1

Dr. Sebastian Pohlmann, Head of Cell Development

ULTRACAPACITORS AND BATTERIES:

DIFFERENCES AND SYNERGIES

2

ULTRACAPACITORS: TECHNOLOGY

3

Lithium Ion Battery Skeleton Ultracapacitor

Porous carbons are derived from coconut industry waste

MaterialsWhat is in a battery, what is in an Ultracapacitor?

4

Lithium Ion Battery Skeleton Ultracapacitor

4

Electrolyte

+-

+-

+-+

-+ -

+-

++++++++

Graphite Metal Oxide

Charge Discharge

• Li-Ions move freely from Graphite into metal oxides

Charges are stored in the bulk material Charges are stored on material’s surface

Energy storageWhere is the charge stored?

5

Lithium Ion Battery Skeleton Ultracapacitor

5

Electrolyte

+

-

+

-+

-

+

-+

- +

-

++++++++

• Static charge build upon surface

• Opposite charge in ionlayer

Graphite Metal Oxide

Charge Discharge

• Li-Ions move freely from Graphite into metal oxides

Charges are stored in the bulk material Charges are stored on material’s surface

Energy storageWhere is the charge stored?

6

Lithium Ion Battery Skeleton Ultracapacitor

6

Graphite Metal Oxide

Charge Discharge

F=As

V

𝐸max = 0.5𝐶 ⋅ 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥2

Capacity is presented in mAh or AhEnergy = Capacity x Voltage

Capacitance is presented in FEnergy = 0.5 x Capacitance x Voltage2

Electrolyte

+

-

+

-+

-

+

-+

- +

-

++++++++

Energy storageCapacity vs. Capacitance

7

Lithium Ion Battery Skeleton Ultracapacitor

7

Chemical energy storage: High energy density

Steady release of energy limited: Low power density

Lifetime limited by cycles (500 to 5000 cycles)

Stored chemical energy is relatively unsafe

Physical energy storage: Low energy density

Fast release of energy: High power density

Long cycle lifetime (>1,000,000 cycles)

Stored electrostatic energy is safe(r)

CONCLUSIONUltracapacitor vs Lithium-Ion Battery

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ULTRACAPACITORS ARE MOST ECONOMICALFOR HIGH POWER APPLICATIONS BETWEEN 10ms-60s

ULTRACAPACITORS OFFER:

+ POWER FROM 1KW TO 10’s OF MW’s

+ VOLTAGE FROM UNDER 12V TO 1500V

(standard modules and systems, custom systems up to 10kV)

+ INCREASED SAFETY+ NO LITHIUM, COBALT OR NICKEL

→ 10 ms 10 ms – 60 s 60 s →

CAPACITORS ULTRACAPACITORS BATTERIES

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ULTRACAPACITORS ARE MOST ECONOMICALFOR HIGH POWER APPLICATIONS BETWEEN 10ms-60s

ULTRACAPACITORS OFFER:

+ POWER FROM 1KW TO 10’s OF MW’s

+ VOLTAGE FROM UNDER 12V TO 1500V

(standard modules and systems, custom systems up to 10kV)

+ INCREASED SAFETY+ NO LITHIUM, COBALT OR NICKEL

→ 10 ms 10 ms – 60 s 60 s →

CAPACITORS ULTRACAPACITORS BATTERIES

ULTRACAPACITORS COVER

instead of

kWh

MWs

GLOBAL LEADER IN ULTRACAPACITOR-BASED ENERGY STORAGE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

+ Corporate Introduction

FEATURED INNAMED IN WINNER OF

Tallinn, Estonia | Skeleton Technologies OÜGroßröhrsdorf, Germany | Skeleton Technologies GmbH

Leading European Ultracapacitor Manufacturer

German engineering & Estonian IT

+ Industrial scale manufacturing facility+ Ultracapacitor Research & Development center+ Application Engineering+ Electrode Center of Excellence

+ Software development+ Electronics Engineering+ Module & System Development

140+ EmployeesFrom raw material to product design and manufacturing11 Patent Families

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SINGLE CELLS

SYSTEMSINDUSTRIAL MODULES

SkelCap SCA Series

300-3200FIndustrial ultracapacitors

SkelGridUltracapacitor-based

energy storage system

SkelKERSUltracapacitor system

SkelMod 170VUltracapacitor module

SkelStart 12V & 24V Ultracapacitor engine module

SkelGrid OmniUltracapacitor-based

energy storage system

The only full value-chain manufacturer on the market

From single cells to full energy storage systems

ElevatorKERSUltracapacitor system

SkelMod 131VUltracapacitor module

SkelMod 51VUltracapacitor module

SkelMod 102VUltracapacitor module

Custom SkelPacksLaser-welded

ultracapacitor packs

RAW MATERIAL

Curved Graphene

Cells per year

3.5m 400kThe largest ultracapacitorfactory in Europe(Grossröhrsdorf, Germany)

Modules per year

High quality & performance energy storage solutions made in EuropeFully integrated manufacturing

Capacity after current scale-up:

A Qualified Supplier & System ProviderTo Automotive, Grid, Transportation, and Industrial Companies, OEMs & Tier 1s

POWER DENSITY vs COMPETITION

4xLowest ESR on the marketOur competitive advantage

https://www.skeletontech.com/news/skeleton-beats-competitors-in-us-office-of-naval-research-ultracapacitor-testRead the US Navy study:

