Uganda Standards Series 3000 - Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone

7/30/2019 Uganda Standards Series 3000 - Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone

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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONSFOR ROADAND BRIDGE WORKS SERIES 3000 - EARTHWORKSANDPAVEMENTLAYERSOFGRAVELORCRUSHEDSTONE

SERIES 3000

EARTHWORKS AND PAVEMENTLAYERS OF GRAVEL OR CRUSHEDSTONE

SECTION PAGE

3100 CLEARING, GRUBBING AND REMOVALOF TOPSOIL 3000-2

3200 REMOVAL OF EXISTING STRUCTURES3000-4

3300 BREAKING UP EXISTING PAVEMENTLAYERS 3000-6

3400 BORROW PIT ACQUISITION ANDEXPLOITATION 3000-10

3500 SELECTING AND UTILISINGMATERIALS FROM BORROW PITS ANDCUTTINGS 3000-13

3600 EARTHWORKS 3000-163700 PAVEMENT LAYERS OF NATURAL

GRAVEL MATERIAL 3000-253800 STABILISATION 3000-31

3900 CRUSHED AGGREGATE ROAD BASE3000-36

CONTENTSOFTHEGENERAL SPECIFICATIONS:

SERIES 1000 GENERALSERIES 2000 DRAINAGE

SERIES3000EARTHWORKSAND PAVEMENTLAYERSOFGRAVEL ORCRUSHED STONESERIES 4000 BITUMINOUS LAYERS ANDSEALSSERIES 5000 ANCILLARYROADWORKSSERIES 6000 STRUCTURESSERIES 7000 T OLERANCES, TESTING AND QUALITYCONTROL

APPENDICES

THE REPUBLICOF UGANDA, MINISTRYOF WORKS, HOUSINGAND COMMUNICATIONS PAGE 3000 - 1


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SERIES 3000: EARTHWORKS AND PAVEMENTLAYERS OF GRAVEL OR CRUSHED STONE

SECTION 3100: CLEARING,GRUBBING AND REMOVAL OFTOPSOIL

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE PAGE

3101SCOPE 3000-23102DESCRIPTION OF WORKS 3000-23103MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 3000-3

3101 SCOPEThis Section covers the clearing of the Site and thegrubbing and removal of topsoil necessary forconstruction of the Works covered by the Contract, inaccordance with these Specifications.

3102 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS

(a) GeneralNo clearing and grubbing shall be done unlessapproved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall notethat, in order to avoid re-clearing, the clearing andgrubbing may have to be done at the last practicablestage of construction.

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions toprevent damage to structures and other private orpublic property.

Any unauthorised damage to or interference with

private or public property including trees shall be madegood to the satisfaction of the Engineer and the ownerat the Contractors sole expense.

(b) Area to be cleared, grubbed and removed oftopsoil

The area to be cleared, grubbed and removed of topsoilshall generally extend to 3 metres beyond the top of theslope in cuts and 3 metres beyond the toe of the slopeof embankments in accordance with the Drawings or asdirected by the Engineer. The Engineer shall designatethe areas to be cleared, which shall not necessarily belimited to those mentioned above.

The shoulders on each side of existing carriagewaysare included in the clearing and grubbing, but not theexisting carriageway itself.

No trees which fall between the extent of works and thelimits of clearing and grubbing shall be removed ordamaged without the written authorisation of theEngineer. Individual trees designated by the Engineershall be left standing and uninjured.

Within built up areas clearing and grubbing shall bestrictly limited to the extent of cut or fill as shown in theDrawings or as directed by the Engineer. No privateproperty e.g. buildings, crops, signs, fences etc shall beremoved, relocated or altered without the authorisationof the Engineer.

(c) Clearing and grubbingClearing shall consist of the removal of all trees, bush,shrubs and other vegetation, rubbish, fences and allother objectionable material, including the disposal of allmaterial resulting from the clearing and grubbing. Theclearance of trees within the extent of the Works shall

include Baobab trees. Clearing shall also include theremoval of all rocks and boulders of up to 0.15 m3 insize which are exposed or lying on the surface.

Clearing shall include complete removal and disposal ofstructures that obtrude, encroach upon or otherwiseobstruct the work, including existing bridge structuresand removal of foundations to a depth of one metrebelow the bed level shown on the Drawings.

Structures which cannot be cleared by reasonablemeans in the opinion of the Engineer shall be brokendown in accordance with the requirements of theSpecial Specifications.

Clearing shall include removal of mounds and nestsfrom termites, ants or other insects or burrowinganimals. Such removal shall be carried out byexcavation to the required depth as directed by theEngineer, and subsequent poisoning with approvedpesticides in the case of ants and termites. Noadditional payment will be made for removal of suchnests, but backfilling and compaction with approved fillmaterials will be paid as ordinary earthworks fill underthe relevant pay item. Poisoning with approved

pesticides will be paid for separately.

In the roadway all stumps and roots exceeding 50 mmin diameter shall be removed at least to the depth whichis the larger of the following:

600 mm below the finished road level

100 mm below the ground level after removal of

topsoil

300 mm below the top of improved subgrade or

formation level.

All stumps and roots, including matted roots, shall beremoved to a depth of at least 300 mm below theformation level (top of improved subgrade).

The cavities resulting from the grubbing shall be

backfilled with approved material and compacted tocomply with the Specifications for the relevant layer.

(d) Removal of topsoilTopsoil shall be removed to a depth as specified in theSpecial Specifications or as instructed by the Engineerand conserved as instructed by the Engineer. Theentire roadway shall be stripped of topsoil as directedby the Engineer. The rate paid for clearing, grubbingand removal of topsoil shall include all cost for theremoval of topsoil to the depth instructed by theEngineer. Payment for removal of any material belowthis level will be paid for as Common Excavation toSpoil in accordance with SECTION 3600 in case thematerial is spoiled. No additional payment will be madefor conservation measures, stockpiling or re-handling of

topsoil, whether paid for as Common Excavation toSpoil, or included in the rate for pay ITEM 31.01.

(e) Conservation of topsoilIf not used immediately, the topsoil shall be transportedand deposited in stockpiles or spoil banks provided bythe Contractor at his/her own expense and at locationsapproved by the Engineer. No additional payment willbe made for stockpiling or re-handling topsoil. The costof stripping and disposal of topsoil shall be included inthe price bid for clearing, grubbing and removal oftopsoil.

(f) Conservation of vegetation and cutting of treesWhere provided for in the Special Specifications, certaindesignated plants and trees encountered in the road

reserve shall be carefully protected by the Contractor.He/she/she shall then include in his/her bid rates forclearing and grubbing full compensation for omitting orthe careful removal and planting of the plants in aprotected and fenced-off area, and, on completion of



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the road, the replanting of the plants in suitablepositions in the road reserve in accordance with theEngineers instructions. The Contractors attention is inthis respect specifically drawn to SECTION 1700:Environmental Protection and Waste Disposal.

In the cases where cutting of trees has been approvedby the Engineer they shall be cut in sections from thetop downwards. The branches of trees to be left

standing shall be trimmed so as to leave a 7 mclearance above the carriageway.

Where clearing and grubbing would involve the cuttingdown of indigenous forest containing a significantnumber of trees with a trunk diameter exceeding 200mm, the Contractor shall inform the officials of theForestry Department before commencing with clearingand grubbing of such areas so as to enable thatGovernment Department either to salvage any usabletimber or to identify the trees before they are removedby the Contractor.

(g) Disposal of materialMaterial obtained from clearing, grubbing and removalof topsoil, shall be disposed of as indicated by the

Engineer, in stockpiles for later use in the case oftopsoil, borrow pits or other suitable places and coveredup with soil or gravel in the case of other debris. Theburning of material will only be permitted on the priorwritten approval of the Engineer. All statutory provisionswith regards to air pollution shall be carefully observed.

All tree trunks and branches in excess of 150 mm indiameter shall be cleared of secondary branches, sawninto suitable lengths and stacked at sites indicated bythe Engineer. Such timber shall not be used by theContractor and shall remain the property of theEmployer unless otherwise agreed on with theEngineer.

(h) Re-clearing of vegetation

When portions of the road reserve or other areas havebeen cleared in accordance with the Specifications, butvegetation grows again in the course of time duringconstruction, the Engineer may, if he/she/she considersit necessary, order that the area be re-cleared. Noadditional payment will be made for such re-clearing.

Such re-clearing of areas previously cleared includesthe removal and disposal of grass, shrubs and othervegetation in the same manner as for the first clearingoperation.

3103 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENTNo payment will be made for the moving of soil orgravel material which may be inherent in or unavoidable

during the process of clearing.

Clearing, grubbing and removal of topsoil required forquarries, borrow areas and any other natural materialsources, for haul roads and all temporary constructionwill not be measured for payment.

