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The Official Faculty Publication

Of the College of Arts and Sciences

San Beda College Alabang Alabang Hills Village, Muntinlupa City

Volume 4 No. 1 (August 2011)

ISSN 2243-8963

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ISSN 2243-8963

ISSN 2243-8963

Editorial Board

Paulito V. Hilario, Ph.D

Editor

Margaret Sanapo, Ph.D

Ernesto Dimaculangan, Ph.D

Maria Teresita L. Ingles, M.A

Myrna Escoto, M.A.

Board Members

Thelma Geraldine A. Baricaua,M.S

Consultant

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FOREWORD

Ugong Faculty Journal August 2011 issue is a product of scholarly

researches of faculty members of San Beda College Alabang College of Arts

and Sciences, whose interests are in various disciplines of business , IT,

education, arts and sciences. The articles for publication may be in a form of

a basic or applied research.

The faculty journal follows the standard format for scientific journal,

which includes the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results and

Discussion, and Conclusion. The inclusion of Recommendation and

Acknowledgement is optional to the author/ s of the article. The citation of

references is presented based on the standard format set by each discipline;

thus, the authors decide on the style of reference citation to use.

The Editors

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Table of Contents

Ang Karanasan Ng Imus Sa Himagsikan:

Gunita Ng Mga Naghimagsik (1896-1898) Maria Teresita L.Ingles, M.A ......................................................... 2

Cooperation Among Asean And Other Member States

(Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, And Vietnam) Under The

Implementation Of The Common Effective Preferential

Tariff (Cept) Scheme Jhino B. Ilano, M.A. ..................................................................... 20

Factors Influencing Physicians In Prescribing

Pharmaceutical Products Ernesto D. Dimaculangan, Ph.D. ................................................ 32

Language Anxiety In Oral Communication Of San Beda

College Alabang Staff And Employees Jean A. Ariola MA Ed. .............................................................. 48

Predictors Of Social And Intellectual Readiness Among

Preschoolers In Selected Schools In

Dasmariñas, Cavite Ma. Fatima V. Bullecer MA.Ed ................................................... 55

2

ANG KARANASAN NG IMUS SA HIMAGSIKAN:

GUNITA NG MGA NAGHIMAGSIK (1896-1898)

MARIA TERESITA L. INGLES, M.A

Abstrak

Ang aking pananaliksik na pinamagatang, Ang Karanasan ng Imus sa

Himagsikan: Gunita ng mga Naghimagsik (1896-1898) ay tumatalakay sa

mga naging mahahalagang ambag ng bayan ng Imus sa Himagsikang Pilipino

noong dantaon 19.

Bubuuin ng apat na bahagi ang pagtalakay ng paksa. Sa unang bahagi, ang

paglalatag ng mga hakbang ukol sa mga Unang Pagtatanggol. Sa bahaging ito

ilalarawan ang pagsanib ng bayan sa Katipunan at ang pagtataglay nito ng

katawagang Haligue. Ang bayan ng Imus ay kabilang sa mga bayang

pinamahalaan ng Sangguniang Magdalo. Lalamanin din ng bahaging ito ang

mga kaparaanang ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol sa panahon ng mga paglusob

na gagawin sa mga bayan na hawak ng Sangguniang Magdalo. Ang

ikalawang bahagi, paglalarawan ng mga kaparaanang ipinatupad ng mga

Espanyol. Tatalakayin naman sa ikatlong bahagi sa mga hakbangin

isinagawa ng mga manghihimagsik ukol sa pagtataguyod ng Imus. Iisa-isahin

ang pasinaya ng paglusob sa mga kalaban, at pagbawi. At sa ikaapat na

bahagi ay mahalagang ipapakita ng pagtugon ng bayan at ng ilang mga

pamilya sa panawagan ng Himagsikan.

Maipapakita ng pananaliksik na ito ang kahalagahan ng pagtatanggol ng

Imus sa panahon ng Himagsikan hindi lang sa antas pampook kundi pati na rin

sa pambansang larangan ng pakikibaka upang kamtin ang kalayaan mula sa

kamay ng mga kolonyalistang Espanyol.

Panimula

“Natalastas ko na tayo’y salat sa mga sandata o sa mga

kasangkapan at kagamitan sa isang pakikidigma, kung ito ang pag-

uusapan; ngunit walang makapagsasabing ang Pilipino ang di ang

angking sariling tapang, at di may sariling pag-iisip sa pagtatanggol

ng kaapihan; wala na tayong nakikitang lalaki pang kaduwagan sa

sinasabi ni Florante na “guniguning takot sa kalaban”; dito ay ating

pinag-uusapan ay ang paglaban at hindi ang sandata.”

- Andres Bonifacio -

Mahalaga ang naging papel ng lalawigan ng Cavite sa kasaysayan, at sa

pagbubuo ng kamalayan at pagkakakilanlan ng lahing Pilipino lalo na sa panahon

ng paghihimagsik laban sa dayuhang Espanyol noong dantaon labing siyam. Ang

3

tradisyon ng pagsusulat ng kasaysayang pampook ng ilang bayan ay nasimulan

nang isakatuparan. Isang hamon para sa akin na maging bahagi ng makabuluhang

tradisyong ito ng pagsasalaysay ng kasaysayan ng bayan.

Mahalagang maipagpatuloy ang ganitong gawaing pananaliksik. Ang

muling pagbabalik sa bayan ng Imus at ang muling pakikipagtalastasan sa mga

taga-Imus ay masasabi kong isang tagumpay. Halos ibinilang na ang sarili na tunay

na kabahagi ng kanilang pook, at pati na rin nang mayabong na kasaysayan ng

kanilang bayan.

Malaking bahagi ng pagtalakay ang paglalahad ng mga salaysay at gunita

(memoir) mismo ng mga lumahok sa Himagsikan. Ilalahad nila ang mga karanasan

sa pagtatanggol, pagtataguyod at pagbawing ginawa ng mga naghimagsik upang

kamtin ang kalayaan ng bayan.

A. Mga Unang Pagtatanggol

Itinuring na panahon ng Kaliwanagan nang ang mga Pilipino ay humingi

ng pagbabago sa iba’t-ibang larangan ng kanilang pamumuhay. Ang pagnanais para

sa kalayaan ay humantong sa pagbubuo ng isang pambansang samahan, ang

Katipunan.

Hiningi sa mga umanib na gumamit ng sagisag, kalakip ng kanyang tunay

na pangalan sa pagkabinyagan, at lalagda sa kasulatan ng panunumpa bilang isang

kasapi. Nagtakda rin ng mga bagong pangalan na pinakasagisag sa pagka-

Katipunan ang ilang mga bayan sa lalawigan ng Cavite: Magdalo (Cavite el Viejo o

Kawit), Magdiwang (Noveleta), Magwagi (Naic), Magtagumpay (Maragondon),

Haligue (Imus), Gargano (Bacoor), Magpuri (Perez-Dasmariñas o Dasmariñas), at

Bagongsinag (Silang).

Pangunahing adhika ng mga naghimagsik ang paggawa ng kaparaanan

upang mapatalsik ang mga prayle na nagmamay-ari ng mga bahay-asyenda,

partikular sa Imus, at gayundin ng mga kura paroko na namamahala sa mga parokya

sa lalawigan.

Isinalaysay ni Heneral Artemio Ricarte na, 1

“Ang Sangguniang Magdalo kahimat nagsitutol sa paghihimagsik,

sa pagkaigaya marahil sa tagumpay na tinamo ng mga taga-

Magdiwang, ay nagbangon din sa huli at pinagpilitang madakip

ang isang pareha ng guardiya sibil na naparaan lamang doon sa

pagtungo sa Imus. 2 Ito’y utang din sa matatapang na sina Tirona

at Mascardo na silang nanguna sa pangkat na humuli sa mga

naturang sibil.”

1 Artemio Ricarte, ”Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila” (Yokohama: 1927),

p.13 2 Sinasabi ni Heneral Ricarte sa pahayag na ito na marahil dahil sa tagumpay na tinamo ng

Pangkat Magdiwang, nahikayat na rin ang Pangkat Magdalo (pangkat nina Emilio

Aguinaldo at Baldomero Aguinaldo) na noong una ay tumutol sa pakikipaghihimagsik

laban sa nga Espanyol.

4

B. Mga Kaparaanang Ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol

Sa panahon ng pag-ugong ng pagtatanggol na isasagawa ng mga

manghihimagsik, kagyat na naghanda si Gobernador Heneral Ramon Blanco ng

isang planong paglusob. Sa pagsasalaysay ni Carlos V. Ronquillo, sinaad niya na:

“Kasabay ding ipinasiya ni Blanco na kaunin ng tatlong bapor ang

apat na libong sundalong Tagalog sa Mindanaw at Jolo na

umahon sa Maynila sa Tanghali ng ika-4 ng buwan ding iyon. At

ang mga ito’y siyang ipinagkakalat sa mga bayang libot ng Kabite

at sa mga kabisera sa iba’t-ibang Hukumang estado de sitio

[kalagayan ng pagkubkob]. At ang mga infanteria marina sa

Puwertong Kabite, ay kinaon ng ilan at ipinatauhang kasama ng

mga marino sa ibang bayan ng Maynila.” 3

Nagsagawa ng mga walang kadahilanang pagdakip kahit sa mga tahimik at

nilalapatan ng walang pakundangang pagpapahirap. Upang aminin ang kanilang

pagbibintang ay pinatitikim ng makailang palo at dagok hanggang sa magtamo ng

mga sugat sa buong katawan, mabalian ng mga ang buto at, kung di makayanan ay

tuluyang mamatay. 4

Sa mga probinsya, halos ay kikigin ang punong katawan 5 ng matulis at

matayad na patpat. Araw-araw ay halos di nawawalan ang bawat puwesto ng

guwardiya sibil ng dalawa o lima na binabalian ng mga buto at tadyang; pinapalo sa

tiyan at sa talampakan hanggang sa mga hinlalaki at pinaiinom ng maraming tubig

hanggang sa mamutok-mutok ang tiyan, saka binubuhusan ng sukang may sili ang

dalawang ilog. At kung di pa masiyahan ay binabaliting abot-siko, dinadala sa

labas ng bayan at doon binabaril. 6

C. Pagtataguyod at Pagbawi

“Sa araw na ito, ika-31 ng Agosto, 1896, naganap ang nabigong paglusob

sa Imus. Kinagabihan, sumaklolo ang Pangulo ng Sangguniang Magdalo na si

Baldomero Aguinaldo at kusang loob na hinarap ang mga kalaban sa Imus. Dinala

naman ni Emilio Aguinaldo ang tropa ng Cavite el Viejo sa Binakayan, upang

talibaan ito dahil sa mga kalabang Infanteria Marina sa Polvorin, sa Puntod ng

Kulanta. Ang kanilang balak ay hintayin ang kanilang pagpasok sa Binakayan, dahil

sa kanilang palagay na kung sila ay lulusob ay hindi nila magagapi ang kuta na

kanilang kinalalagyan sa Polvorin na malapit pa sa kutang Artelleria ng Arsenal sa

3 Ibid, p.221 4 Inilarawan din ni Ronquillo na “Saka kung matapos na ay ililipat sa sari-saring bilangguan

na dito’y lalo nang pinapagdudusa; iniinis, ibinababad sa hanggang baywang na pusaling

tubig, linulunod sa kasalat-salatan at mabahong paghinga at di-pinapakain hanggang sa

tamuhin ang masaklap na kamatayan, at kung malisya pa rito, ay hinahatulan agad ng

kabuktot-buktutang pagkitil ng buhay.” p. 221 5 Ito ay tumutukoy sa ari ng lalaki. 6 Ronquillo, Carlos V., Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1897,

p.221-222

5

Kabite.“ 7 Ito ang pahayag ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo sa kanyang Mga Gunita ng

Himagsikan. Dagdag pa niya:

Nang kinahating-gabihan, dumating na ang tropang

galing sa Imus, dahil sa nabigo ang pagsalakay dito, sa dahilang

sa liwasang bayan pa lamang, bago pumasok ng kabayanan ay

nakasagupa na nila ang patrulya ng mga Guardia Civil, at doon na

sila naglaban sa plasa ng munisipyo at simbahan ng Imus. Ang

mga kalaban ay napatayan nila ng dalawa, at dalawang baril ang

kanilang naagaw. Samantalang ang kanilang hukbo ay nakaiwan

naman ng isang sugatan sa munisipyo ng Imus, at ito’y si

Teniente Marcelino Cajulis. 8

Sa paglalahad pa rin ni Heneral Aguinaldo, “bilang paghahanda sa kauna-

unahang gagawing pagsalakay sa mga kalaban, sa unang araw ng Setyembre, 1896,

nagtungo si José Tagle 9 sa Kuwartel Heneral sa kumbento ng Cavite el Viejo, at

nakipagkita kay Aguinaldo. Humingi ang una ng abuloy upang lusubin ang mga

kalaban sa bayan ng Imus. Kaagad naman itong sinang-ayunan ng huli.” 10

Sa ika-2 ng Setyembre 1896, isinalaysay din ni Heneral Aguinaldo na “ang

pangkat na pinanguluhan ni Heneral Baldomero Aguinaldo, ay siya kong inatasang

lilibawa sa dakong hilaga o norte, sa kanyang pagsalakay. Sa dakong timog ó sur,

ay ang kawal naman ng Capitan Municipal sa Imus, si G. José Tagle, at sa

pangharapan o liwasan ng kumbento at simbahan, ay ang aking pangkat, at ako pa

rin ang nangunguna sa pagharap sa mga kalaban.” 11

Itinuloy ang pagsasalaysay ni Heneral Aguinaldo ng ganito: “sa pagsisid ng

mga naghihimagsik at sa pagsapit nila sa pintuan ng kumbento, ito ay nakapinid pa.

Gumamit kami ng maso at palakol upang gibain ito. Nagawa naming makapasok sa

loob ng kumbento. Ang inabutan lamang nila ay isang pareng Pilipino. Ito ay si

Padre Buenaventura. Ito’y kapagkarakang humarap sa akin nang paluhod at

humingi ng tawad. Kanyang ipinagtapat sa akin pagkatapos na kaaalis pa raw

lamang ng mga Frayle at Guardia Civil na nagpanakbuhan sa takot, ng kanilang

marinig ang tugtog ng banda ng musika at nang matanawan nila sa torre ang

makapal na kawal naming dumarating. Dahil dito, muling nagtipon ang kanilang

mga kawal. Hinati na naming muli ang grupo sa tatlong pangkat. 12

Isinagawa ang

pagkubkob ng timog at kanluran na nababakuran ng matibay na hacienda.” 13

7 Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan, (National Centennial Commision at

Cavite Historical Society: 1998), pp. 93-94 8 Ibid., p.94 9 Siya ang Pangulo ng Balangay Pilar at Capitan Municipal ng Imus 10 Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan, p. 95 11 Ibid., p.98 12 Ibid., pp. 98-99 13 Sa paglalarawan ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo, ”ang hacienda ay may sukat na limang

ektarya ang laki. Ang looban nito ay nakukulong ng matitibay at matataas na bakod na

bato. Matatagpuan ito sa pampangin ng ilog, at saan ka man manggaling ay agad kang

matutunghan ng nasa torre at ng nasa hacienda. “

6

“At palibhasa’y sa katibayan ng asyenda na tila sinadya iyon, at sa

karamihan ng kaharap nilang mga guwardiya sibil, pare at legong prayle at taong-

bayan pang basal ang ugali na pumanig doon, ay hindi ito nakuhang wasakin karaka

kaya nga’t lumawig ang labanan hanggang sa umaga na kinabukasan. Siyang

pagkatalo sa nasa asyenda na nangakukulong sila at lalang ng madlang paraan.

Tinibag namin ang mga pader, sinunog ang kamalig 14

ng palay, hanggang akalaing

idamay ang Bahay-uldóg sa kinaroroonan ng kinakaaway.” 15

Isinalaysay rin ni Aguinaldo ang kanilang kinahantungan nang maganap

ang pagsalakay. Aniya,

Bagama’t pinasalubungan kami nang kataku-takot na putok ng

mga Guardia Civil mula sa torre, gayon din ng mga Frayle mula

sa bintana ng hacienda sa ganitong pangyayari, at dahilan sa

kabutihan ng mga sandata ng mga kalaban, ay lubhang marami

ang nalagas sa aming mga kawal, at napauntol ang pagsisid ng

aking mga kasamahan. Walang nakasunod sa akin sa tabi ng

pinto ng hacienda kundi ang matapang niyang Sarhento

Cuadrillero na si Guillermo Samoy. 16

Habang pinapalakol at

binabareta ang malaking pinto ay lalong dinalas-dalas ang

pamumutok na halos walang patumangga ng aming mga kalaban

sa pangunguna ng balitang Kura na si Fray Eduarte. 17

Ayon naman sa pagsasalaysay ni Ronquillo, “sa dalawang labanang iyon,

ay nagdalawa ang palad ng mga Tagalog; isa ang pagkaurong sa Bakood (Bacoor)

nang sumaklolo sa pamamahala ni Kapitan Emilio na kinamatayan ng dalawang

kawal; at isang nabihag; 18

ikalawa’y ang pagkapagdiwang sa Imus na kinamatayan

ng dalawang pare na dito’y isa ang kura sa Imus (Padre Jose Maria Learte), 19

dalawang uldog o legong prayle, isang tenyente (si Chacon), 20

(Juan Perez) (kabo)

at isang kábo ng Guwardiya sibil na pawang Kastila, saka isang Tagalog na

maruming dugo na noo’y kasalukuyang juez de paz doon, 21

Isabelo del Rosario;

isang kapitan pasado, alipin at tagasulat ng mga asenderong prayle na kinilalang

lubha sa tawag ng lahat na: “asong ganid ng prayle.” 22

14 “Si Juan Patricio ang nagsunog ng kamalig sa Asyenda ng Imus noong 2 Setyembre 1896

sa utos ni José Tagle” sang-ayon kay Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa

Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang 1897, p.282 15 Ibid., p.282 16 Nasawimpalad na tinamaan siya sa tagpong ito. 17 Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p. 100-101 18 Tatlo ang ibinigay na mga pangalan ni Ronquillo, sina Juan Raturat, Rufino Magos at

Mariano Miguel. Samantalang si Victorino Sambile ang bihag na binabanggit. 19 Siya ay dating Probinsyal Rekoleto, kura paroko ng Imus 1896 hanggang sa napatay ng

mga Katipunero 20 Si Enrique Chacon ay primer teniente ng 20 tercio infanteria ng guwardiya sibil sa Imus.

Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang 1897, p.

700 21 Si Juan Fajardo ang hukom tagapamayapa ng Imus noon. 22 Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang 1897, p.

282

7

Agad na ibinalita ni Koronel José Tagle kay Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo

ang tagumpay na nakamit nila laban sa mga kaaway. Inulat niya na,

Napatay po naming lahat sa tugisan ng kanilang mga gulukan ang

lahat ng mga Frayle at Guardia Civil, nang sila’y maglabasan sa

bahay hacienda noong mga sandaling kayo’y nakikihamok sa

mga kalaban sa Bakood. Ganoon na po lamang ang sigla at

tapang ng ating mga kawal sa pagtutugisan, at ang ganyan ay

nagbunga ng isang malaki nating tagumpay, pagka’t nakakuha po

kami ng may 30 baril na Remington, 2 ripleng magagaling na

Winchester na ginagamit ng mga Frayle, 1 kanyon de montaña, at

libu-libong bala na aming nangasamsam sa bahay hacienda na

kanilang iniwan. 23

Ang magandang balita ni Koronel Tagle ng Imus ay tinugon naman ni

Heneral Aguinaldo ng ganito:

Naniniwala ako na sa pakikihamok nating ito sa kaharian ng

Espanya, upang makalagot sila sa kaalipinan, ay nasa piling natin

ang Diyos na lalong makapangyarihan sa lahat. Alam ng

Maykapal na iisa lamang ang ating layon, dili iba’t ang mahango

sa dustang kalagayan ang ating Inang bayan. 24

Ang pagsaklolo ng mga bayan na sakop ng Sangguniang Magdalo gaya ng

Cavite el Viejo sa pagtatanggol ng Imus ay naging mahalaga sa larangan ng

pagpapatag ng hanay. Isang malaking tagumpay nang makubkob nila ang hacienda,

at tuluyang mapalayas ang mga prayle at guardia civil na naghihimpil doon, pati na

rin ang mga sandatang kanilang nasamsam na ginamit sa sumunod na pagtatanggol

at pagsalakay. Mapapansin sa winika ni Aguinaldo ang tibay ng pananampalataya

ng mga naghihimagsik sa Maykapal, na itinuring nila bilang isang Kapanalig.

Kapagkaraka’y ipinag-utos ni Heneral Aguinaldo na ang mga sandatang

nasamsam sa labanang iyon sa Imus ang gagamitin sa mga susunod pang labanan.

Agad din niyang ipinatayo ang bateriya upang hindi sila maunahan ng mga kalaban.

Nag-iwan din si Heneral Aguinaldo kay Koronel José Tagle ng ilang mga bilin. 25

23 Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p. 114 24 Ibid., p. 114 25 Ibid., p. 114

Ipinag-utos ni Heneral Aguinaldo na:

Una: Ipagiba agad ang isang arko ng tulay na bato sa kabilang pampang ng hacienda.

Ikalawa: Magtayo agad ng trintsera sa may lihim na lugal sa kabilang pampang ng ilog

tapat ng pagdaraanan ng mga kalaban na nangagaling sa Bakood.

Ikatlo: Ang lahat ng barilan at gulukan ay manganganlong sa itatayong tanggulan, at

sinuman ang huwag magpapakita o magpapaputok ng baril kahit naririto na ang mga

kalaban, samantalang hindi pa pumuputok ang kanyon, sa putol na tulay o arkong giba na

kaniyang kinalalagyan.

8

Sumunod namang kinaharap ng mga manghihimagsik ang tinaguriang

Kolumnang Togores-Garcia. 26

ng texto official ng mga Kastila. Napaurong ng

Kolumnang ito ang munting pulutong nina Aguinaldo sa bayang Bakood. Tumuloy

ang Kolumna sa bayan ng Imus nang araw ding iyon (ika-2 Setyembre).

Nagkaputukan nga ng pinagsanib na pangkat nina Togores-Garcia ang mga

nagtanggol sa Asyenda. Umurong naman ang nasabing Kolumna na nagtatakbuhan

sa Asyenda. 27

Dito sila nagtago at ginamot din ang mga sugatang iniurong nila.

Dinagdagan ni Gobernador Heneral Blanco ng isa pang pulutong ang

Kolumna. Ang mga Kolumnang nagsilakad na patungong Imus ay pinamunuan ng

Tenyente Koronel Togores at Garcia at sumaklolo sa Imus, kalakip ng pulutong ni

Aguirre. Ang pulutong na ito’y pawang artilyero at isang seksyon pa ng mga

guardia civil. Ayon kay Ronquillo,

Ang tangka ni Blanco kaya si Aguirre ang siyang

pinalakad, ay upang pamunuan ang tanang pulutong; at ang sa

ganito’y mapilit ding kunin ang bayan ng Imus sa pamamagitan

ng dalawang piyesa ng cañon Plasencia 28

sa tulong ng gayong

karaming sundalo; (200 mahigit) at kundi mangyari’y kilanlin

lamang na tunay kung paanong anyo’t mga kalagayan mayroon

ang Imus, kaya si Aguirre ang siyang pinalakad. 29

Itinuring ni Heneral Aguinaldo ang naganap na labanan noong ika-2 ng

Setyembre 1896, bilang una niyang pagkabigo sa hukbo ng mga Espanyol.

