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International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences(IJREAS)

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Vol. 8 Issue 10, October -2018 ISSN (O): 2249-3905, ISSN(P): 2349-6525 | Impact Factor: 7.196

International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences

Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org An open access scholarly, Online, print, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.

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Assessment and Indexing of Groundwater Quality of Udham Singh Nagar district of

Uttarakhand for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes

Neelam Bunkar*

Ex. M.Tech. Student

Vinod Kumar**

Professor (Corresponding Author) Email Id: [email protected]

Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &

Technology, Pantnagar – 263145 (U.S. Nagar), Uttrakhand, India

ABSTRACT

The intensive agriculture, rapid industrialization and urban growth are the common

cause of contamination of groundwater in the whole world and India is not separate from this

situation. The Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand, being rich in fertile land and water

resources, is most favoured for industrial development also. In recent years, the demand for

water has increased many folds due to rapid urbanization and establishment of Integrated

Industrial Estate (IIE) at Pantnagar, Kashipur and Sitarganj area of the district. The pace of rapid

urbanization and industrialization, clubbed with irrigation needs, require groundwater resource

planning and monitoring in the wider context of regional scale. Such a plan needs a systematic

study to know the spatial distribution of water quality so that any sustainable approach could

be implemented in the area. The parameters selected for the physico-chemical analysis of

groundwater samples were namely, pH, TDS, EC, DO, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, NO3, total hardness, alkalinity

and turbidity along with the colour, odour, and taste for the assessment of water quality for

potable use. The drinking water quality indexing of the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar

district was based on the selected physico-chemical parameters, and standard & permissible

limits prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO for drinking purpose. The water quality parameters,

selected for the indexing for irrigation use were electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio

and concentration of chloride, sodium and bicarbonate ions measured in meq/l. The weighted

arithmetic index method was used in the assessment of water quality index.

The groundwater at Jaspur, Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur, Sitarganj and

Khatima blocks was found to have moderate contamination and was classed almost equally

under ‘good’ and ‘poor’ category. The groundwater near Gadarpur was found worst affected and

had been classified as ‘very poor’. The increased nitrate concentration was observed at some

locations due to application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer and manure as the district as a

whole is under extensive agricultural activities. No toxicity due to specific ions was observed in

the groundwater as all the samples were having SAR value less than 3.0. About 92.68 per cent

samples were found within the safe limit of chloride content for irrigation of all crops on any soil.

The water quality index showed that for irrigation, the groundwater should be used with

moderate to high restrictions with adequate leaching on high permeability soils.

Keywords : Water quality, Physico-chemical analysis, Groundwater pollution, Weighted arithmetic

index, Nemerow Pollution Index

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Introduction

Water is indispensable for human civilization, living organisms, and natural habitat.

Though the water has multiple benefits such as drinking and domestic use, agricultural irrigation

and industrial use but its excess or shortage and quality deterioration creates several problems

also. About 1600 million km3 water is present on the earth in different forms of moisture. A huge

quantity of moisture, in various forms, is moved on and around the earth through hydrological

cycle. A major portion (about 97%) of water available on the earth is lying in the deep oceans

which, being rich in salt concentration, is unsuitable for human consumption and other

beneficial uses. The water stored in lakes is also not suitable for potable use and dissemination

of wildlife and fish culture due to the dumping of wastes from municipal and domestic sources

and agricultural runoff. Only about two percent of water resources i.e., 35 million km3 is

accessible as fresh water, out of which 24 million km3 (68.7%) is in frozen state, 10.5 million km3

(30%) is stored in aquifers as groundwater reserves and only 1.05 million km3 (0.3%) is

available on the earth surface in rivers, lakes and swamps. Only 1 percent of the total worlds’

water is available for human consumption [1].

Water quality index (WQI), introduced by [2], has been a useful tool for water quality

monitoring programs, to study trends in water quality, and to evaluate the impacts of corrective

measures on water quality. Water quality indices enable the processing of the composite water

quality data for an effective transformation in to environmental information [3]. It provides the

unique numerical value that expresses overall quality of water, based on the different physico-

chemical parameters. WQI basically involves some mathematical calculations to convert the bulk

water quality data, in the form of concentration of physico-chemical parameters, into a

cumulatively derived numerical expression, indicating the level of water quality on a scale

varying from zero (for excellent water quality) to hundred (for poor quality). This,

consecutively, is essential for evaluating the water quality of different sources and in observing

the changes in the water quality of a given source as a function of time and other influencing

factors [4][5].

Study Area

Udham Singh Nagar district geographical located in the Tarai region of Kumaon division

of Uttarakhand, India. On the basis of the geographical area of 3055 km2, the district ranks at 9th

place in Uttarakhand state. The spread of the district is from 28° 53' to 29° 23' N latitude and

from 78° 45' E to 80° 08' E longitudes. The Udham Singh Nagar district is surrounded by Nainital

and Champawat districts of Uttarakhand on north boundary, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly,

Philibhit and Bijnor districts of Uttar Pradesh on south and west boundary and Nepal on the east

boundary. The Sarada river forms the international boundary between India and Nepal. The

study area falls in Survey of India Toposheet Nos. 53K, O, P and 62D. For the Administrative

convenience, the district has been divided into 7 developmental blocks and 7 tehsils, viz. Japsur,

Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur, Sitarganj and Khatima with the district’s headquarters

at Rudrapur. The administrative map of district Udham Singh Nagar is shown in Fig. 1.






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Fig. 1. Administrative map of district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand

Material and Methods

The water samples were collected, from the hand pumps spread over entire Udham Singh

Nagar district and few points in the neighbouring districts, in 2000 ml sampling bottles. The

collected samples were brought to the laboratory, located at the Department of Irrigation and

Drainage Engineering, without adding any preservative and stored in incubator at 20oC to

prevent any contamination. In total, the groundwater samples were collected from 82 locations

comprising of 70 locations spread over the seven developmental blocks of Udham Singh Nagar

district and 10 locations in the surrounding districts of Nainital, Champawat, Bareilly, Pilibhit,

Rampur and Moradabad. The sampling locations are presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Sampling locations

For calculation of the water quality index (WQI) fifteen important physico-chemical

parameters were chosen. The WQI has been calculated by using standards of drinking water

quality as well as irrigation water quality recommended by WHO [6], BIS [7], ICMR [8] and FAO






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[9]. The weighted arithmetic index method has been used for calculation of WQI for portable

water and Irrigation water quality index has been calculated by using following expression.

100x)VS(

)VV(Q

ii

iai

(For Drinking water) …

1

Where, Va and Vi are actual and ideal values of water quality parameters present in the water

sample. For all parameters the ideal value is zero except for pH and DO. Vi for pH is 7 and but for

dissolved oxygen the ideal value Vi is 14.6 mg/l.

The irrigation water quality rating was estimated by following the criteria and the

tolerance limits suggested by [9] and the method suggested by [10]. The following equation was

used in calculating Qi of the respective parameter.

iamp

amp

infij

imaxi Q*x

xxQ Q

( For Irrigation water) … 2

Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended

standard value Si of the corresponding parameter.

i

iS

K W … 3

Where Si is the recommended standard value of the ith parameter and K is the

proportionality constant defined as follows:

n321 S

1.........

S

1

S

1

S

1

1K … 4

The total sum of weighting factors of every considered parameter must equal 1, in other

words, all the parameters in WQI represent 100% of the WQI final value. The overall water

quality index was calculated by formula

n

1ii

i

n

1ii

W

WQ

WQI … 5

i

n

1ii WQIWQI

… 6

The Wi values and status of water quality for irrigation water suggested by [10] are given

in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The water quality standards suggested by different agencies

and the status of water quality on the basis of WQI [11] are presented in Table 3 and Table 4,

respectively.