ITEM UNIT

31.01 CLEARING, GRUBBINGANDREMOVALOFTOPSOIL:

(a) CLEARINGANDGRUBBING HECTARE(ha)

(b) REMOVALOFTOPSOIL CUBICMETRE (m3)

The unit of measurement for SUBITEM 31.01(a), clearingand grubbing, shall be the hectare (to the nearest 0.1ha) designated by the Engineer and cleared of thevegetation cover and grubbed and in accordance with

these Specifications, all to the satisfaction of theEngineer. The unit of measurement for SUBITEM31.01(b), removal of topsoil as specified or instructed bythe Engineer, shall be the cubic metre measured inplace at the depth and width specified.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for all worknecessary for the clearing of the surface, any necessaryde-watering, removal of topsoil to the depth as specified

or as instructed by the Engineer after removal of thevegetation cover, the removal and grubbing of trees andtree stumps (except large trees and stumps as definedbelow), cutting of branches, backfilling of cavities,demolishing and disposal of buildings and structures(except for removal of drainage structures as providedfor in SECTION 2200), and the removal, transporting anddisposal or conservation of material all as specified inthis SECTION 3100. The Contractors attention is drawnto SUBCLAUSE 3102(d) for further explanation of thework included under this pay item.

ITEM UNIT

31.02 REMOVALANDGRUBBINGOFLARGETREESANDTREESTUMPS:

(a) GIRTHEXCEEDING 1.0 m UPTOANDINCLUDING 2.0 mNUMBER(no)

(b) GIRTHEXCEEDING 2.0 m UPTOANDINCLUDING 3.0 m

NUMBER(no)

(c) GIRTHEXCEEDING 3.0 m NUMBER(no)

The girth of trees or stumps shall be measured at thenarrowest point of the tree or stumps in the first metreof its height above ground level. Trees and stumps witha girth exceeding 1.0 m shall be measured individuallyand classified according to the size in increments of 1.0m as indicated above.

The bid rates shall include full compensation for all worknecessary for the clearing and grubbing of trees and

stumps with girth exceeding 1.0 metre, the backfilling ofholes and the removal and disposal of material, all asdescribed in this SECTION 3100.

Where construction is carried out through plantations orwhere the number of trees with a girth exceeding 1.0 mrenders individual measurement impractical, the SpecialSpecifications may provide that the clearing andgrubbing of trees in such areas be measured inhectares. If this method of measurement is used, theareas where it applies will be shown on the Drawings orstated in the Special Specifications. Where the SpecialSpecifications provide for the cleaning and grubbing oflarge trees per hectare in such specific cases, the bidprice shall include full compensation for all work asdescribed in connection with individual trees above.

ITEM UNIT

31.03 APPLYINGAPPROVEDPESTICIDESTOANTANDTERMITENESTS

LITRES (l)

The unit of measurement for applying approvedpesticides to ant and termite nests shall be the litres asinstructed by the Engineer applied in accordance withthese Specifications.

The bid rate shall included full compensation for allwork necessary for applying approved pesticides to antand termite nests.



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SECTION 3200: REMOVAL OFEXISTING STRUCTURES

CONTENTS:CLAUSE PAGE

3201SCOPE 3000-43202GENERAL 3000-43203REMOVAL OF GROUTED STONE SIDE

DITCHES 3000-43204REMOVAL OF BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND

OTHER DRAINAGE STRUCTURES 3000-43205REMOVAL OF PIPE CULVERT 3000-43206REMOVAL OF CONCRETE ENTRANCES,

KERBS, ETC 3000-43207REMOVAL OF UTILITIES 3000-43208MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 3000-4

3201 SCOPEThis Section covers the requirements for removing theexisting kerb and gutter, grouted stone side ditch,buildings, concrete entrance slabs and otherobstructions that are not designated to remain.

3202 GENERALThe Contractor shall remove and dispose of allbuildings, foundations, bridges, drainage structures andother obstructions within the limits of the Works, exceptitems designated to remain and utilities andobstructions to be removed under other provisions ofthis Contract. Refer also to SECTION 3100: CLEARING,GRUBBING AND REMOVAL OF TOPSOIL.

All existing structures designated as salvage materialshall be removed, without damage, in sections orpieces that may be readily transported, and shall bestored by the Contractor at locations specified in theSpecial Specifications. Unusable perishable materialshall be destroyed. Non-perishable material, wasteconcrete and masonry shall as far as practicable beplaced in slopes of embankments. Any broken concreteor masonry which cannot be used in construction, andall other materials not considered suitable for useelsewhere, shall be disposed of by the Contractor. In nocase shall any discarded materials be left in windrowsor piles adjacent to or within the Site. The manner andlocation of disposal of materials shall be subject to theapproval of the Engineer and shall not create an

unpleasant or objectionable view. When the Contractoris required to locate a disposal area outside the Site athis/her own expense, he/she/she shall obtain and filewith the Engineer, permission in writing from theproperty occupier for the use of his/her property for thispurpose.

Basements or cavities left by structure removal shall befilled to the level of the surrounding ground and, if theyare within the roadbed, the backfill shall be compactedin accordance with the relevant requirements in thisSpecification.

Existing utilities through, at or near existing structuresshall be protected and/or relocated as directed by theEngineer.

3203 REMOVAL OF GROUTED STONE SIDEDITCHES

Existing grouted stone side ditches shall be preservedas far as feasible, in accordance with the instructions ofthe Engineer. However, where necessary, they shall betotally or partially removed, as directed by the Engineer,and if required the salvaged stones shall be stockpiledwhere directed by the Engineer.

3204 REMOVAL OF BRIDGES, CULVERTSAND OTHER DRAINAGE STRUCTURESBridges, culverts, and other drainage structures shallnot be removed until satisfactory arrangements havebeen made to accommodate traffic and the flow ofwater.

Unless otherwise indicated, the existing substructuresshall be removed down to the natural stream bottomand those parts outside the stream shall be removed300 mm below natural ground surface. Portions ofexisting structures within the limits of a new structureshall be removed to accommodate the construction ofthe proposed structure.

Bridges designated as salvage material shall bedismantled without damage and match marked.Structures designated to become the property of theContractor shall be removed from the Site.

Blasting or other operations necessary to removeexisting structures or obstruction, which may damagenew construction, shall be completed prior to placingthe new work.

3205 REMOVAL OF PIPE CULVERTSSections of pipe lost from storage or damaged bynegligence shall be replaced at the Contractorsexpense. Pipes shown on the Drawings or directed bythe Engineer to be plugged shall be left in place and theends plugged.

3206 REMOVAL OF CONCRETE ENTRANCES,KERBS, ETC

All concrete pavement, kerbs, channels, buildings,foundations, slabs, etc designated for removal shall bedisposed of by the Contractor at approved dump sitesat a maximum haul distance of 10 km as ordered by theEngineer, unless otherwise specified.

Concrete designated for use as riprap shall be brokeninto pieces not exceeding 80 kg and stockpiled atdesignated locations for use on the project.

3207 REMOVAL OF UTILITIESThe removal of existing utilities required to permitorderly progress of work will be accomplished by localagencies, unless otherwise provided for in the SpecialSpecifications or shown on the Drawings. Whenever atelephone or telegraph pole, pipeline, conduit, sewer, orother utility is encountered and must be removed orrelocated, the Contractor shall advise the proper localauthority or owner to arrange for its removal/relocation.

3208 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

ITEM UNIT

32.01 REMOVAL OF EXISTINGSTRUCTURES:

(a) REMOVALOFEXISTINGPIPECULVERTSOFANYSIZE

LINEARMETRE(m)

(b) REMOVALOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEINBRIDGES, BOX

CUBICMETRE(m3)



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CULVERTSANDSLABSINCLUDINGHEADWALLS, WINGWALLSAND

APRON

(c) REMOVALOFPLAINCONCRETEANDMASONRYINBRIDGESANDCULVERTSINCLUDINGABUTMENT,HEADWALLS, WINGWALLSAND

APRON

CUBICMETRE(m3)

(d) REMOVAL OF KERB ANDCHANNEL

LINEARMETRE(m)

(e) REMOVALOFEXISTINGGROUTEDSTONEPITCHING

SQUAREMETRE (m2)

The unit of measurement for removal of existing pipeculverts shall be the linear metre of pipe acceptablyremoved, as directed by the Engineer.

The unit of measurement for removal of reinforced orplain concrete in bridges and culverts shall be the cubicmetre of concrete acceptably removed, as directed bythe Engineer.

The unit of measurement for removal of kerb andchannel shall be the number of linear metres of kerb

and channel acceptably removed, as directed by theEngineer.

The unit of measurement for removal of grouted stonepitching shall be the square metres of surface ofgrouted stone side ditch acceptably removed, asdirected by the Engineer.

