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EFFECTOFFLUEGASESWITHWETSCRUBBERIN4‐STROKEC.IENGINE
VEERBHADRA1,HARIKUMARSINGH2,GAURAVKAHNDELWAL3,AMANKUMAR4
1,2,3,4DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SureshGyanViharUniversity,Jaipur,INDIA
ABSTRACT
Therearewidevarietiesofsystembeingusedtocontrolairpollutionandscrubbersystemisoneofthosewhicharebeingusedto control the emissions out of the exhaust of the diesel vehicles. Fuel burns in combustion chamber to give hazardousparticulateemissionoutoftheexhaustmanifold.Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistocontroltheemissionoutoftheexhaustbymeansofscrubbersystemusedwithwaterwithdifferentcomponentsinordertominimizetheemissiontomaximumlevel.Thebasicprinciplebehindthistechniqueisabsorptioninwhichthesolidparticleisbroughtincontactoftheliquidandthesolidparticlegetabsorbed in the colloidal form.The experimentwasdoneon the Indian emission standardsofhartridgesmokeunit(65HSU)usedby“PollutionUnderControl”Testvan(PUC)usedfordieselvehicles.TheexperimentwasperformedwithamodelwhichwasconnectedattherearoftheexhaustofChevroletTaveraNEO3LSandthenthereadingsweretakenfromthewetscrubberandtheresultswerepositiveandagainitwasdonebymixingcalciumcarbonateandtheemissionwasminimizedtoomuchextent.Thistechnique isquitehelpful incontrolofpollution fromdieselvehiclesastheseemita lotofpollutionoutoftheexhaust.
KEYWORDS:Pollution,scrubber,hartridgesmokeunit,Bharatemissionstandards.
1. INTRODUCTION
Tostayaliveonthisearthweneedtobreathesimilarlyeverylivingbeingeitherplantsoranimalseveryoneneedsairtomaintaintheirlifebyachemicalprocesswhichcanonlytakeplaceduethepresenceofair.Alsoairisnotthemainthingbuttheairshouldbecleantobreatheandforrunningthemetabolismoftheotherlivingbeings.First,thequestionarisethatwhatiscleanairandwhatarethemeasuresthroughwhichwecanachieveourrequiredgoal?Simplycleanairmeansthepresenceof thepollutants shouldnotbe there.Cleanair is good to for every livingbeingon theearth to run theirmetabolismandisalsogoodtobreatheforthehumans.
1.1AirPollutant
Anairpollutantinthenaturehasadverseeffectonbothhumanandthenature.Itcanbesolid,waterdropletsandgases.Thepollutantcanalsobemanmade.Therearemainly two typesofpollutants in theairprimaryand the secondaryairpollutant.Primaryairpollutantsareformedduringaprocesslikecarbonmonoxideformedoutoftheburningoffuelinthevehicle, sulfur dioxide released from the factories and ashes from the volcanic eruption. Secondary air pollutants areformedduetoreactioninbetweentwoprimaryairpollutants.Weareheremainlyconcernedwiththeprimarypollutantreleasedfromthedieselenginevehicles.
1.2Typesofairpollutants
Nowweshouldalsowhatare themainairpollutants in theair andwhatare theadverseeffectsof these.Theseareasfollows:
SulfurOxides(SOx):Whensulfurcontainingfuelespeciallydieselisbeingburntinthemotorvehiclesandthefactoriesitproducessulfurdioxide.Sulfurdioxideoxidizesinthepresenceofnitrogendioxidetoformsulfuricacidandacidraininnature.Itleadstoasthmaticsproblemsinthechildrenoftheyoungerages.
NitrogenOxides(NOx):Theseareproducedasaresultofcombustionathigh temperatures.Lung irritation,respiratoryinfectionsaremoreprominentlikeinfluenzaandpneumonia.