Table 1. Relative weights for calculation of IWQI

Parameter Weight (Wi)

EC 0.211

SAR 0.189

Na+ 0.204

Cl- 0.194

HCO3 0.202

Source: Meireles et al. (2010).






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Table 2. Irrigation Water quality index and status of water quality for irrigation purpose.

IWQI

Water use

restrictions

Recommendation

Soil Plant

85-100 No May be used for the majority of soils

with low chances of producing salinity

and sodicity problems, recommended

with leaching in irrigation practices,

except for in soils with extremely low

permeability.

No toxicity risk for most plants

70-85 Low Recommended for use in light textured

irrigated soils with moderate

permeability, being recommended salt

leaching. Soil sodicity in heavy texture

soils may occur, being recommended

to avoid its use in soils with high clay

level 2:1.

Avoid salt sensitive plants

55-70 Moderate

May be used in soils with moderate to

high permeability values, being

suggested moderate leaching of salts.

Plants with moderate tolerance

to salts may be grown

40-55 High

May be used in soils with high

permeability without compact layers.

High frequency irrigation schedule

should be adopted for water with EC

above 2000 μS/cm and SAR above 7.0.

Should be used for irrigation of

plants with moderate to high

tolerance to salts with special

salinity control practices, except

water with low Na, and Cl values

0-40 Severe

Should be avoided its use for irrigation

under normal conditions. In special

cases, may be used occasionally. Water

with low salt levels and high SAR

require gypsum application. In high

saline content water soils must have

high permeability, and excess water

should be applied to avoid salt

accumulation.

Only plants with high salt

tolerance, except for waters with

extremely low values of Na and

Cl

Source: Meireles et al. (2010).

Table 3. Drinking water standard recommended by different agencies.

S. No. Parameter BIS ICMR WHO

1. pH 8.00 8.50 8.50

2. Turbidity (NTU) 5.00 5.00 5.00

3. Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) 300.00 300.00 300.00

4. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500.00 500.00 500.00

5. Total Hardness (mg/l) 200.00 300.00 300.00

6. Ca (mg/l) 75.00 75.00 75.00

7. Mg (mg/l) 30.00 30.00 30.00

8. Cl (mg/l) 250.00 250.00 250.00

9. Alkalinity (mg/l) 200.00 120.00 200.00

10. Dissolved Oxygen 5.00 5.00 5.00

11. Nitrate (mg/l) 45.00 45.00 45.00






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Table 4. Water quality index and status of water quality for drinking purpose.

Water quality index level Status

0 - 25 Excellent

26 - 50 Good

51 - 75 Poor

76 - 100 Very Poor

>100 Unsuitable

Source: Brown et al. (1970).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand is rich in groundwater resources by

virtue of its geographical location. The shallow water table clubbed with intensive farming

situation in the district easily attract the contamination of groundwater. The assessment and

indexing of the shallow groundwater quality in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand was

carried out for human consumption. The results of the study are as follows:

Physico-chemical Analysis: Twelve parameters namely: pH, total dissolved solids, electrical

conductivity, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium, nitrate,

alkalinity and turbidity in addition to the physical parameters like colour, odour and taste were

considered for the assessment of water quality for human consumption. The other parameters

like Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and bicarbonates (HCO3) concentration, in addition to

parameters defined above, required for assessment of water quality for irrigation use, were

estimated by using indirect methods based on the observed concentration of the parameters in

laboratory examination of samples.

I. Physical characteristics: The physical parameters viz. colour, odour and taste, of the

groundwater are very important for a better understanding of the geochemistry of shallow

water of the study area. Unlike surface water, groundwater is generally clean, colourless

and odourless with little or no suspended matter and at relatively constant temperature.

From the aesthetic view point, it is necessary to assess the physical quality of water in

addition to the chemical quality. The analysis of groundwater samples revealed the

following facts:

a) Colour: The groundwater in the area of Baikunthpur and Uttam Nagar of Rudrapur

development block and Netaji Nagar of Gadarpur development block was found to

have light yellow to brownish colour. The light yellow colour develops in the

groundwater due to presence of sediments whereas the brownish colour may be due

to the oxidation of metallic elements like iron when come in contact with air and

sunlight. The groundwater samples collected from the other locations were found

colourless.

b) Taste and Odour: The taste and odour of waterbodies change mainly due to the

presence of foreign matters such as organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved

gases in it. Presence of odour determines whether the water is acceptable

aesthetically or not. The groundwater samples collected from Gadarpur (Gadarpur

development block), CIMAP gate (Nainital district), Uttam Nagar (Rudrapur

development block) were observed to have some odour and that might be due to the

seepage of water/ industrial effluent from the drain in the vicinity of the hand pump.

The samples collected from the other locations didn’t show any odour and taste.






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II. Chemical characteristics: The chemical composition of the water is known as the

quantities of various substances, known as solute, dissolved in water and is generally

defined as water chemistry. In general, 95% of groundwater composition has only seven

solutes namely: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate and

bicarbonates [12][13]. Although many sources and reactions decide the concentration of

the main solutes in the groundwater, the dissolution of limestone; dolomite, and hydrated

and anhydrous gypsum for calcium, magnesium, sulphate and bicarbonates are

predominant. The dissolution of silicate minerals is also responsible for release of sodium

to the water in exchange for calcium or magnesium. The chemical properties observed in

the laboratory analysis of sampled groundwater are presented in Appendix A-1.

c) pH: It is a measure of behaviour of acidity/basicity of water. A low value of pH below 4.0

will produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 impart alkaline taste. A pH range of

6.5 – 8.5 is normally acceptable, as per guidelines suggested by [14]. The use of water

with excessively high and low pH can be detrimental to health. High pH causes a bitter

taste and is responsible for encrustation of water pipes and appliances, and it depresses

the effectiveness of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby causing the need for additional

chlorine when pH is high. The low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and other

substances. According to the World Health Organization, health effects are most effected

in pH extremes. It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that pH values of the sampled

groundwater varied from 5.6 at Darau (Rampur district) to 7.7 at Jhagadpuri (Gadarpur

development block). The spatial variation shows that the most of the area in district has

pH below 6.5 that is not good for human consumption as per the BIS, ICMR and WHO

guidelines. Few locations in Bazpur, Gadarpur and Rudrapur development blocks

showed the pH beyond 6.5 and up to 7.7 that is within the prescribed limits for human

consumption by all the three agencies.

d) Turbidity: Turbidity or cloudiness is an optical property of water, which can be

described by the observation only. It generally measures the scattering effect that

suspended particle exert on the light, the higher scattering intensity results in high

turbidity. The primary contributors to turbidity are silt, clay, fine organic and inorganic

materials, soluble coloured compounds and microorganisms. A visible turbidity is found

beyond 5 NTU whereas the groundwater has a turbidity generally less than 5 NTU [15].

