The Heat Storage

Santokh GataoraTechnical DirectorM: +44 (0)7795 171 248O: +44 (0)1875 610 001sandy.gataora@Sunamp.com

info@sunamp.co.uk

@sunampltd

UKERC Conference

How do UK heat industry market players fit into a sustainable future?

15th May 2018

The Heat Opportunity

Electricity 17.5%

Transport 27.5%

Others 9%

Heat 46%

Heating without global warming,IEA, 2014.

World energy consumption x2.5• Space Heat• Hot Water• Process Heat• Cooling

Electrical storage:

✗ Over invested✗ Overcrowded✗ High entry barriers✗ Materials questions

Heat storage:✓ Has not changed in centuries

✓ Ripe for improvement✓ More heat storage needed✓ Low cost, sustainable materials

Source: IEA

Specific Focus on Heat Storage: Residential Example

time

ener

gy

Intermittent input

time

ener

gy

Controlled output

Heat storage

CHPSolar ThermalSolar PVHeat PumpsBiomassWaste HeatOff-peak Elec.…..

heating

hot water

Need to time-shift from when energy is available to when it is needed

3

The Basic Idea

High Energy Density

Melting and freezing a PCM (Phase Change Material) stores 3-4 times as much energy as heating and cooling hot water

Hand warmer (melts at 58°C)

High Power

High power heat exchanger inside, so heat can be rapidly charged into the heat battery and equally quickly extracted – high rate discharge

Modular

Cuboid and able to stack like Lego®

Cost-Effective Comparable price to Hot Water TanksLower Total Cost of Ownership

4

Sunamp heat storage material

High Energy Density

•Sunamp PCMs (Phase Change Materials) are safe and reliable hydrated salts;

•Melting and freezing a PCM stores 3-4 times as much energy as heating water

•The classis hand warmer is unstable and fails in less than 100 cycles. Sunamp needed a >10,000 cycles reliability

Hand warmer (melts at 58°C)

Sunamp & University of Edinburgh Collaboration: Technical Innovations

Overcame instability of original material <100 cycles before failure

• Patented SU58 >35,000 cycles (so far)

Wouldn’t always solidify (no heat)

• SU58 always solidifies and releases heat

Slow heat transfer (no showers!)

• Heat exchanger inside = high flow rate hot water

Key materials & HB team:

Proven via cycle testing – latest results

July 2015January 2018

Courtesy of Dr David Oliver (Edinburgh), Materials Scientist & Dr Kate Fisher (Edinburgh), Composite Materials Scientist at Sunamp

Previously undetectable degradation rate just becoming apparent after ~2.5 years and ~35,000 cycles.

Peak rate 120 cycles/day (5 minute charge, 7 minute discharge & repeat)

Average lowered to ~35 cycles/day due to periods when cycle rig was inactive (e.g. Moving premises).

Further testing expected to confirm trendline.

-5(23)

0(32)

5(42)

15(59)

28(82)

43(109)

T, °C (°F)

Cold storageAir conditioning

Waste heat recovery Hot water pre-heat

Low temp heat pumpSolar thermal

Hot waterSpace heating

Industrial process heatSteam generation

High temp heat pumpBoilers/Furnaces (biomass, gas, propane, oil)CHP/Co-Gen

Sunamp Heat and Cool Batteries can be filled with different PCMs to optimise each application

Sunamp PCMs are internally developed, and generally inorganic, non-flammable materials. Values indicate phase change temperature. Operating temperature range typically 40 … >100 °C (90 … >200 °F) around phase change temperature - consult Sunamp.

Wide Range of Storage Temperatures

-14(7)

-10(14)

-21(-6)

Freezing

Waste Heat,Thermal Buffering

Chiller

253(487)

-15(5)

-25(-13)

118(244)

188(370)

58(136)

Current commercial products (Space Heat & Hot Water) Near-term introduction (Q2 … Q4 2018)

32(90)

-26(-15)

11(52)

34(93)

81(178)

83(181)

88(190)

73(163)

-18(0){

Acc

eler

ated

Co

mm

erci

alis

atio

n

Electricity & Heat Co-StorageThermoelectric, CAES,Organic Rankine Cycle, Steam Turbines

Note: PCMs at different level of development and not all commercially available today

From material to system – in production Today

High Power

High power heat exchanger inside, so heat can be rapidly charged into the heat battery and equally quickly extracted – high rate discharge.

