Uet Pv Power

PV-Power

PV-PowerProf Dr Ijaz Ahmad ChaudhryApril 7, 20141Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

What is a Solar Cell?It is also known as Photovoltaic cell (PV cell)A device that converts light energy (solar energy) directly to electricity.The term solar cell is designated to capture energy from sunlight, whereas PV cell is referred to an unspecified light source.It is like a battery because it supplies DC power.It is not like a battery because the voltage supplied by the cell changes with changes in the resistance of the load.

Made from a single crystalline silicon waferApril 7, 20142Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

HistoryThe photovoltaic effect was first recognized in 1839 by French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. However, it was not until 1883 that the first solar cell was built, by Charles Fritts, who coated the semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions. The device was only around 1% efficient.Russell Ohl patented the modern solar cell in 1946 (U.S. Patent 2,402,662)April 7, 20143Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

3

Applications of Solar CellsRenewable energyCan be powered for remote locationsIts free, limitless, and environmentally friendly

April 7, 20144Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Physics of Solar CellsSemiconductor material can be p-type (hole carriers) or n-type (electron carriers)N-type has impurities with an extra electron (phosphorus)P-type has impurities with one fewer electron (boron)Put them together: p-n junctionA solar cell is a very large p-n junction (or diode)

n-typep-typeP+B-April 7, 20145Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Basic Physics of Solar CellsThe holes from the p-type side diffuse to the n-type side. The electrons diffuse to the p-type side.This leaves behind charged ions (missing electrons or holes).

n-typep-typeeh

P+B-


Built-In Electric FieldThe charged atoms (ions) create an electric field. This electric field makes it easy for current to flow in one direction, but hard to flow in the opposite direction.

n-typep-typeP+B-P+B-P+B-

E-fieldApril 7, 20147Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry


E-fieldGenerating Charges From The SunLight breaks silicon bonds and creates free electrons and holes missing electronsHoles are positive chargesBuilt-in field separates electrons and holes

eh


Generating Charges From The SunConnect diode to a circuitPhotocurrent goes through resistorCauses a voltage drop


E-fieldeh

V=IRIPCApril 7, 20149Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Generating Charges From The SunForward biases the diodeCauses a current in opposite direction

n-typep-typeP+B-P+B-P+B-eh

IPCV=IR-V+V

IFBApril 7, 201410Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Generating Charges From The SunIf R is very large, V is very largeIf V is very large, IFB = IPCI=0Open Circuit condition


IPCV=IR-V+V

IFB=IPCApril 7, 201411Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Generating Charges From The SunIf R is very small, V is very smallIf V = 0, IFB = 0I= IPCShort Circuit condition


IPCV=IR=0-V+V

IFB=0


Construction of Solar cellsThey are constructed by layering special materials called semiconductors into thin, flat sandwiches.These are linked by electrical wires and arranged on a panel of a stiff, non-conducting material such as glass. The panel itself is called a module.Modules are then interconnected, in series or parallel, or both, to create an array with the desired peak DC voltage and current.http://www.specmat.com/Overview%20of%20Solar%20Cells.htm


a. Encapsulateb. Contact Gridc. Antireflective Coatingd. N-type Silicone. P-type Siliconf. Back Contact


How Solar cells workFunction 1: Photogeneration of charge carriers (electrons and holes) in a light-absorbing materialFunction 2: Separation of the charge carriers to a conductive medium such as a metal contact or a wire in order to transmit the electricityIt supplies a voltage and a current to a resistive load (light, battery, motor).Power = Current x VoltageApril 7, 201415Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

1. A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon (blue) and p-type silicon (red). 2. When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard the upper surface.