The contamination of groundwater system may increase the turbidity to a considerable

higher level [16][17][18]. The recommended turbidity limits for drinking water is 0.5

NTU, however the permissible limit goes up to 5 NTU, if no other alternative is available

[7]. In the present study, the turbidity in groundwater samples ranged from 0.1 NTU at

Baikunthpur (Sitarganj development block) to 7 NTU at Matkota (Rudrapur

development block). It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that in most of the area

under study the turbidity was found below 5.0 NTU that coincided with the findings of

[15]. As an exception, the turbidity level of groundwater exceeded 5.0 NTU at Matkota

(Rudrapur development block) which may be due to the presence of organic materials

as this sampling station was located in the vicinity of industrial area.

e) Electrical conductivity: The electrical conductivity (EC) of water is a measure of the

capacity to pass electrical flow and is directly proportional to the concentration of ions

and cations of dissolved salts and inorganic materials in the water. Electrical conductivity

of water depends on the temperature of water, if the temperature of water sample

increases then electrical conductivity also increases. For groundwater, the electrical






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conductivity exceeding 500 μS/cm indicates a possible contamination of the

groundwater. From the analysis of groundwater of the study area the electrical

conductivity, tabulated in Appendix A-1, ranged from 220 μS/cm at Narayanpur (Jaspur

development block) to 1556 μS/cm at Bari (Sitarganj development block). It may be

observed from Appendix A-1 that at 46 locations, out of 82 total sampled, the electrical

conductivity exceeded 500 μS/cm which indicated the contamination of groundwater

[19]. Thus the groundwater was not suitable for direct consumption and some primary

treatment is necessary before consumption. The electrical conductivity of groundwater

at Kaupa Lal Singh, Gadarpur, Kantopa, Nagla, Shankar Farm, Uttam Nagar, Bari, and

Sisaiya area of Udham Singh Nagar was beyond 1000 μS/cm. All these locations were

either under intense farming or in the vicinity of industries. The increased conductivity

level of groundwater may be due to leaching of plant nutrients or the industrial effluent

into the groundwater system. The classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar

district for irrigation use, on the basis of electrical conductivity [20] is shown in Table 5.

f) Total dissolved solids: The total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater include ions

and cations of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Nitrate

and Sulphate. It is sometimes referred as total salinity and expressed as mg/l. The

desirable limit of TDS in drinking water, as prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO, is 500

mg/l, whereas the maximum permissible limit is 2000 mg/l. The water with high TDS is

less thirst quenching and can interfere with the taste of food and beverage. In the study

area, TDS varied from 125 mg/l at Narayanpur (Jaspur development block) to 1042.54

mg/l at Bari (Sitarganj development block). High value of TDS, observed in groundwater

samples collected from Bari, indicated the contamination of the groundwater from the

unlined drain, serving the locality to drain off the sewage. The overall quality of

groundwater was suitable for human consumption except at Kaupa Lal Singh (Bazpur

development block), Bari and Uttam Nagar (Sitarganj development block) where the TDS

concentration exceeded 900 mg/l. The water containing TDS value less than 1000 mg/l,

classified as 'fresh water' by [21] for irrigation use, will not affect the osmotic pressure

of soil solution [22].

Table 5. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district for irrigation use on

the basis of electrical conductivity

Classes of

water

Electrical

conductivity

(µS/cm)

Per cent

samples

Characteristics

C-1 <250 2.44% Low salinity water, entirely safe for irrigation of all crops on

all types of soils

C-2 250-750 76.83% Medium salinity water, safe under practically all conditions

C-3 750-2250 20.73%

High salinity water, safe only with permeable soil and

moderate leaching. Cannot be used on soils with restricted

drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management

for salinity control may be required, and plants with good

salt tolerance should be grown.

C-4 >2250 -

Very high salinity water, not suitable for irrigation under

ordinary conditions but may be used occasionally under very

special circumstances. The soils must be permeable,

drainage must be adequate, good quality irrigation water

must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching,

and very salt-tolerant crops should be grown.






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[23] categorized the water on the basis of TDS into excellent, good, fair, poor, and

unacceptable categories. Comparing the values of TDS, obtained from the laboratory

analysis of the water samples with the values that [23] used in his categorization of

water, the groundwater of different locations in the study area may be categorized as

shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district based on TDS

concentration

g) Total hardness: Hardness of groundwater is important in evaluating its use for

domestic and industrial purposes. In general, the hardness of groundwater is more than

that of surface water due to leaching of calcium ions from rocks and soil. When water

moves through or over the mineral deposits such as limestone the concentration of Ca+2

and Mg+2 ions increases in the water, causing it to be classified as hard water. Hardness

in groundwater may also develop due to application of gypsum/lime to the soils in the

areas under intensive agriculture. On an average, the calcium hardness represents about

two-third and magnesium hardness as one-third of hardness of water. The permissible

limit of hardness for drinking water is 300 mg/l [7]. Based on present investigation,

hardness of groundwater samples varied from 24 mg/l at Swarajpur Patti to 712 mg/l at

Bari. Since the pH of the groundwater in the study area was below 8.0, the hardness may

be due to bi-carbonates of the Calcium and Magnesium that may be removed by boiling.

The high level of hardness in the groundwater was observed in the samples collected

from the locations having industrial area in the vicinity such as Kichha, Pulbhatta, Nagla,

Shantipuri, Gadarpur, Matkota, Bazpur and Kaupa Lal Singh. The classification, based on

the hardness of groundwater [24], presented in Table 6, shows that about 78 per cent

samples were classified under soft to moderately hard water and 22 percent under hard

to very hard category of water. As such about 80% water samples were found within the

permissible limit of total hardness (300 mg/l) as prescribed by BIS for drinking water.






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Table 6. Classification of the water according to hardness

S. No. Hardness (mg/l as CaCO3 ) Water Class No. of Samples Percent

1 0 - 75 Soft 29 35.37

2 75 - 150 Moderately Hard 35 42.68

3 150 - 300 Hard 8 9.76

4 >300 Very Hard 10 12.20

h) Calcium Content: The maximum permissible limit of calcium in drinking water, as per

BIS/WHO/ICMR, is 200 mg/l whereas the desirable limit is 75 mg/l. In present study, the

concentration of calcium, in the groundwater, varied from 4.8 mg/l at Narayanpur

(Jaspur development block) to 180.36 mg/l at Deoria (Rudrapur development block). As

such all the water samples had the calcium concentration with in the permissible limit

for human consumption. Higher amount of calcium in groundwater at Deoria may be a

result of industrial establishment located on north-west side. The calcium concentration

was high in the entire Bazpur area, Matkota, Sirga, Nagla-Shantipuri area (Rudrapur

block) and Narayanpur (Kashipur block). All these locations have industries in their

vicinity, therefore the increased calcium concentration may be due to the industrial

effluents.

i) Magnesium Content: The standard and permissible limits of magnesium concentration

in drinking water, as prescribed by BIS/ICMR/WHO are 30 mg/l and 100 mg/l,

respectively. In the present study, the magnesium content in the groundwater Appendix

A-1 varied from 0.96 mg/l at Tanda Mode (Rudrapur development block) to 70.04 mg/l

at Bari (Sitarganj development block). As such the magnesium concentration of

groundwater was within the prescribed limit for drinking use. In order to assess the

suitability of groundwater for irrigation, the magnesium hazard was calculated by using

the relationship given by [25] with the concentrations of Ca and Mg are in meq/l. The

magnesium hazard was found to be 7.13% at Tanda Mode to 75.03% at Serva Jwalapur

(located at the boundary in Rampur district). The magnesium hazard of 50% samples

(41 out of 82 total samples) was found exceeding 50%. Since the magnesium hazard

exceeding 50% is unsuitable for irrigation water [25], the groundwater from 41 locations

was not fit for direct irrigation and some precautionary steps like leaching must be

required.

j) Chloride: Chloride content increases due to the presence of high amount of sediment

particles. If chloride content increase, then it increases the electrical conductivity of

water and thus increases its corrosivity. In metal pipes, chloride reacts with metal ions

to form soluble salts thus increasing levels of metals in drinking-water. High

concentrations of chloride may be due to pollution by sewage wastes and leaching of

saline residues in the soil. The standard limit of chloride in drinking water prescribed by

BIS/ICMR/WHO is 250 mg/l with maximum permissible limit of 1000 mg/l. In the

present study, the chloride concentration of groundwater in the Udham Singh Nagar

district was varied from 4.26 mg/l at Govind Nagar (Rudrapur block) to 884.4 mg/l at

Bari (Sitarganj block). It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that except at Shantipuri

(290.40 mg/l), Adalpur (344.4 mg/l), Baheri (394.6 mg/l) and Bari (884.4 mg/l), the

chloride concentration of groundwater in the study area was less than 250 mg/l, i.e., the

standard limit for human consumption. The chloride is neither absorbed nor held back

by the soil, therefore, it readily moves with the soil water, taken-up by the plant and

accumulates in the leaves by moving through the transpiration stream. A higher






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accumulation, beyond the tolerance limit of the crop, becomes toxic to plants as evident

by leaf burn. The chloride classification of groundwater of the study area for irrigation

[26] is shown in Table 7.