This means can deliver 20+ litres per minute hot water for showers

This means can rapidly warm a heating system (comfort & energy efficiency points)

Modular

Cuboid and able to stack like Lego®

Cost-EffectiveComparable price to Hot Water TanksLower Total Cost of OwnershipMuch lower cost than electric batteries

Gen 2 Heat

Battery

High Energy Density

Retains PCM compactness when scaling to heat battery size (non-trivial).

• Trial in seven homes funded by DECC

• Off-peak Economy 10 electricity

• Air source heat pump (2.5-3x COP efficiency)

• Heat Battery compact storage provides time-shift: run heat pump when its cheap, use heat/HW at any time

• Easy retrofit installation

• In service for 5 winters (some still with Gen 1 heat batteries, some upgraded to Gem 2)

Heat Pump

SunampStack

Central Heating

Hot Water

Gen 1 - Proven by long duration trial (2013 to date)

Results and Benefits:

• typical running costs savings range from 45% to 57%

• carbon emission reductions range from 17% to 36%

This is a 2-bedroomed housewith 2 working occupants.They are heavy hot waterusers having 2 deep baths inthe morning and 2 deepbaths in the evenings

Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water

kWhsaving

Bill savingCO2

Saving

59% 56% 29.1%

8,404 KWh £602.171259

KgCO2

CASE A – From Electric Heat and Water

This is a 3 bedroomedhouse lived in by a youngworking couple, their heatand hot water usage isnormal. This householdhad night storage heater.Comfort has improved.

CASE B – From ETS and Electric Hot Water

This is a one-bedroom house,semi detached bungalow.The occupier is an retiredman who looks after hisgrandchildren in the earlyevening so the house must bewarm - Achieved

Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water

kWhsaving

Bill saving

CO2

Saving

49% 57%Not Available

3,291KWh

£325.91Not

Available

CASE C – From Electric Heat and Water

This is a 5-bedroomedhouse with 2 workingoccupants, 1 teenager and 1visiting young adult.Previously mains gas heated

Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water

kWhsaving

Bill savingCO2

Saving

77% 50% 46%28,476KWh

£926.773645

KgCO2

CASE D – From Gas Heating & Hot Water

Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water

kWhsaving

Bill savingCO2

Saving

40% 45% 36%

4,921KWh £414.781596

KgCO2

Gen 1 - Trial Results

Spec40 kWh Sunamp heat storeAir Source Heat Pump (Daikin)Works to -25C

Gen 2 - Proven via large scale trial (hot water focused)

Over 1000 tenants positively impacted with 20%+ bill and energy savings

766 Gen 2 Heat Battery Products installed in over 600 homes by Q1 ‘2016

4.4 MWh total storage in 2028 Heat Battery 'Red Cells'

In daily service for two years with high reliability providing hot water to circa 2000 people

Products developed and manufactured by Sunamp near Edinburgh

Gen-3 (‘UniQ’) – A modular and scalable product

*height for models including stand-by electric heaters

• Complete portfolio includes these capacities: 2, 3, 6, 9, 12kWh (residential), 30, 60kWh (C&I) • Multiple modules can be easily integrated to each other to achieve the required storage capacity and functionality

(thermally or electrically charged, or both)• All residential products (UniQ 3 to 12) have the same footprint (370x575mm) and different heights, depending on capacity

and functionality (thermally or electrically charged, or both)• Cubic form factor ensures best utilisation of space• Depending on installation requirements, 9kWh can be achieved by 1x UniQ 9 or by combining a 1x UniQ 6 + 1x UniQ 3• Hydraulic connections to source / sink can be placed on each major surface, e.g. front / back / side

Examples of UniQ architecture:

UniQ 3

UniQ 6

UniQ 9

UniQ 60

PV or ST

Fossil Fuel or Biomass

Boiler

Solar Energy

Grid Electricity

PV DC Electricity

Thermal

Third Party HVAC CompatibilityBoiler (Gas, Combi, Oil, Biomass, …)Heat Pump (Air, Ground, Water, …)Controllers (Nest, Honeywell, …)Solar Panels (PV or Solar Thermal)PV AC Controller (Power Diverter, Solic 200, …)