The photons (yellow dot) carry their energy down through the cell. The photons give up their energy to electrons (green dot) in the lower, p-type layer. The electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper, n-type layer and escape out into the circuit. Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the lamp light up. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/solarcells.htmlApril 7, 201416Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Open circuit voltage (VOC)Short circuit current (ISC) Maximum powerEfficiencySolar Cell PropertiesFactors affecting Solar Cell PerformanceLight intensity (type of light)Light wavelength (color of light)Angle of incident lightSurface condition of solar cells (cleanness)Temperature on solar cellsApril 7, 201417Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Peak Power Point (Maximum Power)A solar cell may operate over a wide range of voltages (V) and currents (I). By increasing the resistive load on an irradiated cell continuously from zero (a short circuit) to a very high value (an open circuit) one can determine the maximum-power point, the point that maximizes VI, that is, the load for which the cell can deliver maximum electrical power at that level of irradiation.Dynamically adjust the load so the maximum power is always transferred, regardless of the variation in lighting.April 7, 201418Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

EfficiencyA solar cell's energy conversion efficiency (, "eta"), is the percentage of power converted (from absorbed light to electrical energy) and collected, when a solar cell is connected to an electrical circuit. This term is calculated using the ratio of Pm, divided by the input light irradiance under "standard" test conditions (E, in W/m) and the surface area of the solar cell (Ac in m).



Solar Cell Process FlowStart with n-type silicon wafersCleaning the wafersSulfuric: peroxide - removes organicsBuffered Hydrofluoric acid - removes residual oxideHCl: peroxide - removes heavy metalsSpin on dopant: a liquid source of boron (p-type impurity)Anneal: 1000oC furnace step drives B into wafer (forming diode).April 7, 201421Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Solar Cell Process FlowMetallization: Aluminum deposited on the front and backside of the wafer.Patterning: Resist is spun on the front and back sides of the wafer and exposed using a mask and UV light. The exposed resist is removed during developing.Metal Etch: The pattern from the mask is transferred to the metal using a wet metal etch. The remaining photoresist is then removed.Metal Anneal: The wafer is annealed at 400C to improve the conductivity of the metal.April 7, 201422Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

SemiconductorMASK LEVEL 1

Positive photoresist

Semiconductor

Light from aligner


Metallization (Al)

Metal

N- Type Silicon

P-Type Silicon

BoronDiffusion(P-Type)

P-typeN-type



Future DevelopmentsThe first generation photovoltaic, consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction diode, which is capable of generating usable electrical energy from light sources with the wavelengths of sunlight. These cells are typically made using a silicon wafer.The second generation of photovoltaic materials is based on the use of thin-film deposits of semiconductors. These devices were initially designed to be high-efficiency, multiple junction photovoltaic cells.April 7, 201426Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

Third generation photovoltaics are very different from the previous semiconductor devices as they do not rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photogenerated charge carriers. These new devices include photoelectrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, and nanocrystal solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells are now in production. Examples include Amorphous silicon, Polycrystalline silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, Cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide/sulfide.Fourth generation Composite photovoltaic technology with the use of polymers with nano particles can be mixed together to make a single multispectrum layer. Then the thin multi spectrum layers can be stacked to make multispectrum solar cells more efficient and cheaper based on polymer solar cell and multi junction technology used by NASA on Mars missions.April 7, 201427Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

When the electrons leave their position, hole are formed. When many electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel toward the front surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell's front and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of a battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, electricity flows. The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a photovoltaic system. Individual cells can vary in size from about 1 centimeter (1/2 inch) to about 10 centimeter (4 inches) across. However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most applications. To increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a packaged weather-tight module. Modules can be further connected to form an array. The term array refers to the entire generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand modules. The number of modules connected together in an array depends on the amount of power output needed.