Carbonmonoxide(CO):Itistheprimaryairpollutantbeingreleasedoutoftheexhaustofthevehicle.Carbonmonoxideobstructstheoxygenheart,brainandmanymoreimportantorganswhenitisbeinginhaled.
ParticulateMatter (PM): Theseare the suspendedparticles of the solid or liquid particles present in the air. Themainsourcesoftheparticulatematterarefromvolcanoes,forests, fromvehiclesandmanymore.Thepresenceofparticulatematterintheairleadstolungcancer,heartdisease.
1.3AirpollutioninIndia
Indiahasbeenranked155outof172in2013asper“EnvironmentalPerformanceIndex”.AirpollutionisquiteaseriousconcerninINDIA.ThemajorsourcesofairpollutioninIndiaduetovehicleemission,burningofwoodasfuel,trafficjam,fueldefilement.AfterChinaandUnitedStates,Indiaisthelargestproducerinpercapitaemissionofgreenhousegases.ConsumptionoffuelwoodinIndiaisinlargestamountaroundtheworld.InIndiacowdungs,logsandagriculturalwastes
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY- www.ijset.in 1422
arestillusedascookingfuels.Theburningofthesetypesoffuelleadstotheformationofheavyamountofsmoke,nitrogenoxides,sulfuroxides,hydrocarbons(HC),carbonmonoxidesarereleasedinenvironment.Thesearethehazardousgasesbeingemittedandhavingadverseeffectonthelifeoflivingbeings.TherearemanyvehiclesontheroadsofIndiaemittingalotofpollutionasIndiaisfollowingBharatStageIVemissionnormsforvehiclesin2005whichisequivalenttoEuroIVEuropeannormsforthevehicleemission.However, therearemanyvehiclesrunningonthestreetswhicharebasedonearlynormsofyearbefore2005andevenearlierbefore1992.Someofthetaxisandauto‐rickshawsrunninginIndiarunontaintedfuelblends.Dieselandgasolineisbeingadulteratedtomakealowpricefuel.Thesearethereasonforhighpriceriseinfuelresultingofcheaperfuelblendingwhichisnotsuitableforthevehicle.Theblendingoffuelleadstothesavingofmoneybutonthecontraryithasmanyadverseeffectsontheenvironmentandthelivingbeingstoo.Thisleadtotheemission ofmany harmful pollutants likes hydrocarbons, carbonmonoxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulatemattersalso.Kerosenebeingblendedinthefuelisquietuneasytoburnwhichleadtoemissionofthesehazardousgaseseveninmoreamount.SulfurcontentintheIndianfuelwas0.25percentbyweightwhile0.10percentforgasoline.Morethesulfurinthefuelmoreisthereleaseofoxidesofsulfurfromtheexhaustandthepresenceofadulteratedfuelblendenhancesthisresulttomuchextent.AnotherreasonformoreemissioninIndiaisduetomoretrafficjams.Scientificresultsshowthatwhenvehicles are at low speeds, the fuel burns inadequately andemission is evenmoreper trip.Traffic congestion ismorecommoninthemetrocitiesofIndia.ResultsshowthatchildrenofBangalorearound50%sufferfromasthma.ThesearesomeofthereasonswhyairpollutionismoreprominentinIndia.
1.4HartridgeSmokeUnit:
Hartridge smoke unit is generally referred as HSU, is used to measure the opacity of the exhaust gases of engines,particularly diesel engine. It is expressed in terms of integers ranging from0‐100 followed byHSU as its dimensionalquantity.InIndia“65HSU”isbeinggivenasthestandardquantitytomeasurethepollutionfromtheexhaustofthedieselvehicle.Thevehicleexceeding65HSUisnotfitforrunningontheroadsofIndia.Theunitofhartridgesmokeunitis“Km¯1”whichistermedas“LightAbsorptionCoefficient”.