Table 7. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar on the basis of Chloride

concentration

Water classes Chloride

(meq/l)

No. of

samples

Per

cent

Characteristics

Class-I

Excellent to Good

< 5.0 76 92.68 Safe and suitable for most plants under any

condition of soil or climate

Class-II

Good to Injurious

5.0 – 10.0 4 4.88 Possibly harmful for certain crops under

certain conditions of soil or climate,

particularly in the higher ranges of this

class

Class-III:

Injurious to

Unsatisfactory

>10.0 2 2.44 Probably harmful to most crops

k) Alkalinity: The alkalinity in water develops due to the presence of hydroxides,

carbonates and bicarbonates. Alkalinity occurs in water due to carbon dioxide released

from the decay of organic matter. Water charged with carbon dioxide dissolves

carbonate minerals, as it passes through soil and rocks, to give bicarbonates. Under usual

conditions the alkalinity in groundwater ranges mainly from 200 to 600 mg/l. The

standard limits of alkalinity in the drinking water prescribed by WHO and BIS are 200

mg/l whereas it is 120 mg/l as per the ICMR recommendation. The maximum

permissible limit is 600 mg/l (BIS/WHO). The common problem associated with

application of high alkalinity water for irrigation is the decreased solubility of

micronutrients (particularly iron), due to increased media pH, resulting in micronutrient

deficiency in the crop, on the other hand lower alkalinity produces toxic effect on the

plants due to substrate pH over time. In the present study, the alkalinity in the

groundwater of the Udham Singh Nagar district varied from 110 mg/l at Lalkua (located

at the border in Nainital district) to 895 mg/l at Durgapur (Gadarpur development

block). It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that the alkalinity was ≤ 200 mg/l, > 200

- ≤ 600 mg/l and > 600 mg/l at 11 (13.41%), 66 (80.49%) and 5 (6.1%) locations,

respectively. Since the pH value in the study area was less than 8.3, it was presumed that

all the alkalinity was due to the bicarbonates.

l) Nitrate: Nitrate in drinking water is treated as a contaminant due to its harmful

biological effects. The major source of nitrate pollution of groundwater is a consequence

of excess application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and manures (that leads to

leaching of nitrate into groundwater with irrigation water). The other sources include

wastewater treatment and oxidation of nitrogenous waste products in human and

animal excreta, including septic tanks [27][28]. The standard limits of nitrate

concentration in drinking water, prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO, is 45 mg/l with

maximum permissible concentration as 100 mg/l. The concentration of nitrate in

groundwater of the district varied from zero (at several locations) to 221.6 mg/l at

Adalpur (border area in Moradabad district). The main contributor to presence of nitrate

in groundwater may be identified as application of nitrogen fertilizers and shallow water






12

table, a characteristic of tarai area. The nitrate concentration of irrigation water should

be kept in mind while estimating the nutrient requirement of crops. Sensitive crops may

be affected by nitrogen concentrations above 5 mg/l. Most other crops are relatively

unaffected until nitrogen exceeds 30 mg/l [9]. High nitrogen water can be beneficial

during early stages of growth of crops. Most of the district area fall in the category of 0-

56 mg/l of nitrate except some locations viz., Baheri (border area in Bareilly district),

Kichha (Rudrapur development block), Adalpur (border area in Moradabad district) that

have higher concentration being in extensive farming belt and surrounded by industrial

area. The consumption of water with high nitrate concentration may be detrimental to

health specially in infants who may suffer from Methemoglobinemia commonly known

as blue baby disease.

m) Sodium: Sodium content in groundwater ranges from about 1.0 mg/l in humid and

snow-fed regions to over 10000 mg/l in brines. In general, when the total dissolved

solids increase the concentration of sodium and chloride increases. Groundwater in well-

drained areas with good amounts of rainfall usually has less than 10 to 15 mg/l of

sodium. No standard limit for sodium in drinking water, has been prescribed by

BIS/ICMR and WHO. There is no direct impact of sodium in human being because its

naturally present in all foods, but high sodium intake may be harmful for the persons

with hypertension or heart disease. High sodium in water may affect the permeability of

soil and causes infiltration problem because of the exchange of calcium and magnesium

absorbed in soil with sodium resulting in dispersion of soil particles. In plants it causes

leaf burn, scorch and dead tissue along the outside edges of leaves, that impact on growth

of crops. The sodium concentration in groundwater varied from 6.0 mg/l at Sultanpur

Patti to 40 mg/l at Gadarpur. The sodium content of about 77% groundwater samples

was observed as 20 mg/l or less whereas in the remaining 23 percent samples the

sodium content varied between 20 to 40 mg/l. The sodium content was observed higher

in the vicinity of industrial area in Kashipur, Rudrapur and Sitarganj development blocks

of the district. The groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district was categorized on the

basis of sodium percent [29] and is presented in Table 8.

Table 8. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar on the basis of Sodium

concentration

Water class Sodium (%) No of samples % Samples

Excellent <20 21 25.61

Good 20-40 41 50.00

Medium 40-60 20 24.39

Bad 60-80 - -

Very bad >80 - -

Water Quality Indexing for Drinking Purposes

The water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district was

estimated by considering 12 quality parameters, and the standard and permissible limits

prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO for drinking purpose using the weighted arithmetic index

method [11]. The estimated WQI value with BIS, ICMR and WHO standards are given in Appendix

A-2. Since the standard values of the parameters, suggested by BIS and ICMR, were almost same,

except few parameters, the WQI values have no major difference. A significant difference was






13

observed in WQI values based on BIS/ICMR and WHO recommended limits of parameters. It may

be observed from Appendix A-2, that the WQI (BIS standards) varied from 33.32 at Ahuja Colony,

Rudrapur (Gadarpur block) to 94.61 at Jhagadpuri (Gadarpur block) whereas on the basis of

WHO standards WQI values for these two locations were 23.92 and 99.80, respectively. The WQI

scores indicated that the quality of groundwater, of the shallow aquifer of Udham Singh Nagar

district varied from excellent (WQI ≤25) to very poor (76 ≤WQI ≤100). The rating of water

quality for drinking purpose [11] is given in Table 9.

Table 9. Drinking Water quality rating based on WQI.