Dumating sa Kuwartel Heneral, sa Kumbento ng Cavite el Viejo, si Gil Ignacio,

Pangulo ng balangay “Gargano” 30

ng Katipunan. Humingi sila ng tulong dahil sa

makapal na Infanteria, Caballería, at Artilleria na nasa Pulang Lupa (sa Parañaque),

at Las Piñas, na sasaklolo sa hacienda sa Imus na nakukulong ng mga

manghihimagsik ng Imus.31

Ika- 3 ng Setyembre nang tumungo ang pangkat ni Heneral Aguinaldo sa

Imus. Pinutol ng mga manghihimagsik ang Tulay ng Isabel II sa tabi ng Asyenda

ng Imus. 32

Dahil sa ganitong pagkabigla ng pangkat ng mga Espanyol, sila ay

26 “Si José Togores ng caballería Espanyol, na nang lumao’y tenyente koronel at, naging

Pangulo ng Hukumang Digmaang lumitis kay Jose Rizal, Disyembre 26,1896.” Carlos V.

Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang 1897, p. 701 27 Sa bahagi ng Bacoor, sa barangay San Nicolas sa kasalukuyan. 28 Ipinangalan kay Koronel Plasencia, ang imbentor ng uri ng kanyong ito. 29 Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang 1897, p.

287 30 Ito ay Bakoor. May kasama pa siyang dalawa pang Katipunero mula sa lugar. 31 Ang tinutukoy na nakukulong sa loob ng hacienda ay ang mga asyenderong paring at ilang

mga guardia civil. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.105 32 Dagdag pa ni Ronquillo, na “ang tinutukoy ay ang Tulay ng Isabel II sa may Daang Liko,

Imus, ay ginawa ni uldóg Matias Carbonel de la Concepción (1806-1861). Siya ay naging

katiwala ng Asyenda ng Imus noong 1856 nang ang gobernador pulitiko-militar ng

lalawigan ng Cavite ay si Koronel Gabriel de Llamas at namamahala namang Gobernador-

Heneral ng Pilipinas ay si Manuel Crespo. Isang medalyang ginto ang iginawad kay uldóg

Matias na noo’y Gobernador Ramón Monteró ng Pilipinas.” Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang

Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang 1897, p.701

9

nagkagulo. Ito na ang hudyat ng walang tigil na putukan sa pagitan ng magkabilang

panig.

Tumagal nang halos maghapon ang labanang ito sa Imus. Pagkatapos ng

labanan at umalis na ang mga kalaban, at naiwan ang may dalawang karitong

bangkay. Nakakuha ang mga manghihimagsik ng 70 baril na Remington, at ang

sableng naiwan ni Heneral Aguirre. Ipinasiya ng Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo na

ilipat ang Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik sa bahay hacienda sa Imus. Naghirang din

sila ng mangagsisipamuno ng pagpapanibagong tatag ng Pamahalaang Magdalo, 33

at ang mga ito ay ang mga sumusunod:

Pangulo: G. Baldomero Aguinaldo

Secretario de Guera: G. Candido Triá Tirona

Secretario de Hacienda: G. Cayetano Topacio

Secretario de Fomento: G. Glicerio Topacio

Secretario de Agricultura: G. Felix Cuenco

Secretario de Justicia: G. Sixto Espinosa

Teniente General en Jefe Abanderado: G. Emilio Aguinaldo

Ang pamahalaang Magdalo ay inilipat sa Imus mula sa Cavite el Viejo, na

pinamalagian hanggang noong kalahatian ng Marso ng 1897 na kinuha naman sa

Imus ng mga Espanyol, at ikinapatay tuloy noon ni Tenyente Heneral G. Crispulo

Aguinaldo, kapatid ni Emilio Aguinaldo.34

Nagpasiyang lumusob sa Cavite ang bagong Gobernador Heneral na si

Camilo Garcia de Polavieja. Binuo ito ng 40,000 Infanteriang Espanyol na

kararating lamang buhat sa Espanya sa pangunguna ni Heneral Lachambre. Ang

planong paglusob ay itinakda sa ika-15 ng Pebrero 1897.

Nagpulong ang dalawang Sangguniang Bayan sa Cavite 35

ukol sa

pagtugon sa paglusob na isasagawa ng mga Espanyol. Layunin ng pulong ang

pagsasanib na dalawang Balangay, maghalal ng isang pamahalaan lamang, isang

33 Ayon pa kay Aguinaldo,

“Ang panibagong pamahalaan ay nagpasinaya agad sa pagkakatatag ng maestranza ó

gawaran ng sandata at iba pa, sa kapakanan ng himagsikan sa isang kamalig ng hacienda.

Pinatayuan ko ito ng mga aparatus ng ginagamit sa pagrerecarga ng mga kartuchos ng

baryo para sa sariling gamit at pagbubuo ng baril na nasisira sa pangangasiwa ni Coronel

Eduardo Legaspi alias Dodong. Dito rin ipinapagawa ang mga kanyong tubong bakal ng

mga kaldera, na nililikawan at binabalutan muna ng kawad bago lalapatan pa ng

magkabiyak na kahoy molave ó gijo, tuloy bubukluran ng sunud-sunod na plantsuelang

bakal. Ang mga kanyong tanso ay dito rin ginagawa at binubuo, pati ang mga kampana ng

simbahan na binabasag bago tutunawin at bago ihuhulog sa buuan para maging kanyon.

Ito’y sa pamamatnugot ni Heneral Ignacio Pawa, isang Tsino.” Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga

Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.132 34 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, (Yokohama: 1927),

p.27 35 Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo at Sangguniang Bayang Magdiwang

10

pamunuan at maghirang ng magsisipamahala. Ngunit walang napagtibay sa mga

layuning itinakda. Pinagpaliban nila ang pulong pangkalahatan. 36

Dahil sa malungkot na kaganapang ito, nakapagbitaw ng mabigat na salita

si Heneral Artemio Ricarte sa gitna ng gusot sa pagitan ng dalawang Sanggunian.

Aniya,

Ang dalawang Pamahalaang ito ng Panghihimagsik ay

lumakad nang buong kahusayan sa pamamatnubay ng isang

magiting na pag-ibig sa tinubuang-lupa, nang walang ibang

tunguhin kundi ang layang ikinalilikha ng Katipunan; kung kaya,

ang anumang nagiging kakulangan ng isa, ay napupunan ng isa, at

kahit saan dako magipit ang isa sa pakikilaban, ay patakbong

sinasaklolohan ng isa; ngunit napakapait alalahanin ang nangyari

nang dakong huli, samantalang napapalapit ang pagtatapos ng

taong 1896, ang dalawang Pamahalaang iyan ay walang abug-

abog na nagwalang-bahala kapwa sa mga pangangailangan at

kapahamakang inaabot ng isa, hanggang sila’y nagtatanimang

unti-unti, at lumala nang lumala hanggang sumapit ang sandaling

muntik nang ipagbaka ng mga magkababayan din. 37

Isinalaysay ni Heneral Ricarte, ang paghahandang isinagawa ng mga

manghihimagsik. Nagsisipaghanda, nagtayo ng mga tanggulang makakapal at

matataas, gumawa ng mga hukay at yungib ang mga naghihimagsik sa lahat ng

pook na inakalang daraanan ng mga kaaway. Aniya,

“Bahagya pa lamang sumisikat ang araw ng ika-16 ng

Pebrero, 1897, ay nagsimula na ang mga kakila-kilabot na

paputok ng mga kanyon at baril sa mga pangunahing tanggulan

nasa pagitan ng Las Piñas at Bakood at gayon din naman sa mga

nasa Silang at sa mga nasa pagitan nito ang Santa Rosa (Laguna

de Bay.) (Ang mga tanod ng himagsikang nasa mga tanggulan sa

Bacoor na pinamamahalaan ng mga Koronel Pio del Pilar,

Mariano Noriel, at Agapito Bonson, na sinamahan pa ng mga

kawal na sina San Gabriel at Montalan mula sa Noveleta at ng

mga kawal ng Imus sa piling ng Komandante Lucas Camerino at

saka ng pangkat ni G. Andres Bonifacio. “ 38

Mahalaga at makulay ang ginawang paglalarawan ni Ricarte sa kanyang

memoir. “Halos hindi maaninag noong Pebrero 16 ang tanawin na nilukuban ng

matinding panganganyon at pagpapaputok ng riple sa unang linya ng trintsera sa

pagitan ng Bacoor at Imus, ganoon din sa bayan ng Silang at Santa Rosa sa Laguna.

36 Ayon pa kay Aguinaldo,

“Gayunpaman, sa aking sariling palagay, ay tila mandin huli na sa panahon ang ganitong

pag-iisa ng dalawang pangkat ng mga manghihimagsik sa Kabite pagka’t tayo’y nagagapi

na ng mga kalaban, at sa katunayan ay nakuha na ang bayan ng Silang at Dasmariñas.”

Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.230 37 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, (Yokohama: 1927),

p. 18 38 Ibid., pp. 225-226

11

Ipinagtanggol ng mga naghihimagsik ang garison sa Bacoor sa ilalim ng pamumuno

nina Koronel na Pio del Pilar, Mariano Noriel at Agapito Bonson, na sinaklolohan

ng mga tropa sa Noveleta sa ilalim ng mga Kapitang sina Gabriel at Montalan,

kasama ng mga Tropa sa Imus sa pangunguna ni Mayor Lucas Camerino, at sina

Andres Bonifacio sa ilalim ni Brigadyér-Heneral Lucino. Sa maikling labanang

naganap sa gabi at araw, nanatili sa mga trintsera ang mga naghihimagsik hanggang

ika-26 ng Marso 1897 na lumikas din dahil sa pagkuha ng mga Espanyol sa Imus

noong Marso 25. Umatake ang mga ito mula sa bahay-ari-arian sa Salitran na nasa

pagitan ng Imus at Dasmariñas.” 39

Nagpapatunay lamang ito na ang Himagsikan ay hindi lamang

pagtatanggol na inilunsad ng iilang mga pinuno, kundi higit sa lahat, ang paglahok

ng nakararaming kababayan upang mapagwagian ang pakikipaglaban. Ang lahat

ng ambag ng bawat naninirahan sa bayan, maliit man o malaki, ay tunay na

makabuluhang ambag sa tagumpay ng Himagsikan. Tunay na masalimuot ang mga

panahong ito na halos hindi mo mapanghawakan ang magaganap o kahahantungan

nito sa kinabukasan.

Ayon pa kay Heneral Ricarte,

Sa buong maghapon ng ika-16 at 18 Pebrero (1897) ang

mga Espanyol ay lagi nang gumawa ng mga pagtatangka, sa

tulong din ng mga kanyon at pandigmaang-dagat, upang kanilang

masalakay at makuha ang bai-baitang na mga tanggulang

naghihimagsik; ngunit walang nangyari. Araw-gabing nanatili

ang ating mga kawal sa mga tanggulan hanggang ika-16 ng Marso

1897 na ikinapagkuha sa Imus noong ika-25 ng mga Kastilang

nagbuhat sa sunog na bahay-asyenda sa Salitran, na nasa pag-itan

ng Dasmariñas at Imus. 40

“Sa isa sa mga huling araw ng Marso, 1897, umalis ang mga Kastila sa Imus.

Dumaan ang mga ito sa mga lumang sakahan sa dakong timog ng kabayanan ng

Cavite el Viejo. Pumasok ang mga ito sa lupang sakop ng San Francisco de

Malabon hanggang makarating sa nayon ng Bakaw ng naturang bayan. Nakuha nila

ang Noveleta sa pag-urong sa labanan. Ang tanggulang ito, na di nakuha kailanman

ng mga Kastila, ay napilitang iwan ng mga tanod na pinangungunahan ni Heneral

San Miguel.” 41

Inatasan ni Heneral Aguinaldo 42

sina Heneral Baldomero Aguinaldo,

Heneral Pantaleón Garcia, at iba pang mga naghihimagsik gaya nina Koronel Jose

39 National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, (Manila: National

Historical Institute, 1992), pp. 32-33 40 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, p. 47 41 Ayon kay Aguinaldo,

“Kung kami man ay napaurong at nagtakbuhan sa labanang ito, ay parang nagtagumpay

din kami sa pangayayaring katakut-takot na dami ng bulagtang bangkay na naiwan nila sa

amin.” Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , p.246 42 May karamdaman si Aguinaldo na malaria na nagsimula pa sa labanan sa Bayang Luma.

Ayon kay Aguinaldo na ”Sadyang ipinag-adya ako ng Maykapal gayon din ang ating Inang

Bayan. Ang totoo, ako’y di halos makatakbo sa pag-urong na ito sapagka’t nanghihina na

12

Topacio, Koronel José Tagle, at iba pa na sila na ang bahalang magtanggol sa

kabayanan ng Imus.

Sa patuloy na pagsasalaysay ni Heneral Ricarte, winika niya na “nakuha

rin ng mga naghihimagsik ang mga kuwartel ng mga Guwardiya Sibil sa Noveleta,

San Francisco de Malabon, Quintana, Naik, Pulangi, Magallanes, Alfonso, Silang,

Paliparan,43

at Imus. Nagamit sa paghihimagsik ang mga naagaw na mga baril at

amunisyon, kabilang na ang mga kinukumpuni gaya ng mga lantaka na yari sa

tubong bakal na matibay na tinalian ng kawad ng telegrapo, at ang mga kanyong

inihagis sa pundisyon sa Imus sa pangunguna ng Kristiyanong Tsino na si (Heneral)

Jose Ignacio Paua. Siya ay taga-Maynila ngunit naninirahan sa San Francisco de

Malabon.” 44

Sa pagpapatuloy ng salaysay ni Heneral Ricarte, inusal niya na,

“Sa huling bahagi ng Marso, habang ang mga Espanyol ay

lumikas sa Imus at tumawid sa palayan sa timog ng Cavite Viejo,

tinahak nila ang San Francisco de Malabon at naabot ang

pinakamalayong lugar ng Bacao. Sa ika-4 ng hapon, nakasagupa

nila ang pangkat ni Bonifacio, at ng Magdiwang. Iginiit ng mga

naghihimagsik sa kahit anong paraan na itulak sa Imus ang mga

Espanyol ngunit sila ay nabigo. Nanatili ang mga Pwersang

Espanyol sa baryo nang gabing iyon.”45

Muli namang nabawi ng mga manghihimagsik ang bayan ng Imus noong

ika-28 ng Marso, taong 1898. Matatandaang inokupa ng mga manghihimagsik ang

Imus noong unang araw ng Setyembre, taong 1896. Naging himpilan naman ng

Kapulungan ng mga Naghihimagsik ang naturang bayan noong Hunyo, 1897.

Ayon sa pagtalakay ni Arsenio Manuel sa mga tala ni Tomás Tirona,

“hindi rin nakaligtas ang mga ministro ng Simbahan sa Himagsikan, partikular sa

lalawigan ng Cavite. Hindi maganda ang naging tadhana ng paring Recoleto na si

Padre José María Liarte, at iba pang mga residenteng Espanyol sa bayan ng Imus.

Tinadtad ang bahaging katawan ni Padre Liarte, at ang iba naman ay pinana at

pinagtataga hanggang sa kamatayan ng mga ito. Muling nabuhay sa alaala ng mga

naninirahan sa lugar ang mga kawalang-katarungan, paninirang-puri, at kalupitang

kanilang sinapit sa kamay ng mga mananakop, karaniwang tao man o relihiyoso.

Ang pagsiklab ng kanilang poot ay hindi humupa kahit pa sa pagtatapos ng

Himagsikan.” 46

ako, bakit ako’y inaapoy ng lagnat kaya nagpagapang-gapang lamang ako sa bambang

(kanal) ng patubig sa kabukiran at sa ibaba ng tulay ng kung tawagin ay ”Kay Julian.”

Patang-pata ako noon pagka’t nagkataon noon na ang dati kong karamdamang ”Malaria”

ay muli na namang sumumpong sa akin.” Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng

Himagsikan , p.247 43 Isang barangay ito sa bayan ng Damariñas. 44 National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, p. 11 45 Ibid., p. 42 46 Arsenio Manuel, Biography of Tomás Tirona, p.339

13

Malaki ang naging bahagi ng pamilya Topacio ng Imus, partikular sa

katauhan ng tatlong heneral ng naghimagsik na sina Heneral Licerio Topacio, 47

Cayetano Topacio, 48

at Felipe Topacio. Nahikayat nila ang kanilang mga kamag-

anak, partikular na si Heneral Licerio Topacio, 49

na maging bahagi ng pagtatanggol

sa lalawigan laban sa mga Espanyol.

Kabilang si Licerio Topacio sa matandang henerasyon na kabilang sa

Himagsikan at 57 taon gulang na siya noong 1896. Naging bahagi si Heneral

Topacio ng mahigit sa isang depensa ng Imus. Kabilang siya sa tinukoy ng Pangulo

ng Magdalo na si Baldomero Aguinaldo na dumalo sa Kumbensyon sa Tejeros

noong Marso 22, 1897.

Ayon naman sa pagtalakay ni Ordoñez, na “sa kabila ng kanyang

katandaan, nagsilbi at nakipaglaban siya sa buong panahon ng Himagsikan, mula sa

maagang tagumpay sa Cavite at mga kalapit na lalawigan hanggang sa pag-agaw ng

Cavite, at paglalakbay ng mga manghihimagsik sa Biak-na-Bato, ang pagpapatuloy

ng labanan sa pagitan ng mga Pilipino at Espanyol sa panahon ng labanan sa pagitan

ng pagpapatapon kina Aguinaldo sa Hongkong, ang pagtatag ng Republika ng

Malolos noong 1898, hanggang sa pagsimula ng Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano

noong 1899. Napabilang si Heneral Licerio Topacio sa hanay nina Heneral Tinio sa

rehiyong Ilokos nang mahuli si Emilio Aguinaldo sa Palanan noong 1901.” 50

Samantalang “si Cayetano Topacio, kilala sa tawag na Kapitan Kanoy, ang

Kalihim ng Pananalapi sa Sangguniang Magdalo. Tinukoy din siya bilang Jefe de

Governación de Departamento del Sur de Luzon na kaniyang hinawakan hanggang

sa pagtatapos ng Himagsikan. Kabilang din si Kapitan Kanoy sa ginanap na

Kumbensyon sa Tejeros noong 1897.” 51

Matatandaan na dito ginanap ang halalan

hinggil sa pagtatag ng bagong pamahalaang hahalili sa pamahalaan ng Katipunan na

tutugon sa mga bagong pangangailangan.

Ang tagumpay ng mga naghihimagsik sa bayan ng Imus ay nakatatak na sa

kasaysayan ng lalawigan ng Cavite. Ang sama-samang pagkilos, paglahok at

47 Ayon kay Elmer Ordoñez, sa kaniyang akdang, Capitang Seryo: The Story of General

Licerio Topacio, si “Itay Seryo ay ipinanganak sa bahay na bato noong Agosto 27, 1839,

nang mag-asawang Miguel Topacio at Martina Cuenca (Bacoor.) Napangasawa niya si

Teodora Viña na namatay naman bago ang Himagsikan. Nagkaroon sila ng sampung

anak: Candido Andres (na naging Koronel ng Himagsikan), Remigio (Koronel), Eugenio

(Opisyal ng Rebolusyonaryong Sandatahan), Juan, Eugenia, Aurelia, Constancia, Juliana at

Maria. Namatay siya noong Abril 19, 1925 sa edad na walumpu’t anim. 48 Ayon naman kina Saulo at De Ocampo, History of Cavite: the Mother Ground of

Philippine Revolution, Independence, Flag and NationalAnthem, isinilang si Cayetano

Topacio noong Agosto 9, 1850 ng mag-asawang Modesto Topacio at Ines Palma.

Ipinadala siya sa Maynila pagkatapos ng maagang pag-aaral. Nanirahan siya sa kanyang

pamilya sa Imus, at napangasawa si Petra Concepcion. Namatay siya noong Agosto 17,

1943 sa edad na siyamnapu’t tatlo. 49 Si Licerio Topacio ang pinuno ng pwersang Rebolusyonaryo noon. 50 Elmer A. Ordoñez, Capitang Seryo: The Story of General Licerio Topacio, (Paragraphics,

1998) 51 Saulo at De Ocampo, History of Cavite: the Mother Ground of Philippine Revolution,

Independence, Flag and National Anthem, (Cavite: Trece Martires, 1985)

14

pagdadamayan ng mga taga-Imus ang patuloy na gumagabay sa mga taga-Imus

upang ipagpatuloy ang magandang simulain ng kanilang mga mahuhusay na

pinagmulang-lahi.

D. Ang Pagtugon ng Bayan

Marami ang dumanas ng mga pagpapahirap kapag nahuli sila ng mga

kalaban, sa kabila ng kawalang kasulatang pagsusuri. Nagtiis ng hirap ang mga

lalaki at pati ang mga babaeng asawa, kapatid, o hipag man ng mga punong

nanghihimagsik na kanilang nahuli.

Inilarawan ni Ronquillo ang kinasapitan ng pagpapahirap sa mga Tagalog

sa kamay ng mga kaaway sa ganitong paraan;

Dahil nga rito’y siyang lalong ikinalubha ng Panghihimagsik.

Ang mga tahimik ay nangag pilitang maglagós sa parang at

walang ibang pangulong tika sa pakikiaway, kundi ang kamag-

anakan, na walang ibang sandata kundi ang garote at gulok, pang-

ibong baril at sibat na kawayan, buho o patalim; pelang (isang uri

ng gulok o itak), palakol at pana, na mahaharap sa daan-daang

kaaway na nagsisiusig at panay barilan. 52

Nang naganap na nga ang kaguluhan noong ika- 31 Agosto 1896, nang

maramdaman ng mga taumbayan ang mga unang pagkilos ng mga puno, naglabasan

sila at tangan nila ang matutulis na yaring balaraw. Ang iba naman ay mga gulok

na luma ang nasa kamay. Mayroong may bitbit na palakol, at mayroon pang

nakasuksok sa baywang na pait.

Sa panahong nagtagumpay sa pakikikamok ang mga naghihimagsik sa

Imus, masigla at walang takot na sigawan ng madla ang narinig sa kabayanan,

hanggang sa kasuluk-sulukang pook ng lalawigan.

Sang-ayon kay Heneral Artemio Ricarte, “wala pang isang linggo noon at

ang karamihan sa mga bayan, matapos pasukin ang mga bantay na sibil sa kani-

kanilang pook, ay nagsianib sa Sangguniang Bayang Magdiwang ang iba, at ang iba

nama’y sa Sangguniang Bayang Magdalo. Mula nga noon ay nahulog ang buong

lalawigan ng Kabite sa kapangyarihang naghihimagsik (maliban ang pangulong

bayan at ang San Roque, La Caridad at Carmona, saka ang himpilan ng mga kawal

na impanteryang pangdagat sa Binakayan na sakop ng Cavite el Viejo at ang

guardiya sibil sa pook ng Carmen (Puting Kahoy) na nasasakupan ng Silang.” 53

Naghanda ang mga naghihimagsik, Katipunero man o hindi, laban sa mga

Espanyol, na papasok sa Imus noong unang araw ng Setyembre, taong 1896.

