UG Physics 2012

Un

derg

radu

ate

stud

y

PhysicsEntry 2012

Physics at Hull | 1

MPhys/BSc SingleHonours | 6

BSc Joint Honours | 14

Careers and furtherstudy | 16

Degree course UCAS code

3-year BSc and 4-year MPhys degrees BSc (3-year) MPhys (4-year)

Applied Physics F310 BSc/AP F313 MPhys/AP

Physics F300 BSc/P F303 MPhys/P

Physics with Astrophysics F3F5 BSc/PAP F3FM MPhys/PAP

Physics with Nanotechnology F3F9 BSc/PhyNan F3FX MPhys/PhNa

Physics and Philosophy FV35 BSc/PP

4-year BSc degrees including a foundation year

Physics F301 BSc/P4

Entry requirements• Normally within the range of CCB–BBB at A level, including Physics and

Mathematics (except Applied Physics, where Mathematics can be replaced byanother science subject). We include General Studies in our offers.

• Other qualifications, such as BTEC Nationals, OCR Nationals, Access to HEDiplomas, the International Baccalaureate, Scottish qualifications and IrishLeaving Certificates, are welcomed. Some diplomas and overseas qualificationsmay permit entry to the second or third year of our degree courses.

• The University encourages applications from people of all backgrounds. Weconsider applicants on the basis of academic qualifications at Level 3 (A level orequivalent) and/or on the basis of other relevant knowledge and skills.Admissions tutors may interview some applicants.

• Applications for F301, which includes a foundation year, will be considered on anindividual basis.

• Applications from overseas candidates are always welcome, and these will beconsidered individually. Entry to the second or third year is possible for suitablyqualified applicants.

Further informationIf you have specific questionsor wish to discuss any aspectsof the physics courses, pleasewrite to

Admissions TutorPhysicsUniversity of HullHull, HU6 7RX01482 [email protected]

Dates of semestersSemester 124 Sep – 14 Dec 2012

Semester 228 Jan – 10 May 2013

Key facts

Physicswww.hull.ac.uk 1

This pamphlet outlines the various physics courses available in ourdepartment, its facilities, its research, its students and the careers open tothem. The department has a particularly strong reputation for its teachingand research, and our degree courses are accredited by the Institute ofPhysics.

We offer the following degrees:

Three-year BSc and four-year MPhys• Applied Physics• Physics• Physics with Astrophysics• Physics with Nanotechnology• Physics and Philosophy (BSc only)

Four-year BSc including a foundation year• Physics

Our modern and well-equipped teaching laboratories are set in the centre of theUniversity’s beautiful and spacious Hull Campus. We pride ourselves on the qualityand the uniquely personal, friendly and supportive nature of our teaching.

The best way for you and your family to find out about the courses and the facilitiesthat we offer is to visit the department. We welcome the opportunity to meet you(we will subsidise your travel costs) and to show you our laboratories and discussour courses with you. Most of all, we would like to give you the opportunity to talkto our current students about their experiences and aspirations.

All applications are treated on an individual basis. Our uniquely personal approachto teaching and learning begins at the application stage.

Why Hull?• Sir Brynmor Jones Scholarships worth up to £3,000 automatically awarded to all

highly qualified undergraduates (but note that this provision is subject to change)• Scholarships of up to £1,500 per year available to suitably qualified international

students• International reputation for research• Flexibility of choice within a modular course structure through free electives (see

inner back cover)• Excellent teaching laboratories• Small-group teaching in tutorials• Development of communication and presentational skills integrated with your

other learning• Final-year project in one of our research groups

Physics at Hull

We pride ourselveson the quality and theuniquely personal,friendly andsupportive nature ofour teaching.

Physics2

Degree studiesAt Hull, you will have an academic supervisor and tutor who will act as anexperienced guide on any issue that you wish to discuss, whether to do with yourcourse or something extramural.

Our degree courses are made up of many interrelated elements. Central to them arelecture classes which introduce you to the different topics but which differ fromschool lessons in that you have far more responsibility for your own learning. Thatis one reason why the university experience is so enjoyable. You will have todevelop the ideas presented in lectures, research into background material andpractise the application of concepts to new situations.

Of course, we help through tutorials in which small groups of students meet withtheir academic supervisor for discussion of particular issues (and sometimes forletting off steam on other matters). There are also tutorial classes for mathematicswhere questions can be discussed collectively.