WQI Value Rating of

Water Quality

No. of Samples % Samples

BIS WHO BIS WHO

≤ 25 Excellent 0 1 0.00 1.22

>25 – 50 Good 41 62 50.00 76.54

>50 – 75 Poor 40 18 48.78 21.95

>75 – 100 Very Poor 1 1 1.22 1.22

> 100 Unsuitable 0 0 - -

Water Quality Indexing for Irrigation

The indexing of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district, for irrigation purposes was

done by using the methodology suggested by [10]. The quality parameters, selected for the

indexing were electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and concentration of chloride,

sodium and bicarbonate ions measured in meq/l. The analysis of electrical conductivity, sodium

and chlorides in groundwater has already been discussed above. The analysis and distribution

of sodium adsorption ratio and bicarbonate ion concentration are discussed hereunder:

Sodium Adsorption Ratio: Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is generally used to predict the

sodium accumulation in the soil structure. Excess sodium in irrigation water replaces the

adsorbed calcium and magnesium to change the soil structure, making it compact and

development of permeability problems. The groundwater bearing a SAR below 10 is considered

excellent for irrigation [30]. The SAR of the groundwater samples collected from various

locations in Udham Singh Nagar district were estimated by using the Richards relationship

between calcium, magnesium and sodium concentration [30]. The SAR of the sampled

groundwater was found varying from 0.17 meq/l at Shantipuri (Rudrapur block) to 2.11 meq/l

at Kesopur (Bazpur block).

Bicarbonates: The pH of groundwater in the district was observed to be under 8.3, hence it was

presumed that all the alkalinity was due to bicarbonate ions. Therefore, the bicarbonate ion

concentration (meq/l) was estimated by multiplying the total alkalinity by 1.22 [31]. The

bicarbonates in irrigation water with pH exceeding 8.3 may lead to precipitation of calcium

carbonate which is much difficult to remove from the soil surface. Acidification is the only way

to manage bicarbonate problem of irrigation water. Therefore, the irrigation water with lower

than 1.75 meq/l of bicarbonate is considered safe and severe problem may persist beyond 2.5

meq/l. The bicarbonate concentration in groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar varied from 2.68

meq/l at Lalkuan (in boundary area in Nainital district) to 21.83 meq/l at Durgapur (Gadarpur

block). No specific cause of increased bicarbonate was observed in the groundwater of the

district. It may, therefore, be a natural characteristic of groundwater.






14

Permeability index: The permeability index defines the combined effect of ions (Na+, Ca++, Mg++

and HCO3-) on the soil permeability. The permeability index of the groundwater was estimated

by using [6] criteria. The estimated values of permeability index and the classification of water

on the basis of permeability index are given in Table 10. As shown in Table 10, 65.85% samples

of groundwater of the district was classified under ‘Good’ category followed by 12.20% under

‘Unsuitable’ and 21.95% under ‘Excellent’ category.

Table 10. Permeability index based classification of groundwater for irrigation

Class Description Permeability Index No of Samples % Samples

I Excellent >75 18 21.95

II Good 25-75 54 65.85

III Unsuitable <25 10 12.20

FAO suitability assessment: The suitability assessment of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar

district for irrigation was carried over using the criteria suggested by [9]. The assessment has

been given in Table 11.

Table 11. FAO suitability analysis of groundwater for irrigation

Problem Parameter Class Limit No. of

Samples

%

Samples

Salinity (Affects the

availability of crop water)

EC (ds/m)

None <0.7 64 78.08

Slight to moderate 0.70-3.0 18 21.92

Severe >3.0 Nil -

TDS (mg/l)

None <450 60 73.17

Slight to moderate 450-2000 22 26.83

Severe >2000 Nil -

Specific ion toxicity (affects

the sensitivity of crops) SAR

None <3.0 82 100

Slight to moderate 3.0-9.0 Nil -

Severe >9.0 Nil -

The Table 11 shows that about 78% samples didn’t have any salinity problem due to

electrical conductivity whereas only 22% samples were having slight to moderate salinity. It is

clearly observed from Table 4.8, that about 73% samples had no salinity problem due to

dissolved solids but about 27% samples had shown slight to moderate level of salinity,

developed due to dissolved solids. No toxicity due to specific ions, was observed in the

groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar as all the samples were having SAR below 3.0 [31].

[10] have rated the water quality for irrigation on the basis of restrictions of use into six

ratings namely no restriction, low restriction, moderate restrictions, high restrictions, very high

restrictions and severe restrictions (Table 2). On the basis of analysis of water quality ratings

(Appendix A-3) the quality rating of groundwater in Udham Singh Nagar district may be

summarized as given in Table 12. The table shows that the groundwater should be used for

irrigation with moderate to high restrictions with adequate leaching on high permeability soils.






15

Table 12. Water quality rating of groundwater for irrigation in Udham Singh Nagar

district

Water Quality

Index (IWQI)

Restrictions No. of

Samples

%

Samples

55-70 Moderate restriction: May be used in soils with moderate

to high permeability values, being suggested moderate

leaching of salts

34 42.4

40-55 High restriction: May be used in soils with high

permeability without compact layers. High frequency

irrigation schedule should be adopted for water with EC

above 2000 μS/cm and SAR above 7.0.

45 54

0-40 Severe restriction: Should be avoided its use for irrigation

under normal conditions. In special cases, may be used

occasionally

3 3.6

The groundwater from the area near to Bari (Sitarganj development block) and Uttam

Nagar (Rudrapur development block) has highest level of restriction for irrigation due to

pollution. In rest of the district the groundwater should be used with moderate to high

restrictions and adequate leaching on soils having good drainage facility.

CONCLUSIONS

The water quality indexing of the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district was

conducted by considering the physico-chemical parameters, discussed above, and the standard

and permissible limits prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO for drinking purpose. The study

revealed that groundwater samples of only 50% locations have been rated as ‘good’ following

the BIS standards of drinking water quality. The groundwater of the remaining 50% locations

was mostly rated as ‘poor’. The groundwater in Jaspur, Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur,

Sitarganj and Khatima blocks was found to have advanced stage of contamination and was

placed almost equally under ‘good’ and ‘poor’ categories. The groundwater near Gadarpur was

found worst affected and had been categorized as ‘very poor’. The WHO standard based rating

show an amazing shift of about 26% locations with poor groundwater quality into good quality

rating because of the lower standard parametric values as compared to BIS/ICMR. As per rating,

based on WHO standards about 76% locations in the district were having ‘good’ quality rated

groundwater and about 22% locations were in the ‘poor’ quality rating of groundwater for

drinking purposes.

Salinity hazard due to electrical conductivity has been observed in the groundwater of

Cheti Chauraha (Kashipur), Kelakhera, Jhagadpuri, Beria Daulat, Gadarpur, Kaupa Lal Singh,

Kantowa, Bagwala, Rudrapur, Baheri, Nagla, Shankar farm, Uttam Nagar, Bari, Sisaiya and Tigri.

No sodium hazard was observed in the entire study area. The groundwater of the district was

classified under ‘Good’ to ‘Excellent’ category on the basis of permeability index. The overall

irrigation quality of the groundwater was rated as ‘moderate’ and should be used with moderate

to high restriction and adequate leaching on soils having good drainage facility.

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18

Appendix A-1 Physico-chemical properties of groundwater

S.

No.

