
enforcement and inadequate knowledge and skills on occupational health and safety issues.
Majority of barbers and hairdressers are not aware on the occupational health and safety
requirements and they suffer from different types of occupational health problems. Therefore,
the study recommends establishment of effective law enforcement systems and training
programs among barbers and hairdressers to ‘make the healthy choice the easy choice’ and
hence improve occupational health and safety at workplaces. The findings are also useful to
researchers, policy makers, law enforcers and Public Health Officials.
5.1 Areas for further study
1. Conduct further research on working conditions of barbershops and hairdressing salons
in Ilala Municipality.
2. Conduct a qualitative study to determine the root causes of poor law enforcement among
law enforcers.
3. Undertake a clinical study on occupational health problems among barbers and
hairdressers in Tanzania.
4. To conduct an intervention study such as training program among barbers and
hairdressers in Ilala Municipality.
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Rylander, l., Axman, A., Toren, K., Albin, M. (2002) "Reproductive outcome among female hairdressers", Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59: 517-522 (http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/59/8/517). Shilla, C.P.N. (1995). The Power of Information. African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety 5,3 StataCorp (2009). Stata Release 11. Statistical Software. College Station, Texas: StataCorp LP.
Sutthipisal, N., McFadden, JP., Cronin, E. (1993). Sensitization in atopic and non-atopic hairdressers with hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis; 29: 206-209. TACINE (2009), Tanzania Cities Network (TACINE), Report on the Prepare Phase of the Tanzania State of Cities Report (SoCR). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzanian Occupational Health and Safety Act (2003). Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. Tanzania Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act (2003). Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. Tanzanian Public Health Act (2009). Public Health Act (2009).United Republic of Tanzania, Sections 151-155. Dar es Salaam. The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (1977). Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. WHO (1994). World Health Organization Global strategy on occupational health for all: The way to health at work. Recommendation of the second meeting of the WHO Collaborating Centres in Occupational Health, 11-14 October 1994, Beijing, China.
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APPENDICES : Questionnaire and observation checklist.
Appendix 1 : Questionnaire (English version)
Questionnaire Number…............... Date of interview…....................... (a) Background information: (Circle appropriate option)
1. Business name (Name of Salon)…....................................................................................... 2. Total number of workers in a salon………………………………………………………. 3. Sex of worker;
1. Male 2. Female.
4. Age of worker (in years) ….................................................... 5. Marital status
1. Single 2. Married 3. Divorced 4. Separated 5. Widow /widower
6. Education Level: 1. No formal education at all 2. Primary education 3. Secondary education 4. Degree level 5. Masters level 6. PhD level
7. For how long have you worked in this occupation? 1. Less than one year (Specify if possible) 2. One year to 2 years 3. More than 3 years
8. What is your key responsibility in this job? (Job task)……………… 9. For how long in hours are you working per day? …………………
(b) Worker’s, knowledge, attitudes and practices: (Circle appropriate option) 10. Have you received any training regarding occupational health and safety at workplaces?
1. YES 2. NO
11. If YES, where……………………….and who trained you? …………………………. 12. What do you understand by occupational health and safety requirements in your salon?
…................................. 13. What are the occupational health and safety requirements in salons?.......................... 14. What is the importance of these requirements?...................................................................... 15. What factor is most responsible for poor compliance to occupational health and safety in
your salon? (Tick one). 1. Poor law enforcement 2. Absence of workplace policies and regulations 3. Poor knowledge and skills among workers. 4. Inadequate occupational health and safety staffs. 5. Negligence 6. Others (mention)………………….
16. What types of chemicals are you using in your salon? (Mention)........................................ 17. How do you dispose your wastes?..................................................................
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18. Do you have any waste storage receptacle (dustbin)? (See evidence). 1. YES 2. NO
© Laws enforcement: (Circle appropriate option) 19. Do you have any workplace policy in your salon?
1. YES 2. NO
20. If YES what is it all about? ……………………………………….. (See evidence). 21. Do you have personal protective equipments?
1. YES 2. NO
22. If YES, what are they?....................................................................... (See evidence). 23. Do you have specific uniform for your work?
1. YES 2. NO
24. If YES how many pairs?.................................................... 25. Do you know any law regarding Occupational Health and safety in your salon? YES/NO. 26. If YES mention?................................................................ 27. How often is an Occupational Health and Safety inspector come to your salon?