Inilarawan naman ni Emilio Aguinaldo ang pakikisangkot ng mga Tagalog,

“Masayang-masaya kami dahil sa hatid pa kami ng banda ng

musika na lubos na nakabubuhay ng loob sa paglakad. Ang bawat

52

Carlos V. Ronquillo, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolución) nang

1897, p. 222 53

Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan ng mga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, p.14

15

lalaking madaanan at makatanaw sa kanila ay kusang loob at

agad-agad nangagsisisama sa tropa, pagkatapos makuha ang kani-

kanilang sibat at gulok, kaya’t nang dumating kami sa tulay

Balimbing, bago pumasok ng kabayanan ng Imus, ay namasdan

nito na ang kasama niyang kawal ay mahigit pa sa dalawang

libong katao.” 54

Ika- 2 ng Setyembre naman nang minadali ng mga taumbayan sa buong

magdamag ang pagtatayo ng mga trintsera. Isinagawa nila ito sa pamamagitan ng

mga hukay-hukay na nilagyan ng mga lusong at puno ng saging. Tulung-tulong at

matagumpay din nilang pinutol ang tulay at giniba ng arko. Dito nila inilagay ang

kanyon de montaña na tinatakpan ng mga dahon ng kahoy at paharap sa daang

panggagalingan ng mga kawal ng Espanya.

Muling nakihamok laban sa malaking pulutong ng kabalyeriyang sibil ang

bagong puwersang nakaharap doon. Umurong ang mga Espanyol dahil sa sigawan

ng makapal na dami ng tao na nag-ipon sa asyendang naagaw. Pagdating ng ilang

mga taga-Imus sa tagpuan, inanyayahan ang lahat ng naghihimagsik upang

magsikain. Ang lahat ng bahay ay naghanda na wala namang humihiling sa kanila.

Pinahalagahan ito at batay sa paglalarawan ni Aguinaldo:

Ang gayong kagandahang-loob ng mga taga-Imus, ay hindi

malimut-limutan ni Aguinaldo pagka’t iyan ay nagpapakilala ng

kanilang pag-ibig sa ating bayan sa pagkalulunggating lumaya.

Ang kagandahang loob nilang iyan ay kailangang maisulat ng

ganitong panitik sa kasaysayan ng ating paghihimagsik laban sa

España. 55

Ang pagsalubong at pagtugon ng taumbayan sa gitna ng

pakikipaghimagsik ay nagpakita ng kanilang pakikiisa na wakasan na ang

pananakop ng mga Espanyol. Malaking tagumpay ang nakamtan, at nahango ang

bayan ng Imus mula sa mga Espanyol dahil sa rin sa walang kapagurang pakikiisa

sa Himagsikan. Nararapat ding banggitin ang pagtulong ng mga maykaya sa bayan

ng Imus, lalo na sa mga ibinigay nitong mga abuloy na kinailangan sa

paghihimagsik.

Sa pagwawakas, tinangkang mailarawan ang kabuuang kalagayan ng bayan

sa panahon ng pakikihamok laban sa mga kaaway. Ipinagmamalaking sinabi ni

Aguinaldo ang tagpong ito sa kasaysayan;

Sa simula ng pagbabangon hanggang maitatag sa Imus ang

bagong pamahalaan, ang mabuting pagsusunuran at pag-iibigan

ng mga taong bayan at ng nanghihimagsik ang siyang naghari at

totoong kahanga-hanga. Dahil dito, walang mababalitaan man

lamang na nakawan o kaligaligan, ni nanggagahasa ó

nanghaharang na nangyayari mapa-araw at mapa-gabi. Ang

54

Emilio F. Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan , pp. 96-97 55 Ibid., pp. 100-101

16

lalong kalugud-lugod sabihin ay sa buong magdamag ay

nakapaglilibot, babae at lalaki nang buong katahimikan na walang

sinumang gagambala sa sinuman, at pawang kapatid ang batian at

tawagan. 56

Ang Himagsikan, kung gayon, ay lumikha ng matibay na ugnayan ng

taumbayan at mga naghihimagsik bunsod ng pagdadamayan at pagkakaisa.

Lumikha ng isang matatag na samahan at pagkakasundo na lalo pang pinatatag ng

pagpapahalaga at pagkilala sa kagalingan ng bawat isa. Nagluwal din ito ng isang

mapayapang at matiwasay na daloy ng pamumuhay. Nagturingan hindi lang

magkababayan, kundi higit sa lahat, bilang mga pagkakapatid na binigkis ng

adhikaing kamtin ang kapayapaan, kaluwalhatian at kalayaan.

PAGLALAGOM

Dumanas ng matinding pagsasamantala at pagpapahirap ang mga

naninirahan sa Imus sa huling bahagi ng dantaon 17, ang panahon nang ang

malaking bahagi ng bayan ay pinagharian ng mga Espanyol.

Naging mitsa ng paghihimagsik ang mga pagsasamantalang inihasik ng

mga asyendero sa mga umuupa, kabilang na ang mga dumanas ng pag-agaw ng

kanilang lupain. Umangat ang anyo ng pakikibaka, mula usapin ng lupa, at tumuloy

ito sa isang malawakang Himagsikan kung saan ang tagpuan ng labanan ay naganap

sa bayan ng Imus. Inilipat sa Imus ang tanggulan ng pamahalaang Magdalo.

Dumanas ng sanlaksang pagkasawi sa hanay ng mga nagtataguyod sa bayan

hanggang sa tuluyang mabawi ang Imus mula sa mga Espanyol.

Mahalaga ang ginampanan ng mga pamilyang Tirona, Tagle, Topacio at

iba pa, hindi lamang sa larangan ng pagtatanggol sa bayan sa panahon ng

Himagsikan. Ipinagpatuloy nila ang pagsisilbi sa bayan ng Imus mula sa panahong

ito hanggang sa panahon ng paglaya.

Hindi tumigil ang mga manghihimagsik na itaguyod ang kagalingang

pambayan sa panahong makamit na ang tagumpay mula sa pambubusabos ng mga

ordeng relihiyoso at opisyal na Espanyol. Umukit sa kasaysayan ng bayan ng Imus

ang walang katumbas na pag-aalay ng buhay ng mga taumbayan ng Imus, at sa mga

kanugnog nitong bayan, partikular na ang mga kabilang sa Bayang Sangguniang

Magdalo gaya ng Bacoor, Kawit at Dasmariñas. Tunay na inaalala ang kanilang

kabayanihan hanggang sa kasalukuyan at ipinagmamalaki bilang mga pangunahing

tauhang historikal ng bayan ng Imus.

KONGKLUSYON AT REKOMENDASYON

Ang mga pagsasamantalang inihasik ng mga asyendero sa mga umuupa,

kabilang na ang mga dumanas ng pag-agaw ng kanilang lupain, ang naging mitsa ng

paghihimagsik. Umangat ang anyo ng pakikibaka, mula usapin ng lupa, at tumuloy

ito sa isang malawakang Himagsikan kung saan ang tagpuan ng labanan ay naganap

56 Ibid, pp. 130-131

17

sa bayan ng Imus. Dumanas ng sanlaksang pagkasawi sa hanay ng mga

nagtataguyod sa bayan hanggang sa tuluyang mabawi ang Imus mula sa mga

Espanyol.

Nanguna sa paghihimagsik ang dalawang Sangguniang Bayan nabuo sa

lalawigan ng Cavite: ang Sangguniang Bayan Magdiwang at Sangguniang Bayan

Magdalo. Partikular naman sa bayan ng Imus, naging makasaysayan ang mga

tagumpay na tinamo at saksi sa mga ito ang mga kabilang sa Sangguniang Bayang

Magdalo. Di matatawaran, sa kabila ng ilang pagkukulang, ang ginampanang papel

ng mga pamilyang Tirona, Tagle, Topacio at iba pa sa larangan ng pagtatanggol sa

bayan ng Imus sa panahon ng Himagsikan. Ipinagpatuloy din nila ang pagsisilbi sa

bayan ng Imus mula sa panahong ito hanggang sa panahon ng paglaya.

Hindi tumigil ang mga manghihimagsik na itaguyod ang kagalingang

pambayan sa panahong makamit na ang tagumpay mula sa pambubusabos ng mga

ordeng relihiyoso at opisyal na Espanyol. Umukit sa kasaysayan ng bayan ng Imus

ang walang katumbas na pag-aalay ng buhay ng mga taumbayan ng Imus, at sa mga

kanugnog nitong bayan, partikular na ang mga kabilang sa Bayang Sangguniang

Magdalo gaya ng Bacoor, Kawit at Dasmariñas. Patuloy na inaalala ang kanilang

kabayanihan hanggang sa kasalukuyan at ipinagmamalaki bilang mga pangunahing

tauhang historikal ng bayan ng Imus.

Ang pagsalubong at pagtugon ng taumbayan sa gitna ng

pakikipaghimagsik ay nagpakita ng kanilang pakikiisa na wakasan na ang

pananakop ng mga Espanyol. Malaking tagumpay ang nakamtan, at nahango ang

bayan ng Imus mula sa mga Espanyol dahil sa rin sa walang kapagurang pakikiisa

sa Himagsikan. Nararapat ding banggitin ang pagtulong ng mga maykaya sa bayan

ng Imus, lalo na sa mga ibinigay nitong mga abuloy na kinailangan sa

paghihimagsik.

Ang Himagsikan ay lumikha ng matibay na ugnayan ng taumbayan at mga

naghihimagsik bunsod ng pagdadamayan at pagkakaisa. Bumuo ito ng isang

matatag na samahan at pagkakasundo na lalo pang pinatatag ng pagpapahalaga at

pagkilala sa kagalingan ng bawat isa. Nagluwal din ito ng isang mapayapang at

matiwasay na daloy ng pamumuhay. Nagturingan hindi lang magkababayan, kundi

higit sa lahat, bilang mga pagkakapatid na binigkis ng adhikaing kamtin ang

kapayapaan, kaluwalhatian at kalayaan. Ang ganitong mahabang kasaysayan ng

pagtatanggol, pagdadamayan at pagkakaisa ang kayamanang-bayan na patuloy na

gumagabay sa mga taga-Imus upang ipagpatuloy ang magandang simulain ng

kanilang mga mahuhusay na pinagmulang-lahi.

Ang pakikilahok ng mga taga-Imus sa paghihimagsik sa panahon ng

pagtatanggol laban sa pagpasok ng mga Espanyol sa bayan ay panahon kung saan

ipinakita nila ang tunay na pagdadamayan at pagbubuklod. Dahil sa tagumpay na

tinamo sa panahon ng Himagsikan, nabuo ang kamalayang panlipunang tungo sa

pagmamahal sa bayan ng mga taga-Imus. Hindi matatawaran ang naging

mahalagang bahagi ng taumbayan upang labanan ang paghahahari ng mga Espanyol.

18

Napanatili sa mga taga-Imus ang patuloy na pagpapahalaga sa kasaysayan

na kanilang bayan lalo na dahil sa gunita ng Himagsikan. Taal sa mga taga-Imus

ang pagmamahal at pagmamalaki sa mga pamana ng lumipas. Kahanga-hanga ang

kanilang patuloy na pagsubaybay sa mga tinatahak ng kanilang bayan sa

kasalukuyan, hindi lamang bilang mga tagamasid, kundi mga aktibong kalahok.

Ang pagsasagawa ng mas malaliman pang pananaliksik at pagsusuri ukol

sa naging kontribusyon ng bayan sa panahon ng Himagsikan ay nanatiling isang

hamon pa para sa mga mag-aaral at dalubhasa sa Kasaysayan. Mahalagang

mabanggit na ang karanasan ng bawat bayan ay hindi magkakatulad. Mahalagang

maipagpatuloy pa ang tradisyon at gawaing pananaliksik lalo na sa kasalukuyang

panahon upang patuloy na mabigyan ng sapat na pagkilala ang kasaysayan hindi

lamang ng mga pinunong naghimagsik, higit sa lahat, ang mahalagang ambag ng

bayan sa pagkamit ng kalayaan. Hindi dapat tumigil, bagkus ay mas kailangan pang

pag-ibayuhin ang adhikaing makapag-ambag ng makabuluhang pag-aaral na

pumapaksa sa mga kasaysayang pampook at gayundin ang pagkakaugnay nito sa

kabuuang kasaysayan ng bansa sa pangkalahatan.

BIBLIOGRAPIYA

Primaryang Batis

National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, Manila:

National Historical Institute, 1992

Aguinaldo, Emilio F., Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan, National Centennial Commision

at Cavite Historical Society: 1998

Alvarez, Santiago V., The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General,

(with the original Tagalog Text, Ang Katipunan at Paghihimagsik),

Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992

Canseco, Telesforo, Historia dela Insurreccion en Cavite (Kasaysayan ng

Paghihimagsik ng mga Pilipino sa Cavite 1897), Jose Rhommel B.

Hernandez, O. P., tagasalin, Quezon City: Philippine Dominican Center of

Institutional Studies, 1999)

Ricarte, Artemio, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino Laban sa Kastila, (Yokohama:

1997)

Ronquillo, Carlos V, Ilang Tala Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1897,

Isagani Medina, patnugot, Quezon City: University of the Philippines

Press, 1996

Kalaw, Teodoro M., Ang Himagsikang Pilipino, Manila: National Historical

Institute, 1989

19

Sekundaryang Batis

Abrera, Ma. Bernadette L., Ambrosio, Dante L., Bouquiren, Rowena R., Llanes,

Ferdinand C. at Veneracion, Jaime B., Kasaysayang Bayan: Sampung

Aralin sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipino, ADHIKA ng Pilipinas at National

Historical Institute, 2001

Cushner, Nicolas P., Landed Estates in the Colonial Philippines, Connecticut: Yale

University, Southeast Asian Studies, 1976

De Ocampo, Esteban, at Saulo, Alfredo, History of Cavite: The Mother Ground of

the Philippine Revolution, Independence, Flag, and National Anthem,

Cavite: Trece Martires, 1985

Llanes, Ferdinand C., Katipunan: Isang Pambansang Kilusan, Trinitas Publishing

Inc., 1994)

Medina, Isagani R., Cavite Before the Revolution 1571 – 1896. Lungsod Quezon:

CSSP Publications, 1994

National Historical Institute, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte, Manila:

National Historical Institute, 1992

Pahayagan, Dyornal, at Manuskrito

Manuel, Arsenio E., Biography of Tomas Tirona, The Diliman Review, Tomo XIV,

Bilang 4, pp. 287-380.

Ordoñez, Elmer A., Capitang Seryo: The Story of General Licerio Topacio,

Paragraphics: 1998

20

COOPERATION AMONG ASEAN AND OTHER MEMBER

STATES (CAMBODIA, LAOS, MYANMAR, AND VIETNAM)

UNDER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMMON

EFFECTIVE PREFERENTIAL TARIFF (CEPT) SCHEME

JHINO B. ILANO, M.A.

Introduction

The ASEAN was established in Bangkok, Thailand, with five member

countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand last August

8, 19671. ASEAN was created with the concept of regional economic integration in

mind. The concept of regional economic integration “is a type of economic

integration in which a set of nations within a certain region form preferential

arrangements, typically on international trade.2” From here we can see that to easily

understand the idea of economic integration we should look into the term

‘preferential’3, because in an economic integration the member states are given

“elevated social status recognition and/or additional or enhanced products and

services above and beyond standard firm value propositions and customer service

practices4.”

According to most literature regional integration can be classified into two

general categories: “1) modest regional integration and 2) deep regional

integration5.” Under the modest regional integration it wants to have an either

preferential trade arrangement (PTA) or free trade area (FTA)6. The ASEAN has

with it a Free Trade Agreement, where in an FTA the trade taxes specifically tariffs

of member states are should be lowered to zero.

1 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue

Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY

2003: p. 61. 2 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.“Regional Economic Integration for

Sustainable Development in Cambodia”. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration.

Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 2. 3 Ibid. 4 Lacey, Russell, Morgan, Robert, & Suh, Jaebeom. (February 2007). “Differential Effects of

Preferential Treatment Levels on Relational Outcomes”. Journal of Service Research. pp. 242-

243. 5 Melo, Jaime de & Arvind Panagariya (eds.) (1993), New Dimensions in Regional Integration.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Notes: Modest integration seeks only a preferential trade arrangement (PTA) or free trade area

(FTA). Under a PTA, lower tariffs are imposed on imports from member countries than on

imports from the rest of the world. 6 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.“Regional Economic Integration for

Sustainable Development in Cambodia”. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration.

Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 2.

21

The AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) was a reaction to the growing

emergence of regional grouping in North America and Europe in the late 1980’s7.

According to Kato, Sophal & Vou Piseth 1998 with the growth of these regional

grouping the ASEAN market feared that they might be left out and will not be

entertained by these grouping since they are not members of these Integration. This

fear of the ASEAN countries pushed for the creation of the intra-ASEAN trade.

However according again to Kato, Sophal & Vou Piseth this intra-ASEAN trade

was not that successful since it only involved only some of the ASEAN members.

The failure of the intra-ASEAN trade paved the way for the creation of the AFTA

(ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) in 1992 summit8. As stated by Tongzon and Khan

the 1992 AFTA became a turning point as it provided ASEAN with significant

policy changes among ASEAN countries9. The AFTA’s main objective was to

“increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base geared for the world

market10

.” With its objective one important step is the liberalization of trade in the

region which can be done through the elimination of intra-regional tariffs and non-

tariff barriers11

. As an effect of elimination of trade barrier among ASEAN member

states, ASEAN's manufacturing sector will be more efficient and competitive in the

global market and at the same time, consumers will demand more goods from these

efficient producers in ASEAN thus an expansion of the intra-ASEAN trade12

.

AFTA’s main mechanism for the elimination of trade barriers among

ASEAN member states is the CEPT (Common Effective Preferential Tariff) scheme.

Generally the CEPT scheme was created to reduce import tariffs to levels below 5

percent within 10 years, and to remove non-tariff barriers such as quotas and

licences among ASEAN member states13

. The CEPT was first implemented by the

ASEAN 6 countries (Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and

Thailand) in January 1, 1993. The CEPT according to the Philippine’s Tariff

Commission:

“Is a cooperative arrangement among ASEAN Member States that

will reduce intra-regional tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers

over a 10-year period commencing January 1, 1993. The goal of

the Scheme is to reduce tariffs on all manufactured goods to 0-5%

7 Ibid. p. 3. 8 Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for

Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic

Bulletin, 2005: pp. 267. 9 Ibid. p. 267. 10 Republic of the Philippines Tariff Commission. THE ASEAN COMMON EFFECTIVE

PREFERENTIAL TARIFF SCHEME FOR THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA.

http://www.tariffcommission.gov.ph/afta-cept.html. Accessed on March 1 2009. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.“Regional Economic Integration for

Sustainable Development in Cambodia”. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration.

Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 3.

22

by the year 2003. This will benefit Philippine exporters to

ASEAN. The lower CEPT rates make the country’s products

cheaper in these markets, thus stimulating greater demand. The

increase in exports to ASEAN would depend on the price

elasticity of demand14

.”

In this definition of the CEPT we can see that it is a tool that will enable all

member states to benefit from it. In this statement also we can see that it is

something that will be asked from all member states which in turn will provide

benefits for the member states. Another definition of the CEPT is that it “seeks to

reduce tariff on all commodities traded within the member countries from 5 to 0%

ad valorem15

and eliminate trade restriction16

” among member states. Under the

CEPT we can see the rules on fair competition and identification of some measures

“to enhance and develop economic cooperation like harmonization of standards,

macroeconomic consultations and improved reciprocal recognition of product

testing and certification, coordination of foreign investment policies, joint

investment promotion strategies and cooperation in transport system.”17

The

CEPT’s role in ASEAN and importance is that it will remove quantitative

restrictions on products that are under the CEPT concessions and to eliminate other

non-tariff barriers18

so as to facilitate freer and more open trade among the ASEAN

member states.

CMLV19

Countries Accession to ASEAN

The CMLV countries, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam joined

ASEAN on April 30, 1999, July 24, 1997 (for Laos & Myanmar) and July 28, 1995

respectively. But prior to the Accession of the CMLV (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos,

and Vietnam) countries into ASEAN and embracing the AFTA with the CEPT

scheme, their revenues are greatly generated by international trade taxes specifically

tariff on imports20

. As most literature would say Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and

Vietnam are ASEAN countries whose government revenues heavily relies on import

taxes. Cambodian government’s total revenue is made up of 58.1% trade taxes

14 Republic of the Philippines Tariff Commission. THE ASEAN COMMON EFFECTIVE

PREFERENTIAL TARIFF SCHEME FOR THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA.

http://www.tariffcommission.gov.ph/afta-cept.html. Accessed on March 1 2009. 15 Ad Valorem means the fixed percentage of the value of the traded commodity. 16

Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for

Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic

Bulletin, 2005: pp. 267. 17 Ibid. p. 267. 18

Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for

Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic

Bulletin, 2005: pp. 267. 19 The CMLV countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam) is also known as the South

East Asian Transitional Economies (SEATEs) 20

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET

NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD

Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. p. 1.

23

which is the highest among other ASEAN members (Lao-Araya FEBRUARY 2003).

And the other new ASEAN members Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam has 32.1% of

their total revenue comes from trade tax21

.

Given the table and the previous statement we can infer that these CMLV

countries are utilizing tariff barriers to prevent the inflow of imported goods that

can hamper and cause problems to their domestic industry22

. Kanokpan also said

that these CMLV countries from this graph can tell us how dependent these

countries are to trade tax as a source of their revenue. The next part now is given

their membership in ASEAN how will the CMLV countries be able to adhere to the

CEPT scheme of the ASEAN if their major source of revenue is in jeopardy. As

Tongzon and Khan would put it “there is a real concern that, as they reduce their

tariffs in accordance with the AFTA guidelines, they will suffer significant revenue

losses with adverse economic and social implications.23

”

These CMLV countries must adhere to the CEPT scheme and at the same

time provide alternative sources of revenue for the government. As can be seen

from this table:

21 Ibid. p. 1. 22 Ibid. p. 3. 23 Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for

Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 266.

24

TABLE 524

Revenue Impact Assessment for CMLV

CMLV CEPT

Schedule

Custom’s

Revenue from

ASEAN

(US$ million)

Custom’s

Revenue from

non-ASEAN

(US$ million)

Total Revenue

(US$ million)

Cambodia 2002 123 122 427

2010 106 340 729

Laos 2002 43 14 233

2008 7 48 303

Myanmar 1999 72 115 18,371

2008 139 430 30,622

Vietnam 2001 376 1,867 5,582

2006 344 5,369 10,352

Note: Estimations based on regression analysis (price and income effects).

We can say that the CMLV countries must adhere to the CEPT scheme of

ASEAN given the long term benefits it can provide to the member states. For

example in Cambodia their custom’s revenue from ASEAN states would decrease

by $17 million however their custom’s revenue from non-ASEAN states would

increase by $218 million. Here we can see the importance of the CEPT because of

the revenues it can generate in the long run for the member states. However the

revenues of these countries upon membership in ASEAN diminished due to the

provision of the CEPT that tariff in intra-ASEAN trade should be reduced.

The membership of the CMLV countries to ASEAN and AFTA found it

inevitable to adopt the policies of the AFTA specifically the CEPT scheme. As a

result of this the governments of the CMLV countries suffered losses in their

revenues. The revenue losses of the CMLV countries manifests in this table where

in the tariff rates of these countries greatly decreased after their participation in

AFTA.