64,3kW/L

15,6kW/L

Lowest ESR on the marketOur competitive advantage

Lower ESR

Higher energyefficiency

Less thermal losses Less self-heating

Longer lifetimeSmaller systems

Same amount of Ultracapacitor strings

50% less Ultracapacitors neededwhen using Skeleton Ultracapacitors

30% Energy savings

Kinetic Energy Recovery reduces costs and protects infrastructure

Ultracapacitors Electrifying Trams in Germany

34%Fuel consumption decreased by

Use Case – HHLA Port in Muuga, EstoniaKinetic Energy Recovery in Port Cranes

Recharging in seconds enables continuous operationAutomating Intralogistics Shuttles

FOROperation

24/7Lifetime

15+ YEARS

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Fast Frequency Response

Peak Power(overload capacity)

Virtual Inertia

PV RampManagement

Wind RampManagement

Wind Pitch Control

EV Fast Charging

Micro Grid

Backup Power (UPS)

Skeleton offers solutions for a majority of future challengesGrid Applications

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Energy storage systems are often required to cover a wider range of applications• High power applications in the range of

0.1 to 60 s pulses• High energy applications in the range of

1 min to 10 h charge-discharges

Solving all grid challenges at once – at a low costHybridization opportunities

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Lithium Ion Battery sized for energy applicationsUltracapacitor sized for peak power

Lithium Ion Battery –Ultracapacitor Hybrid

Solving all grid challenges at once – at a low costHybridization opportunities

To working with usKey Benefits

+ Fully integrated manufacturing from raw materials to full systems – Skeleton Technologies is the only ultracapacitor energy storage manufacturer in the world with control over the entire manufacturing chain

+ Stringent quality control processes have ensured Skeleton is a qualified supplier to some of the largest OEMs in the world

+ Lean production processes enable fast & cost-effective production ramp-up and short lead times

+ The most modern ultracapacitor factory in the world, located in the heart of Saxony in Germany

+ Chemical storage of energy

+ Limited power density (0.5 kW/kg)

+ High energy density (205 Wh/kg)

+ Limited cycle life (<3000)

+ Slow charge rate (1.5 C)

+ Scarcity of raw materials

+ Difficult to recycle

+ Physical storage of energy

+ High power density (up to 60 kW/kg)

+ Limited energy density (up to 20 Wh/kg)

+ Extreme cycle life (>1 million)

+ Extremely fast charge rate (2000 C)

+ Abundance of raw materials

+ Easy to recycle

Li-ion Batteries use a chemical reaction to store energy

SLOWUltracapacitors use an electric field to store energy

FAST

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultracapacitors and BatteriesConclusions

+ Chemical storage of energy

+ Limited power density (0.5 kW/kg)

+ High energy density (205 Wh/kg)

+ Limited cycle life (<3000)

+ Slow charge rate (1.5 C)

+ Scarcity of raw materials

+ Difficult to recycle

+ Physical storage of energy

+ High power density (up to 60 kW/kg)

+ Limited energy density (up to 20 Wh/kg)

+ Extreme cycle life (>1 million)

+ Extremely fast charge rate (2000 C)

+ Abundance of raw materials

+ Easy to recycle

Li-ion Batteries use a chemical reaction to store energy

SLOWUltracapacitors use an electric field to store energy

FAST

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultracapacitors and BatteriesConclusions

Hybrid Systems for

longerlifetime and lower cost

WE HELP TO SAVE ENERGY

Skeleton Technologies GmbH | info@skeletontech.com | +49 3595 2416 040

WE ARE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SKELETON TECHNOLOGIES PARTNER IN THE BENELUXNijkerk Electronics B.V.Willem Fenengastraat 121096 BN Amsterdam020 50 41 424ne@nijkerk.nl

Nijkerk Electronics N.V.Romeynsweel 72030 Antwerpen03 544 70 66ne@nijkerk.be

www.nijkerk-ne.com

Backup Slides and use case:

Wind Turbine Inertia

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Grid | Power Generation | Wind Turbine InertiaCHALLENGE: grid support with extra active power

BACKGROUND

+ Grid disturbances are less smoothed by rotating masses

+ Grid lacks extra active power

KEY CHALLENGES

+ Weaker & unstable grid due to the lack of rotating masses

+ Low power quality & high frequency deviations

+ Traditional converter is not ideal for weak AC grids or island systems

KNOWN CONSEQUENCES

+ No contribution to support the grid with extra temporary active power (virtual inertia)

+ No enhancement in frequency support

+ Higher risk of load shedding or grid black outs

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Grid | Power Generation | Wind Turbine InertiaSOLUTION: grid stability & higher power quality

WHAT WE OFFER

+ SkelGrid system connected to wind turbine system

+ Providing necessary inertia

ADVANTAGES OF OUR PRODUCT

+ High power density energy storage

+ Over 1 million cycles & longer calendar life: 15 to 20 years

+ -40°C to +65°C operating temperature range

+ Considerably lighter than batteries

+ Easily fully discharged for safe maintenance operations

+ Simpler monitoring and system health checks

+ Ultracapacitors do not leak or contain acid or lead

*WTG = Wind turbine generator

3 OPTIONS TO PROVIDE INERTIA

Only 6-8% of rated WTG* power2| WTG* uses rotor‘s inertia to provide extra power

1| WTG* runs curtailedto provide extra power

Money loss

3| WTG* uses Ultracapacitorsto provide extra power

Fully flexible design, 100% of rated WTG* power possible

* Wind Turbine Generator

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+ Grid stability

+ Provides system inertia

+ Mitigates frequency deviations

+ Improved power quality

+ Operation down to very low short circuit ratio (SCR) compared to conventional current control

Grid | Power Generation | Wind Turbine InertiaBENEFITS: improved power quality & grid stability

BENEFITSfor our clients