Complementary to all these other methods of learning are the laboratory classeswhich, as your course develops, feature experiments tackled on an open-endedbasis and also experimental or computational projects, often carried out inassociation with departmental research groups. Writing reports and developingpresentation skills are an important part of your training too.

Transfer between coursesThe structure of our courses is designed to allow you the maximum degree of choiceand flexibility. As a result, transfer between courses is possible up to the end of thesecond year. For example, students without A level Mathematics can enter on theApplied Physics degree but can then change to any of the degree courses at the endof Year 1. However, if you think that you may wish to pursue an MPhys course it isadvisable to apply for this at the outset, to signal that possibility and avoid anysubsequent problem with funding.

AssessmentThis is based on a combination of examinations and continuous assessment whichtakes into account taught modules, laboratory performance and project work.Degree examinations in the BSc courses are taken at the end of each semester in thesecond and third years, and in the MPhys courses at the end of each semester in thesecond, third and fourth years.

AdmissionsOur entry requirements are shown on the inside front cover of this pamphlet. Wenormally require grades between CCB and BBB at A level, including Physics andMathematics. For the BSc in Applied Physics (F310), however, A level Mathematicsis not a mandatory requirement as the necessary material is introduced during thefirst year of study. Students on Applied Physics can transfer to one of the othercourses at the end of the first year, subject to satisfactory progress. Offers may varyaccording to individual circumstances.

Second- and third-year entryApplicants with suitable qualifications will be considered for direct entry to the lateryears of our degree courses.

International studentsWe welcome applications from non-UK students, and each will be consideredindividually.

Alternative qualificationsIn addition to the qualifications mentioned above there are other ways in whichentry requirements can be satisfied – see the inside front cover of this pamphlet.

Scholarships and bursariesSir Brynmor Jones Scholarships, worth £1,500 per year for two years (subject tocontinuing good performance), are automatically awarded to all students whoobtain A*AA at A level, including A level Physics and excluding General Studies.Students attaining equivalent standards (or better) in other qualifications can applyfor the same award. Note, however, that this provision is subject to change.

Scholarships of up to £1,500 per year are available to suitably qualifiedinternational students.

Admissions enquiriesProfessor Mary O’NeillAdmissions TutorPhysicsUniversity of HullHull, HU6 7RXT 01482 465501F 01482 465606E [email protected]

If you have a UCAS personal ID, please quote it in all correspondence.


Starquality

Students on our Physics withAstrophysics courses learn how

to use fundamental physics,including relativity and quantum

mechanics, to study celestial objectsand phenomena. On the four-year

MPhys, they can spend some of theirthird year at an overseas university or

observatory.

We emphasise therelevance andpracticalconsequences ofmodern physicaltheories in suchtopics as quantummechanics and solidstate physics.

Physics6

Our degree courses not only provide a thorough training in the basic conceptsof physics but also foster the important skill of being able to apply these toestablished and new areas in research, technology, engineering and science.We also stress the relevance and practical consequences of modern physicaltheories in such topics as quantum mechanics and solid state physics. Ourgraduates thus have the analytical abilities to tackle complex situations incontemporary science and, equally importantly, are able to initiate whateverpractical work is required.

A Single Honours degree is awarded on completion of each of the following courses.

• Applied Physics• Physics• Physics with Astrophysics• Physics with Nanotechnology

The course duration is normally four years for the MPhys and three years for theBSc. We do, however, offer a four-year BSc which includes a foundation year, afterwhich the course is identical to the three-year BSc.

The MPhys courses build on the solid foundation of basic physics taught in the BScand extend this in scope and depth. In the fourth year you will be exposed to theresearch environment of the department and will gain experience relevant tocareers in scientific and technological industries at the leading edge of research.

After graduation, and a prescribed training period, you will be eligible to seekChartered status (CPhys) through the Institute of Physics.