HOW DOES THE CELL WORKApril 7, 201428Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

IntroductionClean EnergyPV SystemCellsEnergy storageCharge ControllerAC/DC converter

Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004


Functionalitypn diodeNo illuminationDiode behaviore, h separatedIlluminationIncident photons create e-h pairsE fielde-h pairs separate

Photovoltaics. Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06. April 7, 201430Prof Dr Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry

SemiconductorAbsolute 0 Perfect insulatorTemp increases conduction increasesExternal energy raises temperature



VTCPerformance LimitsPm = Vmax x ImaxIncorporate load



Energy Conversion Efficiency =Pm/(E x Ac)Primary ChallengeIncident photonsEpEbg Ee- + ElostEp=Ebg Ee- Silicon tradeoffHigh bg lossLow bg E, V reducedOptimal at bg=1.4eV


conversion efficiency represents the percentage of power converted and collected when a solar cell is connected to an electrical circuit. Efficiency can be measured by dividing the maximum power by the product of total solar module area and irradiance (power for electromagnetic radiation at a surface), mainly =Pm/(E x Ac) [9]. 33

Loss TradeoffsCell Top Must be transparentToo thin bad conductionCell Interior gridLarge grid helps e-sLarge grid blocks photons


Auxiliary DesignHeavy modulesstructural stressWind tensionPollutionFan ExampleSpeedAccelerationWithout illuminationE/V Ah


. The PV module orientation can be modified to reflect a pollution-index or refraction specific angle of incidence [6]. designer can determine how long the fan is to function without illumination, compute an Ah power requirement, and ultimately decide on a battery provided this Ah rating. It is also important to consider parasitic capacitance and resistance effects due to a storage mechanism-PV cell interconnects so a corrected PV system load can be evaluated. This altered load can impact the PV cells maximum power point and must be considered[1,2]. 35

ApplicationsElectric grid extensions not offered CleanSolar powered houseWater pumping systemsGarden lightsAutomobilesSource utility gridSatellites, shuttles



In the most popular application of a solar powered house, PV cells absorb photons, send DC current through an inverter which transforms the signal to 120 or 240-volt so AC appliances can be used. The AC power enters the utility panel in the house and is then distributed to appliances throughout the house. Electricity that is not used will be recycled and reused in other facilities[2,6].36

ResearchThin FilmCheapIncreased unit lossMultilayer EfficiencyNanocrystallineThin film + mesoporous MOIncreased internal reflectionGreat efficiency expensive


Chart1-1.5495238095-1.5428571429-1.5352380952-1.519047619-1.3657142857-0.9057142857-0.5761904762-0.2742857143-0.008952381

Pmax = 471.2 W/cm^2Jmax = 1.366 mA per cm^2I max = 16.27 mACurrent Denisty mA/cm2V (mVolt)J (mA/cm2)I-V Curve "science shop" single cell, A= 10cm^2, V =0.5 Voltage at level 10.5 of Halogen light source

Fry'sAt MAXIMUM of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DensPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm205.8-82-0.5-1.608-0.009186.9-80.4-7.0-1.576-0.1372162.6-78.1-12.7-1.531-0.2493231-74.87-17.3-1.468-0.3394287-70.06-20.1-1.374-0.3945327-64.12-21.0-1.257-0.4117371-52.26-19.4-1.025-0.3809397-43.54-17.3-0.854-0.33910424-32.61-13.8-0.639-0.27120455-18.91-8.6-0.371-0.16940472-10.41-4.9-0.204-0.096400489-1.34-0.7-0.026-0.013Parallel ConnectionAt MAXIMUM of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DensPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm2012-149.29-1.8-1.464-0.0181148.7-137.8-20.5-1.351-0.2012246-118.14-29.1-1.158-0.2853302-98.46-29.7-0.965-0.2924338-82.9-28.0-0.813-0.2755362-71.2-25.8-0.698-0.2537392-55.36-21.7-0.543-0.21310431-33.02-14.2-0.324-0.14020455-18.93-8.6-0.186-0.0841000485-0.48-0.2-0.005-0.002Series ConnectionAt MAXIMUM of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DensPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm205.6-77.9-0.4-0.764-0.0042158.9-76.24-12.1-0.747-0.1194304-74.38-22.6-0.729-0.2226439-72.07-31.6-0.707-0.3108559-68.72-38.4-0.674-0.3779611-66.55-40.7-0.652-0.39910740-56.82-42.0-0.557-0.41220860-35.8-30.8-0.351-0.30230896-26.15-23.4-0.256-0.2301000968-0.96-0.9-0.009-0.009VoltageCurrent DensmVmA/cm212-1.463627451148.7-1.3509803922246-1.1582352941302-0.9652941176338-0.812745098362-0.6980392157392-0.542745098431-0.3237254902455-0.1855882353485-0.00470588245.6-0.764158.9-0.747304-0.729439-0.707559-0.674611-0.652740-0.557860-0.351896-0.256968-0.009