24 Ibid. p. 274

25

This table manifests the diminishing of tariff among CMLV countries, in

Cambodia we can see that from a tariff of 58% in 1997 it was reduced to 38% in

2000, which is a 20% reduction in just three years. This reduction would be an

indicator of the revenue losses of the CMLV countries. Another indicator of

revenue loss for the CMLV countries can be seen from their falling ratio of total

revenue to GDP25

.

The CMLV countries membership in ASEAN pushed their

governments to adopt policies that will compensate for their revenue losses due to

the CEPT scheme of AFTA, which according to most literature would provide them

with long term revenue benefits. The CMLV countries adopted policies to address

revenue losses but this paper will look at the mutual adjustments done by these

countries in order to adhere to the CEPT scheme and at the same time compensate

for the revenue losses.

CMLV countries Mutual Adjustment Policies

The phenomenon of the CMLV countries adopting policies to adhere to the

CEPT scheme of AFTA can be better understood with Helen Milner and Robert

Keohane’s international cooperation. International Cooperation according to Robert

Keohane is when “States adjust their behavior to the actual and anticipated

preference of others through a policy of coordination.26

” this means that for states to

cooperate they adjust their behavior to be in accordance or not in conflict the other

states. In relation to the issue we can see that the CMLV countries are adjusting

their behavior and policies so as to adhere to ASEAN and the AFTA. Another

important aspect in the definition of international cooperation is the idea of benefits

25 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET

NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. p. 4.

26 Keohane, R. “The Demand for International Regimes.” 1982. p.467.

26

and losses that states get from cooperation. The gains and or losses here do not need

to be necessarily the same for all actors, but as Milner said they should be mutual.

From the idea of losses in the case of the CMLV countries we can look at how these

countries mutually adjust their policies so as to adhere to AFTA’s main provision,

the CEPT. In this regard also we can look at the revenue gains that the CMLV

countries would gain upon cooperation in the ASEAN and because of these the

SEATEs mutually restructure their policies to compensate for their short run losses

with the CEPT. For Keohane 1982 cooperation takes places only in situations where

actors perceive that their policies are actually or potentially in conflict, not where

there is harmony. Without the specter of conflict, there is no need to cooperate27

.

With the notion of Keohane 1982 that cooperation takes place when the

interests/policies don’t coincide with the policies of different states and regimes, in

the case of the CMLV countries, their interests are in conflict with the policy of the

regime, ASEAN thus the need for the SEATEs to mutually adjust their policies. The

definition of cooperation for Keohane 1982 has distinct characteristics. One of this

characteristic is that “each actor helps the other to realize their goals by adjusting its

policies28

” these means that they mutually adjust policies in order for them to attain

their goals. They mutually adjust their policies because the gain from cooperation is

also mutual. Milner heavily emphasizes the idea of mutual adjustment of states to

facilitate cooperation. In relation to the CMLV countries they mutually restructure

and adjust their policies to cooperate in ASEAN and AFTA.

With regard to the policy adjustment that the CMLV countries I saw four

policies some of which are already implemented by the CMLV countries, coming

from different sources that can fit the current situation of the CMLV countries or the

SEATEs. The SEATEs in choosing among the policy alternatives the CMLV

countries must take into account the different demands of the domestic economy

and weigh the outcome of each of the policy choice29

.

In relation to the CMLV countries we can see that they mutually adjust

their policies to address the problem on revenue losses such examples of their

mutual adjustment of policies can be seen in their tax reform programs. They had to

adopt the VAT (Value-Added Tax) as an alternative source of revenue. 30

From the table we can see that two of the CMLV countries adopted the

VAT to compensate for their revenue losses. The Value-Added Tax is usually

adopted to compensate for the revenue that is often lost when a country reduces or

27 Ibid. p.467. 28 Ibid. p.468. 29 Milner, Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations, p. 8. 30

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with

Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN,

FEBRUARY 2003: p. 61.

27

eliminates import duties. The imposition of VAT will be primarily on a broad-based

domestic consumption but effectively leaves a zero tax rate on exports31

. The

importation of VAT in Cambodia and Vietnam has been very successful as a matter

of fact:

“From 1996 to 1998 the government of Vietnam

collected an amount of revenue through turnover tax equivalent to

11.1 to 11.8% of its GDP. Since VAT replaced turnover tax in

1999 the government has collected through VAT revenue

amounting to more than 17% of its GDP from 1999 to 2001 (IMF

Country Report No. 02/5). In Cambodia, the sales tax-to-GDP

ratio prior to the VAT introduction in 1999 was only 0.7 and 0.9%

in 1997 and 1998. Since 1999, the ratio increased to 2.7-3.2%

from 1999 to 200132

”

This policy adjustment is advantageous because as stated by Lao-Araya

2003, VAT “discourages tax evasion because taxpayers themselves wish to pay and

obtain receipts for VAT paid on inputs purchased in order to be able to claim credit

against the VAT they themselves will be required to pay at the point of selling their

end product or service.33

” this means that there will be less likelihood of people

avoiding to pay their taxes since it is directly imposed upon purchase. On the other

hand the adoption of this policy would have repercussion on the lower class in

society because it will give them more expenses and can be a consideration for them

not to spend.

Another example of the mutual adjustment in policies of the CMLV

countries can be seen in the alternative to “temporarily impose surcharges on

luxuries and non-essentials in order to safeguard tariff revenue loss.34

” The benefit

from this policy is that given that “most luxury products are not locally produced in

the new ASEAN member countries” it will be beneficial for the CMLV countries to

impose additional charges or tax on these luxury goods. The down side however

this policy is only temporary, as stated by Lao-Araya 2002 “This temporary revenue

measure can compensate the tariff revenue loss without damaging local industries

during the transitional period of greater liberalization.35

”

The third manifestation of this mutuality is the police for the CMLV

countries to refine and simplify their tax structure. According to Lao-Araya 2003,

“The governments of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam should simplify their

tax structures and make them more transparent in order to improve the efficiency of

tax administration and to make it easier for taxpayers to pay taxes.36

” if the CMLV

31 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET

NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?" ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. p. 20.

32 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 68.

33 Ibid. p.68. 34 Ibid. p.68. 35 Ibid. p.68. 36 Ibid. p.68.

28

countries will adopt this policy then there will be efficiency in tax collection and as

a result more revenues for their government, as stated by Lao-Araya 2003. It was

also stated by Lao-Araya that the governments of the CMLV countries collected

low levels of revenue as a percentage to GDP prior to their ASEAN accessions

which would mean that there is a need to improve their tax collection in order to

compensate for revenue losses with the CEPT.

Another mutual adjustment by the CMLV countries is that they can

“strategically allocate goods among the four CEPT scheme lists so as to minimize

the tariffs that will be imposed on the goods that promote the production of goods

that they most wish to export while simultaneously maximizing the amount of

revenue that they are able to garner from imports.37

” this simply means that they can

postpone the tariff reduction on certain goods for them not to be burden heavily by

the sudden reduction on their revenues. This policy recommendation can be

followed by the CMLV countries to postpone the tariff reduction in certain goods

which can lessen the impact of revenue losses but also this will also prolong the

reaping of the CMLV countries of their benefits in complying with the CEPT

scheme of AFTA.

The CMLV countries may opt to adopt these policy alternatives to

compensate for their revenue losses but they also have the freedom not to adopt

these policies and create their own ways to compensate for the revenue losses

brought about by the tariff reduction. The CMLV countries can create their own

policy based on their domestic activity to compensate for their losses.

It is also important here to look at the fact that states adjust their policies so

as to be able to enter regimes. With regard to the CMLV countries they had to

mutually adjust their policies for example their tax policies, since the benefit is also

mutual, for them to adhere with the provisions of AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade

Agreement). However it is also interesting to look at the other side of this argument

where in the regime would adjust its policies for states to be a part of this regime.

One example of this adjustment by ASEAN so as not to burden the CMLV

countries with the CEPT scheme was to provide a longer period of implementation

or adoption of the CEPT scheme. “Vietnam will reduce tariffs on all manufactured

goods to 0-5% by 2006, Laos and Myanmar by 2008 and Cambodia by 201038

.”

37 Ibid. p.69. 38Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with

Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 61.

Notes: – IL means Inclusion List. Products in this list are subject to tariff rate reduction of 0-

5% in ten years. – TEL means Temporary Exclusion List. Products in the TEL will be phased into the

IL during the first five years in five equal annual instalments. – SL means Sensitive List. This contains unprocessed agricultural products that will

be phased in for tariff reduction in ten years. – NT means Normal Track. Products classified under NT are subject to tariff rate

reduction of 0-5% in ten years.

29

From this table we can see the different schedule for the tariff reduction

under the CEPT agreement is different for the ASEAN-6 (Singapore, Philippines,

Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, and Indonesia) and the CMLV countries. The table also

shows the longevity of time given to the CMLV countries so as to give them more

time in adopting the CEPT. Another proof that regimes can adjust for states to enter

these regimes can be seen in the ASEAN non exclusion despite the some long-

standing member countries that has not fully complied with requirements of the

CEPT scheme in spite of written deadlines39

. As such it disproves the argument that

states adjust their policies so as to be able to enter regimes, because as can be seen

from this, regime can also adjust their policies for states to enter regimes.

The facts presented above would show the mutual adjustment alternatives

that the CMLV countries can adopt for them to compensate for their revenue losses

and at the same time comply with the CEPT scheme in AFTA. The presented data

are also the answers the questions of what policy can use by the CMLV countries to

compensate for their revenue losses.

This issue of the CMLV countries or the SEATEs would exemplify a state

that upon entering regimes doesn’t only take into consideration individual interests

but also national interests as well.

Conclusion

The introduction of ASEAN was essentially to initiate development and

facilitate more income for the member states, but just like any organization the idea

of gains and losses cannot be removed. The ASEAN created the AFTA to liberalize

trade among ASEAN member states and under the AFTA its main liberalizing

mechanism is the CEPT scheme where in it was created to reduce import tariffs to

levels below 5 percent within 10 years, and to remove non-tariff barriers such as

– FT means Fast Track. Products classified under FT are subject to tariff rate

reduction of 0-5% in five to eight years. Source: www.moc.go.th/thai/dbe/ecoco/rt/asean/afta.htm. 39 Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with

Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN, FEBRUARY 2003: p. 62.

30

quotas and licences among ASEAN member states40

. This was initially for ASEAN

member states to benefit from the tariff free exchange of goods among ASEAN

member states however the CMLV countries or the SEATEs saw that the CEPT

doesn’t go hand in hand with their national interest. The CEPT’s aim of tariff

removal on trade goods would be problematic for the CMLV countries since tariff

taxes makes up a big chunk of their government revenue. This now challenges the

SEATEs to adjust their policies to be aligned with the policies of ASEAN and

AFTA.

The policies that can be beneficial and can be mutually adopted by the

SEATEs are the following: adoption of the VAT (Value-Added Tax) where in the

governments of the SEATEs can directly tax the consumers. This can increase their

government revenues while at the same time make the tax evaders pay taxes. But

this can also be a problem on the low class in society because this will be a new

burden to them. Second policy they can impose temporary surcharges luxury and

non-essential goods as an alternative source of revenue. The third policy that they

can mutually adopt is to simplify or refine their tax structure. In this way they can

facilitate easier tax collection which can lead to increase in revenues. The last

mutual adjustment is they can postpone goods to be included in the CEPT scheme.

Through all of this policies the impacts in government revenue losses of the CMLV

countries can cushioned and thus CMLV countries can engage themselves in

participating in ASEAN and AFTA, with the CEPT scheme.

References: ASEAN. PROTOCOL TO PROVIDE SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. Singapore: Secretary-

General ASEAN , 2000.

ASEAN, Secretary-General of. PROTOCOL REGARDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF

THE CEPT SCHEME TEMPORARY EXCLUSION LIST. Singapore: ASEAN, 2000.

Cambodia, Economic Institute of. Cambodia’s Trade in ASEAN: To What Extent Do Exports

Benefit from Preferential Schemes? Economic report, Royal Government of Cambodia,

April-June, 2006.

CAMBODIA, ECONOMIC INSTITUTE of. ECONOMIC WATCH. Economic report, Royal

Government of Cambodia, 2006.

Chan Sophal, Toshiyasu Kato & Long Vou Piseth. "Cambodia: Challenges and Options of

Regional Economic Integration." Cambodia Development Resource Institute. Phnom

Penh, 1998. pp. i - 89.

Chulalongkorn University. "Revisiting Southeast Asian Regionalism." FOCUS ON THE

GLOBAL SOUTH. Bangkok: Cor-Asia, Inc., December __, 2006.

Denoon, David B. H., and Evelyn Colbert. "Challenges for the Association of Southeast

Asian Nations (ASEAN)." Pacific Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4, 1998-1999: pp. 505-523.

40 Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal & Long Vou Piseth.“Regional Economic Integration for

Sustainable Development in Cambodia”. Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Integration. Cambodia Development Resource Institute. September 1998: p. 3.

31

Hapsari, Indira M., and Carlos Mangunsong. "Determinants of AFTA Members’ Trade Flows

and Potential for Trade Diversion." Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on

Trade working papers. Bogor: Department of Economics Centre for Strategic and

International Studies (CSIS) University of Indonesia, November 2008. pp. 1-28.

ISERS. AFTA in the changing international economy. Singapore: ASEAN Economics

Research Unit, 1996.

Keohane, R. “The Demand for International Regimes”. 1982.

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "HOW CAN CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, AND VIET

NAM COPE WITH REVENUE LOST DUE TO AFTA TARIFF REDUCTIONS?"

ERD Working Paper No. 29. Manila: Asian Development Bank, November 2002. pp.1-

23.

Lao-Araya, Kanokpan. "How Can Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Cope with

Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?" ASIA-PACIFIC TAX BULLETIN,

FEBRUARY 2003: pp.58-73.

Milner, H. “International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strength and

Weaknesses”.1992.

Ni, Houming. "Economic Effects of Singapore’s Bilateral Free Trade Agreement with Japan

on Other ASEAN Economies: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach." THE 5th

IRSA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. Bandung: National University of Singapore,

2003. pp. 1-30.

Oktaviani, Rina, and Eka Puspitawati Haryadi. "Impacts of ASEAN Agricultural Trade

Liberalization on ASEAN-6 Economies and Income Distribution." Asia-Pacific

Research and Training Network on Trade working papers. Bogor: Department of

Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Bogor University, January 2008.

pp. 1-34.

"Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development in Cambodia." Cambodia

Development Resource Institute. Phnom Penh: CAMBODIA DEVELOPMENT

RESOURCE INSTITUTE, September 1998. pp. 1-50.

Sahara, Dedi Budiman Hakim, and Amzul Rifin. "The Impact of Trade Facilitation on

ASEAN Intra-Regional Trade." UNDP/ESCAP ARTNeT Trade Facilitation Research

Team Meeting. Bangkok: Faculty of Economics and Management Bogor Agricultural

University , 15 March 2006.

Tambuhan, Tulus. THE LIKELY IMPACT OF THE ASEAN PLUS CHINA IN THE INTRA-

ASEAN TRADE. Paper, Beijing: University of Trisakti, 2006.

Tongzon, Jose L., and Habibullah Khan. "The Challenge for Economic Integration for

Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia Coping with Revenue Losses." ASEAN

Economic Bulletin, 2005: pp. 266-283.

Unit, East Asia Analytical. ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA. Australia: Australian Government

Publishing Service, 1994.

32

FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYSICIANS IN PRESCRIBING

PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

ERNESTO D. DIMACULANGAN, Ph.D.

Abstract

The study examined the different factors that influence physicians in

prescribing pharmaceutical products. The respondents consisted of 255

doctors from the cities of Las Pinas, Paranaque and Muntinlupa.

The study found that marketing mix and social awareness were the

primary factors that influenced physician in prescribing pharmaceutical

products. For the marketing mix factor, availability of the product at the

drugstore, product efficacy, product quality, cost to patients and

promotional values have high influence among the physician-respondents

in prescribing pharmaceutical products. For the social awareness factor,

assistance to medical community, community/government service and

social responsibility have high influence among the physician-respondents

in prescribing pharmaceutical products.

INTRODUCTION

The health status of the Philippine population is still exemplifying the

scenario of a severely underdeveloped country. The poor health of the people can

easily be related to the country's poverty. But poverty itself is a mere symptom of

the disease that is rooted in the economic problems of the country; rising

unemployment which has reached to 2.9 million unemployed as of January 2011,

foreign economic and political domination, and the financial crisis that presently

besets the government Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics 2011) The

crisis that is currently sweeping through Asia is illustrating once more that the

economic policies of deregulation, liberalization and privatization are bringing more

death and disease.

The health problems of the country have remained essentially the same

over the past decade. The comparison between the leading causes of death in 1997

and 2006 shows that some of the names have changed and some diseases have

disappeared from the top 10, but the most important killer diseases are essentially

the same. (Phil Health Statistics 2006) Table 1 shows the top ten leading causes of

mortality in 1997 and in 2006. Topping the list in 1997 was diseases of the heart

and diseases of the vascular system. By 2006, the diseases of the heart and the

diseases of the vascular system were still the number 1 and 2 causes of death in the

Philippines. This can be attributed to the sedentary lifestyle as well as improper

food intake, lacks of exercise and lack of funds to buy maintenance drug.

Communicable diseases, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis are the plagues of

poverty.

33

Table 1 Top Ten Leading Causes of Mortality – Phil. Health Statistics 2006)

1997 2006

1. Diseases of the Heart 1. Diseases of the Heart

2. Diseases of the Vascular System 2. Diseases of the Vascular System

3. Pneumonia 3. Cancer

4. Accidents 4. Accidents

5. Malignant Neoplasm 5. Pneumonia

6. Tuberculosis, all forms 6. Tuberculosis, all forms

7. Chronic Obstructive Pulmo. Dis. 7. Abnormal Clinical findings

8. Diarrheal diseases 8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmo. Dis.

9. Diabetes Mellitus 9. Diabetes

10. Nephritis and Nephrosis 10. Perinatal Conditions

Table 2 shows the top ten (10) leading causes of morbidity in 2006. Acute

lower respiratory diseases top the morbidity list in 2006. This can be easily related

to the poor environmental sanitation and pollution. Diarrhea ranks second and can

be attributed to poor water system and improper food handling. Bronchitis ranks

third which is also a respiratory infection and communicable disease. All these

communicable diseases have one thing in common: their upsurge or re-emergence is

an indicator of worsening social and economic conditions of the majority of the

people.

Table 2 Top Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity (Philippine Health Statistics – 2006)

005-2006 1. Acute lower respiratory tract infection and

pneumonia

2. Diarrhea

3. Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis

4. Hypertension

5. Influenza

6. TB, respiratory

7. Diseases of the heart

8. Acute febrile illness

9. Malaria

10. Dengue Fever

The fact that these communicable diseases are thriving indicates that too

many people have no access to adequate sanitary services that their resistance is

insufficient to withstand even the most common diseases, and that treatment is out

of their reach.

The prescription process starts with the patient who feels that there are

some abnormalities in her body and feel some discomfort such as fever, headache,

body malaise, sore throat, gastric or muscle pains. These abnormalities are some of

the signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease. If the patient is moneyed,

he/she will go to his/her private doctor, a specialist and seek treatment. On the

other hand, other patients with no funds to pay for doctor’s professional fee will

seek help from the government health physician. The medical doctor examines the

patient and makes some diagnosis and recommendation. At this point, a

34

prescription is written by the doctor who will inform the patient on his/her findings,

the drug he/she prescribes and for what type of disease or infection. The doctor

instructs the patient on the correct dosage of the drug, the number of days that the

medicine is to be taken and an instruction for the patient to come back after three

days. The prescription will now be brought to the drugstore for filling and the last

part of the process will be the patient’s compliance to take the prescribed

medication.

Based on the prescription process, there are different factors that will

influence the doctor to prescribe a pharmaceutical product. The physician choice

of a brand or a product will depend on so many factors. But what really influence

the doctors to prescribe the product? Is it the brand name, the image of the

company, the product quality, the product efficacy, the promotional value, the cost

of the product or its availability in the drugstore?

Another point to consider is what makes physicians prescribe medicines in

either branded or generic forms of a particular drug company, local or

multinational? Why do pharmacists, pharmacy aides, and salesclerks in drugstores

recommend or endorse pharmaceutical products of one company over those of other

brands with the same generic names of other drug companies? Is it because of a

cheaper pricing scheme, established rapport, or due to the mix of promotion

activities constantly bombarding the subconscious mind? According to Lao (1999),

in today’s highly volatile environment, it is not enough that those in marketing or in

business are able to satisfy customers with their products’ unique features or

better pricing schemes, or competitive placement or distribution strategies compared

to other products in the marketplace. More importantly, there is need to deliver

other services to delight them even after the sale is consummated. In this case,

delighting customers is an important part of any business concern. It is not enough

that marketing people excel in the marketing mix components of their program for

their competitors are also doing the same. Delighting customers may be in the form

of entertainment, fellowships, and other non-business or socially-oriented activities.

Personalized delightful endeavors through gifts, cards, telegrams, etc., during

birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, and special occasions of the year, are very much

a part of the marketing strategy.

The most important development within the national scene which has

direct bearing on the Pharmaceutical Industry was the formulation of the Philippine

National Drug Policy (PNDP), on April, 1987 and the signing into law of the

Generic Drugs Act of 1988 now known as Republic Act 6675 by the former

President, Corazon C. Aquino. The goal of the Philippine National Drug Policy

(PNDP) is to make essential drugs available, accessible, and affordable to the

people, a goal duly supported by the leaders in the drug industry and very much

welcomed by health professionals and the general public. The PNDP is therefore

anchored on four pillars which are as follows: 1) quality assurance, 2) rational

drug use, 3) self-reliance and 4) tailored procurement. These four pillars are

interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Therefore, for optimum results, all four

pillars must be pursued simultaneously. To achieve the goal of the policy, the

PNDP Program was put in place with the objective of providing essential drugs to

35

the people. There were five strategies which have been identified and utilized,

namely:

a. Provide essential drugs to the people.

b. Ensure quality of drugs.

c. Promote rational use of drugs.

d. Promote self-reliance in the local manufacture of strategic

essential drugs.

e. Assure tailored procurement and cost-effective supply

management.

The full implementation of the Generic Act of 1988 was covered by

Administrative Orders only on 1) generic labeling, 2) generic advertising; 3) generic

prescribing; and 4) generic dispensing for single active ingredient products and

subsequently also for multiple active ingredient products. This law as pointed out

by DOH improved equity or access to essential drugs, by simple expedient or

requiring use of generic names and giving the patient or buyer informed choice and

their option to buy cheaper alternatives.

In May 1, 2008, in an effort to reduce the cost of medicine the President of

the Philippines signed into law the “Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality

Medicine Act” otherwise known as Cheaper Medicine Law which would reduce the

prices of the drugs in the country and assurance of quality medicines. Among the

provisions of this Act are to provide a parallel importation where any company can

import the same drug if it be found that another country is selling them cheaper,

limit the patent protection of the multinational companies which will allow local

companies to produce generic products of the expensive competing drug. The law

also provides for a price monitoring and control mechanism to assure the

government on the compliance.