Project workIn the final year of all courses you will carry out a major research project, usuallyrelated to your option choice. This involves working with a research group in thedepartment or possibly with local industry. Recent final-year projects include

• Monte Carlo simulations of hard discs• laser ablation and processing of materials• holography using a diode laser source• textural analysis in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)• telescopic observation of man-made satellites• the Higgs boson: particle fact or mathematical fiction?• insect adhesion and friction• negative refractive index metamaterials• nanoparticle behaviour at liquid interfaces in a magnetic field• solar observations and predictions• improved conductivity of hole injection polymers for organic light-emitting

diodes (OLEDs)• optoelectronic properties of liquid crystals

MPhys/BSc SingleHonours


Physics8

Physics is at the heart of everything. It is an excitingand wide-ranging discipline, central to alltechnology from new energy sources to modernmedical techniques. The revolutions incommunications and computers have been broughtabout by creative and imaginative physicists withthe knowledge to innovate and the skills to deliver.

These degrees provide excellent training in fundamentalscientific principles, in practical, organisational andcomputing skills, and in self-discipline. It is just thesequalities that make our graduates so attractive toscientific and high-tech companies and to a broadspectrum of employers.

The main elements of modern physics are introducedthrough a combination of theoretical, mathematical andapplied topics designed to give insight into the manyfascinating aspects of the physical world, such asquantum phenomena, particle and nuclear physics,magnetism and superconductivity. Training inexperimental methods forms an integral part of Years 1and 2, but in Year 3 of the BSc and Year 4 of the MPhys itis possible to choose between a theoretical study and anexperimental project in collaboration with a researchgroup.

First and second years (Semesters 1–4)MPhys and BScIn the first two years you take core physics modules intopics including quantum, relativistic, particle andclassical physics, the solid state, light, fields and matter.Key skills are developed alongside and are alsointegrated within these courses to expand yourknowledge of computers, data analysis, presentationalskills and mathematics. You can also choose to take amodule each year outside the department, selectingfrom a wide range of offerings that include studying alanguage such as Mandarin or Russian or learning aboutpsychology, business or computing.

Third year (Semesters 5 and 6)MPhys and BScIn Year 3 you take advanced theoretical, practical andtechnological topics reflecting the wide range of modernphysics, including nuclear physics, quantum mechanics,magnetism, superconductivity, spectroscopy, opticalcommunications and photonic devices. BSc studentsundertake a research project, while MPhys studentsstudy the use of computer simulations in modernresearch and begin to develop the advanced researchskills required of scientific project leaders.

Fourth year (Semesters 7 and 8)MPhysIn Year 4 of the MPhys course you study advancedspecialist topics including black holes, general relativity,magnetic resonance imaging, chaos, plasmas andobservational and stellar astrophysics. The department’sresearch is reflected in specific modules dealing with theemerging field of nanotechnology – covering quantumwell physics and devices, bio-inspiration and soft matterphysics – and with the applications of lasers in basicscience and micro-scale materials processing.Throughout the year you develop a research projectapplying and extending your skills in one of thedepartment’s research groups.

Foundation-year degree

Physics (F301)This four-year BSc course is designed for students whosebackground or qualifications would not normally permitdirect entry to degree-level study in the department. Thefirst year has foundation courses in physics,mathematics and chemistry and an option choice. Afterthis introductory year, students follow the same syllabusas the F300 Physics course or can transfer to the firstyear of any of our other degree courses.

Physics (F300/F303)


Physics10

These degrees commence with studies of basicphysical laws and principles. Basic mathematicalskills are introduced in the first year of study,making it possible to pursue the BSc course withoutnecessarily having A level Mathematics. In the lateryears, studies concentrate on the application ofphysics in a range of technological and engineeringsituations of industrial and scientific interest.

The concepts of modern physics are used, emphasisingexperimental techniques and applications; and final-year project work will usually reflect the applied natureof the course – for example, tackling research problemsof direct relevance to technology development.

By concentrating on the technological and engineeringapplications of physics, graduates of the Applied Physicscourses have a head start in a range of industrial andscientific careers as well as being highly sought after byscientific and high-tech companies.

First and second years (Semesters 1–4)MPhys and BScIn the first two years you take core modules includingquantum, relativistic and classical physics, the solidstate, light, fields and matter. Key skills are developedalongside and integrated within these courses to expandyour knowledge of computers, data analysis,presentational skills and mathematics. Students withoutA level Mathematics get tutorial support in maths. Youcan also take a module each year outside thedepartment, from a wide range which includes studyinga language such as Mandarin or Russian or learningabout psychology, business or computing.

Students without A level Mathematics may transfer toone of our other degree courses at the end of Year 1,subject to satisfactory progress.