Location pH Turbidity EC TDS TH Ca Mg Chloride Alkalinity DO Nitrate Sodium

(NTU) µS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

1 Narayanpur1 5.90 3.00 220.00 125.00 24.00 9.60 2.43 32.66 175.00 3.00 2.20 14.00

2 Jaspur 6.00 2.73 690.00 570.00 66.00 18.43 4.88 102.24 530.00 2.00 1.19 23.00

3 Narayanpur 6.20 5.00 360.00 213.00 36.00 4.80 5.86 24.14 245.00 5.00 0.92 11.00

4 Swarajpur patti 6.20 2.70 290.00 161.00 24.00 10.42 2.92 24.14 180.00 2.30 0.70 17.00

5 Kunda 6.10 3.15 450.00 280.00 40.00 9.62 3.90 22.72 325.00 5.00 1.28 14.00

6 Bharatpur 6.10 3.17 620.00 391.00 44.00 11.22 3.90 53.96 375.00 5.00 0.31 9.00

7 Karanpur 6.20 3.00 530.00 345.00 44.00 14.42 1.95 49.70 365.00 5.00 1.32 8.00

8 Kashipur2 6.30 2.73 580.00 367.00 34.00 9.61 2.44 41.18 405.00 2.40 0.75 13.00

9 Kashipur 3 6.00 2.74 610.00 416.00 52.00 11.22 5.85 41.18 440.00 2.30 0.88 16.00

10 Kashipur 4 6.20 3.00 810.00 546.00 44.00 10.42 4.38 89.46 515.00 3.50 0.48 12.00

11 Kharmashi 6.00 3.15 530.00 320.00 98.00 19.23 12.19 35.50 380.00 4.80 0.40 20.00

12 Pratappur 6.00 3.00 520.00 308.00 86.00 21.64 7.79 38.34 335.00 3.20 1.23 32.00

13 Haldua 5.90 2.73 310.00 157.00 68.00 16.83 6.33 29.82 165.00 2.00 0.92 19.00

14 Sultanpur 6.50 2.72 360.00 210.00 30.00 6.41 3.41 19.88 245.00 2.00 0.66 6.00

15 Doraha 6.20 2.73 670.00 482.00 56.00 7.21 9.27 48.28 450.00 2.60 0.70 22.00

16 Kesopur 6.00 3.00 660.00 408.00 104.00 16.83 15.12 39.76 400.00 2.80 0.48 18.00

17 Rehta gaon 5.90 2.73 690.00 454.00 132.00 16.03 22.44 42.60 500.00 2.00 0.26 22.00

18 Banna kheda 5.90 2.75 510.00 289.00 102.00 10.42 18.53 22.72 390.00 2.40 1.10 11.00

19 Bazpur 5.90 2.73 650.00 401.00 120.00 12.82 21.46 39.92 635.00 2.00 0.35 15.00

20 Kela khera 6.80 0.20 910.00 610.00 62.00 10.40 8.60 8.57 345.00 3.00 50.11 12.00

21 Jhagadpuri 7.70 2.73 902.00 604.34 558.37 116.30 60.01 147.90 440.00 3.00 94.27 18.00

22 Beria Doulat 5.90 3.15 800.00 576.00 156.00 18.43 26.83 59.64 615.00 3.00 0.31 26.00

23 Gadarpur 6.00 2.73 1040.00 662.00 124.00 17.63 19.51 83.78 745.00 2.20 0.44 40.00

24 Mahtosh morh 6.30 2.73 440.00 270.00 76.00 17.63 7.75 66.74 465.00 5.00 0.00 27.00

25 Gularbhoj 6.50 2.00 500.00 290.00 52.00 10.42 6.30 19.88 345.00 3.90 0.00 19.00

26 Kaupa 5.90 4.40 1430.00 958.00 88.00 14.83 12.19 7.10 175.00 2.60 40.72 22.00

27 Serva Jwalapur 6.00 2.73 252.23 169.00 74.00 7.21 13.66 78.02 200.00 4.10 3.03 29.00

28 Kantowa 6.10 3.10 1050.00 670.00 92.00 13.62 14.07 56.80 470.00 3.90 0.00 20.00

29 Jaffarpur 6.30 2.60 490.00 310.00 46.00 6.41 7.30 27.69 320.00 2.00 0.31 17.00






19

30 Chakki Morh 6.00 0.50 630.00 420.00 60.00 11.34 8.60 12.78 500.00 2.30 44.70 32.00

31 Dineshpur 6.20 1.20 380.00 256.00 128.00 25.36 16.83 21.30 300.00 2.30 52.50 6.00

32 Durgapur 6.30 2.70 400.00 239.00 36.00 7.21 4.39 13.49 895.00 2.80 0.48 24.00

33 Baghwala 6.00 2.71 850.00 550.00 52.00 12.82 4.60 66.74 275.00 5.60 0.00 28.00

S.

No.