The tendered rate for removal of pipe culverts shallinclude full compensation for all materials, labour,equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to completethe work for demolishing of pipes of any size and typeincluding any concrete bedding and surround, removingand disposing of all materials including supply andcompaction of material for backfilling. Removal ofconcrete and masonry in headwalls, wingwalls and

apron will be paid for separately under ITEMS 32.01(b)and 32.01(c) as applicable.

The tendered rate for removal of reinforced or plainconcrete and masonry in bridges and culverts shallinclude full compensation for all materials, labour,equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to completethe work for demolishing of the bridge and culverts,removing and disposing of all materials including supplyand compaction of material for backfilling.

The quantities, determined as provided above for kerb,channel and grouted stone pitching shall be paid at therate per unit of measurement, respectively, for each ofthe particular pay items, included in the Bill ofQuantities which price and payment shall be full

compensation for all materials, labour, equipment, toolsand incidentals necessary to complete the work ofdemolishing, removing, disposing or stockpiling, asapplicable, including supply and compaction of materialfor backfilling.



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SECTION 3300: BREAKING UPEXISTING PAVEMENT LAYERS

CONTENTS:CLAUSE PAGE

3301SCOPE 3000-63302SELECTING THE MATERIAL 3000-63303CLASSIFYING THE MATERIAL 3000-63304PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 3000-63305CONSTRUCTION 3000-63306STORING RECOVERED PAVEMENT

MATERIAL 3000-83307MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 3000-8

3301 SCOPEThis Section covers the breaking up and excavation of

existing pavement layers by conventional means or bymilling, selecting the material, and the removal thereofto spoil dumps or to stockpiles for later reprocessing orrecycling.

3302 SELECTING THE MATERIALWhere directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shallremove the layers of the existing pavement, taking carenot to damage the existing kerbs and/or gutters, if any.In case of damage to the existing kerbs or gutters, theyshall be replaced to the satisfaction of the Engineer atthe Contractors expense.

Material from existing pavements may only be used forpurposes approved by the Engineer. The material shall

be so excavated that material from the variouspavement layers, or materials of different types, will notbe mixed unless so permitted by the Engineer.

3303 CLASSIFYING THE MATERIALMaterial from existing pavements shall be classified asfollows for excavation and processing purposes:

(a) Existing bituminous materialExisting bituminous material shall be asphalt or otherbituminous seal or base course material removedseparately from the pavement on the instruction of theEngineer. Where underlying material is broken down orexcavated together with bituminous materials, themixture will not be classified as bituminous material.

(b) Non-cemented materialNon-cemented material shall be existing pavementmaterial which in the opinion of the Engineer can beripped with the teeth of a bulldozer, such as CaterpillarD6 or equivalent, and which can be made usable forpavement material by breaking with the tracks of thebulldozer by reasonable efforts in the opinion of theEngineer.

(c) Cemented materialCemented material is classified as existing pavementmaterials made from gravel or crushed stone, which, inthe opinion of the Engineer, cannot be ripped and madeusable for pavement material by the method describedin SUBCLAUSE 3303(b). Unless specified as such in the

Special Specifications, cemented material will not beclassified as concrete.

(d) ConcreteConcrete is classified reinforced or un-reinforcedPortland cement concrete when specified as such in theSpecial Specifications or as decided by the Engineer.

(e) Milled materialMilled material shall be bituminous material orcemented material excavated with an approved millingmachine. Milled material will be classified as such only

when milling is specified or ordered by the Engineer.Payment will distinguish between milling of asphalt,concrete and of cemented material where so specifiedin the Bill of Quantities.

3304 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

(a) GeneralThe equipment to be used for the conventionalbreaking-up and excavation of existing pavement layerswill be determined by the size and depth of thepavement section to be processed or excavated, takingconsideration of the fact that work may have to becarried out in restricted areas. Only approved cutting orsawing equipment may be used for cutting or sawing

the pavement layers. The equipment shall be capableof cutting the pavement layers to the specified depth inone operation without fragmenting the material, and instraight lines within the required tolerances.

(b) Milling equipmentOnly approved milling equipment may be used. Theequipment shall be capable of milling asphalt and/orcemented material to the prescribed depth in oneoperation over the width specified in the SpecialSpecifications. The milling depth shall be controlledelectronically.

The direction and speed of the milling machine and thespeed of rotation of the milling drum shall be adjustableso as to obtain the required grading of the milled

material. The machine shall be capable of making aneat vertical cut at the outer edges when milling thelayer and to leave the floor of the cut level and with auniform texture.

Unless otherwise specified in the SpecialSpecifications, the milling machine shall be equippedwith a self-loading conveyor belt, which can be easilyremoved and installed and adjusted for slope anddirection.

3305 CONSTRUCTION

(a) GeneralWhere all or a part of the existing surfacing material is

to be reprocessed together with the underlying layer,the surfacing shall be properly broken down and mixedthrough the full depth of the existing base material tothe satisfaction of the Engineer. Fragments ofbituminous material shall be broken down to sizes notexceeding 40 mm.

Where specified in the Special Specifications or orderedby the Engineer, the existing bituminous material shallfirst be removed before the underlying layers arebroken up.

Bituminous material may be milled out or otherwisebroken up and removed to stockpile sites approved forrecycling or to spoil sites, whichever is required. Theexposed surface shall be cleaned to the satisfaction of

the Engineer after removal of the bituminous material.

The existing pavement material shall be broken down tothe specified depth and removed, or reprocessed inplace, whichever may be required. The underlying



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layers may not be damaged, and material from onelayer may not be mixed with that of another layer.Where such mixing occurs or where the material iscontaminated in any other way by the actions of theContractor, he/she/she shall remove such material andreplace it with other approved material, all at his/herown cost.

Where a layer or layers require to be broken down over

part of the pavement width only, the limit of the workshall be clearly demarcated, which limit shall not beexceeded by the Contractor by more than 100 mm.Pavement layers broken down outside the specifiedlimits shall be repaired by the Contractor at his/her owncost, to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Where so ordered by the Engineer, asphalt andcemented layers shall be cut or sawn through to thespecified depth along the measured limit with approvedequipment. Payment will be made for sawing onlywhere specified on the Drawings or ordered, in writing,by the Engineer.

Payment will not be made for sawing or cutting workwhere the existing layer requires removal by milling.

Where existing roads have to be widened, the existingpavement layers shall be cut back to a firm, wellcompacted or cemented material. Material so brokenup, if acceptable, may be used together with importedmaterial in the widening process provided the mixtureconsistently meets all requirements for the material typespecified for the layer in question.

Where pavement layers are broken down over a sectionof the road width or where pavement layers arewidened, the Engineer may order, that the variouspavement layers be excavated in benches inaccordance with his/her instructions. No additionalpayment will be made for excavating benches.

Where underlying layers are still structurally sound andare included as structural layers in the new designdrawings, care must be taken not to break them upduring removal of the surfacing or underlying layers.

(b) Milling

(i) Preparing the pavement surfaceBefore milling may be commenced, the pavementsurface shall be clean and free from soil or otherdeleterious material. Where only part of thepavement is to be milled out, the milling area shallbe properly demarcated. Milling may not exceed therequired width by more than 50 mm. Payment willnot be made for milling beyond the required width,and such additional milling shall be backfilled with

approved material in accordance with the provisionsfor the specified pavement material at the cost ofthe Contractor.

(ii) Trial millingWhere ordered by the Engineer, the Contractorshall execute trial milling on the various materials tobe milled. During the trial work, the Contractor willbe expected to vary the direction and speed of themilling machine, the speed of rotation of the millingdrum, and also the milling depth, in order to obtainmilled material of the required grade. No paymentwill be made for trial milling.

(iii) AsphaltWhere the asphalt and/or the cemented base must

be reused, the asphalt shall be removed separately.Where the asphalt consists of layers of variousmixes or grades, the Engineer may instruct theseparate removal of the layers to differentstockpiles. Where the milled material is not

conveyed directly by conveyor belt and then loaded,and the Engineer so approves, the material shallfirst be cut to windrow and then loaded. Duringloading, the floor of the excavation or the underlyingmaterial shall not be damaged.

The milled material shall be inspected andclassified in accordance with the various types ofasphalt and its suitability for recycling. Different

stockpiles shall be used for the different types ofmaterial as ordered by the Engineer. Contaminationof the asphalt with underlying material will not bepermitted, and the Contractor shall adjust thedepths of milling in accordance with the thickness ofthe layer.

(iv) Cemented materialUnless otherwise specified milled cementedmaterial to be reprocessed on the road shall first bewindrowed with a view to inspecting the underlyingsurface for any patches of poor or unsuitablematerial. Where unsuitable material is encounteredin the floor of the excavation, such material shallfirst be removed by further milling (where theunderlying layer also consists of the cemented

material), or by other approved methods, all to thesatisfaction of the Engineer. The unsuitable materialshall be replaced with approved material of therequired type, which shall be placed in accordancewith the specifications for the relevant underlyinglayer.