Third year (Semesters 5 and 6)MPhys and BScIn Year 3 you take advanced theoretical, practical andtechnological topics reflecting the wide range of modernphysics, including nuclear physics, quantum mechanics,superconductivity and spectroscopy, and study theapplication of these ideas in materials evaluation usingX-ray, neutron and electron analytical techniques. BScstudents undertake a research project, while MPhysstudents study the use of computer simulations inmodern research and begin to develop the advancedresearch skills required of scientific project leaders.

Fourth year (Semesters 7 and 8)MPhysIn Year 4 of the MPhys course you study advancedspecialist topics in physics, including black holes,magnetic resonance imaging, chaos, plasmas andobservational and stellar astrophysics. The department’sresearch interests are reflected in specific modulesdealing with the emerging field of nanotechnology –covering quantum well physics and devices, bio-inspiration and soft matter physics – and with theapplications of lasers in basic science and micro-scalematerials processing. Throughout the year you develop aresearch project applying and extending your skills inone of the research groups in the department.

Applied Physics (F310/F313)

‘As soon as I visited the University ofHull on the open day, I felt reallycomfortable and I knew that this waswhere I wanted to study.

‘I had always enjoyed physics atschool, so Applied Physics reallyappealed to me – it is a really variedcourse, with a great balance oflectures, tutorials and practical work.

‘The department is very friendly, andyou get to know everyone really well,including the lecturers, who are alwaysmore than happy to help you with anyproblems. Yes, the course is fairlyintensive, but ultimately a degree inphysics from Hull sets you up for acareer in industry, or even for a PhD.

‘I was lucky enough to be offered a PhDin the department, so it was easy todecide to spend another three yearshere!’

Stephanie CockcroftBSc Applied Physics


Physics12

Physics is at the heart of everything, and its laws arethought to be applicable anywhere in the universe.Astrophysicists use fundamental physics, includingrelativity and quantum mechanics, and are able toapply these ideas to both the very small and the verylarge.

As well as learning at the forefront of human knowledge,astrophysicists are able to contribute to the developmentof new technology for applications in fields such ascommunication, transport, miniaturisation andmedicine. The challenges of space travel reflect many ofthe technological challenges facing us, including thedevelopment of new energy sources and materials,advances in computer power and novel methods ofcommunication.

MPhys students have the option of spending onesemester of their third year at University College Cork,and so benefit from the astrophysics expertise at thisinstitution.

First and second years (Semesters 1–4)MPhys and BScIn the first two years you take core physics modulesdelivered through lectures, practicals and small-grouptutorials. Topics covered include quantum, relativisticand classical physics, the solid state, light, fields andmatter. Key skills are developed alongside and are alsointegrated within these courses to expand yourknowledge of computers, data analysis, presentationalskills and mathematics. You can also choose to take amodule each year outside the department, selectingfrom a range of modules which includes studying alanguage such as Mandarin or Russian or learning aboutpsychology, business or computing.

Third year (Semesters 5 and 6)MPhys and BScIn Year 3 you take advanced theoretical, practical andtechnological topics that reflect the wide range ofmodern physics including quantum mechanics, nuclearphysics and space physics. A speciality module dealswith plasmas and the theoretical and observationalaspects of astrophysics. BSc students carry out aresearch project, while MPhys students study computersimulation of physics problems and begin to developresearch skills related to project planning.

Fourth year (Semesters 7 and 8)MPhysIn Year 4 of the MPhys course you study topics such asgeneral relativity, black holes and advanced quantummechanics to gain a deeper understanding ofastrophysical concepts. There are also courses innanotechnology, chaos, the application of lasers in basicand applied sciences, and the physics and application ofMRI (magnetic resonance imaging) techniques.Throughout the year, you have the opportunity todevelop either a practical- or theoretical-based researchproject, usually in the area of astrophysics.

Physics with Astrophysics (F3F5/F3FM)


The Physics with Nanotechnology courses explorenovel technology and the central role played byphysical scientists in this revolutionary field. Youwill explore how particles, atoms, molecules andeven biomolecules can be manipulated to producesmart new materials.

Alongside courses in the fundamental physics of thenanoworld, you will study the science of tomorrow’sworld, with its unimaginably minute informationsystems, sensors and technology.