34 Netajinagar 6.30 2.73 620.00 390.00 64.00 10.42 9.21 49.70 360.00 7.00 0.00 7.00

35 Danpur 6.40 2.72 380.00 202.00 60.00 14.42 5.85 24.14 355.00 2.00 0.88 35.00

36 Kali Nagar 6.60 0.20 560.00 374.00 76.00 17.03 8.68 8.52 305.00 3.00 80.72 9.00

37 Jai Nagar 6.50 2.74 377.61 253.00 60.00 11.22 7.80 97.45 280.00 6.50 1.90 12.00

38 Chandipur 6.20 2.00 350.00 260.00 42.00 12.02 2.90 32.66 300.00 5.00 0.00 16.00

39 Rudrapur5 5.80 0.70 1160.00 780.00 88.00 13.40 15.86 49.70 420.00 5.20 47.33 14.00

40 Chhatarpur Morh 6.50 2.90 440.00 270.00 56.00 11.22 6.79 35.50 335.00 6.10 0.00 18.00

41 Matkota 6.42 7.00 610.00 390.00 370.00 124.42 14.57 8.52 230.00 7.84 7.00 16.00

42 Tanda Morh 5.70 2.60 650.00 420.00 56.00 20.84 0.96 28.40 510.00 5.30 0.00 7.00

43 Patharchatta 6.70 2.73 580.00 370.00 56.00 16.83 3.39 49.70 335.00 4.80 0.00 9.00

44 Bagwada 6.60 2.61 370.00 230.00 68.00 11.22 9.70 35.50 205.00 2.00 0.00 10.00

45 Rudrapur 6.81 1.00 390.00 250.00 230.00 40.08 31.70 5.68 150.00 8.64 2.00 14.00

46 Darau 5.60 2.45 467.16 313.00 74.00 16.03 8.29 70.30 350.00 5.00 2.05 21.00

47 Chinki 6.00 2.45 629.85 422.00 86.00 17.60 10.26 9.94 305.00 6.12 12.10 24.00

48 Deoria 6.50 2.73 303.00 203.01 650.76 180.36 58.34 63.20 190.00 6.00 15.57 16.00

49 Adalpur 5.80 2.80 710.44 476.00 112.00 14.43 18.54 344.40 420.00 4.80 221.60 21.00

50 Pantnagar 7.45 3.00 450.00 360.00 260.10 46.20 36.77 24.00 155.00 5.50 0.08 13.00

51 Baheri 5.80 2.31 1089.55 730.00 128.00 24.05 16.58 394.26 480.00 4.20 144.47 9.00

52 Kichha 6.30 2.73 658.21 441.00 88.00 12.80 13.67 45.44 330.00 4.20 159.60 13.00

53 Lalkua 6.40 2.00 480.00 310.00 270.00 64.13 26.80 11.36 110.00 5.04 1.00 12.00

54 Nagla 6.42 2.00 1040.00 770.00 470.00 132.26 34.09 234.30 340.00 8.24 2.00 15.00

55 Pulbhatta 7.20 0.60 660.00 440.00 76.00 25.65 12.29 7.10 385.00 5.00 0.99 12.00

56 Halduchaur 6.47 5.00 560.00 370.00 295.00 100.20 10.44 18.46 270.00 5.04 0.80 11.00

57 Shantipuri 6.30 2.30 636.00 426.12 530.63 120.22 51.60 290.40 250.00 4.00 13.00 9.00

58 Shankar Farm 6.40 0.40 1030.00 690.00 128.00 26.45 27.78 78.10 585.00 5.60 1.20 16.00

59 Uttam Nagar 6.30 0.20 1520.00 1020.00 154.00 20.04 32.69 217.26 730.00 7.00 1.87 21.00

60 Sirga 6.90 1.20 620.00 420.00 88.00 16.83 17.36 18.46 420.00 2.10 1.00 12.00






20

61 Shadhaura 6.90 3.60 460.00 310.00 52.00 16.03 8.77 8.52 285.00 5.00 1.10 14.00

62 Bari 5.70 2.79 1556.00 1042.54 712.00 160.22 70.04 884.40 500.00 2.00 36.71 16.00

63 Baikuanthpur 6.80 0.10 330.00 220.00 52.00 8.02 10.73 5.68 190.00 4.80 1.26 14.00

64 Govind Nagar 6.70 3.50 620.00 420.00 56.00 20.84 8.58 4.26 390.00 2.80 1.30 11.00

65 Shakti Farm 6.60 0.50 410.00 280.00 62.00 12.82 11.99 7.10 210.00 5.00 0.77 16.00

66 Sisaiya 6.60 4.40 1320.00 890.00 100.00 16.03 20.48 71.00 480.00 5.20 0.50 14.00

67 Bara 6.50 2.73 344.77 231.00 60.00 10.40 8.30 93.72 245.00 3.60 3.45 15.00

68 Kalyanpur 6.50 0.70 650.00 440.00 104.00 24.84 19.32 26.98 395.00 2.50 0.80 18.00

S.

No.



69 Sisona 6.50 1.00 530.00 360.00 72.00 20.04 12.68 14.10 320.00 2.60 0.90 16.00

70 Shaktigarh 6.80 1.20 400.00 270.00 62.00 14.42 11.60 14.20 230.00 4.50 0.87 18.00

71 Chikaghat 6.3 2.73 490.00 364.00 66.00 16.03 6.33 19.88 290.00 2.40 0.18 12.00

72 Bijti 6.3 2.73 400.00 205.00 76.00 18.43 7.31 17.04 349.00 2.60 0.09 20.00

73 Pachpeda 6.4 3.00 430.00 244.00 70.00 16.03 7.31 29.82 335.00 3.00 0.44 9.00

74 Devha 6.3 2.73 480.00 260.00 74.00 11.22 11.22 24.14 350.00 2.50 0.04 11.00

75 Nanaksagar 6.1 2.72 700.00 483.00 76.00 22.45 4.86 11.36 300.00 2.30 0.31 11.00

76 Majhola 6.4 2.70 410.00 220.00 118.00 16.03 19.02 79.52 550.00 2.30 2.20 14.00

77 Paheniya 6.3 3.10 260.00 131.00 58.00 16.83 3.89 28.40 322.00 3.00 0.13 37.00

78 Charubeta 5.8 2.72 870.00 565.00 62.00 12.83 7.31 42.60 260.00 2.00 0.48 8.00

79 Khatima 6.1 2.73 320.00 164.00 72.00 16.83 7.31 107.92 488.00 2.00 0.40 17.00

80 Tigri 5.7 3.15 820.00 506.00 50.00 11.32 5.36 18.46 205.00 3.10 0.22 28.00

81 Jhunkat 6.3 2.73 420.00 233.00 122.00 20.84 17.07 122.12 415.00 2.00 2.77 8.00

82 Panchpakadiya 6.2 2.73 470.00 254.00 34.00 9.61 2.44 18.46 170.00 1.90 0.04 7.00

1* Alfazgarh road, 2* Opposite Gurudwara, 3* Chamunda Hospital, 4* Cheti Chauraha, 5*Ahuja colony






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Appendix A-2 Water Quality Index (drinking water) of groundwater as per WHO/ICMR/BIS standards

S. No. Location Water quality index (drinking use) S. No. Location Water quality index (drinking use)

BIS ICMR WHO BIS ICMR WHO

1. Narayanpur1 47.83 48.85 38.83 32. Durgapur 55.23 61.48 49.19

2. Jaspur 54.31 57.88 46.06 33. Baghwala 40.55 42.34 32.48

3. Narayanpur (Kashipur) 59.06 60.53 52.20 34. Netajinagar 40.33 42.74 34.57

4. Swarajpur Patti 52.30 53.33 45.51 35. Danpur 57.71 59.99 52.44

5. Kunda 45.87 47.99 38.45 36. Kali Nagar 47.53 49.50 43.96

6. Bharatpur 46.65 49.14 39.23 37. Jai Nagar 43.89 45.69 39.58

7. Karanpur2 46.39 48.81 39.74 38. Chandipur 39.07 41.05 32.51

8. Kashipur3 55.00 57.66 48.95 39. Rudrapur5 33.33 36.22 23.93

9. Kashipur4 52.47 55.40 44.22 40. Chhatarpur Morh 46.17 48.36 41.82

10. Kashipur 53.20 56.68 46.44 41. Matkota 72.07 73.36 67.44

11. Kharmashi 47.54 50.06 39.47 42. Tanda Morh 36.96 40.48 26.67

12. Pratappur 51.16 53.33 43.01 43. Patharchatta 52.02 54.19 49.10

13. Haldua 50.54 51.47 41.59 44. Bagwada 59.55 60.72 55.79

14. Sultanpur 57.75 59.23 53.18 45. Rudrapur 33.82 34.73 32.40

15. Doraha 54.68 57.68 47.93 46. Darau 36.15 38.51 25.15

16. Kesopur 54.32 56.95 46.16 47. Chinki 38.76 40.77 30.79

17. Rehta gaon 55.85 59.21 46.98 48. Deoria 61.39 62.44 58.16

18. Banna Kheda 52.79 55.35 43.89 49. Adalpur 63.17 65.90 53.39

19. Bazpur 56.01 60.35 47.10 50. Pantnagar 67.46 68.22 70.47

20. Kela khera 48.35 50.61 46.26 51. Baheri 56.89 60.09 47.23

21. Jhagadpuri 94.62 97.32 99.81 52. Kichha 63.93 65.99 57.87

22. Beria Doulat 56.92 61.10 48.08 53. Lalkua 47.38 47.93 42.74

23. Gadarpur 57.87 63.01 49.71 54. Nagla 43.28 45.53 39.30

24. Mahtosh morh 47.26 50.40 41.42 55. Pulbhatta 46.02 48.59 47.04

25. Gularbhoj 47.80 50.06 43.41 56. Halduchaur 67.10 68.71 62.76

26. Kaupa Lal Singh 66.40 67.32 57.27 57. Shantipuri 61.01 62.50 56.00

27. Serva Jwalapur 46.01 47.23 52.51 58. Shankar Farm 37.09 41.17 32.28

28. Kantowa 53.36 56.51 45.95 59. Uttam Nagar 51.91 37.71 27.10

29. Jaafarpur 55.72 57.75 49.69 60. Sirga 56.88 59.64 55.49






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30. Chakki Morh 41.96 45.39 33.88 61. Shadhaura 60.16 61.91 58.63

31. Dineshpur 50.50 52.42 43.98 62. Bari 74.91 78.15 65.55

S. No. Location Water quality index (drinking use)

BIS ICMR WHO

63. Baikuanthpur 35.82 37.01 33.89

64. Govind Nagar 65.41 67.90 62.29

65. Shakti Farm 35.81 37.15 32.38

66. Sisaiya 66.00 69.15 62.22

67. Bara 41.03 42.60 36.77

68. Kalyanpur 47.60 50.23 43.34

69. Sisona 47.21 49.29 42.88

70. Shaktigarh 44.82 46.26 42.78

71. Chikaghat 48.73 50.58 39.05

72. Bijti 48.27 50.56 38.62

73. Pachpeda 49.98 52.15 41.05

74. Devha 49.32 51.61 39.65

75. Nanaksagar 46.84 48.78 35.69

76. Majhola 53.76 57.49 44.88

77. Paheniya 48.24 50.33 38.55

78. Charubeta 44.42 46.08 31.00

79. Khatima 48.35 51.66 37.17

80. Tigri 41.31 42.58 27.15

81. Jhunkat 53.11 55.86 43.49

82. Panchpakadiya 47.57 48.55 37.08




Available online at http://euroasiapub.org/journals.php




23

Appendix A-3 Irrigation water quality index of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar

