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UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL0108: MANAGING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
2019-2020
MA MODULE HANDBOOK: 30 credits
Deadlines for coursework for this module: 6 December 2019, 6 March 2020 & 1 May 2020
Co-ordinator: Gai Jorayev [email protected] Room 602 Tel: 020 7679 4722
UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
Managing Archaeological Sites Page i
CONTENTS
1 Overview........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Short description ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Timetable: Week-by-week summary......................................................................... 1 1.3 Basic introductory texts ............................................................................................. 3 1.4 Methods of assessment .............................................................................................. 3 1.5 Teaching methods ...................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Workload ................................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Prerequisites .............................................................................................................. 4
2 Aims, objectives and Assessment ................................................................................... 5 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Aims .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Learning outcomes .................................................................................................... 6 2.5 Coursework: Assessment tasks .................................................................................. 7
2.5.1 Assignment One: Submission deadline: 6 December, 2019 .............................. 7 2.5.2 Assignment Two: Submission deadline: 6 March, 2020 ................................... 7
List of essay topics ........................................................................................................ 7 2.5.3 Assignment Three: Submission deadline: 1 May, 2020 .................................... 8 2.5.4 Word-counts ...................................................................................................... 9 2.5.5 Coursework submission procedures .................................................................. 9 2.5.6 Formatting ....................................................................................................... 10
3 Detailed Schedule and syllabus .................................................................................... 10 3.1 Rooms ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Field visits ............................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Syllabus (detailed lecture summaries and weekly readings) ................................... 10 3.4 AUTUMN TERM ................................................................................................... 11
Session 1 (lecture): Introduction. Why manage? What are we managing? (Gai
Jorayev) ....................................................................................................................... 11 Session 2 (lecture): Authenticity, values and interest groups (Gai Jorayev) ............... 16 Session 3 (lecture): Putting people first: living heritage and people centred approaches
to the conservation of culture and nature (Dean Sully) ............................................... 21 Session 4 (lecture): Management planning: models and approaches (Tim Williams) 24 Session 5 (lecture): Participatory planning, rights, ethics and sustainability (Tim
Williams) ..................................................................................................................... 28 Session 6 (lecture): Ethics in heritage management (Tim Williams) .......................... 32 Session 7 (practical): Values and SWOT analysis (Gai Jorayev) ................................ 32 Site visit I: Bankside, Rose Theatre, Winchester Palace & the George Inn - details to
be announced ............................................................................................................... 33 Session 8 (lecture): Legislation and charters - the international context (Gai Jorayev)
..................................................................................................................................... 33 Session 9 (lecture): World Heritage Sites. Tentative lists, nomination dossiers,
evaluation and the World Heritage Committee (Gai Jorayev) .................................... 36 Session 10 (lecture): Condition reporting - assessing the state of conservation (Dean
Sully) ........................................................................................................................... 39 Session 11 (lecture): The World Heritage Convention - a UK perspective (Henry
Owen-John, Historic England) .................................................................................... 40 Session 12 (lecture): Preventive conservation and maintenance: reburial and shelters
on archaeological sites (Gai Jorayev) .......................................................................... 41 Session 13 (Practical & Discussion): Management plans, Nomination dossiers and the
future of World Heritage Sites (Gai Jorayev) .............................................................. 48 Site visit II: Eltham Palace & Lullingstone Roman villa ............................................ 50
Managing Archaeological Sites Page ii
Session 14 (lecture): Documentation: a platform for decision-making (Gai Jorayev) 50 Session 15 (lecture): Cultural landscapes and routes: the Silk Roads - a case study in a
serial trans-boundary nomination strategy (Gai Jorayev) ............................................ 53 Session 16 (lecture): Case studies in site interpretation (Georgina Bishop, English
Heritage) ...................................................................................................................... 55 Session 17 (lecture): Interpretation strategies at archaeological sites (Gai Jorayev)... 56 Session 18 (lecture): Case study: interpretation and visitor management at Tower
Bridge (Dirk Bennett, City of London) ....................................................................... 61 Session 19 (lecture & practical): approaches to social science research projects & your
dissertation (Gai Jorayev) ............................................................................................ 61 3.5 SPRING TERM ....................................................................................................... 62
Session 20 (lecture): Recording, managing and conserving urban archaeological sites
(Gai Jorayev) ............................................................................................................... 62 Session 21 (lecture): Case study: Integrated heritage conservation and sustainable
urban development – a case study from Edinburgh (Hiba Alkhalaf) .......................... 66 Session 22 (class-led seminar): The role of archaeological excavation in managing
archaeological sites ...................................................................................................... 67 Session 23 (class-led seminar): Interpreting archaeological sites in modern urban
landscapes .................................................................................................................... 68 Site visit III: Roman London: Billingsgate bathhouse, Guildhall amphitheatre, City