1.5BharatStageemissionstandards:
Bharat stage emission standards are being introduced by the Government of India to standardize the pollutants beingemitted from the internal combustion engine equipments also from the vehicles. Central Pollution Control BoardcontrolledbytheMinistryofEnvironmentandforestexecutethestandardsforthese.ThesestandardsarebasedontheEuropeanconventionwhichwasfirstintroducedintheyear2000.Moreoverthesestandardsarebeingchangedwithduerespectoftime.NowadaythenormsthisisactivefromApril2010isBharatstageIVimposedin13majorcitiesofIndia.Mainlywearehereconcernedwiththeemissionnormsrelatedtothedieselvehicles.
Table1‐1:EmissionStandardsforLight‐DutyDieselVehicles,g/km
From“DieselNet”EmissionstandardsofIndia,carandlighttrucks
(https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/ld.php)
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY- www.ijset.in 1423
Here,
g/km=gram/kilometer.
Euro1isforIndia2000standard.
Euro2isforBharatStageII.
Euro3isforBharatStageIII.
Euro4isforBharatStageIV.
+isforearlierintroductioninselectedregions.
++isforonlyinselectedregions.
Theselectedregionsare:
Mumbai,Kolkata,Chennai,Bangalore,Hyderabad,Ahmedabad,Pune,Surat,Kanpur,Lucknow,Sholapur,JamshedpurandAgra.
2. METHODOLOGIES
2.1Scrubber
There arewide varieties of air pollution control device being incorporated and scrubber is one of those. It is used toremoveparticulatematterorgases fromthe industrialexhaust.Conventionally, thepollutioncontroldevicewhichuseswater/liquid to remove the superfluousmaterials from exhaust is known as scrubber. These are the primary deviceswhichareusedtoremovetheunwantedpollutantsoutofgaseousstream.Mainlytherearetwotypesofscrubbingprocessi.e.dryscrubbingandthewetscrubbing,butwearemainlyconcernedwithwetscrubbingprocess.
2.2WetScrubber
Thegasesfromtheexhaustofthevehicleorfactoriesarebeingremovedbymeansowetscrubber. It isusedtoabsorbmanyharmfulpollutantsoutof the fluegases; it alsoused to removedustparticles.Ascrubbing solution isbrought incontactofthetargetedcompoundsoastoremoveit.Solutioncansimplybewateroranyanotherreagentispreparedforothertypesofcompound.Thebasicprincipleinvolvedinthisprocessabsorption.Inthisgaseouspollutantisdissolvedintheliquid.Thegasstreamisallowedtopassthroughtheliquid,theliquidabsorbsthegasandfreshgasisbeingreleasedwhichislesstoxicascomparedtotheearlierone.Usually,theremovalefficiencyofthescrubberismorethan95%.Butthereisaproblembehindthisistheremovalofcontaminatedwastewater.Ifthisproblemofscrubberismanagedthenitisthebestwayofscrubbingpollution.
Figure1:Absorptionprocessinvolvedinscrubbing
2.2Modeldescription:
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY- www.ijset.in 1424
Themodelofscrubberwhichwaspreparedformeasuringthepollutionwasmadeofacylindricalboxof20litershavingcrosssectionof10̎,inwhichapipewasweldedof3.25̎crosssectionforinletofexhaustgasasintakeportfromoneendanditwasdippedintotheboxfullofwaterwiththehelpofelbowconnectedtoitwithanotherpipeof3.25̎attheotherendof thebox.Apipewith0.25̎ cross sectionwasweldedbelow the intakeport forover flow tankand to rescue themufflerofcarbynotallowingthewatertocomeinitslevel.Apipeof0.25̎crosssectionwasweldedtoallowthewastewatertoflowoutofthetankfromthebottom.Anotherpipewithcrosssectionof1.25̎withadisctocoveritfromthetopandtoallowtheexhaustgaspassingthroughthewatershouldmovefromthispipe.