1. Daily 2. Weekly 3. Monthly 4. Yearly 5. Never
28. Who is the main inspector? 1. Environmental Health Officers /Assistants. 2. Industrial hygienists. 3. City security officer 4. Others (mention)…………………..
(d) Occupational Health History: (Circle appropriate option) 29. Have you experienced yourself health problem(s) which you think is/are related to your
work? 1. YES 2. NO.
30. If YES which health problem did you mostly experience? 1. Hand dermatitis 2. Dermatitis on other parts of the body. 3. Respiratory infections 4. Chest pain 5. Back pain 6. Others (mention) ……………
31. What did you do to solve the problem? 1. Self care 2. Seek medical care 3. Stop working 4. Others (mention) …………….
32. Have you experienced any accident at your workplace? YES/NO
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33. If YES mention? 1. Injury (What type?) 2. Hazardous chemical exposure 3. Fire accident 4. Others (mention) ……………………………
34. What did you do to control the problem? …………………………
Appendix 2: Observation Checklist
No ITEM 1.YES 2. NO Records 35. Is there any premises registration certificate? 36. Is there any occupational health and safety compliance license? 37. Is there any valid business license? 38. Any availability of accident and incident records? 39. Availability of occupational health inspection reports? 40. Availability of medical checkup and records for employees? 41. Availability of risk assessment records? Health and safety 42. Is there any First Aid Kit with necessary facilities? 43. Is there any fire fighting equipments? 44. Any emergency exit provided? 45. Is there any warning sign? 46. Proper electrical systems? 47. Are equipments properly sterilized? 48. Are containers with hazardous substances properly labeled? 49. Is there any material safety data sheet for handling chemicals? Environmental health and sanitation 50. Are the cleaning systems adequate to reduce slipping and tripping hazards
when washing hair, spraying oil-based spray or mopping?
51. Are the work floor areas tidy and free from obstruction? 52. Regularly inspect chair conditions, booster seat anchor bolts and safety
straps?
53. Are smocks and towels provided to protect clothing and skin for all services?
54. Have adequate ventilation provided to remove mists or sprays that may be harmful?
55. Have dryers guarded with an automatic cut-off switch to prevent overheating?
56. Is a working room of adequate size? 57. Are storage arrangements adequate to control any risk from individual
substances and to prevent risk of contamination by or with any other substances?
58. Are there specific risks in movement, posture and layout involved in manual handling tasks? E.g. bending, twisting or awkward postures for frequent or prolonged periods?
59. Overall compliance level with occupational health and safety requirements:
1. Low (less than 50%).
2. Medium (50-59%)
3. High (60-74%)
4. Very high (75-100%)
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Questionnaire: (Swahili Version)
Kiambatisho 1: Dodoso
Nambari ya Dodoso…............... Tarehe ya usaili…............................... (a) Background information: (zungushia jibu sahihi)
1. Jina la saluni au biashara.........................................................Kata....................Mtaa................. 2. Jumla ya idadi ya wafanyakazi………………….........................……. 3. Jinsia ya mfanyakazi
1. Kiume 2. Kike
4. Umri wa mfanyakazi (katika miaka) ................ 5. Hadhi ya ndoa
1. Sijaoa/Sijaolewa 2. Nimeoa/Nimeolewa 3. Nimeachika 4. Tumetengana 5. Mjane
6. Elimu ya mfanyakazi; 1. Sijasoma kabisa 2. Elimu ya msingi 3. Elimu ya Sekondari 4. Shahada ya kwanza 5. Shahada ya pili 6. Shahada ya tatu (PhD).
7. Umefanya kazi kwa muda gani katika fani hii? 1. Chini ya mwaka mmoja (Taja muda)……… 2. Mwaka mmoja hadi miaka miwili 3. Zaidi ya miaka miaka mitatu
8. Taja shughuli yako kuu katika saluni hii? (Job task)……………………….……… 9. Je, unafanyakazi kwa masaa mangapi kwa siku? …………………………………
(b) Uelewa, mtizamo na matendo ya mfanyakazi (Worker’s, knowledge, attitudes and practices): (zungunshia jibu sahihi)
10. Je, umepata mafunzo yoyote kuhusu afya na usalama mahali pa kazi? 1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana (nenda namba 12)
11. Kama ndiyo, taja mahali ulipopata mafunzo hayo?...............................................yalitolewa na nani?……………………….………………………….
12. Unaelewa nini kuhusu matakwa ya afya na usalama mahali pa kazi katika saluni yako? …..................................................................................................................................................