As Lao (1999), mentioned in his book, pharmaceutical marketing in the

Philippine setting has never been formally documented and taught in colleges,

universities and other institutions. There are more than 600 pharmaceutical

companies operating in the Philippines. Planners and marketers need to know more

about their target customer. They should be well informed on the behavior of the

physicians relative to their promotional strategies and tactics. It is a waste of time

and money on the part of the pharmaceutical company to undertake a certain

program thinking that the program will be effective, but only to find out that the

program is not suited for the doctor. Also, the researcher feels that this study is very

much important simply because he would like to dig deeper on the influencing

factors that makes a physician prescribe a particular product. It is imperative upon

the marketer of pharmaceutical products to determine the promotions program.

36

Background Information

The Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry contributed a share of 6.3% to the

total Gross National Product (GNP) in 2002 or a total sales volume of P69.6 billion.

This represents an increase of 8% over last year’s performance. The

pharmaceutical market is divided into fifteen (15) major therapeutic segments and

one hundred fifty-five (155) sub-segments (IMS-PPI-4th

Qtr 2002).

The single digit growth performance of the market can be attributed to

rising cost of medicines which shrunk the entire pharmaceutical market. Average

price increase is growing at 5% annually while unit growth was at a dismal 1% and

new products growth was 2%. The total pharmaceutical market can be divided into

the following categories: The drugstore market, the hospital market and other

accounts such as Industrials and Dispensing MD market.

In 2002, the Drugstore Market accounted for P56.7 billion or 81.5% share

to the total pharmaceutical business. It grew by 8% over 2001 sales volume of

P52.6 billion. Hospital market ranks second with P7.3 billion or 10.9% share of the

market. However, the hospital market grew faster by as much as 12% versus their

last year performance of P6.8 billion. Other accounts like Industrial and Dispensing

MDs shares 7.6 % or P5.5 billion but grew only by 4% over last year. (IMS-PPI-4th

Qtr 2002)

Table 3

Total Pharmaceutical Market by Account i(IMS-PPI-4

th Qtr 2002)

In Billion %

In

Billion %

Accounts 2001 Share 2002 Share Growth

Drugstore 52.60 81.6% 56.70 81.5% 8%

Hospital 6.80 10.5% 7.60 10.9% 12%

Total DS & Hosp 59.40 92.1% 64.30 92.4% 8%

Other Outlets 5.10 7.9% 5.30 7.6% 4%

Total Market 64.50 100.0% 69.60 100.0% 8%

The pharmaceutical market can also be divided based on therapeutic

classification or market segmentation. According to Kotlerii, market segmentation is

the process of classifying customers into groups with different needs, characteristics

or behavior. A market segment consists of a large identifiable group within a

market with similar wants, purchasing power, geographical location, buying

attitudes or buying habits. Shown below are the segments performance of the

pharmaceutical market for the year 2001 and 2002.

37

Table 4

Total Pharmaceutical Market Based on Therapeutic Classification-(IMS-

PPI-4th

Qtr 2002)

TOTAL PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETiii

BY THERAPEUTIC SEGMENTS (In Millions)

PESO SALES

2001

%

SHARE 2002

%

SHARE

GROWTH

SEGMENTS 64,500 100.0%

69,600 100.0% 8%

Anti Infectives 10,965 17.0% 11,623 16.7% 6%

Cardiovascular 9,288 14.4% 10,718 15.4% 15%

Vitamins and Minerals 7,353 11.4% 7,934 11.4% 8%

Somatics 6,902 10.7% 7,447 10.7% 8%

Cough-Colds 4,515 7.0% 5,081 7.3% 13%

Endocrine/Metabolic 4,064 6.3% 4,594 6.6% 13%

G I T 3,999 6.2% 4,106 5.9% 3%

Dietetics 4,386 6.8% 4,106 5.9% -6%

Anti-Asthma 3,032 4.7% 3,132 4.5% 3%

Dermatologics 2,967 4.6% 2,993 4.3% 1%

C N S 2,129 3.3% 2,436 3.5% 14%

Women Health 1,613 2.5% 1,810 2.6% 12%

Anti TB 1,290 2.0% 1,322 1.9% 3%

Anti Cancer 1,226 1.9% 1,392 2.0% 14%

Eye and Ear 774 1.2% 905 1.3% 17%

The Anti-Infective market is the biggest sub-segment in the pharmaceutical

market shares 16.7% with a volume of P11.6 billion in 2002. The segment grew by

6% which is lower as compared to the market growth of 8%. However, the cardio

vascular segment ranks second with a market share of 15.4% and a volume of P10.7

billion, but posted a growth of 15% over 2001. The third biggest segment was the

Vitamins and Mineral market with a volume of P7.9 billion and a share of 11.4%,

and grew by 8%. Other segments which were noticeable were the Eye and Ear

market, with a market growth of 17% over last year, and the CNS segment with a

growth of 14% on the same period. (IMS-PPI-4th

Qtr 2002)

38

Conceptual Framework

Everyday, the medical doctor is faced with a decision on what to prescribe

to his/her patient. This decision is based on his/her diagnosis, the training he/she

received, the severity of the infection of the patient, and other factors that may

influence his/her prescriptions. The first brand that comes to his/her mind will be

written and will form part of the total management of the patient.

This study is anchored on the medical doctors who are being bombarded

by 20 – 30 medical representatives every day, visited by Medical Representatives

(Med Rep) for 3 – 4 products, receive samples and medical literatures, attend

meetings and conferences on new product’s launches, treated to a lunch or dinner,

all of which activities are to capture his/her prescriptions.

Figure 1 illustrates the research paradigm of the study. The research

paradigm starts with the factors that influence medical doctors in prescribing

pharmaceutical products. The research paradigm is divided into the following

factors: a) marketing mix, and b) social awareness. Under the marketing mix, the

influencing factors include product quality, product efficacy, promotional values,

cost to patient and availability of product in the drugstore.

Kotler 2000iv

mentioned that marketers use numerous tools to elicit

desired response from their target market. These tools constitute a marketing

mix.

Figure 1Research Paradigm

Factors InfluencingPhysicians in Prescribing

Pharmaceutical Products

Social Awareness Social Responsibility

Assistance to Medical Community

Community/Gov’t.

Service

Marketing Mix Product Quality

Product Efficacy

Promotional Values

Cost to the Patient

Availability of the Product at the Drugstore

39

Marketing mix is the set of marketing tools that the firms use to pursue its

marketing objectives in the target market. These tools are classified into four broad

groups that he called the four P’s of marketing: product, promotion, price and place.

The product quality in this study refers to whether the product is of original

molecule, has a better taste than competitors, specifically for suspension/drops

formats, has an attractive packaging, and has a convenient dosage. Product efficacy

refers to an early improvement of the well being of the patient after taking the

medication and an absence of fever after 48 hours.

Promotional values include the frequency of visit and detailing of the

medical representative, medrep “service” and “pakikisama” to the doctors, the

regularity of doctors attendance in medical symposia sponsored by the

pharmaceutical companies, the travel grants being offered to doctors whether

overseas or local, the number of giveaways, samples and literature the doctors

receive. Other promotional values include the discount coupon which is given to

the physician and patient in order to encourage prescription and for the patient’s

benefit of reduced cost of medicines.

The research paradigm shows two groups of respondents: the general

practitioners and the specialists group. The doctor-respondents were divided in

order to find out their significant difference in terms of their perception on the

above-mentioned variables. The Specialists have different training in terms of their

chosen specialties and practices while the General Practitioners have a different

training program designed for a community based practice. The behavior and

reaction of these doctors will definitely affect their choice of a pharmaceutical

product to prescribe.

In terms of cost to patient, this refers to the worthiness of the product vis-à-

vis its price, the affordability of the product, and other promotional tools which will

reduce the price of the medicine. Another factor to consider is the availability of

the product in the drugstore. Suppose that the product is promoted to the doctor

consistently, however if the product is always out of stock at the drugstore, the

doctor will be discouraged to prescribe the product. It is important that the product

should be always available at the right time and at the right place.

Also, the researcher would like to find out the social awareness of the

doctor-respondents to pharmaceutical companies. This study will help determine

the level of awareness of the medical profession to pharmaceutical companies in

terms of social responsibility, assistance to medical community, and

community/government service.

This study could enhance the knowledge of the drugstore owners, hospital

pharmacy, and marketers of pharmaceutical products as they could be provided with

relevant information on the factors that influence medical doctors in prescribing

pharmaceutical products.

40

METHOD

Population, Sample and Sampling Technique

The population of the study consisted of medical doctors from the cities

of Las Pinas (110) Paranaque (79) and Muntinlupa (66) totaling. These

doctors were selected because of the compactness of the area and researcher’s

rapport with the members of the medical profession.

To set the research in a more reliable perspective, a stratified sampling

technique was used in the conduct of the study. This method was used since total

samples drawn from the population should be represented proportionately from each

group or city.

Questionnaire

The highlights of the questionnaire dealt with the factors that influence

physician in prescribing pharmaceutical products. The factors assessed were the

levels of social awareness and marketing mix.

RESULTS

1. Respondents Assessment of Prescribed Pharmaceutical Products as

Influenced by Marketing Mix

The two (2) groups of respondents namely the General Practitioners and

Specialists assessed the pharmaceutical products from three (3) pharmaceutical

companies based on the two factors such as marketing mix as indicated by: product

quality, product efficacy, promotional values, cost to patients, availability of the

product at the drugstore and on social awareness based on social responsibility,

assistance to medical community, and community/government support.

Table 5

Extent of the Factors that Influence the Physicians

in Prescribing Pharmaceutical Products in Terms of Marketing Mix

Factors

General

Practitioners Specialists Total

Mean Int. Mean Int. Mean Int.

Marketing Mix 3.00 HI 3.01 HI 3.00 HI

Product Quality 3.01 HI 2.99 HI 3.00 HI

Product Efficacy 3.00 HI 3.02 HI 3.01 HI

Promotional Values 2.86 HI 2.88 HI 2.87 HI

Cost to Patients 2.97 HI 2.96 HI 2.97 HI

Availability of the

Product 3.17 HI 3.18 HI 3.17 HI

At the Drugstore

Legend: 3.51-4.00 Very High Influence (VHI); 2.51-3.50 High Influence (HI);

1.51-2.50 Slight Influence (SI); 1.00-1.50 No Influence (NI)

41

Table 5 shows the data on the assessment of the two groups of respondents

regarding the influence of marketing mix on the physicians in prescribing

pharmaceutical products

Among the General Practitioners, based on marketing mix the

pharmaceutical products were assessed as follows: “Product quality” has a mean

value of 3.01 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that products could

be packaged attractively, better tasting and in original molecule. “Availability of

the product at the drugstore” has the highest mean value of 3.17 interpreted to mean

High Influence. It suggests that products are always available. In terms of “product

efficacy” the mean value obtained is 3.00 interpreted to mean High Influence. This

means that products can make the patient free from fever after forty eight (48) hours

and improved the patient wellbeing. “Cost to patients” has the mean value of 2.97

interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that product’s price is worth is

value, affordable price, offered discount coupon to reduce patients cost and the

company adopted a socialized pricing policy. “Promotional values” has the mean

value of 2.86 interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that products are

frequently being detailed or communicated to doctors, the medical representative

has the best “pakikisama” and service, the company offered travel grants abroad to

attend medical symposia or convention, the product has the clearest product

message, giveaway or product samples and literatures are given during their visit

and journal advertisement is provided for increased product awareness. An overall

mean value of 3.00 for the General Practitioners on marketing mix interpreted to

mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators in the marketing mix have a

high influence on the General Practitioners in prescribing pharmaceutical products.

Among the Specialists, based on marketing mix, the pharmaceutical

products were assessed as follows: “Availability of the Product at Drugstore” has

the highest mean value of 3.18 interpreted to mean High Influence. This means that

the products should always be available. “Product Efficacy” followed with a mean

value of 3.02 interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that products should

improve their patient’s well being and that their patient is fever-free after 48 hours.

“Product quality” ranks third with a mean value of 2.99 interpreted to mean High

Influence. This means that the product is an original molecule of the manufacturer,

has a convenient dosage form, better tasting especially for the suspension and drops

format and has an attractive packaging. “Cost to patients” ranks fourth with 2.96

mean value interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggest that the product is

affordable to doctor’s patient, it is worth is value, and the price is reasonable. The

last indicator is “Promotional Values” with a mean value of 2.88 interpreted to

mean High Influence. This means that the product has the clearest product message,

samples and literatures are given during their call, and manufacturer offered a travel

grant for medical convention and medical symposia rare held regularly for the

benefit of the doctors. An overall mean value of 3.01 for the Specialist on

marketing mix interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators

in the marketing mix have a high influence on the Specialists in prescribing

pharmaceutical products.

42

Table 6

Extent of the Factors that Influence the Physicians in

Prescribing Pharmaceutical Products in Terms of Social Awareness

Factors

General

Practitioners Specialists Total

Mean Int. Mean Int. Mean Int.

Social

Awareness 2.97 HI 2.99 HI 2.98 HI

Social

Responsibility 2.90 HI 2.95 HI 2.93 HI

Assistance to

Medical 2.99 HI 3.05 HI 3.02 HI

Community Community/Gov't

Service 3.02 HI 2.98 HI 3.00 HI

Over-all 2.99 HI 3.00 HI 3.00 HI

Legend: 3.51-4.00 Very High Influence (VHI); 2.51-3.50 High Influence (HI); 1.51-2.50

Slight Influence (SI); 1.00-1.50 No Influence (NI)

Table 6 shows the data on the assessment of the two (2) groups of

respondents regarding the influence of social awareness on the physicians in

prescribing pharmaceutical products. Among the General Practitioners, based on

social awareness, the pharmaceutical products were assessed as follows: The

highest is “Community/Government Service” with a mean value of 3.02 interpreted

to mean that the company aid in medical mission and subscribe to governmental

regulations. “Assistance to Medical Community” ranks second with a mean value

of 2.99 interpreted to mean that the company had made some research assistance to

training hospital, made assistance with the PMA (Philippine Medical Association)

and other specialty societies. “Social Responsibilities” has a mean value of 2.90

interpreted to mean that the company has concern for its employees, environment

and a helping hand during calamities. An overall mean value of 2.97 for the General

Practitioners on social awareness interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests

that all the indicators in the social awareness have a high influence on the General

Practitioners in prescribing pharmaceutical products.

Among the Specialists, “Assistance to Medical Community” has the

highest mean value of 3.05 interpreted to mean High Influence. This suggests that

the company has made research assistance to training hospital and gave assistance

to PMA and other specialty societies. “Community/Government Service” ranks

second with a mean value of 2.98 interpreted to mean High Influence which

suggests that the pharmaceutical companies had given aids to medical societies

during medical mission and subscribed to governmental regulations. For “Social

Responsibility” a mean value of 2.95 interpreted to mean High Influence. It means

43

that the company has concern for their employee’s welfare, an environmental

concern and a helping hand during calamities.

An overall mean value of 2.99 for the Specialist on social awareness

interpreted to mean High Influence. It suggests that all the indicators of social

awareness have a high influence on the Specialists in prescribing pharmaceutical

products.

2. Implications of the Findings The present study is relevant to agencies or institutions which are

dependent on pharmaceutical products. The following are the implications of the

findings to:

2.1 Drugstore Owners

The findings on the marketing mix factor as indicated by high influence on

availability of the product at drugstore and its promotional values, imply that

pharmaceutical companies will be enhanced by multiple location of drugstores and

efficient delivery system to accord the time, place and possession utilities that

distribution can provide the clients of physicians. It suggests the pharmaceutical

companies can make scheduling more compatible with the client needs. These

factors such as availability of the products should imply for drugstore owners to

consider multiple locations where medical clinics are located, to have proper storage

of pharmaceutical products. Multiple locations of drugstores’ branches near

hospital or clinics will make prescription products more available.

The findings further relate to retail patronage motivation through

promotional values among drugstore owners which include parking convenience,

hour of operations, and décor or store lay-out of the drugstore. These can be

manipulated to increase consumer satisfaction stemming from distribution and

availability of products. The drugstore owners could tie-up with the medical

doctors whose patients/clients frequent their drugstores.

2.2 Hospital Pharmacy

As part of the marketing mix, promotions and publicity could play a major

role in promotional strategy of pharmaceutical companies in hospitals to

disseminate their messages. Product samples could be provided to pediatric wards,

through its pharmacy. In placement strategy, hospital pharmacist should ensure

their doctors on the availability of the pharmaceutical products at their pharmacy in

order to serve the patients in the hospital.

The high influence of social awareness in order to create high level of

customer satisfaction through collaboration with hospital pharmacy and suppliers

for the benefit of the indigent hospital patients can have a humanitarian appeal.

44

2.3 Pharmaceutical Companies

Among the specialists, they value most the promotional impact of the

pharmaceutical companies and the availability of the product in the drugstore.

Pharmaceutical companies should engage more in promotions program and assure

the specialists of the availability of their products at the drugstore. On the aspect of

social awareness, specialists preferred pharmaceutical companies who had shown

their concern on their social responsibility, assistance to medical community and

community/government service. All age groups among the specialists showed

favorable response towards pharmaceutical companies that support social awareness

programs.

Pharmaceutical companies should highlight product quality and product

efficacy in their communication program among the female specialists. Specialists,

who had longer years in practice, support products that have promotional values and

assured them on the availability of the product at the drugstore. Pharmaceutical

companies should dealt more on this aspect of the marketing mix and also be aware

that specialists in the private sector prefer product quality, product efficacy,

promotional values and availability of the product at the drugstore as factors in the

marketing mix that influenced their prescription. Promotional programs should

answer the needs of the specialists.

Physicians who had specialty practice prefer product quality, product

efficacy and availability of the products at the drugstore as the factors that influence

their prescription. This suggests that the company needs experienced managers to

help propel growth and meet the growing demands for quality product.

Pharmaceutical companies could search out, train and utilized reputable medical

distributors to ensure efficient delivery system. Pharmaceutical companies should

consider their mission into a targeted level of performance. Clients /customers are

the reasons the company exists, their perceptions and actions are of vital importance.

Therefore, their satisfaction can be measured through frequency of customer

complaints. Their over-all welfare must be met to serve consumers with the greatest

efficiency and at the least cost.

CONCLUSIONS

The physician-respondents perceived the extent of the factors influencing

them in prescribing pharmaceutical products as high influence. Such factors

include marketing mix and social awareness.

a. On marketing mix, both groups of respondents perceived

that product quality, product efficacy, promotional values,

cost to patients and availability of the product at the

drugstores have a high influence on their choice of

pharmaceutical products.

b. On social awareness, the physician-respondents perceived

that social awareness has a high influence in prescribing

pharmaceutical products such as on social responsibility,

45

assistance to medical community and community and

government service.

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher arrived at the following

conclusions:

1. The marketing mix and social awareness were perceived to have influence

highly the physicians in prescribing pharmaceutical products.

2. The implication of the findings to pharmaceutical companies suggest that

since the specialists who value most the promotional impact of the

pharmaceutical companies and the availability of the product in the

drugstore, pharmaceutical companies should engage more in promotion

programs and assure the specialists of the availability of their products at

the drugstores.

3. On the aspect of social awareness, specialists preferred pharmaceutical

companies who had shown their concern on the factors of social awareness

like social responsibility, assistance to medical community and

community/ government service. All age groups among the specialists

showed favorable response towards pharmaceutical companies that support

social awareness programs.

4. Pharmaceutical companies should highlight product quality and product

efficacy in their communication program among the female specialists.

Specialists, who had longer years in practice, support products with

promotional values together with the assurance on the availability of the

product at the drugstore. Pharmaceutical companies should deal more on

this aspect of the marketing mix and also be aware that specialists in the

private sector prefer product quality, product efficacy, promotional values

and availability of the product at the drugstore as factors in the marketing

mix that influence their prescription. Promotional programs should answer

the needs of the specialists.

5. Physicians who are in specialty practice prefer product quality, product

efficacy and availability of the products at the drugstore as the factors that

influence their prescription. This suggests that the company needs

experienced managers to help propel the growth and meet the growing

demands for quality product. Pharmaceutical companies could search out,

train and utilize reputable medical distributors to ensure efficient delivery

system.

6. Pharmaceutical companies should consider their mission into a targeted

level of performance. Clients/customers are the reasons the company

exists, their perception and actions are of vital importance. Therefore, their

satisfaction can be measured through frequency of customer complaints.

Their over-all welfare must be met to serve consumers with the greatest

efficiency and at the least cost.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the aforementioned findings and conclusions, the researcher

recommends the following:

1. Drugstore owners should provide more value-adding activities to

their customers by providing extended hours of operation, better

46

store lay-out and completeness of their stocks and parking

convenience.

2. Drugstore owners should consider multiple locations of their branches

to cater to the needs of the patients. Ideal setting will be near the

hospitals or clinics of doctors. Multiple locations of drugstores near

hospitals or clinics will make prescription products more available.

3. Pharmaceutical companies should enhance the delivery system to

hospital pharmacy and drugstores in order to maximize the time, place

and possession utilities that distribution often can provide the clients

of medical doctors.

4. Pharmaceutical companies should make scheduling more compatible

with client needs particularly in the hospital setting. Factors such as

availability of the products should imply better and efficient customer

service.

5. The drugstore owners could tie up with the medical doctors whose

patients/clients frequent their drugstores.

6. Promotions strategy of pharmaceutical companies in hospitals should

not only provide for better and quality products but should touch

the “heart” of the physicians through the social awareness program.

7. Product samples of pharmaceutical companies could be provided to

pediatric wards through the help of the hospital pharmacy which will

create a high level of influence among the patients and consequently

create a humanitarian appeal on the part of the hospital.

8. Hospital pharmacy should collaborate with the pharmaceutical

suppliers for lower price of their medicines that will benefit the

hospital indigent patients.

REFERENCES

Anderson, Eric and Simester, Duncan, “Mind Your Pricing Cues”. Harvard

Business Review, September, 2003.

Bartol, Kathryn M. and Martin, David C., Management, 3rd Edition. Boston:

Irwin/McGraw Hill, 1998

Belch, George E. and Belch, Michael A., Advertising and Promotions, 4th Edition.

Boston: McGraw Hill Companies, 1998.

Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics, 2011

Diehl, L. R., & Gay, P.L, Research Methods for Business and Management, New

York: McMillan, 1992.

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Fitzsimmons, James A., Fitzsimmons, Mona J. Service Management, Operations,

Strategy, and Information Technology, 2nd

Edition. Boston: Irwin/McGraw Hill, 1997.

Go, Josiah L. Marketing Shift: From Basics to Breakthrough, Philippine

Marketing Association, Design Plus, 2001.

Ibanez, Rodolfo G., Bayanihan: The Many Great Lessons of United Laboratories,

Inc. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Inc., 2002.

IMS – Philippine Pharmaceutical Index, (PPI) 4th

Quarter, 2002

IMS – Philippine Medical Data Index, (PMDI), Volume 2, 2002

Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management. The Millennium Edition, New Jersey:

Prentice Hall Inc., 2000

Kumar, Nirmalya, “Kill a Brand, Keep a Customer”. Harvard Business Review,

December, 2003.

Lamb, Charles W., Hair, Joseph F., McDaniel, Carl, Essentials of Marketing, 2nd

Edition. Ohio: South Western College Publishing, 2001

Lao, Felix M., Marketing Management. 1st Edition, Manila: Rex Book Store, 1998.