As well as being highly sought after by scientificcompanies, graduates of these courses have a head startin careers in high-tech industries and in entrepreneurialresearch.

First and second years (Semesters 1–4)MPhys and BScIn the first two years you take core physics modulesincluding modern materials and quantum, relativisticand classical physics alongside courses reflecting theexplosion of interest in nanoscale devices. Key skills aredeveloped alongside and are also integrated within thesecourses to expand your knowledge of computers, dataanalysis, presentational skills and mathematics. You canalso choose to take a module each year outside thedepartment, selecting from a wide range of optionswhich include studying a language such as Mandarin orRussian or learning about psychology, business orcomputing.

Third year (Semesters 5 and 6)MPhys and BScIn Year 3 you take advanced theoretical, practical andtechnological topics reflecting the wide range of modernphysics, including nuclear physics, quantum mechanics,magnetism, superconductivity, spectroscopy, opticalcommunications and photonic devices. You alsospecialise in nanotechnology, including the use of nanomaterials, devices and analytical techniques. BScstudents undertake a research project, while MPhysstudents study the use of computer simulations inmodern research and begin to develop the advancedresearch skills required of scientific project leaders.

Fourth year (Semesters 7 and 8)MPhysIn Year 4 of the MPhys course you study advancedspecialist topics in physics, including black holes,magnetic resonance imaging, chaos, general relativity,plasmas and astrophysics. The department’s researchinterests are reflected in specific modules dealing withthe emerging field of nanotechnology – coveringquantum well physics and devices, bio-inspiration andsoft matter physics – and with the applications of lasersin basic science and micro-scale materials processing.Throughout the year you develop a research project,usually related to nanotechnology, applying andextending your skills in one of the research groups in thedepartment.

Physics with Nanotechnology (F3F9/F3FX)

The Physics andPhilosophy degreecourse bringstogether the mostrigorous andfundamental subjectsin the arts and thesciences.

Physics14

Joint Honours degree courses allow you to study two disciplines in equalproportion. Students are registered as members of the lead department. Thecourse described below is administered by, and students are allocated apersonal tutor from, the Department of Physics. A special induction session isheld in the first week of study so that students may become fully integratedmembers of both departments.

BSc Physics and Philosophy (FV35)Physics is at the heart of everything, and its laws are thought to be applicableanywhere in the universe. It can describe the beginning of space and the possibilityof time travel.

Philosophy frees the intellect and offers an alternative, but no less rigorous, route tounderstanding the nature of the universe and our place in it.

The Physics and Philosophy degree course is taught jointly by the Departments ofPhysics and Philosophy and brings together the most rigorous and fundamentalsubjects in the arts and the sciences.

First year (Semesters 1 and 2)In Year 1 the physics modules cover experimental physics and mathematicaltechniques, quantum and classical physics and an introduction to the nature oflight, fields and matter. In philosophy, you are introduced to basic ideas andprinciples and the methodologies used in philosophy today and throughout history.You also choose an optional module covering Greek philosophy, social and politicalthought or the foundations of empirical thought.

Second year (Semesters 3 and 4)In Year 2 the scientific and philosophical subjects introduced in Year 1 are furtherdeveloped and refined. In physics, you study the thermodynamic description ofphysical change and the classical, quantum and relativistic descriptions of nature.In philosophy, you study the nature of the scientific method and the limitations ofscience in explaining how the universe works. Additionally, you have the option todevelop your philosophical understanding by studying ways of knowing; minds,brains and behaviour; the philosophy of law; moral philosophy; nations andcultures; meaning and truth; and explaining gendered selves.

Third year (Semesters 5 and 6)Year 3 is based almost entirely on a wide range of optional modules, reflecting yourchanging and developing interests in physics, philosophy and their overlap. Aftercore modules in particles and fields, you can choose to study advanced topics inphysics including experimental applied science such as lasers andnanotechnological devices as well as fundamental ideas of the physical descriptionof the universe and change. In philosophy, you can study pleasure, pain and thewill; Wittgenstein on knowledge and certainty; gender, science and knowledge;virtues and vices; environmental philosophy; Kant; Aristotle’s moral philosophy;common experience and knowledge; and an introduction to contemporaryEuropean thought.

BSc Joint Honours


Our graduates havemoved into researchand developmentwith governmentorganisations, or intoindustrial areas suchas laser systemsengineering,telecommunicationsand optoelectronics.