13. Taja matakwa au masharti ya afya na usalama mahali pa kazi katika saluni yako? …..................................................................................................................................................
14. Masharti hayo yana umuhimu gani?........................................................................................... 15. Taja sababu kuu inayochangia wafanyakazi kutotekeleza masharti ya afya na usalama mahali
pa kazi katika saluni? 1. Udhaifu katika usimamizi wa sheria 2. Kukosekana kwa será na miongozo ya afya na usalama katika saluni. 3. Uelewa mdogo na ukosefu wa ujuzi 44erá44 ya wafanyakazi wa saluni. 4. Upungufu wa wataalam wa afya na usalama mahali pa kazi. 5. Kupuuzia (negligence) 6. Sababu nyinginezo (Taja)……………………………..…….
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16. Taja aina ya kemikali unazotumia katika saluni yako? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Eleza namna unavyotupa taka za saluni yako?........................................................................ 18. Je, una kifaa cha kuhifadhia taka (dustbin)? (Tazama ushahidi).
1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana
© Usimamizi wa sheria (Law enforcement): (zungunshia jibu sahihi) 19. Je, unaifahamu sheria yoyote ya afya na usalama mahali pa kazi katika saluni yako?
1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana
20. Kama ndiyo, inahusu nini? …………………………………………….…………..(Tazama ushahidi). 21. Je, una vifaa vya kujikinga na madhara ya kiafya katika saluni yako?
1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana
22. Kama vipo, taja? (Tazama ushahidi na zungushia) 1. Gloves 2. Miwani (safety glass) 3. Masks/respirators 4. Gum boots 5. Vinginevyo (Taja).......................................................................
23. Je, una sare maalum za kazi katika saluni yako? 1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana (nenda namba 25)
24. Kama ndiyo kuna jozi (Pair) ngapi? …........................................................................................ 25. Je, unaifahamu sheria yoyote inayohusu afya na usalama mahali pa kazi katika saluni?
1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana (nenda namba 27)
26. Kama jibu ndiyo, taja sheria hiyo au hizo? (Zungushia) 1. Sheria ya afya na usalama mahali pa kazi ya mwaka 2003 2. Sheria ya afya ya jamii ya mwaka 2009 3. Sheria ya udhibiti wa kemikali ya mwaka 2003 4. Nyinginezo (taja)………………………………………..
27. Je, mtaalam wa afya na usalama mahali pa kazi huja mara ngapi kwa ajili ya ukaguzi katika saluni yako?
1. Kila siku 2. Kila baada ya wiki 3. Kila baada ya mwezi 4. Kila baada ya mwaka mmoja 5. Hajawahi fika kwa ukaguzi
28. Je, ni kada gani huja mara nyingi kwa ajili ya ukaguzi katika saluni yako? 1. Maafisa Afya Mazingira/Maafisa afya Mazingira wasaidizi 2. Wakaguzi wa maeneo ya kazi au viwanda (Industrial
hygienists) 3. Askari Mgambo wa Manispaa ya Ilala 4. Wengineo (Taja)………………………………………………..
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(c) Historia au taarifa za afya na usalama mahali pa kazi (Occupational Health and safety History (zungunshia jibu sahihi) :
29. Je, kwa uzoefu wako umewahi kupata matatizo yoyote ya kiafya katika saluni yanayohusiana na kazi yako?
1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana (nenda namba 32)
30. Kama ndiyo, taja tatizo kuu? (zungushia) 1. Vipele au kuwashwa katika mkono (Hand dermatitis) 2. Vipele au kuwashwa katika maeneo mengine ya mwili
(Dermatitis on other parts of the body) 3. Matatizo katika mfumo wa upumuaji (Respiratory infections) 4. Maumivi ya kifua (Chest pain) 5. Maumivu ya mgongo (Back pain) 6. Matatizo mengineyo (Taja) …………………………………
31. Je, ulifanyaje kutatua matatizo hayo ya kiafya? 1. Nilijitibu mwenyewe (Self care) 2. Nilienda katika kituo cha kutolea huduma za afya (Seek
medical care) 3. Niliacha kufanya kazi (Stop working) 4. Njia nyinginezo (Taja)…………………………..…………….