Lao, Felix M., Pharmaceutical Marketing In the Philippine Setting. 3rd Edition,

Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Inc., 1999.

McKenna, Regis, Relationship Marketing. London: Addison Wesley Publishing

Company, 1992.

NDP Report, Philippine National Drug Policy, 1987-1992

Pagoso, Cristobal M. and Dela Cruz, Manuel M. Principles of Marketing –

Philippine Setting. Paranaque, Metro Manila: Nelson Publishing, 2000.

Philippine Health Statistics Report, 2005-2006

Reich, Allen Z., Marketing Management for the Hospitality Industry. New York:

John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997.

The Generic Drugs Act of 1988

Visto, Cecile S. “More than one out 10 Jobless Last Year”. Business World,

February 5, 2004

48

LANGUAGE ANXIETY IN ORAL COMMUNICATION OF SAN

BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG STAFF AND EMPLOYEES

JEAN A. ARIOLA, MA Ed.

Abstract

The study investigated the factors that language anxiety can

possibly stem from, both within the workplace environment and out

of classroom in the wider social context, and has recommended a

variety of strategies to cope with it. The past researchers,

considering it a complex and multi-faceted psychological

phenomenon, have suggested using a variety of perspectives and

approaches to investigate the subject. This study used a qualitative

semi-structured interview format and survey questionnaires to

investigate this language phenomenon. A total of twenty five staff

and employees participated. The findings suggested that language

anxiety can originate from employees’ self- perception, their self-

related cognitions, language learning difficulties, and target

language cultures, interlocutors and from fear of negative criticism.

Feelings of anxiety, apprehension and nervousness are commonly

expressed by practitioners in speaking the second/foreign language. These

feelings are considered to exert a potentially negative and detrimental effect

on communication in the target language. The use of modern

communicative language teaching approaches in the language classrooms

and the wide-spread use of English Language have increased the demand to

learn good communication skills but existence of such feelings among staff

as well as professionals may prevent them from achieving the desired goal.

In the workplace, the ability to communicate effectively strongly

influences one’s personal advancement and success. Thus, in the global

marketplace of today, many employers believe that the ability to

communicate orally is the most important job- related skill. Regardless of

language, country, education level, effective communicators should be

developed in the workplace particularly in the school setting which is the

seat of dynamic social interaction.

The research was conducted to discover the factors affecting the

language proficiency of selected staff and employees of San Beda College

Alabang (AY 2009- 2010) College Department.

Problems:

49

1. What factors, in order of priority, act as filters among San Beda

College Alabang employees in the use of the English language in

the workplace?

2. In what situations do staff of San Beda College Alabang feel

anxious or uneasy using the English language?

3. What measures can be taken to ease language anxiety in the

workplace?

METHODOLOGY:

The study was conducted using qualitative, descriptive and

quantitative methods of research. A total of twenty five staff and employees

participated. Three instruments were used for this study, a background

questionnaire, the modified 35- item English Language Workplace Anxiety

Scale (ELWAS) and an essay/ interview. The background questionnaire

contained questions about the participant’s age, position, and field of study.

The modified 35- item (FLCAS) Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety

Scale. (FLCAS) designed by Horwitz et al. (1986) was modified in order to

make the questionnaire suitable to the school- based setting .

The yes-no answers in the trial survey were tallied. The answers to

the last two questions were strictly categorized for the common reasons why

the staffers were afraid to speak in English in their workstation. Then, all

common responses were summed up. The responses of the staffers to the

ELWAS were tabulated. Points were assigned for each scale. The scores

were interpreted as follows: Strongly Agree – 5, Agree – 4, Sometimes –

3, Disagree – 2, and Strongly Disagree – 1. The percentage was computed

for each scale.

The 35 statements were categorized into five different filters. The

items were also tallied according to the following: lack of self-confidence

(LSC), limited vocabulary (LV), mispronouncing words (MP), humiliation

(H) and negative criticism (NC). The categorized statements or filters were

tabulated. The mean for each statement was computed.

Finally, a range with descriptions for each mean was created. The

scores of the mean in the Likert- scale were assigned by using the midpoint

between two consecutive numbers. The midpoint was applied because there

were equal distances between two points so as so have fair answers (Ex.

1.5 is the midpoint between 1 and 2).

1.0 – 1.500 – Strongly Disagree – native speaker of English (LI) 1.501 – 2.500 – Disagree – filter down (confident) 2.501 – 3.500 – Sometimes – filter up (mental block) 3.501 – 4.500 – Agree – (Victim) 4.501 – 5.00 – Strongly Agree – (Language anxiety disorder) (LAD)

50

For the multiple-choice survey questionnaire, the number of

responses for each letter was listed in a frequency table. Then, the

percentage was computed and the result was rounded off. The percentages

were represented in a bar graph. For the survey-questionnaire and multiple-

choice type with a provision for their own responses- the number of

responses per letter was listed in a frequency table.

The respondents’ response were read and categorized. The results

were counted based on the three given choices, which were whether they

will respond to the party in English, Filipino or Taglish. The contents of the

mini-essays were carefully read and analyzed. The similarities of the

responses were also noted. Similar responses were combined. A group or

category for each response was created and tabulated. Additional findings

from books, journals and the internet were used to supplement the staffs’

response. All related materials were then summarized.

FINDINGS:

Surveys and interviews clearly presented the factors that act as

filters to language anxiety among staff and employees. One of the prominent

factors noted in this study is the lack of self- confidence of the respondents

in speaking the English language towards their superiors, colleagues and in

public speaking situations. This filter is shown and understood to be caused

by lack of exposure and practice of the language. The statements provided

by the respondents revealed that employees seldom had any exposure to the

language since they are more at ease with Taglish in dealing with their peers

and superiors as well as in public speaking situations.

This was likewise shown in the statements provided by the

participants as well as the interview administered by the researcher in this

study. As a result, the respondents are also having problems about the lack

of facility of the language .Furthermore, many researchers have pointed out

that the skill producing most anxiety is speaking (MacIntyre and Gardner

1991) This anxiety comes in part from a lack of confidence in o general

linguistic knowledge but if only this factor were involved, all skills would

be affected equally. What distinguishes speaking is the public nature of the

skill, the embarrassment suffered from exposing language imperfections in

front of others (Arnold, 2000: 3). Hence, a survey showed that though San

Beda staff and employees are fluent in the English language, they

experience some kind of anxiety when it comes to speaking that is public in

nature. Past researchers have posited that anxiety in oral communication is

produced by cognitive interferences based on self-related cognitions, e.g.

their self-perceptions, self- esteem, perceived scholastic competence, beliefs

about language learning, etc. (Krashen, 1985; Onwuegbuzie et al., 1999:

228; Horwitz et al., 1986: 128-129). In this light, the background profile of

51

the participants revealed that some of the respondents may have

experienced some kind of language anxiety even before they have started in

their respective workplaces.

Furthermore, the results of the interview also reflected the trend of

communication today which is the use of Taglish in transacting business or

communicating with their colleagues and students. Most of the twenty five

(25) respondents, answered that they communicate or transact business

using Taglish instead of English or Tagalog. It is a noted fact that even in

the academe, students, teachers and members of the administration are now

constantly using Taglish in spite of the implementation of the English

Speaking campaign between and among the students and employees as a

medium of communication in the workplace. Indeed, the speakers of these

mixed codes are mostly young and urban, frequently highly educated, and

always multilingual. (Paper presented, Edgar W. Schneider, 2008).

Majority of the respondents expressed their inability and sometimes

even acknowledged their language anxiety problem. These staff and

employees may be good at other skills but, when it comes to speaking the

English language, they claim to have a ‘mental block’ against it (Horwitz et

al., 1986: 125).

Hence, summarizing the results of the survey and interview .The

Following conclusions are cited:

1. Most of the respondents manifest debilitating anxiety that leaves the

respondents with low self- image. Fear of being embarrassed is also

a noted cause of anxiety among the employees.

2. Most of the staff and employees although well versed in the

language are apprehensive in using the target language due to fear

of negative evaluation and sometimes the pressure on the part of the

employee that English proficiency may affect their performance in

the workplace.

3. The language anxiety among the employees was found to be the

result, as well as, the cause of insufficient command of the target

language. It may be experienced due to linguistics difficulties

employees’ face in using the target language.

4. Descriptive statistics showed that the level of anxiety among the

employees is relatively high. This is shown in the analyses of

responses, which was indicated by an overall weighted mean of

52

3.570 which means, Victim of Language Anxiety Disorder (LAD).

Many practitioners claim that they have a mental block against

speaking a foreign language in their workplace (Horwitz et al.,

1986).

5. To sum up, the most outstanding causes of this language

phenomenon are the following: anxiety in committing mistakes,

(negative criticism) lack of self- confidence, grammar and

pronunciation, and lack of English vocabulary. Other causes are,

poor self- perceptions, and the preference of the employees to the

Taglish language.

6. The situations where employees most comfortable with are:

speaking English to their superiors through the telephone and

speaking in Taglish with their colleagues and superiors.

Suggestions and Recommendations:

How to Reduce Second Language Anxiety ( SLA)

Staff- Support Services such as:

1. Measure Second Language Anxiety and language proficiency of

incoming staff and employees.

2. Set- up a Second Language Support Office which can be used for

intrapersonal reflection on the language application and practice, to

track feelings of apprehension and to arrive at a more realistic,

positive sense of their progress. Finally, to develop realistic

communication goals. ( Cope- Powell, 1991)

3. Oral Skills Training that will provide seminar/ workshop outside the

workplace in speaking skills and effective attitudes towards the

English Language. Thus, these should provide training and learning

opportunities to ensure effective employee performance, quality of

work life, and professional growth of all employees.

4. Staff and employees exposure to language by implementing a policy

of using English as medium of communication in the workplace.

“Speaking good English comes as a result of using the language in

natural situations on top of formally learning it”.( Krashen’s Theory

of second language acquisition)

5. Implement a regular English proficiency workshop to the staff and

employees, where activities offer them the chance to gain

confidence in their own skills.

53

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Fulton, C., Patsy, & Hanks, J. D. (2000). Procedures for the office

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Kleinknecth, R. H. (1986). The anxious self: diagnosis and treatment of fears and

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Krashen, S. D. (1987). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. UK:

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Krashen, S. D., & Terrel, T. D. (1983). The natural approach: language acquisition

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Levine, G.S. (2003). Student and instructor beliefs and attitudes about target

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54

Mawer, G., & Lee, F. (1997). Language and literacy in workplace education:

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55

PREDICTORS OF SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL READINESS

AMONG PRESCHOOLERS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN

DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE

MA. FATIMA V. BULLECER

Abstract

The study attempts to explore the predictors of social and intellectual

readiness evolved from the personal and family characteristics among

preschoolers. The main sources of data came primarily from the

responses of a total 114 respondents from three schools. Other

background data were gathered from their parents.

The findings reveal that the analysis shows that the better predictor of

intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was their age. On the

other hand, the presence of relatives in the family is the only personal

and family characteristic, which is significantly related to their social

readiness.

The study concludes that among the variables reviewed, age is the

only personal characteristic that significantly predicts intellectual

readiness. The presence of relatives in the family is the only personal

and family characteristic which is significantly related to social

readiness.

This present study thereby recommends parents should continuously

provide their children positive social experiences that will improve

their readiness.

The preschool years are the prime physical, emotional, and intellectual

learning years of life (Wyckoff and Unell in 2002). This period is said to be

between the end of infancy and entry of child to school, which is the age of six. This

is described as the dark age of childhood, a great stress in the child’s existence

(Scott, 1985). This stage of life is considered to be the most crucial period in the

child’s life. At this age, the child is in his discovery and in the stage of exploratory

that is why parents should not be surprised to see a preschooler destroying a newly

bought toy. This is the age of never-ending questions of “whys” and the child

always asks and wonders how things are done and made (Briley and Gray, 1994 in

Belardo, 1997). Furthermore, Erickson believed that at their best they are energetic

learner, curious, inventive, eager and independent. At their worst, they are obstinate

inhibited and clinging.

Readiness is commonly used to mean readiness to learn to read. However,

children’s general social development and intellectual backgrounds should also be

taken into account in any consideration of ways to help children prepare for school.

56

There are many contributing factors to child’s readiness. Moreover, age,

gender, grade level and sibling positions were put together as variables that would

describe the personal characteristics of the child. Personal characteristics of the

child like age, gender and grade level in and of itself do not appear to constitute an

accurate determinant of readiness but these were taken into account because through

quick assessment done by school personnel by simply looking at these factors, these

where problems begin. (Alberts and others, 1997)

Within families there are also differences in the experiences of individual

children that affect readiness. Being the oldest of a large family is a very different

experience from being the youngest or being in the middle; being the only girl in a

family of boys is different from being a girl with only sisters. Thus far, have been

looking mostly at fairly obvious differences, like how many children in a family, or

the child’s position within the family, both of which seem to be at least slightly

related to the child’s readiness. On average, the more children in the family, the

lower the average IQ of the children. And on average, firstborn children have the

highest IQs, with average IQs declining steadily as you go down the birth order.

(Bee, 1995) The oldest child initially interacts only with his parents and thus has a

maximally complex and enriching environment. Second-or later-born children, in

contrast, experience a lower average intellectual level in the family simply because

they interact with both other children and adults. A later – born child may have an

advantage if the children are very widely spaced, since then he is interacting entirely

with others who are intellectually advanced, including both parents and much older

siblings. (Adler in Isaacson and Radish, 2002)

The family characteristics of the child such as parent’s educational

attainment, occupation, position, parenting style, number of siblings and presence of

significant others were also group together because the child’s continuous and

progressive development are because of the people who guide, influence and teach

them. The family is where an individual starts to live with one another in an

intimate interpersonal relationship and develops the feeling of belongingness. This

is the primary agent of socialization--the context in which from parents, older

siblings and extended family members’ children begin to acquire the beliefs,

attitudes, values, and behaviors considered appropriate in their society.

According to Baumrind in Barber 1996, parenting style provides a robust

indicator of parenting functioning that predicts child well-being across a wide

spectrum of environments and across diverse communities of children. Both

parental responsiveness and parental demandingness are important components of

good parenting. Parenting in all societies includes ensuring the child’s survival,

preparing the child for economic self-sufficiency, and encouraging the child to

maximize other cultural values such as morality, religion and achievement.

Generally speaking, children with warm and restrictive (authoritative)

parents who appeal to reason in order to enforce their demands are likely to raise

highly competent and well-adjusted children. However, outcomes of other parenting

styles are not as favorable; indeed, children of hostile and permissive (uninvolved)

parents are often deficient in virtually all aspects of psychological functioning.

Moreover, it is also important in the development of the preschool children the

57

presence of immediate family members or guardian in the absence of their parents

and other older siblings because they are the ones who will be of help to cope with

the demands of the environment. Looking beyond primary attachments, for children

of working parents (particularly daughters) tend to be more independent, to enjoy

higher self-esteem, and to hold higher educational and occupational aspirations and

less stereotyped views of men and women.

This study delved on the predictors of social and intellectual readiness in

relation to personal and family characteristics of the preschoolers. The aim of this

study was to be able to determine what greatly affects their readiness related to

social and intellectual by taking into account not only their personal differences but

also their family’s characteristics and its uniqueness. Specifically, the study asks the

following questions: What are the social and intellectual readinesses of the

respondents? Is there a significant relationship between the personal characteristics

of the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of preschoolers? Is there

a significant relationship between the family characteristics of the respondents and

the social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers? What were the predictors

of social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers?

METHOD

Research Design

The descriptive – correlational method was used in this study. The

descriptive method is designed “to gather information about the present existing

condition. The principal aim is to describe the nature of the situation as it exists at

the time of the study and to explore the causes of specific phenomena” (Traverse in

Sevilla, 1984 in Belardo, 1997).

This study focused on the predictors of social and intellectual readiness in

relation to personal and family characteristics of the preschoolers in selected

schools in Dasmariñas, Cavite S.Y. 2007 – 2008. Likewise, this study employed

correlational method, which establishes relationship between demographic variables

used in this study such as age, gender, grade level and sibling position as the

personal characteristics with the social and intellectual readiness of the respondents.

According to Davis, 1997 correlational research investigates relationships among

variables.

Moreover, it is primarily concerned with finding out whether a relationship

exists and with determining its magnitude and direction (Pagano, 2001).

In addition, the family’s characteristics which includes parents’ educational

attainment, occupation, position, parenting style, number of siblings and presence of

significant others are of great help to further understand the child’s development.

Thus, with the nature of the study presented descriptive – correlational

method were described appropriate to be used.

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Population/Subject of the Study

The researcher used three preschool levels as participants; nursery,

kindergarten and preparatory ranges from 5 years of age and up which came from

three (3) selected schools in Dasmariñas, Cavite.

Table 1. Distribution of Subjects

Grade Level School Total

A B C

Nursery 0 0 5 5

Kindergarten 10 21 23 54

Preparatory 24 14 17 45

Total 34 35 55 114

Parents of these preschoolers were included in the study to know the

pupils’ family profile that contributes a great factor why these children at a certain

grade have this kind of social and intellectual readiness level.

Research Instruments

In this study, four instruments were utilized; three self-made instruments

and achievement test were used to answer the specific problems raised in this study,

namely: (a) the personal information sheet, (b) the parenting style inventory, (c) the

social readiness inventory of the pupils and (d) Wide Range Achievement Test 3 or

WRAT3.

Personal Information Sheet. This contain statements which was filled up

by the parents such as name, age educational attainment, name of sibling/s, number

and age of siblings according to birth order, nature of work and position, type of

worker categorize as full time or part time employee, owning a business and not

working or stay in the house are present. In addition, husband or wife’s nature of

work and positions are included and the last pertains to having housemaids or have

extended family members who live with them and their relationship to the family

per se.

Parenting Style Inventory. This instrument was designed by the

researcher to know the kind of parenting these parents employ to their children

inside or outside the home. This was administered to the parents wherein they

encircled the number that corresponds to their answer. This is a forty (40) item test

where the respondents were asked to indicate how often he/she does the behavior to

his/her child/ren. For positive item, the higher the frequency of behavior described,

the higher the score. Thus, items rated “never” are scored 1; “rarely” 2;

“sometimes” 3; “often” 4; and “always” 5. For negative items the less the behavior

to be, the higher the score. Thus, scoring is reversed.

The highest total possible score for every parenting style is 50. Since the

inventory covers four parenting styles the researcher got the raw score for each

parenting style. The highest score gained among the four styles of parenting mean

the type of parenting they employ towards their children.

59

According to Baumrind, 1991 (in Shafter, 1996) where parenting style

inventory was derived, four parenting styles were cited and these are being an

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parent. From the meanings

that were cited the researcher was able to formulate ten statements for each

parenting style and was able to make an inventory. Each parenting style contains

five positive items and five negative items.

Items of Authoritative Style of Parenting were 1,2,5,13,17,18,19,21,22 and

38. These were considered to be on this type because the parent encourages verbal

give and take, and shares with the child the reasoning behind their policies. The

parents value both expressive and instrumental attributes and both autonomous self

– will and disciplined conformity. The parents recognize their own special rights as

an adult but also the child’s present qualities they set standards for future conduct.

A parent uses reasoning as well as power to achieve their objectives.

Items of Authoritarian Style of Parenting were 6,9,10,14,20,25,26,30,34

and 37. These were considered to be on this type because the act to shape, control,

and evaluate the behavior, attitudes of the child in accordance with a set of

standards of conduct, are usually an absolute standard, theologically motivated, and

formulated by higher authority. The parents’ values obedience as a virtue and favor

punitive, forceful measures to curb self – will at points where the child’s actions of

beliefs conflict of what they think is right. They believe that they are the ones who

only know what is best for their children.

Items of Permissive Style of Parenting were 3, 15, 16, 23, 27, 28, 31, 35,

36 and 39. These were considered to be on this type because parents allow their

children to reason out and express themselves, to raise questions, think for

themselves, and plan their own future. The parents consult with the child about

policy decisions and gives explanations for family rules and regulation. Also,

parents make few demands for household responsibility and orderly behavior.

Items of Uninvolved Style of Parenting were 4, 7,8, 11, 12, 24, 29, 32, 33

and 40. These were considered to be on this type because parents are low in both

responsiveness and demandingness.

Social Readiness Inventory. This instrument measures the preschool

social readiness. This test was derived from the Theory of Alfred Adler which is

Individual Psychology and Developmental Task by Robert Havighurst. This self –

made test was answered by their parents wherein they indicated the name of their

child, grade level, age and sibling position. In here they were asked to encircle the

number that corresponds to the behavior manifested by their child. This is a thirty-

item (30) inventory, which consists of 15 positive items and 15 negative items

where the parent were asked to indicate how often his/her child manifests this kind

of behaviors. For positive item, the higher the frequency of behavior described, the

higher the score. Thus, items rated “never” are scored 1; “rarely” 2; “sometimes” 3;

“often” 4; and “always” 5. For negative items the less the behavior to be, the higher

the score. Thus, scoring is reversed. The highest total possible score is 150.

Items of social readiness described the attitude, behavior of the child

through play, how he/she interacts to his/her playmates, older people and to his/her

environment, to himself and his/her developing interest.

60

In terms of interpreting the scores, the total score reflected the overall level

of the child’s social readiness. The researcher got the raw score by adding the scores

on each item answered and the following range is given to categorize whether the

child is socially ready for school or not. Those who will get a raw score within 53

and below this considered “Very Low”, 54 – 77 “Low”, 78 – 101 “Moderate”, 102 –

125 “High” and 126 – 150 being “Very High” in terms of social readiness.

Wide Range Achievement Test 3 or WRAT3. This test was developed in

1993 by Gary S. Wilkinson, which can be used with all individuals, aged 5 – 75.

WRAT3 has been designed so that an examiner can make choices in the content of

the examination. There were two equated forms (BLUE and TAN) each subtest may

be used singularly or in conjunction with one another. When both the blue and tan

forms were used this is considered the COMBINED form. Whether a single form or

both forms are used, the examiner can measure the respective academic skills and

convert the resulting raw scores to absolute scores, standard scores, grade scores

and percentiles.

Both forms consist of three subtests such as Reading, Spelling and

Arithmetic. This takes 15 to 30 minutes to complete. Length of administration will

vary with the skill level and behavioral style of the individual being tested. The

researcher followed the standard procedure in the administration of the test.

Of all these, since blue and tan forms are equated and counterbalanced to

factor out any differences that might be associated with the order of administration,

the researcher decided to make used of the Tan Form for this study.

The researcher made use of the standard scores. Standard scores were the

type of scores used for comparisons within individuals and between them. These

interval data were a higher level of information than the raw scores or grade

equivalents. The ratings of standard scores were classified as those who will get a

raw score of 69 and below this considered “Deficient”, 70 – 79 “Borderline”, 80 –

89 “Low Average”, 90 – 109 “Average”, 110 – 119 “High Average”, 120 – 129

“Superior” and 130 and up being “Very Superior” in terms of intellectual readiness.

Validation of the Instruments

The self-made instruments made by the researcher such as personal

information sheet, parenting style inventory and social readiness inventory which

was used in this study undergone content validity by the assigned

validators/professors of the Graduate Studies.

Parenting Style Inventory and Social Readiness Inventory were the two

instruments that have undergone test-retest for reliability in Charis Child Tutorial

Learning Center. There were 10 parents who were involved, five (5) from

kindergarten and five (5) from preparatory level.