&CPHASE IMeasuring the I-V Curve of Solar CellsData taken on 02/24/01Room 315, SJSUVoltage Meter: 8010A Digital MultimeterAmpere/Current Meter: 3478A MultimeterHeight from cell surface to Halogen lamp holder: 33.5 cm&CPage &P of Page &N

Fry's00000000000000000000

Vmax = 327 mVPmax = 20.967 W per 51 cm^2 cellCurrent Dens mA/cm2V (mV)Current Density J (mA/cm2)I-V Curve of Single Tamiya Cell, 51 cm2, at Maximum Halogen light source

CellComparison000000000000000000000

V max = 302 mVJ max = 0.292 mW per cm^2Imax = -149.29 mAVoltage (mVolts)Current density (mA/cm^2)I-V Curve of 2 Tamiya Solar Cells in Parallel Connection at Maximum Halogen light source00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000Imax = -82 mAVmax = 740 mVJmax = 0.412 mW per cm^2I max = -77.9 mAVoltage (mVolts)Current Density, J (mA/cm^2)I-V Curve of 2 Tamiya Solar Cells, 0.5V/1200mAh in Series Connection & at Maximum of Halogen light source00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000Series ConnectionParallel ConnectionVoltage (mV)Current Density (mA/cm^2)Comparison of I-V Curve of 2 Tamiya Solar Cell in Series & Parallel Connection at MAX Halogen Light source

Science ShopScience ShopSingle CellResistanceVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistymVmAmWmA/cm201.2-16.06-19.272-1.5295238095117.3-16.05-277.665-1.5285714286233.5-16.05-537.675-1.5285714286349-16.045-786.205-1.5280952381465.7-16.041-1053.8937-1.5277142857581.6-16.03-1308.048-1.5266666667697.6-16.01-1562.576-1.52476190487113-16-1808-1.52380952388129-15.98-2061.42-1.52190476199145-15.96-2314.2-1.5210207-15.86-3283.02-1.510476190520345-14.36-4954.2-1.367619047630403-11.77-4743.31-1.12095238140431-9.52-4103.12-0.906666666750444-8.02-3560.88-0.763809523860453-6.92-3134.76-0.65904761970459-6.07-2786.13-0.578095238180463-5.4-2500.2-0.5142857143200477-2.91-1388.07-0.2771428571400485-1.33-645.05-0.1266666667600487-0.86-418.82-0.0819047619800488-0.64-312.32-0.0609523811000489-0.46-224.94-0.04380952383000489-0.38-185.82-0.03619047625000489-0.33-161.37-0.0314285714Tammiya Singel CellResistanceVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DensmVmAmWmA/cm2Tammiya0.41purple05.8-82-475.6-1.6078431373Science0.47blue186.9-80.4-6986.76-1.57647058822162.6-78.1-12699.06-1.5313725493231-74.87-17294.97-1.46803921574287-70.06-20107.22-1.37372549025327-64.12-20967.24-1.2572549026351-57.65-20235.15-1.13039215697371-52.26-19388.46-1.02470588248386-47.58-18365.88-0.93294117659397-43.54-17285.38-0.853725490210424-32.61-13826.64-0.639411764720455-18.91-8604.05-0.370784313730466-13.59-6332.94-0.266470588240472-10.41-4913.52-0.204117647150475-8.57-4070.75-0.168039215760478-7.3-3489.4-0.143137254970480-6.36-3052.8-0.124705882480482-5.62-2708.84-0.1101960784200486-2.96-1438.56-0.0580392157400489-1.34-655.26-0.0262745098