Figure2:Modelusedforexperiment
Figure3:Upperviewofthebox
Figure4:Pipesusedforoverflowtankandwastewaterdisposal
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
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ThemodelwasattachedtotheexhaustofthecarandthreedifferentreadingsweretakenbyPUCvan.Thefirstreadingwaswithnormalcondition,noscrubberwasattachedtoit.Afterthatthescrubberwasattachedtothecarsexhaustwithwaterfilledinitandthenthereadingwastaken.Inthirdtimethescrubberwasfilledwithwaterandlimestonewasaddedtoitsothatdesulfurizationshouldtakeplace.
CaCO3(solid)+SO2(gas)→CaSO3(solid)+CO2(gas)
Limestone(CaCO3)isbeingaddedinthewatertoreactwiththesulfurdioxide(anacidgas)reactstoformcalciumsulfite(CaSO3)andcarbondioxide(CO2)intheair.
Figure5:Pollutiontestwithoutscrubber
Figure6:Pollutiontestwithscrubber
Figure7:Basicworkingofthescrubber
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
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3. RESULTANDDISCUSSION
Differentreadingsweretakenwithdifferentattachments.Thesereadingsareasfollows:
Table3‐1:Pollutionreadinginnormalcondition
Table3‐2:Pollutionreadingwithscrubberfilledwithwater
Table3‐3:pollutionreadingwithscrubberfilledwithlimestoneinwater
Fromtheaboveresultswecansee that there isa lotofdifferencein theemissionfromtheexhaust.Ratherthenormalreadingismuchlessascomparedtothatof65HSUwhichcanbesaidthatthevehicleisnotemittingmuchpollution.Thusbyfollowingthesestepsthepollutioncanbeminimizedtoomuchextent.
Readingswerealsotakenonsinglecylinderfourstrokedieselengineswiththescrubbersystemtotesttheemissionoffluegases.Thereadingswereinthreestepswithoutthescrubbersystem,withscrubbersystemwithwateriniiandthirdwithscrubbersystemwithwaterandlimestoneinit.
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
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Figure8:Singlecylinderfourstrokedieselengine
Figure9:Gasanalyzerattheexhaustofthescrubbersystem
Chart1:GraphicalpresentationofCO&HCwithoutscrubbersystem
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
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Chart2:GraphicalpresentationofCO&HCwithscrubberfilledwithwater
Chart3:GraphicalpresentationofCO&HCwithscrubberfilledwithwaterandlimestone
4. CONCLUSION
Fromtheaboveresultitisobviousthatthepollutioncanbecontrolledtoomuchlevel.InIndiatheemissionnormswhichwearefollowingnowadayisBharatStageIVandthisvehicleisasperthisnorm,butwhataboutthevehicleswhichwerebasedonpreviousnormsarestillrunningontheroadsofIndia.Wecansaythattheseoldvehiclesofyearbefore2005arenotfitforenvironmentbutstilltheseareactive.Measuresshouldbetakentocontrolthecontaminationofwater.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IexpressmysinceregratitudetoAssociateProfessorMr.HariSingh,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SureshGyanViharUniversity, Jaipur, India, forhis stimulatingguidance, continuousencouragementandsupervision throughout thecourseofpresentwork.Iwouldalsoliketothankmyfriendswhohavehelpedmealotfortheirhelpandsupport.
REFERENCES
[1] Bethea,R.M.1978.AirPollutionControlTechnology.NewYork:VanNostrandReinhold.
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[3] UnionofConcernedScientists,theingredientsofairpollution.
(http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why‐clean‐cars/air‐pollution‐and‐health/cars‐trucks‐air‐pollution.html)
[4] eSchool today, what causes air pollution? (http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air‐pollution/causes‐of‐air‐pollution.html)
[5] National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse‐contents/IIT‐Delhi/Environmental%20Air%20Pollution/air%20pollution%20(Civil)/Module‐3/3b.htm).
VEER BHADRA et al. DATE OF PUBLICATION: SEPTEMBER 20, 2014
ISSN: 2348-4098 VOLUME 2 ISSUE 7 SEP-OCT 2014
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