Where in the opinion of the Engineer, it may benecessary, he/she may instruct the Contractor totaper the ends or edges of a milled excavation. Noadditional payment will be made for tapering theends or edges of a milled excavation.

(v) Coring of cemented materialWhere existing cemented layers are to remain as astructural layer in the new pavement the Engineer

may instruct the Contractor to drill cores from thelayer and have them tested for compressivestrength in accordance with the provisions of SABSMethod 865 or equivalent. The number of cores tobe drilled out and the drilling locations will bedetermined on site by the Engineer.

(vi) GeneralThe floor of the milled excavation shall have aneven texture and any loose patches or patches ofunsuitable material shall be remedied inaccordance with the instructions of the Engineer.Payment for removing and replacing unsuitablematerial and remedying loose patches shall be asspecified elsewhere.

The floor of an excavation shall comply with therequirements of the surface level, grade andregularity for the layer which it will form in the newpavement.

Payment for milling will not distinguish betweenvarious types of milled material and betweenvarious milling depths unless such distinction isgiven in the Bill of Quantities.

(c) Sawing or cuttingWhere required in the opinion of the Engineer, diamondblade sawing or cutting shall be employed if necessaryto achieve the required edge finish of milled layers. Noadditional payment will be made for sawing or cuttingunless deemed necessary and approved by the

Engineer.



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(d) Treatment of pavement excavation floorThe floor of any pavement excavation, whether or notexcavated by milling, shall be treated and paid for asspecified in the relevant sections of the Specifications.

(e) Scarification of existing pavementWherever shown on the Drawings or directed by theEngineer, the existing pavement surfacing and basecourse material or part of the existing base layer shall

be scarified, watered and recompacted. The depth ofscarification and density of compaction shall beaccording to the Drawings and the Specifications.

Unless specified otherwise existing bituminoussurfacing shall, if located within 1.0 m of new pavementsurface, be scarified by such method and to such depththat will ensure that any lumps of surfacing is not morethan two-thirds of the specified scarification depth andensuring that a homogeneous mix is obtained.

3306 STORING RECOVERED PAVEMENTMATERIALExcavated pavement material intended for reprocessingbut which cannot be reprocessed in place or, in theopinion of the Engineer, cannot be windrowed next tothe excavation, nor placed in position directly at anyother place, and material intended for recycling orreprocessing in a plant, shall be transported toapproved stockpiles with the written permission of theEngineer.

Stockpile sites for material intended for recycling orreprocessing in a plant shall be set out at thecorresponding mixing or crushing plant or at such otherlocations as approved by the Engineer.

The stockpile site shall be cleaned, and all loosestones, vegetation and other materials which maycause contamination shall be removed. The site shallbe graded smooth with an adequate slope to ensureproper drainage. Where so instructed by the Engineer,the surface shall be watered and compacted to a depthof at least 150 mm to a density of 90% of BS Heavydensity.

The compacted surface shall be firm without any loosepatches. Where asphalt is recovered for recycling, theEngineer may order the surface to be chemicallystabilised to a depth of 150 mm. Upon completion, thissurface shall be swept clean.

Stockpile sites shall be sufficiently large to allow theplacing of stockpiles of different types of material ortypes of recovered asphalt without the stockpilesoverlapping or the limits of the prepared site beingexceeded. The enlargement of the stockpile site after

the stockpiles have already been placed will not bepermitted without the approval of the Engineer.

Stockpiles of milled material shall be made in a mannerwhich prevents segregation and undesirableconsolidation or changes in moisture content. Adequateapproved covers shall be provided as required in theopinion of the Engineer to prevent them fromundesirable wetting or drying, or being contaminated bydust.

Upon completion of the work, the stockpile sites shallbe broken up in accordance with the instructions of theEngineer.

The stockpiling of excavated material will not be paid for

directly, but full compensation therefore shall beincluded in the rates for the various items of work inwhich the stockpiled material will be used. Separatepayment will not be made for the preparation of storagesites.

3307 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

(a) General

(i) Material to be reprocessedDirect payment will be made for breaking up andexcavating or milling of existing pavement materialthat is to be reprocessed and reused, when:

(1) The material is excavated or milled out inaccordance with the provisions of the SpecialSpecifications or upon the written instruction ofthe Engineer.

(2) Bituminous surfacing or other bituminouspavement layers are removed separately fromthe underlying material in accordance with theSpecial Specifications or the written instructionsof the Engineer.

(ii) Material from an existing pavement which is notreprocessedExisting gravel pavement material, or existingbituminous material not intended for reprocessing,may be spoiled or be used in other layers or itemsof work where approved by the Engineer. Payment

for the excavation of pavement material to bespoiled will be made directly under ITEM 36.01(a).Dumping shall only occur on approval of theEngineer in an approved waste site.

Where used for other purposes full compensationfor excavating shall be included in the rates bid forthe various pavement layers and items or work inwhich the material is used.

(iii) Measurement for excavating existing pavementmaterial and underlying fillWhere payment is made separately for theexcavation of existing pavement material andunderlying fill, the quantity will be calculated inaccordance with the authorised horizontal

dimensions of the excavated layer and the averagedepth of excavation. The average depth ofexcavation will be determined in accordance withthe test holes made or cores drilled at intervals notexceeding 10 m, and which are so distributed overthe surface that a realistic estimate of the depth canbe obtained.

ITEM UNIT

33.01 EXCAVATINGORMILLINGOFMATERIALFROMANEXISTINGPAVEMENT:

(a) GRANULARMATERIAL CUBICMETRE (m3)

(b) BITUMINOUSMATERIAL CUBICMETRE (m3)

(c) CEMENTEDMATERIAL CUBICMETRE (m3)

(d) PORTLANDCEMENTCONCRETE(INDICATEWHETHERREINFORCEDORUN-REINFORCED)

CUBICMETRE (m3)

The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre ofmaterial excavated or milled from the existing pavementusing approved equipment and methodology.

The bid rate shall include full compensation forexcavating or milling the material from the existingpavement irrespective of layer thickness, for loading,transporting, off-loading, and placing the material inapproved spoil dumps or stockpiles as directed by the

Engineer.



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ITEM UNIT

33.02 SAWINGORCUTTINGCONCRETE,ASPHALTORCEMENTEDPAVEMENTLAYERS:

(a) BITUMINOUSMATERIAL LINEARMETRE (m)

(b) CEMENTEDMATERIAL LINEARMETRE (m)

(c) PORTLANDCEMENTCONCRETE(INDICATEWHETHERREINFORCEDORUN-REINFORCED)

LINEARMETRE (m)

The unit of measurement shall be the linear metre ofsawcut calculated in accordance with the authorisedlength of sawcut.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for allmaterial and sawing or cutting costs and for allincidentals for cutting or sawing the pavement inaccordance with the instructions of the Engineer.

ITEM UNIT

33.03 DRILLINGANDTESTING

CORESFROMCONCRETE,ASPHALTORCEMENTEDPAVEMENTLAYERS:

(a) BITUMINOUSMATERIAL NUMBER (no)

(b) CEMENTEDMATERIAL NUMBER (no)

(c) PORTLANDCEMENTCONCRETE(INDICATEWHETHERREINFORCEDORUN-REINFORCED)

NUMBER (no)

The unit of measurement shall be the number of coresdrilled on the instructions of the Engineer.

The bid rate shall include full compensation for settingout the core locations, for drilling the cores and testingtheir strength in the laboratory as specified.

ITEM UNIT

33.04 SCARIFICATIONANDRECOMPACTIONOFEXISTINGPAVEMENTLAYERS(STATESCARIFICATIONDEPTHANDDENSITYOFCOMPACTION)

CUBICMETRE(m3)

The unit of measurement shall be the cubic metre ofexisting pavement materials scarified to the specifieddepth using approved equipment and methodology.

The bid rate shall include full compensation forscarification of the existing pavement materials tospecified depth irrespective of individual pavement layer

thicknesses, mixing with imported materials if required,shaping, and compacting the material as specified.



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SECTION 3400: BORROW PITAND QUARRY ACQUISITION ANDEXPLOITATION

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE PAGE

3401SCOPE 3000-103402NEGOTIATIONS WITH LANDOWNERS,

AUTHORITIES AND LEGAL OCCUPANTS OFLAND 3000-10

3403ACCESS TO BORROW PITS AND QUARRIES3000-10

3404OBTAINING BORROW OR QUARRIEDMATERIALS 3000-10

3405OPENING AND WORKING BORROW PITS3000-11

3406REINSTATING BORROW AND QUARRYAREAS AND HAUL ROADS 3000-11

3407DISPOSAL OF BORROW OR QUARRYMATERIAL 3000-12

3408MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 3000-12

3401 SCOPEThis Section covers the work involved in obtainingborrow materials for work under this contract, includingnegotiations with Owners or Legal Occupants of theland on which borrow areas and quarry sites aresituated. Legal Occupants of Land are holders of legaldocumentation giving them permission to occupy theland according to law.