Science Shop0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Current Denisty mA/cm2V (mV)J (mA/cm2)All Cells - Max Light

Science Shop Single CellAt level 10.5 of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm200.9-16.27-0.015-1.550-0.001466-16.2-1.069-1.543-0.1028130.3-16.12-2.100-1.535-0.20010208-15.95-3.318-1.519-0.31620345-14.34-4.947-1.366-0.47140431-9.51-4.099-0.906-0.39080457-6.05-2.765-0.576-0.263200474-2.88-1.365-0.274-0.1305000487-0.094-0.046-0.009-0.004Parallel Connectionat Level 10.5 of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm202.3-32.75-0.075325-1.560-0.004267.8-32.62-2.211636-1.553-0.1054133.1-32.54-4.331074-1.550-0.2066196.3-32.25-6.330675-1.536-0.3019282-30.95-8.7279-1.474-0.41610355-27.28-9.6844-1.299-0.46120426-17.71-7.54446-0.843-0.35940456-10.07-4.59192-0.480-0.21980469-5.48-2.57012-0.261-0.1221000482-0.482-0.232324-0.023-0.011Science Shop Single CellResistanceVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm2Series Connection00.9-12.78-0.011502-1.217-0.001at Level 10.5 of Halogen Light source452.2-12.75-0.66555-1.214-0.0638103-12.7-1.3081-1.210-0.125RVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower Density10164.9-12.67-2.089283-1.207-0.199mVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm220304-12.65-3.8456-1.205-0.36640561-12.41-6.96201-1.182-0.66301.1-15.36-0.016896-0.731-0.00180798-9.32-7.43736-0.888-0.70810199-15.3-3.0447-0.729-0.145200885-5.38-4.7613-0.512-0.45320366-15.25-5.5815-0.726-0.2665000947-0.18-0.17046-0.017-0.01630519-15.15-7.86285-0.721-0.37440659-14.53-9.57527-0.692-0.456Series Connection50741-13.38-9.91458-0.637-0.472At Level 9 of Halogen Light sourceSeries Connection60797-12.15-9.68355-0.579-0.461At Level 6 of Halogen Light source80848-9.96-8.44608-0.474-0.402ResistanceVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower Density200913-5.55-5.06715-0.264-0.241mVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm2ResistanceVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower Density400944-2.58-2.43552-0.123-0.116mVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm22000961-0.47-0.45167-0.022-0.02200.9-12.78-0.011502-0.609-0.001452.2-12.75-0.66555-0.607-0.03200.5-7.79-0.003895-0.371-0.0008103-12.7-1.3081-0.605-0.062431.7-7.77-0.246309-0.370-0.01210164.9-12.67-2.089283-0.603-0.099863-7.77-0.48951-0.370-0.02320304-12.65-3.8456-0.602-0.18310101.3-7.74-0.784062-0.369-0.03740561-12.41-6.96201-0.591-0.33220183.6-7.64-1.402704-0.364-0.06780798-9.32-7.43736-0.444-0.35440310-7.37-2.2847-0.351-0.109200885-5.38-4.7613-0.256-0.22780578-6.75-3.9015-0.321-0.1865000947-0.18-0.17046-0.009-0.008200767-4.66-3.57422-0.222-0.1705000885-0.17-0.15045-0.008-0.007Parallel Connectionat Level 9 of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm21.7-1.26101.7-26.48-0.045-1.261-0.00254.8-1.257254.8-26.4-1.447-1.257-0.069107.4-1.2564107.4-26.37-2.832-1.256-0.135159-1.2456159-26.15-4.158-1.245-0.198233-1.2199233-25.59-5.962-1.219-0.284311-1.14010311-23.94-7.445-1.140-0.355402-0.79820402-16.75-6.734-0.798-0.321440-0.46340440-9.73-4.281-0.463-0.204456-0.25480456-5.33-2.430-0.254-0.116471-0.0221000471-0.46-0.217-0.022-0.0101.6-0.71631.1-0.716at Level 6 of Halogen Light source61.4-0.71691.3-0.71401.6-15.04-0.024-0.716-0.001136.3-0.712231.1-15.04-0.468-0.716-0.022192.6-0.705461.4-15.04-0.923-0.716-0.044313-0.621691.3-15-1.370-0.714-0.065388-0.4089136.3-14.95-2.038-0.712-0.097416-0.23110192.6-14.8-2.850-0.705-0.136465-0.03120313-13.05-4.085-0.621-0.19540388-8.57-3.325-0.408-0.15880416-4.86-2.022-0.231-0.09610004650.660.3070.0310.015Series Connectionat Level 9 of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm200.9-12.78-0.012-0.609-0.001452.2-12.75-0.666-0.607-0.0328103-12.7-1.308-0.605-0.06210164.9-12.67-2.089-0.603-0.09920304-12.65-3.846-0.602-0.18340561-12.41-6.962-0.591-0.33280798-9.32-7.437-0.444-0.354200885-5.38-4.761-0.256-0.2275000947-0.18-0.170-0.009-0.008Series Connectionat Level 9 of Halogen Light sourceRVoltageCurrentPowerCurrent DenistyPower DensitymVmAmWmA/cm2mW/cm200.9-12.78-0.012-0.609-0.001452.2-12.75-0.666-0.607-0.0328103-12.7-1.308-0.605-0.06210164.9-12.67-2.089-0.603-0.09920304-12.65-3.846-0.602-0.18340561-12.41-6.962-0.591-0.33280798-9.32-7.437-0.444-0.354200885-5.38-4.761-0.256-0.2275000947-0.18-0.170-0.009-0.008