These inventories were revised based on the recommendations. After the

appropriate corrections the inventories was reproduced for the final and actual data

gathering activity.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher included three selected schools in Dasmariñas, Cavite. The

participants were nursery, kindergarten and preparatory pupils with an age range of

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five (5) years old and up. After obtaining the principal’s consent, the researcher

asked the teacher’s consent and participation to obtain the participants to participate

in the study.

The researcher together with the help of the teachers attached and

distributed the inventories.

WRAT3, a measure for Intellectual Readiness was administered during

class hours, but since this test is for individual, testing participant was placed in a

vacant room to take the test. The researcher provided a pencil with eraser and

WRAT3 test form.

Then, the examiner gave the WRAT3 test form following the standard

procedures.

Statistical Treatment

The following statistical treatments were used to answer specific problems

in the study. Descriptive statistics i.e. relative frequency and mean, point biserial

correlation, Spearman Rho correlation, Chi-Square and multiple regression.

Point biserial correlation coefficient was used in Problems 2 and 5 in

determining the significant relationship between the family characteristics of the

respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers.

The spearman’s rho coefficient of correlation was used in Problems 1 and

4 to determine the significant relationship between the personal characteristics of

the respondents and the social and intellectual readiness of preschoolers.

Chi-square was used in Problem 2 in determining the family characteristics

particularly the occupation.

Finally, multiple regression was used in Problem 6 in determining the

predictors of social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers.

62

RESULTS

Personal characteristic of the respondents in terms of age is shown in the

following table.

Table 2. Age Profile of the Respondents

Age School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

5 to 5 and 11 months 10 29.4 8 22.9 20 44.4 38 33.3

6 to 6 and 11 months 20 58.8 17 48.6 18 40 55 48.2

7 to 7 and 11 months 4 11.8 9 25.7 6 13.3 19 16.7

8 to 8 and 11 months 1 2.9 1 2.2 2 1.8

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 2 shows that there were 34 pupils in school A, 35 in school B, and 45 pupils

in school C. Overall there were 114 preschoolers in the three schools. There were

almost 50 percent of the pupil respondents who fell under 6 to 6 and 11 months.

However, 8 to 8 and 11 months had 1.8 percent. These findings show that in terms

of age most of the preschoolers in the three schools were within 6 years old to 6

years and 11 months

The data revealed that about 50 percent of the pupil respondents fell under

6 to 6 and 11 months because 6 years old is the ideal age of school entry.

Table 3. Gender Profile of the Respondents

Gender School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

Male 17 50 17 48.6 18 40 52 45.6

Female 17 50 18 51.4 27 60 62 54.4

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 3 presents the gender profile of the respondents. There were 62 or

54.4 percent of the respondents were female and 52 or 45.6 percent were male.

These findings show that in terms of gender most of the preschoolers in the three

schools were female.

The data revealed that almost 55 percent of the pupil respondents were

female compared to male.

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Table 4. Grade Level Profile of the Respondents

Grade Level School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

Nursery 5 11.1 5 4.4

Kindergarten 10 29.4 21 60 23 51.1 54 47.4

Preparatory 24 70.6 14 40 17 37.8 55 48.2

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 4 shows that grade levels in the preschool were nursery, kinder and

preparatory. There were 55 or 48.2 percent of the respondents were in the

preparatory level, 54 or 47.4 percent were in the kinder level and 5 or 4.4 percent

were in the nursery level. These findings show that in terms of grade level most of

the preschoolers in the three schools were in the preparatory level. This revealed

that aged six (6) were in the preparatory level.

Table 5. Sibling Position Profile of the Respondents

Sibling Position School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

First 18 52.9 23 65.7 14 31.1 55 48.2

Second 12 35.3 4 11.4 13 28.9 29 25.4

Third 2 5.9 6 17.1 13 28.9 21 18.4

Fourth 2 5.9 1 2.9 4 8.9 7 6.1

Fifth 1 2.9 1 2.2 2 1.8

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 5 shows that sibling positions were classified as first, second, third,

fourth and fifth child in the preschool. There were almost 50 percent of the pupil

respondents who were first born or eldest in the family. However, 1.8 percent was

fifth born. These findings show that in terms of sibling position most of the

preschoolers in the three schools were first born or eldest sibling in the family.

The data revealed that many were first born because parents were married

less than ten (10) years.

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Table 6. Parents’ Educational Attainment Profile

Parents' School Total

Educational

Attainment A B C

F % F % F % F %

Postgraduate 3 8.8 1 2.9 5 11.1 9 7.9

College 31 91.2 33 94.3 40 88.9 104 91.2

Secondary 1 2.9 1 0.9

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 6 presents the parents’ educational attainment profile. This was

categorized as secondary, college and postgraduate studies. There was 91.2 percent

who attained college while 0.9 percent attained secondary.

Table 7. Parents’ Occupation Profile

Mothers' School Total

Occupation A B C

F % F % F % F %

Employed 16 47.1 18 51.4 20 44.4 54 47.4

Own a Business 4 11.8 6 17.1 6 13.3 16 14

None 14 41.2 11 31.4 19 42.2 44 38.6

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Fathers' School Total

Occupation A B C

F % F % F % F %

Employed 30 88.2 26 83.9 40 93 96 88.9

Own a Business 3 8.8 2 6.5 1 2.3 6 5.6

None 1 2.9 3 9.7 2 4.7 6 5.6

Total 34 100 35 100 43 100 108 100

65

Table 7 presents parents’ occupation. There were 47.4 percent mothers

who were employed while 14 percent own a business. However, 88.9 percent of the

fathers were employed, 5.6 percent stayed at home and the other 5.6 percent own a

business. These findings show that in terms of parents’ occupation majority of

parents’ were employed.

The data indicates that because of the educational attainment of the parents

many were employed and parents work together in order to sustain the needs of the

family. In addition, fathers can still be considered as breadwinners in the family.

Table 8. Parent’s job status Profile

Mothers' School Total

job status A B C

F % F % F % F %

Full time 17 50 20 57.1 21 46.7 58 50.9

Part time 13 8.8 6 17.1 5 11.1 14 12.3

None 14 41.2 9 25.7 19 42.2 42 36.8

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Fathers' School Total

job status A B C

F % F % F % F %

Full time 31 91.2 26 83.9 41 95.3 98 90.7

Part time 2 5.9 2 6.5 4 3.7

None 1 2.9 3 9.7 2 4.7 6 5.6

Total 34 100 35 100 43 100 108 100

Table 8 presents parents’ job status. It shows that in terms of mothers’ job

status almost 60 percent work as full time employee while 12.3 percent of them

work as part time employee. However, concerning the fathers’ job status , about

90.7 percent work as full time employee 3.7 percent work as part time employee.

These findings show that in terms of parent’s job status majority of parents were full

time employees.

The researcher believed that both parents need to work full time together

for their children to meet their needs. It also revealed that still fathers were

considered the boss who earns a living.

66

Table 9. Parenting Style Profile

Parenting School Total

Styles A B C

F % F % F % F %

Authoritative 21 61.8 21 60 31 68.9 73 64

Authoritarian 4 11.8 5 14.3 4 8.9 13 11.4

Permissive 7 20.6 7 20 7 15.6 21 18.4

Uninvolved 2 5.9 2 5.7 3 6.7 7 6.1

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 9 presents the parenting style profile. It shows that 64 percent of the

pupils’ parents used authoritative style of parenting. However, there was about 6

percent who used uninvolved style of parenting. These findings show that in terms

of parenting styles majority of the parents used authoritative style of parenting.

The data indicates that almost 64 percent of the pupil’s parents employed

authoritative style of parenting because they directs the child’s activities but in a

rational, issue-oriented way. The parent encourages verbal give and take, and shares

with the child the reasoning behind the policies. They value both expressive and

instrumental attributes and both autonomous self-will and disciplined conformity.

Therefore, parents exert firm control at points of parent-child divergence, but not

hem the child in with restrictions.

According to Steifert (2000), authoritative parents set clear standards for

mature and responsible behavior and expect their children to meet their standards.

Enforcement of roles is firm but parents unduly restrict their children’s activities

and issues, and give reasons for limits. Learning to take responsibility is a high

priority.

Table 10. Number of Siblings Profile of the Respondents

Number of School Total

Siblings A B C

F % F % F % F %

1 to 2 26 76.5 19 54.3 22 48.9 67 58.8

3 to 4 8 23.5 14 40 20 44.4 42 36.8

5 to 6 2 5.7 3 6.7 5 4.4

Total 34 100 35 100 43 100 114 100

67

Table 10 shows that numbers of siblings were enclose in the 1 to 2, 3 to 4

and 5 to 6 bracket. There were almost 60 percent pupil respondents who were under

1 to 2 bracket number of siblings while 4.4 percent were in the 5 to 6 bracket

number of siblings. These findings show that in terms of number of siblings most of

them are in the 1 to 2 bracket number of siblings.

The data shows that almost 60 percent of the parents prefer to have 1 to 2

children only maybe because of the reason that nowadays it is hard to have more

children to take care of and to be responsible with many things especially parents

who are employed.

According to Meltz (2007), some of the reasons why parents raised only 1

to 2 children because it is easy to overlook things, fewer distractions in the family,

bond between 1 to 2 child and his/her parents tends to be stronger and tighter than in

bigger families.

Table 11. Housemaid Profile of the Respondents

Presence of School Total

Housemaid A B C

F % F % F % F %

Yes 16 47.1 7 20 17 37.8 40 35.1

None 18 52.9 28 80 28 62.2 74 64.9

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Extended Family Profile of the Respondents

Is Family School Total

Extended A B C

F % F % F % F %

Yes 15 44.1 6 17.1 19 42.2 40 35.1

None 19 55.9 29 82.9 26 57.8 74 64.9

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Table 11 presents the presence of housemaid of the respondents. It

indicates that among 114 respondents there were almost 65 percent who does not

have housemaid while 35.1 percent have maids at home. However, concerning the

extended family as to have or not to have extension, it shows that there were almost

65 percent who does not have extended family while 35.1 percent whose families

were extended. These findings show that many of the families can manage the tasks

at home therefore need not to have housemaids and as to the family whether

extended or not, most of the families were not extended.

68

In addition, instead of having housemaids if there were relatives in the

family who are capable enough and can be trusted to take care of the children then

parents would rather choose it.

Table 12. Relatives in the Family

Who lives with School Total

the Family A B C

F % F % F % F %

Grandparents 1 7.1 2 10 3 7.5

Parents 8 57.1 4 66.7 11 55 23 57.5

Brothers / Sisters 4 28.6 2 33.3 4 20 10 25

Tito / Tita 2 10 2 5

Nieces / Nephew 1 7.1 1 5 2 5

Total 14 100 6 100 20 100 40 100

Table 12 presents the presence of relative in the family. This was

categorized as grandparents, parents, brothers or sisters, tito or tita, and nephews or

nieces. There were almost 60 percent whose parents were living with the family

while 5 percent were tito / tita, nieces and nephew. These findings show that in

terms of the presence of relative in the family, the pupils were mostly with their

parents’ parents or so called grandparents.

In the Philippines, Filipinos are said to be family – oriented people. In that

case, when a child becomes adult and decides to marry his/her parents will reside

and assist him in building the family and in the absence of the parents for work

grandparents are there to help and they take the responsibility of their children.

69

Table 13. Social Readiness of the respondents

Social School Total

Readiness A B C

F % F % F % F %

Low 1 2.9 1 0.9

Moderate 16 47.1 23 65.7 20 44.4 59 51.8

High 18 52.9 11 31.4 25 55.6 54 47.4

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Mean 103.62 99.46 102 101.7

Verbal High Moderate High Moderate

Interpretation

Legend

53 and below Very Low

54 – 77 Low

78 – 101 Moderate

102 – 125 High

126 – 150 Very High

Table 13 presents social readiness of the pupils. About 51.8 percent of the

pupil had a moderate social readiness and 47.4 percent of them had high social

readiness. As regards to school, both A and C had high social readiness with a mean

of 103.62 for school A and 102 for school C. These findings show that social

readiness of pupil respondents with an overall mean of 101.7 were interpreted

moderate in their social readiness.

The data indicates that they were moderate in social readiness maybe

because at times they tend to become brat, bossy and not a good follower. They

enjoy playing alone, like to put things in the mouth, does not begin true give and

take and understand values such as telling the truth, being honest and showing

responsibility. More so, they do not want his/her parents to be out of sight and needs

to get clear and consistent rules and to understand the consequences of breaking

them.

According to Belen (1997), one area of significant development during

childhood is the socialization of the child. To become socialized, the child needs

social experiences. Parents and preschool teachers can contribute to readiness by

offering children positive experiences in group settings outside of the home, and by

helping children strengthen their social skills and understanding.

70

Table 14. Intellectual Readiness of Respondents in Reading

Reading School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

Deficient 1 2.9 2 4.4 3 2.6

Borderline 1 2.9 1 0.9

Low Average 2 5.9 1 2.2 3 2.6

Average 10 29.4 7 20 7 15.6 24 21.1

High Average 5 14.7 7 20 5 11.1 17 14.9

Superior 3 8.8 9 25.7 11 24.4 23 20.2

Very Superior 13 38.2 11 31.4 19 42.2 43 37.7

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Mean 118.71 120.63 126.13 122.23

Verbal High Superior Superior Superior

Interpretation Average

Legend

69 and below Deficient

70 – 79 Borderline

80 – 89 Low Average

90 – 109 Average

110 – 119 High Average

120 – 129 Superior

130 and above Very Superior

Table 14 shows the intellectual readiness of the pupils in reading. There

were almost 60 percent whose reading readiness was considered very superior and

superior. However, there were 3.5 percent who were deficient and in borderline in

intellectual reading readiness. These findings show that the intellectual readiness of

pupil respondents in reading had a mean of 122.23 which was verbally interpreted

as superior.

The data revealed that about 60 percent of the pupil respondents were

superior and very superior in their reading intellectual readiness and they can read

words applied for Grade 1 and 2 levels. However, it also revealed that there were

3.5 percent of the pupil respondents who were under deficient and borderline.

Hence, these were the children who had problems in their reading readiness because

71

they cannot relate to the topics discussed by their teachers, cannot even recognized

letters neither produced sounds of the alphabets, blends and three-letter words.

Children are more likely to feel competent in school if they can understand

and use the language of the peers and the adults they meet in school. They are also

more likely to have confidence in their own ability to cope with school if they can

relate to the ideas and topics introduced by the teacher and other children in class

discussion and activities (Katz & McClellan, 1991).

Table 15. Intellectual Readiness of Respondents in Spelling

Spelling School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

Deficient 2 4.4 2 1.8

Borderline 1 0.9

Low Average 1 2.9 1 2.9 3 6.7 5 4.4

Average 11 32.4 6 17.1 7 15.6 24 21.1

High Average 10 29.4 8 22.9 7 15.6 25 21.9

Superior 3 8.8 10 28.6 7 15.6 20 17.5

Very Superior 9 26.5 9 25.7 19 42.2 37 32.5

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Mean 116.26 119.69 122.53 119.79

Verbal High High Superior High

Interpretation Average Average Average

Legend

69 and below Deficient

70 – 79 Borderline

80 – 89 Low Average

90 – 109 Average

110 – 119 High Average

120 – 129 Superior

130 and above Very Superior

Table 15 shows the intellectual readiness of the pupils in spelling. There

were 50 percent whose spelling readiness was very superior and superior. However,

there were almost 3 percent who were deficient and in borderline. These findings

show that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents in spelling had a mean of

119.79 and thus verbally interpreted with high average in the spelling readiness.

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The data indicates that about 50 percent of the pupil respondents were

superior and very superior in their spelling intellectual readiness and they can spell

words applied for Grade 1 and 2 levels. However, it also revealed that there were

almost 3 percent of the pupil respondents who were under deficient and borderline.

Hence, these were the children who had problems in their spelling readiness

because of the reason that they could hardly read so they could not write words

through dictation.

According to Billman & Sherman (1997), as children develop more

concepts and vocabulary, their causal reasoning becomes more advanced and they

are able to offer reasonable cause-and-effect explanations. When you observe

preschoolers, you will notice that when they do not know the reason for something,

they will invent one.

Table 16.Intellectual Readiness of Respondents in Arithmetic

Arithmetic School Total

A B C

F % F % F % F %

Deficient 2 4.4 2 1.8

Borderline 1 2.9 1 0.9

Low Average 2 5.7 1 2.2 3 2.6

Average 5 14.7 7 20 11 24.4 23 20.2

High Average 12 35.3 4 11.4 7 15.6 23 20.2

Superior 6 17.6 6 17.1 6 13.3 18 15.8

Very Superior 11 32.4 15 42.9 18 40 44 38.6

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Mean 124.29 121.14 121.47 122.21

Verbal Superior Superior Superior Superior

Interpretation

Legend

69 and below Deficient

70 – 79 Borderline

80 – 89 Low Average

90 – 109 Average

110 – 119 High Average

120 – 129 Superior

130 and above Very Superior

73

Table 16 shows the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents in

arithmetic. There were 44 or 38.6 percent whose arithmetic readiness were very

superior, 23 or 20.2 percent were high average and average, 18 or 15.8 percent were

superior, 3 or 2.6 percent were low average, 2 or 1.8 percent were deficient and 1

or .9 percent were under borderline. As regards to school, all got superior in terms

of intellectual readiness in arithmetic. These findings show that the intellectual

readiness of pupil respondents in arithmetic had a mean of 122.21 and thus verbally

interpreted with superior in the arithmetic intellectual readiness.

The data indicates that about 60 percent of the pupil respondents were

superior and very superior in their arithmetic intellectual readiness and they can do

counting and do simple calculations that are to add and subtract numbers applied for

Grade 1 and 2 levels. However, it also revealed that there were almost 3 percent of

the pupil respondents who were under deficient and borderline. Hence, these were

the children who had problems in their arithmetic readiness because they could

hardly identify and write numbers correctly, cannot count consistently especially the

process of addition and subtraction.

According to Belen (1997) cognition or understanding of concepts is

dependent on the child’s readiness to understand himself, his ability and his

environment. This comes from the level of maturation of the brain and the rest of

nervous system and of his sense organs.

Table 17. Summary Table of Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual School Total

Readiness A B C

F % F % F % F %

Deficient 2 4.4 2 1.8

Borderline 1 2.9 1 0.9

Low Average 1 2.9 1 2.9 1 2.2 3 2.6

Average 10 29.4 4 11.4 7 15.6 21 18.4

High

Average 8 23.5 8 22.9 9 20 25 21.9

Superior 6 17.6 12 34.3 7 15.6 25 21.9

Very

Superior 9 26.5 9 25.7 19 42.2 37 32.5

Total 34 100 35 100 45 100 114 100

Mean 119.75 120.49 123.38 121.41

Verbal High Superior Superior Superior

Interpretation Average

74

Table 17 presents the summary table of intellectual readiness of the pupil

respondents. About 50 percent of the pupil had a superior and very superior

intellectual readiness and 3 percent of them had deficient and borderline intellectual

readiness. As regards to school, both B and C had superior intellectual readiness

with a mean of 120.49 for school B and 123.38 for school C. These findings show

that intellectual readiness of pupil respondents with an overall mean of 121.41 were

interpreted superior in their intellectual readiness.

The data indicates that they were superior in intellectual readiness because

they can do simple calculations like adding and subtracting numbers, they can read

words and spell it out correctly, they can follow simple instructions as to how

something is to be done, they can relate to the ideas and topics introduced by their

teacher and other children in class discussion and activities.

According to Berger (1999) parents who provide active support of their

children contribute more to their child’s success in school than those who provide

passive support. The least effective parents in terms of the child’s ability to succeed

are those who are non-supportive. Parents must actively help their children as well

as encourage them to achieve. Parent’s behaviors that support the child’s cognitive

include teaching of specific skills, opportunities for the child to explore and try out

skills, conversations and play with the child, high expectations for achievement, and

knowledge about child’s development.

The Spearman rank and point biserial correlation coefficient were used to

determine the degree of relationship between personal characteristics of pupils and

their level of intellectual and social readiness at 0.05 level of significance.

Table 18.Age of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social -0.127 0.178 Accept Ho

Intellectual -0.646 0.000 Reject Ho

* Spearman Rank

Social Readiness. It can be gleaned from Table 18 that the computed spearman rank

correlation coefficient between age of the pupil respondents at their level of social

readiness was -0.127 with a probability value of 0.178 which is not significant at 5

percent level. Hence, the null hypothesis of no significant relationship between age

of the pupil respondents at their level of social readiness was accepted. This

indicates that age of the pupil respondents does not affect their level of social

readiness. The data also revealed that regardless of the age of pupil respondents

their level of social readiness were the same.

75

The data indicates that age does not affect the social readiness of the pupil

respondents maybe because the attachment process continues to be formative and

helps to shape the internal working model of social relationships the child creates.

They develop the ability to share, to read others’ cues well and to respond positively

to others.

Intellectual Readiness. As shown in Table 18, the computed correlation

coefficient of -0.646 indicates that age is significantly related to the intellectual

readiness of pupils. The hypothesis of no significant relationship between age of the

pupil and their level of intellectual readiness was rejected. This means that the

intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents could be affected by their age. It

further shows that younger pupil respondents were more intellectually ready than

those older pupil respondents.

This finding is supported by Katz, et al. (1990) that age is one of the

biggest factors that determine whether a child is intellectually ready or not for

school. If the child with his age does not actively construct meaning as he/she

explores the world around him/her, do not add concepts, vocabulary, and

representation to the process therefore may affect his/her intellectual readiness.

However, data resulted that younger pupils were more intellectually ready than

those older pupils probably because as they grow older they begin to explore and

become aware of the social and physical reality, achieve personal independence and

develop attitudes toward social group and institutions, that is why they become

more playful and do not give so much importance on the academic areas.

Table 19. Gender of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social -0.007 -0.0719 Accept Ho

Intellectual -0.235 -2.5566 Reject Ho

* Point Biserial

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between gender and their level of social

readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient

was -0.007 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between gender and social readiness was accepted. This

implies that social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their gender

maybe because both male and female have already had some positive experience in

group settings outside of the home.

76

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between gender and their level of intellectual

readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient

was -0.235 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between gender and intellectual readiness was rejected. This

implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was affected by their

gender. It also shows that intellectual readiness of female pupil respondents were

statistically higher than those male respondents.

This finding is supported by Wyckoff & Unell (2002) that boys’ brains

develop more slowly than girls’. In boys, the left half of the brain, which controls

thinking, develops more slowly than the right half, which controls spatial

relationships. As a result, the connection between the two hemispheres is not as

fully formed in boys, who generally enjoy greater ability in math and reasoning, but

lesser ability in language and reading. However, girls’ brains develop more evenly,

giving them the ability to use both hemispheres for such activities as reading and

emotional awareness. The female brain is at work most of the time, allowing girls to

be more skilled at multi-tasking.

Table 20. Grade level of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Readiness

Intellectual and

Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social -0.005 -0.0493 Accept Ho

Intellectual 0.142 1.5206 Accept Ho

* Point Biserial

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between grade level and their level of social

readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation coefficient

was -0.005 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between grade level and social readiness was accepted. This

implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their grade

level maybe because the child’s social skills were strengthened.

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between grade level and their level of

intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation

coefficient was 0.142 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of

no significant relationship between grade level and intellectual readiness was

accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was not

affected by their grade level maybe because at certain grade level they can relate to

the ideas and topics introduced by the teacher and other children in class discussions

and activities.