S. No. Place Cl

(meq/l)

(qi)

Na

(meq/l)

(qi)

EC

(dS/m)

(qi)

SAR

(meq/l)

HCO3-

(meq/l)

(qi)

IWQI

1 Narayanpur1 35.26 41.95 86.36 38.36 61.92 53.38

2 Jaspur 90.39 40.65 90.18 38.54 15.32 55.24

3 Narayanpur 36.21 42.60 92.91 39.24 50.76 52.99

4 Swarajpur patti 36.21 42.60 86.64 40.36 60.90 53.92

5 Kunda 36.36 41.95 66.00 38.64 38.56 44.63

6 Bharatpur 97.29 41.50 59.00 38.64 21.83 51.50

7 Karanpur 97.90 37.40 82.67 35.14 22.25 55.20

8 Kashipur2 99.12 42.15 94.55 38.61 20.57 59.23

9 Kashipur 3 99.12 41.10 88.55 38.36 19.10 57.40

10 Kashipur 4 92.22 41.30 94.27 37.80 15.95 56.57

11 Kharmashi 99.93 40.65 88.27 38.96 21.62 58.03

12 Pratappur 99.52 38.05 94.55 36.75 37.04 61.45

13 Haldua 35.58 42.40 87.45 40.29 63.95 54.54

14 Sultanpur 36.68 43.70 92.64 40.36 50.76 53.46

15 Doraha 98.10 40.20 92.36 37.56 18.68 57.59

16 Kesopur 99.32 36.95 94.00 98.35 20.78 69.43

17 Rehta gaon 98.91 41.95 88.82 39.55 16.58 57.31

18 Banna Kheda 35.10 42.40 88.00 39.27 21.20 45.73

19 Bazpur 99.30 38.90 81.00 36.05 10.91 53.31

20 Kela khera 37.94 41.75 75.33 39.06 35.51 46.33

21 Jhagadpuri 83.12 41.10 93.18 40.81 19.10 55.74

22 Beria Doulat 96.48 40.00 94.27 37.70 11.75 56.27

23 Gadarpur 93.03 39.15 96.18 37.31 6.29 54.65

24 Mahtosh morh 95.47 36.30 96.45 36.58 18.05 56.84

25 Gularbhoj 36.68 43.50 91.55 40.67 35.51 50.17

26 Kaupa 38.10 40.20 87.45 38.43 61.92 53.82

27 Serva jwalapur 93.85 38.70 93.73 36.89 57.63 64.49

28 Kantowa 96.89 40.65 73.67 38.85 17.84 53.58

29 Jaffarpur 35.81 41.30 91.00 38.22 39.33 49.74

30 Chakki Morh 37.47 38.05 98.36 35.91 16.58 45.92

31 Dineshpur 36.52 43.70 88.82 41.20 42.38 51.09

32 Durgapur 37.39 39.80 92.64 35.95 -0.01 41.71

33 Baghwala 95.47 41.50 95.36 39.31 46.19 63.87

34 Netajinagar 97.90 40.85 87.73 38.01 22.46 57.56

35 Danpur 36.21 41.10 93.18 39.03 22.67 47.03

36 Kali Nagar 37.94 43.05 80.00 40.46 41.61 49.08

37 Jai Nagar 91.08 42.60 81.67 40.08 45.43 60.34

38 Chandipur 35.26 41.50 92.09 38.26 42.38 50.53

39 Rudrapur5 97.90 41.95 92.09 39.87 19.94 58.54

40 Chhatarpur Morh 99.93 42.40 94.82 39.66 37.04 63.02

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24


41 Matkota 37.94 41.50 91.00 40.74 53.05 53.44

S. No. Place Cl

(meq/l)

(qi)

Na

(meq/l)

(qi)

EC

(dS/m)

(qi)

SAR

(meq/l)

HCO3-

(meq/l)

(qi)

IWQI

42 Tanda Morh 35.73 42.60 91.82 40.22 16.16 45.86

43 Patharchatta 97.90 41.10 95.91 39.34 37.04 62.53

44 Bagwada 99.93 42.85 95.09 40.15 56.86 67.27

45 Rudrapur 38.26 41.95 91.00 40.60 67.00 56.39

46 Darau 94.96 40.20 95.09 39.10 22.88 58.70

47 Chinki 37.78 39.80 75.67 38.08 41.61 47.02

48 Deoria 95.97 41.50 86.64 41.09 59.15 65.08

49 Adalpur 36.33 40.45 87.73 38.99 19.94 45.21

50 Pantnagar 36.22 42.15 83.00 40.81 65.98 54.18

51 Baheri -4.92 43.05 97.00 40.81 17.42 39.53

52 Kichha 98.51 42.15 94.55 39.90 37.80 62.84

53 Lalkua 37.63 42.40 89.64 40.88 75.13 57.77

54 Nagla 62.55 41.75 97.55 40.95 36.28 56.30

55 Pulbhatta 38.10 42.40 87.18 40.29 21.41 46.38

56 Halduchaur 36.84 42.60 88.55 41.02 46.95 51.76

57 Shantipuri 49.19 43.05 99.45 41.41 50.00 57.24

58 Shankar Farm 93.84 41.50 95.64 40.18 13.01 57.07

59 Uttam Nagar 66.60 41.50 88.55 39.59 6.92 48.95

60 Sirga 36.84 40.85 59.67 38.50 19.94 39.37

61 Shadhaura 37.94 41.95 87.73 40.11 44.66 51.03

62 Bari -59.38 41.50 95.64 41.09 16.58 28.24

63 Baikuanthpur 38.26 41.95 87.45 39.34 59.15 53.82

64 Govind Nagar 38.42 43.25 91.27 40.92 21.20 47.55

65 Shakti Farm 38.10 41.75 75.33 39.94 56.10 50.68

66 Sisaiya 94.86 40.45 88.55 38.29 17.42 56.09

67 Bara 91.61 42.40 89.64 39.69 50.76 63.09

68 Kalyanpur 35.89 41.10 62.33 39.69 20.99 40.24

69 Sisona 37.32 40.45 79.67 39.66 39.33 47.74

70 Shaktigarh 37.31 43.25 93.45 40.18 53.05 54.09

71 Chikaghat 36.68 41.95 83.33 40.04 43.90 49.69

72 Bijti 37.00 39.35 90.18 38.85 22.92 46.21

73 Pachpeda 35.58 43.05 98.64 40.36 37.04 51.61

74 Devha 36.21 43.05 97.27 39.94 22.88 48.50

75 Nanaksagar 37.63 42.60 88.27 40.08 42.38 50.75

76 Majhola 93.64 42.40 71.33 39.76 14.48 52.31

77 Paheniya 35.73 43.05 95.09 40.18 39.02 51.26

78 Charubeta 98.91 43.25 75.00 40.46 48.48 61.28

79 Khatima 89.58 41.30 92.36 38.96 17.08 56.11

80 Tigri 36.84 38.90 96.73 36.02 56.86 53.79

81 Jhunkat 87.55 43.50 93.45 40.57 20.15 57.32

82 Panchpakadiya 36.84 43.50 86.09 40.18 62.93 54.49


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Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand for Drinking and …euroasiapub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/1-oct-EAS-6134-1.pdf · 2018/11/1 · Udham Singh Nagar district geographical