3402 NEGOTIATIONS WITH LANDOWNERS,AUTHORITIES AND LEGAL OCCUPANTSOF LAND

As specified in Clause 1215 it is entirely theContractor's own responsibility to obtain and pay allroyalties in respect of all land required by the Contractoroutside the road reserve for opening of borrow pits andquarries, including access roads. Such provision of landshall be considered part of the Contractor's generalobligations as defined in Section 1300.

Nevertheless, the approval of the Engineer must besought before entry upon the land.

In all cases, the Contractor shall be required to make all

necessary arrangements with local authorities andowners or legal occupants of the land and to pay thecost of compensation. For this purpose, the Contractorshall liaise with the Regional Administration and/or theappropriate district authority and advise theseauthorities and the Engineer of the intention tocommence work of any kind in borrow areas and quarrysites.

The attention of the Contractor is drawn to theprovisions of CLAUSE 1214 as regards his/her/heractivities on private land.

The Contractor shall observe all the legal provisionsand the provisions of Section 1700 the Specifications inrespect of his/her activities at borrow pits and quarries

and when finishing off the borrow pits and quarry areas.

3403 ACCESS TO BORROW PITS ANDQUARRIESThe Contractor shall satisfy himself/herself that allnecessary negotiations have been made with theOwner or Legal Occupants of the land on which anyborrow area or quarry site is situated, prior to the entryupon such land.

The Contractor shall notify the affected Owners or LegalOccupants of land both verbally and in writing at leastseven days before prospecting for materials.

The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least thirtydays notice of his/her intention to enter a borrow area orquarry and shall not enter thereon until compensation toowners or legal occupants is effected and the approvalof the Engineer has been given.

3404 OBTAINING BORROW OR QUARRIEDMATERIALS

(a) GeneralBorrow materials shall be obtained from approved

sources of supply listed and described on the borrowarea plans that may have been provided, or from suchother sources as may from time to time be identifiedand tested by the Contractor and approved by theEngineer. Borrow pit material complying with therequirements of the Specifications for the use for whichthe material is intended, shall be selected from theseapproved sources. Such selection shall take intoaccount that the specified requirements apply to thematerial on the road after final compaction.

(b) Borrow area and quarry site plansBorrow area and quarry site plans are not included inthe contract documents unless so specified in theSpecial Specifications. The information shown on theplans reflects the results of site investigations and

laboratory tests conducted by or for the Employer and issupplied in good faith as to the sufficiency in quantityand quality of the material for the due and propercompletion of the Works. The provision of these plansshall not in any way be construed as limiting theobtaining of borrow or quarry material to the indicatedareas nor to the depth of working that may be shown onthe plans or as necessarily limiting the use of thematerial to that described on the plans.

If, at any time during construction, it appears that thequality or quantity of material available in a borrow pit orquarry is inadequate or insufficient, the Contractor shalllocate and make use of other borrow or quarry areasapproved by the Engineer, irrespective of whether ornot such other areas are shown on the plans for borrow

pits or quarries.

(c) Use of borrow or quarry materialsPayment will not be made for moving the Contractor'splant from one location to another at any of theindividual sources.

The Contractor shall search for and test all possiblesources from which he/she intends to obtain material.This shall include sources designated by the Engineerwithin an economic haulage distance, or sourcesmentioned in the information provided whether or notthe information form part of the Contract Documents.The Contractor shall excavate the necessary trial holes,take such samples and conduct or have conductedsuch tests as are deemed to be necessary by the

Engineer. The Contractor shall submit the results in areport with sufficient details and sketches to theEngineer to satisfy him/her that the quality and quantityof the material available in the proposed area are



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acceptable for the intended use, all at the Contractor'sown expense.

The Contractor shall plan his/her exploitation of theborrow pits or quarries in such a manner that thevarious types of materials extracted can be selectedand utilised without contamination or admixture ofunsuitable material.

(d) Borrow materials obtainable in the road prismor within the road reserve boundaries

Where suitable sources of materials are available inexisting cuttings and side drains, such materials may beused for the Works if approved by the Engineer.

3405 OPENING AND WORKING BORROW PITS

a) Excavating borrow materialThe Contractors attention is drawn to the provisions ofCLAUSE 1702 regarding provision of an EnvironmentalManagement Plan.

All opening and working of borrow pits shall beundertaken in a manner which prevents contamination

or undesirable mixing of materials.

Where any borrow pit contains different types ofmaterials which require mixing to produce a suitableproduct, the materials shall be excavated and handledby use of methods approved by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall take all precautionary measures soas to avoid contamination of the suitable material by theinclusion of clayey or otherwise unsuitable material fromthe floor of the borrow pit, the overburden, anyunsuitable layers, or areas beyond the approved limitsof the borrow area. During loading, any hard oversizematerial which will not break down during processing onthe road shall be excluded as far as is practicable.

During borrow operations, and especially whenexcavating material near the floor and outer boundariesof the borrow areas, the Contractor shall plan his/heroperations so as to reduce, in so far as is possible, theamount of earth moving work that will be necessary forfinishing-off the borrow pits. Indiscriminate excavationwithout due regard being had to the desired final shapeof the borrow pit will not be permitted.

The material in borrow pits shall be blasted or rippedand excavated in a manner that will ensure the effectivebreaking-down of the material in the borrow pit before itis loaded. Rippable material which tends to break intolarge blocks shall be cross-ripped.

b) Control at borrow pit

The Contractor shall be responsible for controllinghis/her operations at every borrow pit where material isbeing excavated to ensure compliance with all therequirements of the Specifications.

The Contractor shall carry out sufficient tests on thematerial being excavated from the borrow pit to satisfyhimself/herself/herself that the quality of the material willcomply with the specific requirements for the particularlayers for which it will be used. If required for the propercontrol of quality, in the opinion of the Engineer, thematerials shall be stockpiled prior to loading and testsof the stockpiles carried out as required.

If there is any doubt concerning the quality of theborrow material being excavated at any time, the

Contractor shall notify the Engineer immediately, and inany case before such material is brought onto the road.The results of all tests carried out by the Contractorshall be submitted without delay to the Engineer. TheEngineer may, after further testing or inspection if

necessary, approve the use of the material in theborrow area, or he/she may order the borrow pit to befinished off and abandoned. Any such approval by theEngineer does not indemnify the Contractor withregards to his/her obligations to fulfil all requirements ofthe Specifications in respect of the quality of materialsfor earthworks or pavement layers.c) Protecting borrow pits and quarriesBorrow pits and quarries shall be continuously

protected against the ingress of surface water, and theContractor shall construct such temporary banks asmay be required for diverting surface water, and, in sofar as is possible, his/her operations shall be planned insuch a way that the borrow pit and quarry will be selfdraining. Where this is not possible, borrow pits andquarries shall be dewatered by pumping. TheContractor shall be solely responsible for keepingborrow areas and quarry sites dry and ensuring thatborrow material is sufficiently dry when required for use.

d) Access roadsThe Contractor shall obtain the Engineer's priorapproval to the siting of junctions of access roads withexisting roads and shall comply with the Engineer'sconditions of access particularly regarding clearance of

obstructions to provide adequate sight lines, temporarydrainage or culverts and the provision of signs andtraffic control.

The provision of access roads shall not be measuredfor payment.

e) Private access roadsWhere private roads are to be used as access roads,the Contractor shall after consultation with the Owner or

Authority having control of such road, carry out anyrepairs, alterations or additions to such roads as maybe required to bring them to an acceptable conditionsuitable for traffic. Where materials from a borrow pit orquarry are hauled on private access roads, such roadsshall be maintained properly to the satisfaction of the

Engineer during borrow and quarry operations. Noadditional payment will be made for this work, and fullcompensation for maintaining private access roadsused as haul roads will be regarded as being includedin the bid rates and paid for in the various items of workwhere the materials are used.

3406 REINSTATING BORROW AND QUARRYAREAS AND HAUL ROADS

a) Borrow and quarry areasOn completion of his/her operations in borrow andquarry areas, the Contractor shall reinstate the entirearea so as to blend it with the surrounding area and topermit the re-establishment of vegetation. For this

purpose the borrow area shall be shaped to evencontours without any slopes being steeper than 1:3,except where the Engineer so permits in specifiedcases. In such cases the Contractor shall, if soinstructed by the Engineer, construct berms andcontour banks to prevent erosion.

