UGLY BABY DevelopmentKohlbergFreudEricksonPiaget STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT By: Schavion Smith 12.9.2014 Human Development Annette
Miles, PhD.
Slide 3
Cognitive Development Practical in understanding and
communicating with children, particularly in the field of education
Enhanced teaching Customized learning Constructivist learning and
scaffolding Pros Psychosocial Theory Guide for study examining
psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and
emotions Stressed the importance of early childhood experiences.
Psychosexual Provides a broad framework from which to view
development Emphasizes the social nature of human beings and the
importance of social relationships inters of development, identify,
and identity-formation. Moral Development Development of moral
thought helps individuals to develop a greater understanding of the
norms of society.
Slide 4
Cognitive Development Does not account for variability in child
development. The ability to solve conservation tasks vary across
individuals by several years. Modern research indicate cognitive
capacities of infants is most likely far greater than Piaget
theorized. Emphasizes physical environment and not the social
environment Emphasize children and not all learners Cons
Psychosocial Theory Focused too much on pathology No empirical
research to back up ideas Emphasized the role of sexuality in
personality development Did not explain the role of the environment
in shaping personality. Psychosexual Theory Exact mechanisms for
stage transitions are vague. Fails to detail experiences necessary
to transition and resolve conflicts to move to the next stage.
Moral Development Moral reasoning does not necessarily lead to
moral behavior. Duty vs. Actual Actions Overemphasis on justice
when making moral choicesother factors exist Compassion, caring,
and other interpersonal feelings Overemphasize Western philosophy
Individualist cultures emphasize personal rights while collectivist
cultures emphasize society and communities. Thus collectivist
cultures espouse to different moral outlooks that Kohlberg does not
account for.
Slide 5
Sensorimotor Recognizing the world through movements and
sensations. Object Permanence. Cause and effect. Birth Trust vs.
Mistrust Primary interaction with the world is via oral
stimulationtasting and sucking. According to Freud, if needs are
not met an oral fixation exists later in life Index-finger sucking
Smoking Fingernail biting I was eating solid foods by 1 year Key
Task: Weaning from the breast/bottle Oral Stage I had a lot of
trust at this age. I felt secure Preconvention Stages included:
Obedience and Punishment Individualism and Exchange Judging actions
by the direct consequences of such.
Slide 6
Sensorimotor cont Learning occurs through Assimilation
Accommodatio n Experiences 1-3: Big Family Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt I was toilet trained, but I still wet the bed. I am both
extremely organized and messy. Sometimes my behavior is destructive
Key Task: Toilet training Anal Stage Developed a greater sense of
personal control. Toilet training. Older siblings Large family
Obedience and Punishment Children see rules as fixed and absolute.
Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid
punishment.
Slide 7
Preoperational I began to think symbolically and began to use
pictures to represent things. In terms of egocentricity, I was
probably a little bit past this at this age. 3-7 Years:
Socialization Outside Initiative vs. Guilt Primary focus of the ids
energy is on the genitals. Oedipal/Electra Complex Attraction to
opposite sex parent Not true for me. Key Task: Identifying with
adult role models. Phallic Stage My power was in being sweet and a
good child. As long as I stayed in my lane and did what I was told,
I could do whatever I wanted. Individualism and Exchange Children
account for individual points of view and judge actions based on
the idea what is in it for me. Reciprocity is possible, but only if
in ones interestsI am told I was very reciprocating, so I must have
really enjoyed my family
Slide 8
Concrete Operational Children begin to think logically about
concrete events. Understand concepts of conservation. Begin using
inductive logic from specific information to a general principle.
5-11 Years: Awkward Industry vs. Inferiority During this stage, the
superego continues to develop while the ids energies are
suppressed. Children develop social skills, values, and
relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. Key
Task: Expand social contacts Latent Stage Children begin to develop
a sense of pride in their accomplishment s and abilities via social
interactions. Conventional Morality Includes stages:
Slide 9
Formal Operational The adolescent or young adult begins to
think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. 12-15
years: First Friends Identity vs. Confusion The onset of puberty
causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage,
people develop a strong interest in the opposite sex. If
development has been successful to this point, the individual will
continue to develop into a well-balanced person. Key Task: Develop
intimate relationships/contribute to society via work Genital Stage
Develop a sense of self. Interpersonal Relationships Where there is
a focus on living up to societal expectations and roles. Emphasis
on conformity, being nice, and consideration of how choices
influence relationships.
Slide 10
Formal Oper cont Abstract thought emerges Teens think about
moral, philosophical, ethical, social,, and political issues Begin
to use deductive logic from general to specific information. 16-21
years: First Relationship/Experiment Intimacy vs. Isolation Early
adulthood where people are exploring personal relationships.
Maintaining Social Order Begin to consider society as a whole when
making judgments. Focused on maintain law and order by following
the rules, and doing ones duty and respecting authority.
Slide 11
21-50 years: Experience, Reflection, Duty Generativity vs.
Stagnation During this stage, the superego continues to develop
while the ids energies are suppressed. Children develop social
skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of
the family. Latent Stage Adulthood where people continue to build
lives focusing on family and career. Post- Conventional Morality
Individuals live by their own ethical principles even if
inconsistent with the rules of law. Rules maintain general social
order and protect human rights Rules are not absolute Elevate ones
one moral evaluation over social conventions.
Slide 12
50+ Not There Yet Integrity vs. Despair The onset of puberty
causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage,
people develop a strong interest in the opposite sex. If
development has been successful to this point, the individual will
continue to develop into a well-balanced person. Genital Stage
Occurs in old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Social
Contract and Individual Rights People begin to account for the
differing of values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of
law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the
society should agree upon the standards.
Slide 13
Peaking Universal Principles Final level of reasoning based
upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. People
follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they
conflict with laws and rules.