32. Je, umewahipata ajali yoyote katika saluni yako? 1. Ndiyo 2. Hapana (nenda namba 35)
33. Kama ndiyo, taja? 1. Kuumia (Injury) Taja aina ya kuumia 2. Kumwagikiwa na kemikali hatari (Exposed to Hazardous
chemicals) 3. Ajali ya moto 4. Ajali nyingineyo (Taja)……………………..…….…………
34. Je, ulifanyaje kudhibiti ajali hiyo? …………………………………………………….………………… Kiambatisho 2: Fomu ya uhakiki (Weka Tiki) Na Shughuli (Item) 1. Ndiyo 3.Hapana
Kumbukumbu (Records) 35. Je, una cheti cha usajili (registration certificate) wa saluni yako?
(Tazama)
36. Je, kuna leseni yoyote ya kutekeleza masharti ya afya na usalama mahali pa kazi) (occupational health and safety compliance license)?
37. Je, kuna leseni ya biashara? (valid business license) 38. Je, kuna kumbukumbu zozote za ajali na matukio mahali pa kazi?
(Accident and incident records).
39. Je, kuna taarifa zozote za ukaguzi wa kiafya katika saluni yako? (Occupational health inspection reports)
40. Je, kuna vyeti ya uchunguzi wa afya kwa wafanyakazi? (medical checkup and records for employees)
41. Je, kuna taarifa za tathmini ya hatari na madhara ya kiafya katika saluni yako? (Availability of risk assessment records)
Afya na Usalama (Health and Safety) 42. Je, kuna sanduku la huduma ya kwanza lenye dawa na vifaa muhimu?
(First Aid Kit with necessary facilities)
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43. Je, kuna vifaa vya kuzimia moto katika saluni yako? (Fire extinguisher nk)
44. Je, kuna njia au mlango wa kutokea wakati wa dharura? (Emergency exit).
45. Je, kuna alama zozote za onyo dhidi ya hatari au ajali katika saluni yako? (warning signs)
46. Je, kuna mfumo mzuri wa umeme katika saluni yako? (Proper electrical systems)
47. Je, vifaa vyote hutakaswa vizuri? (Are equipments properly sterilized) 48. Je, vifaa vya kuhifadhia kemikali hatari vina alama muhimu?
(Are containers with hazardous substances properly labeled)
49. Je, kuna kitabu cha maelekezo ya utumiaji kemikali katika saluni yako? (Is there any material safety data sheet for handling chemicals)
Afya na usafi wa mazingira (Environmental health and sanitation)
50. Je, sakafu ndani ya saluni inasafishika na haitelezi? (Are the cleaning systems adequate to reduce slipping and tripping hazards when washing hair, spraying oil-based spray or mopping?)
51. Je, sakafu ndani ya saluni ipo katika hali nzuri? (Are the work floor areas tidy and free from obstruction?)
52. Je, viti vya saluni vipo kaika hali nzuri na vinafanyiwa marekebisho ya mara kwa mara? (Regularly inspect chair conditions, booster seat anchor bolts and safety straps?)
53. Je, kuna nguo na taulo maalum kwa ajili ya kuzuia nguo kuchafuka? (Are smocks and towels provided to protect clothing and skin for all services?)
54. Je, kuna mzunguko mzuri wa hewa ndani ya saluni? (Have adequate ventilation provided to remove mists or sprays that may be harmful?) Je kuna madirisha na milango katiaka jingo la saluni?
55. Je, mashine za kukaushia nywele zina swichi inayojizima yenyewe endapo joto litazidi? (Have dryers guarded with an automatic cut-off switch to prevent overheating?)
56. Je, chumba cha saluni kina ukubwa wa kutosha? (Is a working room of adequate size?) Je, ni zaidi ya mita 3 kwa 3?
57. Je, stoo ya kuhifadhia vifaa ipo na ina ukubwa wa kutosha? (Are storage arrangements adequate to control any risk from individual substances and to prevent risk of contamination by or with any other substances?)
58. Je, kuna vihatarishi vyovyote katika saluni? (Are there specific risks in movement, posture and layout involved in manual handling tasks? E.g. bending, twisting or awkward postures for frequent or prolonged periods?)
59. Kiwango cha kukidhi masharti ya afya na usalama mahali pa kazi (Overall compliance level with OHS) (Zungushia).
1. Kiwango cha chini (Low) (chini ya 50%).
2. Kiwango cha kati (Medium) (50-59%)
3. Kiwango cha juu (High) (60-74%)
4. Kiwango cha juu zaidi (Very high) (75-100%)