Heat Pump

Sunamp ControllersUniQ System ControllerUniQ PV DC ControllerUniQ PV AC ControllerSunampOS (DSM)

Heat Battery OptionsCapacity (2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 30, 60 kWh)AC or DC elements (various kW)

InverterPV AC Controller

Mains AC Electricity

PV AC Electricity

Natural Heat

Hot Waterand/or Heat

Gen-3 (‘UniQ’) A mature and cost effective product demand side ready from the beginning

Launched Q1 2018

Full volume production by

end of Q2

DSM / ToU controller [1]

[1] forthcoming functionality under the Sunamp OS brand

Sunamp Heat Batteries demand side ready from the beginning.

Also at C&I scale

← Palletised

• Up to 80 kWh in <2 Tonnes• Easy to transport, deliver, install

(Palletways, pallet truck, forklift)• First orders delivered Q1 2018

H

W

D

1 2

3

4

• Multiple temperatures (refrigeration, cooling, hot water, space heat, process heat)

• Meets key needs in upgrading existing plant (no increase in system water, minimum space, more energy efficiency, waste heat re-use)

• New system designs possible ( e.g. artificial stratification in minimal height – impossible with water, district heating optimisation)

• Transportable heat (also known as MTES – Mobile Thermal Energy Storage) at multiple scales and distances, rail, road, barge, ship

Containerised→• Up to 15 MWh in 20-foot ISO

Container (using new materials in development by Sunamp/UoE)

• Easy to transport, deliver, install• Scale-up pathway defined

Application of Cold Batteries with Heat BatteriesDemand peak shaving and Energy Efficiency Mains water

• Renewable electricity: Can be directly driven from solar PV or wind

• Peak shaving: Avoid peak-time loads on electricity grid by storing cool at off-peak time

• Energy Efficient: 1 MWh electricity can provide both 4 MWh hot water and 3 MWh cooling

SU58(58°C)

SU8(8°C)

Hot Water

Air Con loop

Small-scale concept illustrated. Scales up well to provide cooling and hot water for leisure complex, hotel, district cooling, etc

One single storage appliance can prepare air-conditioning, cold water and hot water

Electric Battery vs. Heat Battery

81% final household energy consumption is heat

130mm38kg

26.5dm3

2.5kWh35kW

>37,000 cycle life(to >95% capacity)

16% final household energy consumption is electricity

Appliances 12%Lights 4%

Cooking 3%

% household final energy consumption in UKUnited Kingdom housing energy fact file, 2012

Sunamp Heat BatteryBYD Lithium-ion battery

Space heating 62%Hot water 19%

30.7dm3

2.5kWh2.5kW

6,000 cycle life (to 70% capacity)

16

Sunamp OS connects aggregators to small devices

SunampOS• Runs in its own processor with memory,

security and communications • Links via API to the Heat Battery controller

for state of charge, state of health and to issue commands (e.g. “Charge now at 7kW“)

• Aggregators can plug in their own Apps via an API to offer their services (the world doesn’t need another aggregator) and aggregate up hundreds of small units securely to their larger aggregation scale

• Control monitoring and provisioning platform• Sunamp are inviting partnerships around this

needed piece with other vendors including aggregators and energy storage companies e.g. Electric batteries

Transmission System Operators

(TSO)

Distribution System Operators

(DSO)

Aggregator (e.g. Open Energi)

Ele

ctri

city

Gri

dA

gg

rega

tors

Th

e G

AP

‘la

rge

’ lo

ad

s (1

00

kW+

)‘s

ma

ll’ l

oa

ds

(< 1

00

kW)

Aggregator (e.g. Open Utility)

Aggregator (e.g. Vcharge/OVO))

Micro Aggregator

Aggregator 1 Aggregator 2 Aggregator 3

Typically, Sunamp Heat Batteries

Utilities

Tuned for Sunamp Heat Batteries to make them aggregator agile

System / IP Layers

PCM Heat Battery (cells) TES System

Electronics +

Firmware

Grid flexibility platform

API + OS

Housing +

input/output

18

Note: TES = thermal energy storage

Service business(1)

1) Possible (currently unfunded) business models

Not Required??

Not Required??

Not Required??