77

Table 21. Sibling position of the pupil and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Readiness

Intellectual and

Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.095 0.314 Accept Ho

Intellectual -0.129 0.173 Accept Ho

* Spearman Rank

Social Readiness. It can be gleaned from Table 21 that the computed

spearman rank correlation coefficient between sibling position of the pupil

respondents and their level of social readiness was 0.095 with a probability value of

0.314 which is not significant at 5 percent level. Hence, the null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between sibling position of the pupil respondents and their

level of social readiness was accepted.

The data indicates that each child regardless of his/her sibling position in

the family developed his/her own coping strategies well.

Intellectual Readiness. As shown in Table 21, the computed spearman rank

correlation coefficient was -0.129 with a probability value (significant value) of

0.173 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant

relationship between sibling position of the pupil and their level of intellectual

readiness was accepted. This means that the intellectual readiness of the pupil

respondents was not affected by their sibling position.

The data indicates that the child’s intellectual readiness is not dependent on

his/her sibling position. But the child’s ability to learn affects both genetic make –

up and the reactions a child has to his/her environment (Billman & Sherman, 1997)

78

Table 22 Parents’ Educational Attainment and its relationship to Social and

Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.089 0.9426 Accept Ho

Intellectual 0.059 0.6265 Accept Ho

* Point Biserial

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between parents’ educational attainment and

their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial

correlation coefficient was -0.089 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null

hypothesis of no significant relationship between parents’ educational attainment

and social readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil

respondents was not affected by their parents’ educational attainment.

The data indicates that social readiness is not dependent to parents’

educational attainment maybe because the child has nothing to do with what his/her

parents’ achievements.

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between parents’ educational attainment and

their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point

biserial correlation coefficient was 0.059 which is significant at 5 percent level. The

null hypothesis of no significant relationship between parents’ educational

attainment and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual

readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by their parents’ educational

attainment maybe because what is important is the amount of care that they were

going to receive.

Table 23 Mothers’ Occupation and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Readiness

Intellectual Chi Degrees Contingency Significance Decision

and Social Square Of Coefficient

Readiness Computed Freedom

Social 0.694 2 0.078 0.707

Accept

Ho

Intellectual 5.055 4 0.206 0.282

Accept

Ho

79

Social Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant

relationship/association between social readiness and mothers’ occupation of pupil

respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of

their association.

As presented in Table 23 the computed chi-square value between mothers’

occupation and social readiness was 0.694 with a probability (significant) value of

0.707 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between mothers’ occupation and social readiness was

accepted. Hence, the level of social readiness of the pupils is not significantly

influenced by their mothers’ occupation maybe because the child tends to be more

independent in the absence of his/her parents for work.

Intellectual Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect

significant relationship/association between intellectual readiness and mothers’

occupation of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to

measure the degree of their association.

As presented in Table 23 the computed chi-square value between mothers’

occupation and intellectual readiness was 5.055 with a probability (significant)

value of 0.282 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between mothers’ occupation and intellectual readiness was

accepted. Hence, the level of intellectual readiness of the pupils is not significantly

influenced by their mothers’ occupation maybe because the child and his/her early

experiences and the genetic endowment shape the child’s intellect.

Table 24 Mothers’ Position and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual Chi Degrees Contingency Significance

Decisio

n

and Social Square of Coefficient

Readiness

Compute

d Freedom

Social 0.135 2 0.034 0.935

Accept

Ho

Intellectual 3.015 4 0.161 0.555

Accept

Ho

* Chi-Square Test

Social Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant

relationship/association between social readiness and mothers’ job status of pupil

respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of

their association.

As shown in Table 24 the computed chi-square value between mothers’ job

status and social readiness was 0.135 with a probability (significant) value of 0.935

which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant

relationship between mothers’ job status and social readiness was accepted. Hence,

80

the level of social readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their

mothers’ job status maybe because parents regardless of their job status at work

tend to be the caregiver at home.

Intellectual Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect

significant relationship/association between intellectual readiness and mothers’ job

status of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure

the degree of their association.

As shown in Table 24 the computed chi-square value between mothers’ job

status and intellectual readiness was 3.015 with a probability (significant) value of

0.555 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between mothers’ job status and intellectual readiness was

accepted. Hence, the level of intellectual readiness of the pupils is not significantly

influenced by their mothers’ job status maybe because parents regardless of his/her

job status do his/her ultimate goal to mold their children to become a better citizen

of the world as they grow old.

Table 25. Fathers’ Occupation and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Readiness

Intellectual and

Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.081 0.8586 Accept Ho

Intellectual 0.060 0.6310 Accept Ho

* Point Biserial

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between fathers’ occupation and their level of

social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation

coefficient was 0.081 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of

no significant relationship between fathers’ occupation and social readiness was

accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not

affected by their fathers’ occupation.

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between fathers’ occupation and their level of

intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation

coefficient was 0.060 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of

no significant relationship between fathers’ occupation and intellectual readiness

was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was

not affected by their fathers’ occupation.

81

The data indicates that social and intellectual readiness had nothing to do

with fathers’ occupation because this is the time when the peer group tends to

become more important to the child than his family.

Table 26 Fathers’ Job status and its relationship to Social and Intellectual

Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* t-computed Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.122 1.2959 Accept Ho

Intellectual 0.076 0.8037 Accept Ho

* Point Biserial

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between fathers’ job status and their level of

social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation

coefficient was 0.122 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of

no significant relationship between fathers’ occupation and social readiness was

accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents was not

affected by their fathers’ job status .

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between fathers’ job status and their level of

intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation

coefficient was 0.076 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of

no significant relationship between fathers’ job status and intellectual readiness

was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of pupil respondents was

not affected by their fathers’ job status .

Table 27

Parenting Styles and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual Chi Degrees Contingency

Significanc

e Decision

and Social Square of Coefficient

Readiness Computed Freedom

Social 0.055 2 0.022 0.973

Accept

Ho

Intellectual 2.525 4 0.147 0.640

Accept

Ho

* Chi-Square Test

82

Social Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect significant

relationship/association between social readiness and parenting styles of pupil

respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure the degree of

their association.

.

As shown in Table 27 the computed chi-square value between parenting

styles and social readiness was 0.055 with a probability (significant) value of 0.973

which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no significant

relationship between parenting styles and social readiness was accepted. Hence, the

level of social readiness of the pupils is not significantly influenced by their

parenting styles.

Intellectual Readiness. The chi-square statistics was used to detect

significant relationship/association between intellectual readiness and parenting

styles of pupil respondents while the contingency coefficient was used to measure

the degree of their association.

As shown in Table 27 the computed chi-square value between parenting

styles and intellectual readiness was 2.525 with a probability (significant) value of

0.640 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between parenting styles and intellectual readiness was

accepted. Hence, the level of intellectual readiness of the pupils is not significantly

influenced by their parenting styles.

The data indicates that parenting style had nothing to do with the social

and intellectual readiness of the child maybe because the amount of care given is

much more important than the styles of parenting.

Table 28.

Number of Siblings and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* Significance Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.027 0.776 Accept Ho

Intellectual -0.061 0.518 Accept Ho

* Spearman Rank

Social Readiness. It can be gleaned from Table 28 that the computed

spearman rank correlation coefficient between number of siblings of pupil

respondents at their level of social readiness was 0.027 with a probability value of

0.776 which is not significant at 5 percent level. Hence, the null hypothesis of no

significant relationship between number of siblings of the pupil respondents at their

level of social readiness was accepted. This indicates that number of siblings of the

pupil respondents does not affect their level of social readiness. The data also

revealed that regardless of the number of siblings of pupil respondents their level of

social readiness were the same.

83

Intellectual Readiness. As shown in Table 28 the computed spearman rank

correlation coefficient was -0.061 with a probability value (significant value) of

0.518 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The hypothesis of no significant

relationship between number of siblings and their level of intellectual readiness was

accepted. This means that the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was not

affected by the number of siblings.

The data indicates that number of siblings had nothing to do with the social

and intellectual readiness of the child maybe because the child individually received

the amount of attention needed to their development.

Table 29

Presence of Housemaid and its relationship to Social and Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* t-computed Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.077 0.8176 Accept Ho

Intellectual 0.051 0.5408 Accept Ho

* Point Biserial

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between presence of housemaid and their level of

social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial correlation

coefficient was 0.077 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null hypothesis

of no significant relationship between presence of significant others and social

readiness was accepted. This implies that the social readiness of pupil respondents

was not affected by the presence of housemaid.

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between presence of housemaid and their level

of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial

correlation coefficient was 0.051 which is significant at 5 percent level. The null

hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of housemaid and

intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual readiness of

pupil respondents was not affected by the presence of housemaid.

The data indicates that presence of housemaid had nothing to do with

social and intellectual readiness of the child may be because children do not merely

listen to the housemaids.

84

Table 30. Presence of Relative in the family and its relationship to Social and

Intellectual Readiness

Intellectual and Social Correlation* t-computed Decision

Readiness Coefficient

Social 0.185 1.9883 Accept Ho

Intellectual -0.072 -0.7674 Reject Ho

* Point Biserial ,

Critical value of t-test = 1.96

Social Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used to

measure the degree of relationship between presence of relative in the family and

their level of social readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point biserial

correlation coefficient was 0.185 which is not significant at 5 percent level. The null

hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of relative in the family

and social readiness was rejected. This implies that the social readiness of pupil

respondents was affected by the relative in the family.

The data indicates that presence of relative in the family affects the social

readiness of the pupil respondents maybe because in the absence of the pupils’

parents grandparents are of help to develop/increase their social readiness. They

also teach, advise, guide and support their grandchildren as to how to behave and

handle different situations.

Intellectual Readiness. The point biserial correlation coefficient was used

to measure the degree of relationship between presence of relative in the family and

their level of intellectual readiness of pupil respondents. The computed point

biserial correlation coefficient was -0.072 which is not significant at 5 percent level.

The null hypothesis of no significant relationship between presence of relative in the

family and intellectual readiness was accepted. This implies that the intellectual

readiness of pupil respondents was not affected by the relative in the family.

The data indicates that the presence of relative in the family had nothing to

do with the intellectual readiness of the child maybe because the child wants to

discover, invent and develop on his own.

What are the predictors of social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers?

The multiple regression analysis was used to determine significant

predictors of social and intellectual readiness of pupil respondent. The family and

personal characteristics of the pupil respondents which were significantly related to

social and intellectual readiness were considered as the predictors. The stepwise

regression analysis was also applied to determine the best of social and intellectual

readiness.

85

Table 31. Predictors of Intellectual Readiness of the Respondents

Variables Coefficient Standard t-computed Significance

Error

Constant 226.465 10.563 21.440 .000 s

Age child -16.580 1.654 -10.022 .000 s

ns – not significant at 5% level , S – significant at 5% level, Multiple r = 0.688

Adjusted r square = 0.468

Intellectual Readiness. The personal and family characteristics of pupil

respondents which significantly related to the intellectual readiness were the age

and gender of the pupil. Hence, they were considered as the predictors of

intellectual readiness.

Result of the stepwise regression analysis shows that the better predictor of

intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents was their age as shown in Table 30. It

further shows that the value of multiple correlation coefficient was 0.688 which is

significant at 5 percent level. It also shows that the adjusted r – square was 0.468

which implies that 46.8 percent of the variability of intellectual readiness can be

explained by the variability of the pupil’s age.

The regression equation was

Y = 226. 465 – 16.580X1

Where Y – Intellectual Readiness

X1 – Age of child

The regression equation above shows that if the age of the pupil is five (5)

years old then it can be expected that the level of intellectual readiness of the pupil

will be 143.55 which can be interpreted as very superior, while if the age of the

pupil is seven (7) years old, then it can be expected that their level of intellectual

readiness was 109.79 which can be interpreted as High Average. Hence, it can be

concluded that the older the pupil the lower is their level of intellectual readiness

and the younger the pupil the higher is the level of intellectual readiness.

The data indicates that age is the better predictor of intellectual readiness.

According to Morrison (1997) in determining school readiness age does not appear

to constitute an accurate determinant of intellectual readiness but actually involves

number of factors, such as specific skills, health and nutritional status, social

competence, psychological preparedness and other background such as social class,

parental education, and child-care experience are more influential than the child’s

age. In addition, the data revealed that younger pupil had the higher level of

intellectual readiness than the older ones maybe because as the child progresses

priorities regarding academics had been continuously changing they tend to focus

more on play and social interactions.

86

Table 32. Predictors of Social Readiness of the Respondents

Variables Coefficient Standard t-computed Significance

Error

Constant 100.473 1.039 96.743 .000 s

Presence

of 3.502 1.753 1.997 .000 s

relatives in

the family

ns – not significant at 5% level, S – significant at 5% level

Multiple r = 0.185 , Adjusted r square = 0.026

Y = 100.473 + 3.502X1

Where Y - Social Readiness

X1 - Presence of Relatives in the Family

Social Readiness. The presence of relatives in the family is the only

personal and family characteristic which is significantly related to their social

readiness.

Result of the regression analysis was shown in Table 31. It further shows

that the value of multiple r was 0.185 and the adjusted r–square was 0.026 which

are significant at 5 percent level.

The regression equation was

Y = 100.473 + 3.502X1

Where Y - Social Readiness

X1 - Presence of Relatives in the Family

The regression equation above can be expected that if the pupil does not

have a relative in the family the social readiness of the pupil will be 100.473 which

can be interpreted as moderate .On the other hand, if there is a presence of relative

in the family the expected level of social readiness will be 103.975 which can be

interpreted as high level of social readiness.

The data indicates that presence of relative in the family had something to

do with social readiness of the child maybe because the child does not feel alone

and even feels complete even in the absence of their parents, also because they have

grandparents who care.

87

Findings

Based on the data gathered, the following results have been obtained.

The personal characteristic of the pupil respondents were as follows:

Most of the preschoolers’ age in the three schools was within 6 years old to

6 years and 11 months with a percentage of 48.2 percent and with an

overall mean of 6.34.

Concerning gender, most of them were female with a percentage of 54.5

percent.

A little less than the majority of the preschoolers were in the preparatory

level with a percentage of 48.2 percent.

The data under sibling position revealed that most of the preschoolers were

first born or eldest sibling in the family with a percentage of 48.2 percent

and with an overall mean of 1.88.

The family characteristic of the pupil respondents were as follows:

About parent’s educational attainment, majority were college level with a

percentage of 91.2 percent.

In terms of parents’ occupation, data revealed that majority of parents were

employed. To further, mothers’ occupation had a little less than the

majority with a percentage of 47.4 percent while fathers’ occupation had

the majority with a percentage of 88.9 percent.

Parent’s job status revealed that many were full time employee. Mothers

had a percentage of 50.9 while fathers had a percentage of 90.7.

The parenting style inventory showed that the most frequent parenting

style used by the parents was the Authoritative Parenting Style with a

percentage of 64 percent.

Number of siblings’ profile of the respondents also revealed that most of

the pupil respondents were in the 1 to 2 bracket with a percentage of 58.8

percent.

Profile of the presence of housemaid showed that majority of the families can

work without housemaids with a percentage of 64.9 percent. However, presence of

relative in the family marked that majority of the grandparents live in the family

with a percentage of 57.5 percent.

The social readiness inventory showed that pupil respondents had a moderate

social readiness with a percentage of 51.8 percent and had an overall mean of

88

101.7. However, the intellectual readiness showed that pupil respondents had a

superior intellectual readiness with a mean of 121.41.

The relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents in

terms of age, gender, grade level and sibling position and the social and

intellectual readiness of preschoolers were as follows:

The relationship of age and social readiness with the computed spearman rank

correlation coefficient of -.127) with a probability value of .178 at 5 percent level of

significance was accepted. More so, relationship of age and intellectual readiness

with the computed spearman rank correlation coefficient of -0.646 with a

probability value of .000 at 5 percent level of significance was rejected.

The relationship of gender and social readiness with the computed point biserial

correlation coefficient of -.007 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted. The

relationship of gender and intellectual readiness with the computed point biserial

correlation coefficient of -0.235 at 5 percent level of significance was rejected.

The relationship of grade level and social readiness with the computed point

biserial correlation coefficient of -.005 at 5 percent level of significance was

accepted. The relationship of grade level and intellectual readiness with the

computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.142 at 5 percent level of

significance was accepted.

The relationship of sibling position and social readiness with the computed

spearman rank correlation of 0.095 with a probability value of 0.314 at 5 percent

level of significance was accepted. The relationship of sibling position and

intellectual readiness with the computed spearman rank correlation of -0.129 with a

probability value of 0.173 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted.

The relationship between the family characteristics of the respondents and the

social and intellectual readiness of the preschoolers are as follows:

The relationship of their parents’ educational attainment to social readiness

with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.089 at 5 percent level of

significance was accepted. The relationship of their parents’ educational attainment

to intellectual readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of

0.059 at 5 percent level of significance was accepted.

The relationship of their mothers’ occupation to social readiness with computed

chi-square value of 0.694 was accepted. The relationship of their mothers’

occupation to intellectual readiness with computed chi-square value of 5.055 with

probability value of 0.282 was accepted. However, the relationship of their fathers’

occupation to social readiness with computed point biserial correlation coefficient

of 0.081 was accepted. More so, the relationship of their fathers’ occupation and

intellectual readiness with the computed correlation coefficient of 0.060 was

accepted.

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The relationship of their mothers’ job status to social readiness with

computed chi-square value of 3.015 was accepted. The relationship of mothers’ job

status and intellectual readiness with the computed chi-square value of 3.015 was

accepted. On the other hand, the relationship of their fathers’ job status to social

readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.122 was

accepted. The relationship of fathers’ job status and intellectual readiness with the

point biserial correlation coefficient of 0.076 was accepted.

The relationship of parenting style and social readiness with the computed chi-

square value of 0.055 with a probability value of 0.973 was accepted. The

relationship of parenting style and intellectual readiness with the computed chi-

square value of 2.525 with a probability value of 0.640 was accepted.

The relationship of number of siblings and social readiness with a computed

spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.027 with a probability value of 0.776 was

accepted. The relationship of number of siblings and intellectual readiness with a

computed spearman rank correlation coefficient of -0.061 with a probability value

of 0.518 was accepted.

The relationship of the presence of housemaid and social readiness with the

computed correlation coefficient of 0.077 was accepted. The relationship of

presence of housemaid and intellectual readiness with the computed correlation

coefficient of 0.051 was accepted. Moreover, the relationship of relatives in the

family and social readiness with the computed point biserial correlation coefficient

of -.072 which is not significant at 5 percent level, was rejected. On the other hand,

the relationship of the relatives in the family and intellectual readiness with the

computed point biserial correlation coefficient of .072 which is not significant at 5

percent level was accepted.

Based on the result the of the multiple regression analysis the personal and

family characteristics of pupil respondents which is significantly related to

intellectual readiness were the age and gender of the pupil. Hence, they were

considered as the predictors of intellectual readiness. However, the result of the

stepwise regression analysis shows that the better predictor of intellectual readiness

of the pupil respondents was their age. On the other hand, the presence of relatives

in the family is the only personal and family characteristic, which is significantly

related to their social readiness.

Recommendations

In the light of the foregoing data, here are some ideas that the researcher wanted to

recommend:

1. Since the social readiness of the pupil respondents was moderate,

parents should continuously provide their children positive social

experiences that will improve their readiness. School Administrators

should make and design programs for the preschoolers to improve

their level of social readiness. Teachers should also be aware and work

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hand in hand with the school and parents in facilitating the said

programs.

2. Since the intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents were superior,

school administrators should set and make programs to improve the

intellectual readiness of the pupil respondents and avoid its decline but

to improve more. Also, parents should be aware to continuously

provide ample time to educate their children as to the best they can.

3. Age is the better predictor of the intellectual readiness. The school

administrators should consider the age of the child who will enter

preschool before they will admit him/her. Teachers should be aware of

this result to further help the young ones. Parents should also take into

consideration the age of their children before entering school.

4. Relative in the family is the only predictor of the social readiness.

Parents of the pupil respondents should encourage their parents to

continuously give support for the family. To further, there should be

seminars or trainings as to how grandparents will educate their

grandchildren to become more socially ready.

5. Further studies can be conducted on the predictors of social and

intellectual readiness in order to validate the result of this study.

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REFERENCES

Bee, H. (1995). The developing child. Seventh Edition.

Belardo, M.J.P. (1997). Factors affecting the nutritional status of preschoolers of

Blessed Christ Academy Dasmariñas, Cavite SY 1996 - 1997. De La Salle

University – Dasmariñas, Cavite.

Belen, L..M. (1997). Early childhood experiences program (ECEP): Success or

Failure?. De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, Cavite.

Billman, J. and Sherman, J. (1997). Observation and participation in early

childhood settings. A practicum guide. Second Edition.

Alexander: e-magazine.adoption.com/articles/462/the-world-of-the%20adopted-

child.php.

http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/eecearchive/digests/191/kats91.html

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/hstein/birthord.htm

http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/psychosoci al_2.htm

http://www.visualstatistics.net/web%20Visual%20Statistics/Visual%

20Statistics%20Multimedia/point biserial_coefficient_of_correlation

http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9219/readiness.htm

Lally: hsnrc.org/CDI/rlally1.cfm

Knitzer & Leftkowitz: nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_648.pdf

Sweeney, T. (1998). Adlerian Counseling: A practitioners approach. Fourth

Edition.

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Prof. Ma. Teresita Lunar Ingles’ penchant for history

dates back during her collegiate years in St. Scholatica’s

College where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree major

in History in 1993. She graduated in 2010 from the

University of the Philippines in Diliman with her MA in

History. In November 2010, she was elected to serve a

three-year term as Auditor of the Asosasyon ng mga

Dalubhasa, may Hilig at Interes sa Kasaysayan (ADHIKA)

ng Pilipinas, Inc., a national organization on history and

culture. She is currently the Research & Planning Assistant

of SBCA- CAS, and a full time professor for the

International Studies Department.

Prof. Jhino B. Ilano completed his Master of Arts in

Political Economy with Specialization in International

Relations and Development from the University of Asia and

the Pacific in 2010. The author has presented in a number of

conferences both here and abroad. Currently he is a full time

assistant professor in the College of Arts and Sciences –

International Studies Department and at the same time the

moderator for the SBCA CAS Debate Society.

Dr. Ernesto D. Dimaculangan earned his PhD in

Management, from Adamson University, where he

graduated with distinction- Benemeritus/Magna Cum Laude.

Formerly, he was the Deputy Academic Director of SIC

College of Business and Technology in Singapore where he

taught for three years. He had distinguished himself in the

field of marketing and management in the biggest

pharmaceutical company in the Philippines for more than

three decades. He is a part-time Associate Professorial

Lecturer 4 at the Business Administration and

Entrepreneurship Department.

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Prof. Jean A. Ariola finished her Master of Arts in

Education Major in English from the University of Perpetual

Help Rizal. She is currently a full time assistant professor

for the Languages Department. She is also the current

Prefect of Student Formation.

Prof. Fatima V. Bullecer completed her Master of Arts in

Education Major in Guidance and Counseling from the De

La Salle University Dasmarinas. She is at present

completing her doctoral degree in Counseling Psychology

from the same university. She is a full time assistant

professor for the Psychology Department

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