&CPHASE IMeasuring I-V Curve of Solar CellsData taken on 03/08/01Room 315, SJSUVoltage Meter: 8010A Digital MultimeterAmpere/Current Meter: 3478A MultimeterHeight from cell surface to Halogenlamp holder: 33.5 cm&CPage &P of Page &N

0000000000000000000000000

Vmax = 345 mVJmax = 1.366 mA per cm^2I max = 16.27 mACurrent Denisty mA/cm2V (mVolt)J (mA/cm2)I-V Curve "science shop" single cell, A= 10cm^2, V =0.5 Voltage at level 10.5 of Halogen light source

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Parallel ConnectionSeries ConnectionParallel ConnectionSeries ConnectionVoltage (mVolts)Current Density (mA/cm^2)Comparison of I-V Curves of 2 "Science Shop" cells in Series & Parallel Connections at MAX Halogen light source

0000000000

Vmax = 355 mVJmax = 1.299 mA per cm^2Imax = -32.75 mAVoltage (mV)Current Density (mA/cm^2)I-V Curve of 2 "Science Shop" Solar cells, 0.5V in Parallel Connection & at Level 10.5 of Halogen light source

000000000

Imax = -15.36 mAVoltage (mVolts)J (mA/cm^2)I-V Curve of 2 "Science shop" Solar cell in Series Connection at level 10.5 of Halogen light source0000000000000000000000

000000000

Vmax = 355 mVJmax = 0.637mA per cm^2Vmax = 311 mVJmax = 1.140 mA per cm^2Voltage (mVolts)Current density (mA/cm^2)I-V Curve of 2 "Science shop" solar cells in Parallel connection & at Level 9 of Halogen light source0000000000000000000000Imax = -26.48 mAParallel Connection at Level 6Parallel Connection at Level 9000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

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