Physics16

Our degree courses concentrate on the application of basic physics to a widerange of research, technological and engineering situations of industrial,scientific and medical interest. They are designed to train students for careersin industry and elsewhere.

The shortage of people with sound education in the basic methods of physics isbecoming increasingly evident, and our graduates have moved into industrialresearch and development, particularly in areas of high technology such as lasersystems engineering, telecommunications, optoelectronics, IT/computing oradvanced materials and medical applications. Others have progressed to work forthe MSc or PhD, or into research and development with government organisations.Yet others have used their technical background to build careers in teaching andlecturing, as well as in such diverse areas as finance, accountancy, generalmanagement training and consultancy.

Postgraduate opportunities

ResearchAlthough undergraduates are usually involved in research only during their final-year projects, the scientific interests of the staff are naturally reflected in the overallteaching. We have an international reputation for our work in the areas of lasersand their applications, theory and modelling, organophotonics and nanophysics.

This research is funded from a range of sources including the Engineering andPhysical Sciences Research Council and government and industrial establishmentsboth at home and abroad. Our work also benefits from strong interdisciplinary linkswithin the University and with other groups at the national and the internationallevel.

We offer research supervision and training leading to the degrees of MSc and PhD inexperimental physics and theoretical studies, including the computer modellingand simulation of complex physical processes.

Our postgraduates are eagerly sought after by employers and commonly find jobs inuniversities, research establishments, industry or commerce, both in the UK andabroad.

Taught MScThe department offers a taught postgraduate course in Physics leading to an MSc.This one-year course is based on taught modules taken in Semesters 1 and 2 and afull-time research project leading to the submission of a dissertation in Semester 3.

Careers and furtherstudy

Studying for a degree at the University of Hull is a unique experience. We aimto provide you with an education that offers both depth and breadth ofknowledge. To meet these ends the University has developed an optional FreeElective Scheme. This scheme enables the majority of undergraduate studentsto take one module a year from outside their main course of study.

So, how does it work?Each year you take 120 credits’ worth of modules.

What sort of subjects can I take?You can take almost any free elective module from outside your main course ofstudy, usually at your home campus. You can even take a module from anotherfaculty. You should discuss your choice of free electives with your supervisor.

What are the main reasons for participating?• The scheme gives you the opportunity to study a subject without having to

commit yourself to taking further modules in that subject area.• By taking a free elective you are able to follow up your interests as part of your

degree.• With a broader education you may acquire extra skills that will help you when

you enter the employment market.

Admissions policyAdmissions information provided

in this pamphlet is intended as a

general guide and cannot cover all

possibilities. Entry requirements

are generally stated in terms of A

level grades and/or UCAS points,

but we encourage applications

from people with a wide range of

other qualifications and/or

experience. Some further details of

the various entry routes are

included in our general prospectus.

Please contact the Admissions

Service (see below) with any

specific queries about admissions.

DisclaimerThis publication is intended

principally as a guide for

prospective students. The matters

covered by it – academic and

otherwise – are subject to change

from time to time, both before and

after students are admitted, and

the information contained in it

does not form part of any contract.

While every reasonable precaution

was taken in the production of this

brochure, the University does not

accept liability for any

inaccuracies.

AddressFor general enquiries, please

write to

Admissions Service

University of Hull

Hull, HU6 7RX

T 01482 466100

F 01482 442290

E [email protected]

Free Elective Scheme

SEMESTER 1 SEMESTER 2

20 credits 20 credits

20 credits 20 credits

20 credits

20 credits

Here you take modules from yourmain course of study.

Here you have the option to take afree elective or another module fromyour main course of study.

Picture creditsCover image: ©iStockphoto.com/theasis

Pages 4–5:

©iStockphoto.com/Manfred_Konrad

Page 14: ©iStockphoto.com/dra_schwartz

Page 15: ©iStockphoto.com/BeholdingEye

ww

w.hull.ac.uk

In the most recent NationalStudent Survey, 100% of Physics

students at Hull said they’d foundtheir course intellectuallystimulating. When the big

questions come along – aboutquantum phenomena, relativity,black holes, nanotechnology andchaos theory, for example – we’ve

got the big answers.

Change the way you think.

Documents

UG Physics 2012