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UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

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Page 1: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

• ����– UD�2�3�4�

Page 2: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��1�logically speaking

• ������logically speaking��–���statement statement form�����– statement form��������–������������

Page 3: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

%&1�logically speaking ( )

• ��"$�statement form������#��������– negation����– disjunction����– conjunction����– implication�!��– equivalence���

– tautology�����– contradiction�� ��

Page 4: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table

• ������statement form���� �������������

Page 5: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table (�)

• �������������plan ���– If it is Wednesday, then Mr. French eats only pickles.– If it is Monday, then Mr. French eats only chocolate.– Mr. French is eating chocolate.– ����� ����

Page 6: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table (�)

• �����������������– Mr. Hamburger is German or Swiss.– Mr. Hamburger is not Swiss.–���Mr. Hamburger�� ��

Page 7: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table (�)

• �����������������– Mr. Hamburger is German or Swiss.– Mr. Hamburger is not Swiss.–���Mr. Hamburger�� ��

G S G∨S ¬ST T T FT F T TF T T FF F F T

Page 8: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table ( )

• �����������������– Knights and Knaves• John: We are both knaves.• Bill: …

Page 9: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table ( )

• �����������������– Knights and Knaves• John: We are both knaves.• Bill: …

J B ¬J∧¬B J↔(¬J∧¬B)T T F FT F F FF T F TF F T F

Page 10: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table ( )

• �����������������– Knights and Knaves• John: We are the same kind.• Bill: We are of different kinds.

Page 11: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��2�truth table ( )

• �����������������– Knights and Knaves• John: We are the same kind.• Bill: We are of different kinds.

J B (J↔(J↔B))∧(B↔¬(J↔B))T T FT F FF T TF F F

Page 12: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��3�equivalent statement forms

• ���equivalent statement forms�• ��������equivalence���� �• �����������

Page 13: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

#$3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• � � �����!�����statement form����equivalent statement form�– A∨B– A∧B

• ����"�������

Page 14: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

#$3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• � � �����!�����statement form����equivalent statement form�– A∨B�¬A→B– A∧B�¬(A→¬B)

• ����"�������

Page 15: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• ��������������statement form� ��equivalent statement form�– ¬A– A∧B– A∨B

Page 16: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• �������������statement form���equivalent statement form�– ¬A– A∧B– A∨B

Page 17: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• �������������statement form���equivalent statement form�– ¬A– A∧B– A∨B

Page 18: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• ����� ��equivalent statement forms����������

Page 19: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

• �������������������� ��paraphrase����– Knights and Knaves• John: We are both knaves.• Bill: …

J B ¬J∧¬B J↔(¬J∧¬B)T T F FT F F FF T F TF F T F

Page 20: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

(J∧(¬J∧¬B))∨(¬J∧¬(¬J∧¬B))= (J∧¬J∧¬B)∨(¬J∧(¬¬J∨¬¬B))=F∨(¬J∧(J∨B))=¬J∧(J∨B)=(¬J∧J)∨(¬J∧B)=F∨(¬J∧B)=¬J∧B

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

Page 21: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

(J∧(¬J∧¬B))∨(¬J∧¬(¬J∧¬B))= (J∧¬J∧¬B)∨(¬J∧(¬¬J∨¬¬B))=F∨(¬J∧(J∨B))=¬J∧(J∨B)=(¬J∧J)∨(¬J∧B)=F∨(¬J∧B)=¬J∧B���������� ������

��3�equivalent statement forms (�)

Page 22: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��4�set notation and quantifiers

• ������• ������� ��������– extensional definition• {-1, 1}• {1}

– intensional definition• {2n : n∈Z}• {(m,n)∈R2 : y=0}

Page 23: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

��4�set notation and quantifiers ()

• ������� ��

Page 24: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

• �������������– For all x∈A, property p(x) holds.– For some x∈A, property p(x) holds.

��4�set notation and quantifiers ()

Page 25: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

• �������������– For all x∈A, property p(x) holds.– For some x∈A, property p(x) holds.

( )( )xpAxx ®Î" ,( )( )xpAxx ÙÎ$ ,

��4�set notation and quantifiers ()

Page 26: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

• ���� ��������– For all x∈A, property p(x) holds.– For some x∈A, property p(x) holds.

• �������� �

( )( )xpAxx ®Î" ,( )( )xpAxx ÙÎ$ ,

( )( )xpAxx ®Î$ ,

��4�set notation and quantifiers (�)

Page 27: UD 2 3 4 - cslabcms.nju.edu.cncslabcms.nju.edu.cn › problem_solving › images › b › ba... · –UD 2 3 4 1 logically speaking • logically speaking – statement statement

• ������������

• ���� �

��4�set notation and quantifiers (�)