All material in and around the borrow areas, where spoilfrom clearing and grubbing operations or excessoverburden, shall be used or disposed of as directed bythe Engineer. Solid waste and rubbish may not bedumped into the borrow area. Material incapable ofsupporting vegetation shall be buried and used forshaping the borrow area and shall subsequently becovered with soft material. All available soft materialshall be spread evenly to the prescribed thickness, and

where sufficient material is not available for so coveringthe entire area, the remaining portions shall be scarifiedalong contours so as to avoid undue erosion.



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The shaping and reinstatement of the borrow pit shallbe done in such a manner that the borrow pit will beproperly drained wherever practicable, and, whererequired, the Contractor shall place earth banks todivert surface water from the borrow area. If sodirected, the borrow and quarry area shall be fenced offand provided with gates as specified in SECTION 5300,and topsoiled and/or hydro-seeded as specified inSECTION 5600.

The reinstatement of the borrow and quarry areas shallbe to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer and theContractor shall submit to the Engineer a signedcertificate from the Landowner, or Legal Occupants ofland or relevant Government Agency stating that thefinishing-off complies with all necessary legalprovisions. The Contractor's attention is drawn to theprovisions of CLAUSE 1214 in this respect.

(b) Haul roadsUnless otherwise specified or instructed by theEngineer all haul roads shall be obliterated and theirsurfaces scarified, earth banks shall be constructed toprevent erosion, and all damaged fences and otherstructures shall be reinstated.

Where materials from a borrow pit or quarry are hauledon private access roads, such roads shall be restored totheir original condition to the satisfaction of theEngineer when operations at the borrow pit and quarryare completed, unless otherwise specified.

No additional payment will be made for obliteration, orrestoration respectively, of haul roads or access roadsto borrow pits or quarries. Full compensation for thiswork is regarded as being included in the bid rates andpaid for elsewhere

3407 DISPOSAL OF BORROW OR QUARRYMATERIALThe Contractor shall not have the right to use materialobtained from borrow pits or quarries for any purposeother than for the execution of this Contract. He/sheshall not dispose of any such material whetherprocessed or not either by sale or donation to anyperson without the authorisation of the Employer.

3408 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENTNo separate measurement and payment will be madefor procuring and providing borrow or quarry material,but it will be regarded as an obligation on the part of theContractor to be covered by the contract prices paid forthe various items of work for which the material is usedas prescribed in these Specifications.

Such bid rates related to procuring and providingborrow or quarry material shall also include fullcompensation for all obligations, costs, activities andwork as prescribed in SECTION 1200, including allnecessary de-watering as well as for all supervision,labour, plant, tools and incidentals required, includingall costs as may be necessary for conducting controltests on all materials, draining and protecting all borrowor quarry areas, and concluding all negotiations withOwners or Legal Occupants of land (exceptnegotiations that are conducted by the Employerhimself/herself) as specified, also for finally shaping andfinishing the borrow pits and quarries.



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SECTION 3500: SELECTING ANDUTILISING MATERIAL FROMBORROW PITS AND CUTTINGS

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE PAGE

3501SCOPE 3000-133502SELECTING AND STOCKPILING

MATERIALS 3000-133503BREAKING DOWN OVERSIZE MATERIALS

3000-133504CONTROLLING THE MOISTURE CONTENT

OF MATERIALS 3000-143505LAYER THICKNESSES AND SPREADING

OF MATERIALS 3000-143506COMPACTION OF MATERIALS 3000-153507DRAINAGE AND PROTECTION 3000-153508MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 3000-15

3501 SCOPEThis Section describes the selection of materials fromborrow pits and cuttings for the various purposes forwhich they are required in the Works, stockpiling thematerials excavated but which can not be dumpeddirectly where required, breaking down the materialduring the excavation process when it is processed onthe road, or when special processing for breaking-downby crusher is required, controlling the moisture content,placing and compacting the soil and gravel layers andconstructing the rock fills.

In addition, this Section describes the treatment ofmaterial recovered from existing pavements, andconstruction in restricted areas during rehabilitationwork.

Unless inconsistent with the context, the provisions ofSECTION 3500 relating to borrow pits or the materialobtained from borrow pits shall apply with changes asrequired to such places where material is recoveredfrom an existing road, and to the material recoveredfrom an existing road respectively.

3502 SELECTING AND STOCKPILINGMATERIALSThe Contractor shall use materials strictly in

accordance with the purpose for which they have beenapproved. During his/her activities in borrow pits orcuttings, he/she shall ensure that approved materialsare not polluted with unsuitable material or thatapproved materials are not unnecessarily wasted.

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, theContractor shall so plan his/her activities that materialsexcavated from borrow pits and cuttings, in so far as ispossible, can be transported direct to and placed at thepoint where it is to be used. However, where utilisationof materials in this manner is impracticable, or if soinstructed by the Engineer, materials shall betemporarily stockpiled for later loading andtransportation to where it will be used. If, in the opinionof the Engineer, materials need to be stockpiled for the

purpose of quality control or for mixing to becomesufficiently homogenous, the Contractor shall carry outstockpiling as required to ensure proper quality controland to meet the Specifications consistently.

Stockpiling areas and maximum height and extent ofstockpiles shall be approved by the Engineer. Beforeany stockpiling of material may be done, the site shallbe cleaned, and all material which may cause pollutionshall be removed. During use, the lower 100 mm ofstockpiled material shall not be utilised for construction.

After the stockpiled material has been removed, the siteshall be reinstated as closely as possible to its originalcondition, and the surface shall be lightly scarified to

promote vegetation growth.

No separate payment will be made in regard tostockpiling of materials.

3503 BREAKING DOWN OVERSIZEMATERIALS

(a) Material from cuts or borrow pitsThe material from cuttings and borrow pits shall bebroken down in the cuttings or borrow pits, alternativelyin the road, to the maximum size specified for therespective layer where it will be used.

Spoil material need be broken down only sufficiently forconvenient loading and transporting, but the Engineermay require sufficient material to be broken down to amaximum size of 500 mm with a view to effectivelytrimming the spoil areas.

Material intended for crushing need only be brokendown sufficiently to permit acceptance by the crusher.

In order that the material can be broken down to theappropriate sizes, the Contractor shall adjust andcontrol his/her blasting, ripping, excavating and otheroperations so that the desired result can be achieved aseffectively as possible.

Care shall be taken not to load oversize material and tobring it onto the road. The Contractor shall, at his/herown cost remove such oversize material from the roador break it down further to the required size on the road.

If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the working methodsof the Contractor are such that unnecessarily largequantities of oversize material are produced, theContractor shall change his/her methods in order toproduce less oversize material, and the material shallbe broken down to the sizes as specified for each layerby using equipment suited to this purpose. TheContractor shall be at liberty to employ any methodsand equipment he/she may prefer, but where anydifference of opinion may arise in regard to thepracticability of the breaking-down process or thesuitability of the methods and equipment employed bythe Contractor, the Engineer may require use of grid-

rollers, pad-foot rollers or other equipment giving similareffect as a grid roller to be used on the road. Theresults so obtained will then serve as the norm of thedegree to which the breaking-down shall be attained byany alternative methods. No separate payment will bemade for breaking down material to the required size.

Where surplus oversize material is available and theEngineer so agrees, the Contractor, instead of breakingdown any oversize materials may spoil it. The Engineermay also require oversize materials to be used for otherpurposes, such as for rock fills or rip-rap.

Any oversize material still remaining after processing inaccordance with any of the processes described aboveshall be removed from the road.

The Contractors attention is drawn to the risk ofcausing excessive breaking down of the finer fraction ofthe materials and thereby altering the properties of thematerial by inappropriate working methods or



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equipment. Any material which does not meet therequirements of these Specifications after compactionshall be replaced or made good on the Contractorsexpense.

(b) Existing cemented layersExisting cemented layers to be broken down andreprocessed may be reprocessed either on the road, orit may be hauled to a crusher for processing, whichever

is specified or required by the Engineer.

(c) Crushing and screeningWhere the material intended for use in pavement layerscannot be suitably broken down by the methods set outherein, the Contractor shall use alternative sources orapply crushing or screening, or both, as required tomeet the Specifications. The crushing plant shall becapable of breaking down oversize material to themaximum size specified for the layer concerned.

No separate payment will be made for crushing orscreening material to the required size unlessspecifically allowed for in the Special Specifications andthe Bill of Quantities.

(d) Disposing of oversize materialsAll oversize materials removed from the road and allexcess material removed from the road shall bedisposed of at the Contractor's cost or may be used inthe Works for other suitable purposes on the approvalof the Engineer.

The bid rates for constructing all pavement layers shallinclude full compensation for the removal of oversizematerial without any additional payment being made tothe Contractor.

3504 CONTROLLING THE MOISTURECONTENT OF MATERIALSThe Contractor shall take all necessary precautions toprevent material in borrow pits, excavations, stockpilesand on the road from becoming excessively wet as aresult of rain or groundwater or stormwater. Therefore,the excavation of borrow pits and cuttings shall be soplanned and executed as to prevent the damming-up ofwater in the borrow pits or cuttings, and the Contractorshall also provide the necessary temporary drainage forthis purpose.

Material that is too dry shall be mixed thoroughly withwater until the required moisture content for compactionis achieved.

During the rainy season the Contractor shall take allnecessary precautions to prevent material frombecoming excessively wet. The methods may include,

but are not restricted to, the following: spreading on theroad with a proper cross slope and temporarily rollingwith flat-wheeled roller in order to improve water run off,covering of stockpiles with tarpaulins, applying specialmeasures to prevent water to dam up against materialheaps or windrows.

The Contractor shall so plan his/her constructionprogramme that material with high natural moisturecontent will be used in the dry season and not in thewet. Where material is too wet, for whatever reason, tocomply with the requirements in regard to moisturecontent during compaction, the Contractor shall correctthe moisture content of the material until it is adequatelydry for compaction, by drying out the material,alternatively mixing with approved dry material, spoiling

and replacing with drier approved material, or applyingtreatment with lime or cement.

No separate payment will be made in regard tomeasures for keeping material dry, nor for any

measures for correcting the moisture content, neitherfor addition of stabiliser for the purpose of using wetmaterial. The Contractor himself/herself shall decideand submit his/her proposed method of work for theapproval of the Engineer.

3505 LAYER THICKNESSES AND SPREADING

OF MATERIALS(a) General

All material shall be placed in the correct quantity, andto the required grade, line and thickness, in a mannerwhich prevents segregation and contamination of anykind.

The thickness of layers compacted in one operationshall not exceed the maximum that the equipment andmethod of operation can process to meet therequirements of the Specifications in terms oftolerances and density to the full depth of the layer.

The thickness of layers compacted in one operationshall not be less than the minimum that the equipmentand method of operation can process without laminationunless special precautions are taken on the approval ofthe Engineer.

(b) Fill and improved subgrade layers (G15, G7, G3,DR)

The maximum layer thickness for fill or improvedsubgrade layers made of soils or gravel (G15, G7, G3),compacted in one operation, shall be 250 mm(compacted thickness).

For rock fill (DR) the maximum compacted layerthickness shall be 1 metre except in areas wherecompaction plant is not accessible or is impracticable touse in the opinion of the Engineer.

The maximum particle size for all fill and improvedsubgrade layers shall not exceed two thirds of thecompacted layer thickness. In order to prevent the layerthicknesses from being determined by the presence ofisolated large fragments, the Contractor shall removesuch isolated fragments as directed by the Engineer.

Where a new layer is constructed on an existing oralready constructed fill or improved subgrade layer andthe new layer will be less than 100 mm in compactedthickness, the existing layer shall be scarified to such adepth as will give a layer thickness after compaction ofnot less than 100 mm of the new plus the scarifiedmaterial together. No additional payment will be madefor this operation.

(c) Pavement layers

The layer thickness shall comply with the requirementsas indicated on the Drawings and in the SpecialSpecifications or as directed by the Engineer.

Spreading material in restricted areas shall be done in amanner approved by the Engineer to comply with therequired levels, grade, line and density to the full depthof the layer.

Where the thickness of any existing pavement layerrequires to be supplemented and the thickness of theadded material after compaction will be less than 100mm, the existing layer shall be scarified to a depth thatwill give a layer thickness of at least 100 mm aftercompacting together the loosened existing and addedmaterial. In the case of gravel or crushed aggregate

base course, the Engineer may direct the existing layerto be broken down to its full depth.



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3506 COMPACTION OF MATERIALS

(a) General requirementsCompaction shall be carried out in a series ofcontinuous operations covering the full width of thelayer concerned according to the Drawings. TheContractor shall reduce the length or width of any layercompacted in any single operation if the propercompaction or finish of such layer is not being achievedin the opinion of the Engineer.

The method of work, type of compaction equipment tobe used and the amount of rolling to be done, shall besuch as to ensure that specified density and finish isobtained without damage being done to adjacent orlower layers or structures. During compaction the layershall be maintained to the required shape and cross-section, and all holes, ruts and laminations shall beremoved or repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Suitable equipment and methods acceptable to theEngineer shall be used in restricted areas so that therequired densities will be obtained throughout thethickness of the layer. If necessary, the layers shall beplaced in thicknesses which are less than the specified

layer thickness.

Rock fill material shall be compacted with vibratoryrollers to achieve a good mechanical interlock of therock and the maximum compaction of the finer materialin the spaces between the rock. The type of vibratoryroller used, the operating speed, the number of passesand the layer thicknesses shall be determined after fieldtrials and the proposed method shall be to thesatisfaction of the Engineer.

(c) In place reworking of pavement layersWhere so specified or instructed by the Engineer, andthe material in any existing layer complies with therequirements for the new layer, the Contractor shallscarify the layer to the specified depth, add extra

approved material if necessary, and reprocess the layerin place. Reprocessing includes watering, mixing, andcompaction of the layer to the level, grade line, finishand density specified for the layer concerned. Paymentwill be made as determined for the respective pavementlayers.

3507 DRAINAGE AND PROTECTIONThe compacted layers shall be adequately drained andshaped to prevent water from standing on or along orcausing damage to the completed work. Windrows shallbe removed to facilitate the drainage of water from thesurface.

No material for a subsequent layer may be placed if the

underlying layer has been softened by excessivemoisture and requires repair in the opinion of theEngineer.

3508 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENTNo separate measurement and payment will be madefor procuring and providing borrow material, selection,stockpiling and breaking down material from borrow pitsand cuttings, nor for placing materials, adding water,drying, mixing and compacting the layers. It will beregarded as an obligation on the part of the Contractorto be covered by the contract prices paid for the variousitems of work for which the material is used asprescribed in these Specifications.



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SECTION 3600: EARTHWORKS

CONTENTS:

CLAUSE PAGE

3601SCOPE 3000-163602MATERIALS 3000-163603EXCAVATIONS 3000-173604PREPARATION OF THE ROADBED 3000-

183605EMBANKMENTS 3000-193606COMPACTION OF EARTHWORKS 3000-213607PROTECTING THE EARTHWORKS AND

STRUCTURES 3000-223608FINISHING THE SLOPES 3000-223609CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES AND

TESTING 3000-223610MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 3000-22

3601 SCOPEThis Section covers work in connection with theconstruction of cuts and fills, the removal to spoil ofmaterial unsuitable for use or surplus materials notrequired for fill, the construction and compaction of fillsand improved subgrade layers with cut material fromthe road prism or borrow material from approved borrowpits, the compaction of the roadbed and finishing of cutsand fills, up to the stage where fills are ready for theplacing of the pavement layers.

This Section covers the requirements for the followingtypes of material:

G15 natural gravel/soils with minimum CBR

value of 15

G7 natural gravel/soils with minimum CBR value of 7G3 natural gravel/soils with minimum CBR value of 3

DR Dump Rock, un-graded waste rock

3602 MATERIALS

(a) GeneralAny test results provided in design documents such asthe Materials Report, read in conjunction with theseSpecifications, may give a preliminary indication as tothe purpose for which the cut material may be used aswell as the treatment, if any, which the roadbed shallreceive. Any test results or recommendations of methodof work in the Material Report are solely for information.The Contractor shall undertake his/her own assessmentand any tests required and submit his/her proposedmethods of work and test results of all material he/sheintends to use for the approval of the Engineer.

The material types (G15, G7, G3, DR) given in theDrawings denote the minimum quality for a particularuse in the Works, either specified in the Drawings or asinstructed by the Engineer. In the cases where aminimum quality of earthworks material is not specified,the following guidelines shall apply and the Engineersinstruction shall be the standard to which materialsquality control is applied:

Material type Typical use

G15 Upper improved subgrade layers and fill

G7 Lower improved subgrade layers and fill

G3 Fill only

DR Lower improved subgrade layer and fill

Irrespective of the minimum required quality specified orthe above guidelines the highest quality of approvedearthworks material available at economical hauldistances, complying with the requirements of theSpecifications and Drawings, shall be selected for fill orimproved subgrade layers. Rock fill materials (DR)complying with the requirements of the Specificationsshall be the preferred material type unless otherwisespecified or directed by the Engineer.

(b) Material requirements for fill and improvedsubgrade layers

Materials for earthworks shall be non-expansive soils ordump rock meeting the requirements given in TABLES3602/1 and 3602/2.

TABLE3602/1REQUIREMENTS FORFILL AND IMPROVED SUBGRADELAYERS

Material properties Material class

G15 G7 G3

CBR (%) BS1377:Part 4 Minimum 15 after 4 dayssoaking 1)

7 after 4 days soaking1)

3 after 4 days soaking,measured at 90% of MDDof BS-Heavy compaction

CBR-swell (%) BS1377:Part 4 Maximum 1.5 Maximum 2 Maximum 2

Plasticity index (%) BS1377:Part 2 Maximum 25 Maximum 30 (no requirement)

Max. particle size BS1377:Part 2 1/2 of compacted layer thickness but not >50mm.

Maximum layer thickness 250 mm compacted thickness placed in one operation

1. CBR values are measured at the specified field density for the respective layer.

TABLE3602/2REQUIREMENTS FORDUMPROCK(DR) INFILL AND IMPROVED SUBGRADELAYERS

Material properties Material class: DR (dump rock)

Maximum particle size: Two thirds of compacted layer thickness.Maximum layer thickness: 1 m placed in one operation.

The content of fines shall be sufficiently low so that the larger particles rest against each other when placed in earthworks

layers. The Engineers decision shall be the final in cases where doubt or disagreement exists whether the material can beclassified as DR.



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3603 EXCAVATIONS

(a) Classification

(i) GeneralThis SUBCLAUSE 3603(a) sets out the criteria andassessment methods to classify all excavations formeasurement and payment. The classification isvalid for excavations of cuts, for structures, drains,services and for removal of unsuitable materials orany other excavations measured not paid forseparately.

(ii) Classification criteriaThe excavation of material shall be classified inaccordance with TABLE 3603/1 for purposes ofmeasurement and payment.

TABLE3603/1CLASSIFICATIONOFMATERIALS FROMCUTEXCAVATIONS

Classification Description

Rock

excavation

Rock excavation shall be

excavation in material whichrequires drilling and blasting or theuse of hydraulic or pneumatic

jackhammers to be loosened.

Commonexcavation

Common excavation shall beexcavation in all material otherthan rock as defined above,whether the material is suitable foruse in the Works, or to be spoiledand paid for as CommonExcavation to Spoil. Theclassification includes excavationin earthworks or any pavementlayers of an existing pavement notcovered by a separate item in theBill of Quantities regardless of thenature of the material excavated,other than rock excavation.

(iii) Classification assessmentThe Engineer shall decide under which one of theabove classes any excavation shall be classified forpurposes of payment. In the event of adisagreement between the Contractor and theEngineer, the Contractor shall, at his/her own cost,make available such mechanical plant as requiredby the Engineer in order to determine whether ornot the material can reasonably be removed. Thedecision of the Engineer as to the classificationshall be final and binding.

The Contractor shall be at liberty to use anyapproved method he/she wishes to use forexcavating any class of material, but his/her chosenmethod of excavating the material shall not dictatethe classification of the excavation.

The Contractor shall immediately inform theEngineer if and when the nature of the materialbeing excavated changes to the extent that a newclassification for further excavation is warranted.Failure on the part of the Contractor to advise theEngineer thereof in good time shall entitle theEngineer to classify, at his/her discretion, suchexcavation as may have been executed in materialof a different nature.

(iv) BouldersIndividual boulders greater than one cubic metre involume shall be classified as rock when their natureand size are such that, in the opinion of theEngineer, they cannot be removed without recourse

to one of the methods described under rockexcavation in TABLE 3603/1. Where a portion ofexcavation contains 50% or more by volume ofboulders of this order, such portion shall beconsidered as rock excavation throughout.

(b) Dimensions of cutsThe dimensions of cuts shall be in accordance with thedetails of the Drawings and may further be defined or

amended during the course of construction byinstructions from the Engineer. The Contractor shallobtain instructions beforehand from the Engineerregarding the slope of the sides of cuttings and thedepth to which cuttings are to be taken, including thedimensions of any in situ treatment of cuts that may berequired below the formation level. Cuts in soils shall betrimmed to a smooth finish to prevent initiation of slopeerosion.

In rock cuts, the rock shall be removed to the level thatwill permit the construction of the subbase layer, unlessotherwise instructed.

The Contractor shall take proper care when excavatingcuts not to loosen any material outside the specified cut

line, whether by ripping, blasting or by other means.Care shall also be taken not to undercut any slopes,and proper control shall at all times be exercised byregular survey checking and by using batter poles atclose intervals.

All cuts made outside the specified cut line or below thespecified level without the approval of the Engineershall be backfilled with approved material, compacted tothe satisfaction of the Engineer and re-trimmed, all atthe Contractor's own expense and in accordance withSECTION 7400.

The Engineer may, when he/she considers itnecessary, instruct the Contractor to widen existing,completed or partly completed cuttings either uniformly

or by altering the slope of the sides of the cutting, or bycutting benches, or in any other way.

(c) Utilisation of excavated material

(i) GeneralAs far as practical in the opinion of the Engineer,the material resulting from cuts, widening of cuts orother excavations in the road reserve shall beutilised for construction of earthworks or pavementlayers depending on their quality. The Engineersapproval to use any material does not indemnify theContractor with regards to his/her obligations to fulfilall requirements of the Specifications in respect ofthe quality of materials for earthworks or pavementlayers.

The Contractor shall plan his/her operations in sucha manner that all cut material may be used to thebest advantage of the Employer. This would meanthat no material shall be unnecessarily spoiled,borrowed or hauled. The Contractor shall neitherborrow nor spoil any material without the Engineer'sapproval and without satisfying the Engineer thatthis is necessary and the most economical methodof constructing the Works.

Material which will not be used in the pavement orearthworks due to quality or other reasons may bestockpiled for future use as topsoil or side fill asrequired by the Engineer.

(ii) Conservation of topsoilTopsoil encountered in excavations shall beconserved as described in SECTION 3100 wheredirected by the Engineer. No additional payment willbe made for conservation of topsoil.


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3604 PREPARATION OF THE ROADBED

(a) Removing unsuitable material

(i) Poor material qualityAny roadbed material which the Engineer considersto be of a quality that would be detrimental to theperformance of the completed road shall beremoved to such widths and depths as he/she mayinstruct, and shall be disposed of as prescribed.The excavated spaces shall then be backfilled withapproved material and compacted according to theSpecifications.

For roadbed material which the Engineer considersto have high swelling potential the Contractor shallcarry out plasticity and hydrometer tests accordingto BS 1377: Part 2 and determine the Activitydefined as:

%)10( =

C

PIActivity

wherePI= Plasticity IndexC = Percentage of clay size finer than 0.002 mm,where C>10

Material with very high swelling potential as definedin TABLE 3604/1 shall be considered detrimental forthe performance of the completed road and must bereplaced or stabilised in accordance with SECTION3800 or covered by geogrid or similar crackarresting measures as instructed by the Engineer.

TABLE3604/1SOILS WITHHIGHSWELLING POTENTIAL

Percent Clay Sizes(7Activity >3Activity >2

Activity >1.5Activity >1.1Activity >0.9Activity >0.7Activity >0.6Activity >0.5

(ii) Wet material

The Engineer may order that roadbed materialwhich is too wet to provide a stable platform for theconstruction of the embankment be removed tosuch widths and depths as he/she may instruct andbe replaced with approved dry material andcompacted according to the Specifications.Payment for this work will only be made if theEngineer is satisfied that the high moisture contentis not a result of inappropriate or insufficientmeasures by the Contractor to protect the roadbedfrom getting wet and that drying of the materialcould not be done with reasonable efforts andwithin a reasonable time, all in the opinion of theEngineer.

(b) Preparing and compacting the roadbed

(i) CompactionUnless otherwise instructed by the Engineer theroadbed shall be scarified, watered and compacted

to a density and depth according to the Drawingsand the Specifications or as directed by theEngineer. If necessary, roadbed material may haveto be temporarily bladed off to windrow in order to

achieve the necessary depth of compaction. TheEngineer may instruct that expansive soils aregiven different treatment such as watering tomaintain natural moisture content and timelydumping and spreading of following layers. Noseparate payment will be made for any suchoperations or alternative techniques to achieve thespecified depth and degree of compaction. TheContractor shall carry out field trials as required by

the Engineer to show that his/her proposed methodand equipment for processing and compaction ofthe roadbed gives the desired result in accordancewith the Specifications and to the satisfaction of theEngineer.

(ii) Adjustment of levelsWhere any additional material has to be imported toobtain the required level and layer thickness, andwhere the thickness of the layer of importedmaterial would be less than the specified layerthickness after compaction, then the roadbedmaterial shall be scarified, the necessary importedmaterial placed, and this combined material mixedand compacted to the full specified depth of thelayer. No separate payment will be made for such

operations.

(iii) Rock or hard materialWherever shown on the Drawings or as may bedirected by the Engineer, the roadbed shall betreated in situ by undesirable formations of hard orrocky materials being broken down in order toachieve a uniform standard of compaction andstrength, or to prevent water-logging and improvedrainage.

(c) Draining and protecting the roadbedThe Contractor shall take all necessary prec