wall, and the Museum of London Roman gallery ....................................................... 68 Session 24 (lecture): National management of historic resources in a local context:
case studies from the National Trust and Historic England (Joe Flatman, National
Trust) ........................................................................................................................... 70 Session 25 (class-led seminar): Approaches to landscape interpretation .................... 71 Session 26 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability – Part 1 (Gai Jorayev) ........ 71 Session 27 (lecture): Geographical Information Systems and their role in managing
and understanding archaeological landscapes (Marco Nebbia) ................................... 77 Session 28 (lecture): Condition and risk assessment (Ona Vileikis) ........................... 78 Session 29 (class-led seminar): Cultural resource management in developing
countries: by whom, for whom? .................................................................................. 79 Session 30 (lecture): Conflict/post-conflict: values, significance, local community and
heritage management (Hiba Alkhalaf) ........................................................................ 79 Session 31 (class-led seminar): Our role in post-conflict reconstruction .................... 82 Session 32 (lecture): Managing rural archaeological sites and landscapes (Gai
Jorayev) ....................................................................................................................... 82 Session 33 (lecture): (a) Developing Governance (b) Risk and disaster management
(Gai Jorayev) ............................................................................................................... 85 Site Visit IV: Stonehenge & Avebury ......................................................................... 87 Session 34 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability – Part 2 (Gai Jorayev) ........ 89 Session 35 (lecture & discussion): Case study: developing an integrated Stonehenge
and Avebury Management Plan (Sarah Simmonds, Stonehenge & Avebury World
Heritage Site Partnership Manager) ............................................................................ 89 Session 36 (practical): Statements of significance (Gai Jorayev) ............................... 90 Session 37 (lecture): Funding research and management (Gai Jorayev) ..................... 90 Session 38 (lecture): Management context, monitoring & evaluating (Gai Jorayev).. 91 Session 39: Conclusions & review (Gai Jorayev) ....................................................... 91
4 General information & Resources ............................................................................... 92 4.1 USB flash drive ....................................................................................................... 92
4.1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 92 4.1.2 Files: PDF format ............................................................................................ 92 4.1.3 Copyright ......................................................................................................... 92
4.2 Online resources ...................................................................................................... 93
Managing Archaeological Sites Page iii
4.2.1 Moodle ............................................................................................................. 93 4.2.2 Blogs ................................................................................................................ 93
5 Additional information ................................................................................................. 93 5.1 Libraries and other resources ................................................................................... 93 5.2 Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students ............................... 93 5.3 Health and safety ..................................................................................................... 93
APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2019-20 (PLEASE READ
CAREFULLY) ....................................................................................................................... 94 MOODLE ............................................................................................................................ 95
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 1
1 OVERVIEW
1.1 Short description
This module aims to examine the theory and practice of archaeological site management, the
reasons for selecting sites for preservation, and the methods for successful management and
conservation of a site's significance. By the end of the module, students should be able to
understand and apply a planning process based on the recognition of a site's values and of its
interest groups, or stakeholders. Students will also learn practical methods for the physical
conservation of different categories of archaeological sites and will master a technical
vocabulary adequate to communicate with site management specialists. The module has an
international perspective and will appeal to students from a range of academic backgrounds
(e.g. archaeology, conservation, planning, architecture, museum studies). In balancing theory
and practice, it will suit those wishing to continue on to academic research and those seeking
employment in heritage administration or international organisations.
This handbook outlines the aims and objectives, structure and content of the module. It is also
available on the Institute web-site.
1.2 Timetable: Week-by-week summary
This module runs over two terms, although assessed work is scheduled for submission in the
third term.
Lectures, seminars and practical sessions:
Term I & II Tuesdays 2.00-4.00pm Room 612 (Institute of Archaeology)
Term I & II Wednesdays 4.00-6.00pm in Room 612 (Institute of Archaeology)
AUTUMN TERM Monday 23 September - Friday 13 December 2019
Students should check their e-mail frequently as any changes to arrangements and other
messages will be communicated by this means.
DATE TOPIC LECTURER
01/10/19 Session 1 (lecture): Introduction. Why manage? What
are we managing?
Gai Jorayev
02/10/19 Session 2 (lecture): Authenticity, values and interest
groups
Gai Jorayev
08/10/19 No class
09/10/19 Session 3 (lecture): Putting people first: living heritage
and people centred approaches to the conservation of
culture and nature
Dean Sully
15/10/19 Session 4 (lecture): Management planning: models and
approaches
Tim Williams
16/10/19 Session 5 (lecture): Participatory planning, rights,
ethics and sustainability
Tim Williams
22/10/19 Session 6 (lecture): Ethics in heritage management (1st
hour)
Guest lecture (2nd hour): Heritage and tailored
storytelling: how to emotionally engage visitors to
museums and archaeological sites
Tim Williams
Sjoerd van der Linde
23/10/19
Session 7 (practical): Values and SWOT analysis Gai Jorayev
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 2
TBA Site visit I: Bankside: Globe & Rose Theatres,
Winchester Palace, George Inn
Fieldtrip
29/10/19 Session 8 (lecture): Legislation and charters – the
international context
Gai Jorayev
30/10/19 Session 9 (discussion): World Heritage Sites: Tentative
lists, nomination dossiers, evaluation and the World
Heritage Committee
Gai Jorayev
Reading week
12/11/19 Session 10 (lecture): Condition reporting: assessing the
state of conservation
Dean Sully
13/11/19 Session 11 (lecture): The World Heritage Convention –
a UK perspective
Henry Owen-John
(Head of International
Advice, Historic
England)
19/11/19 Session 12 (lecture & practical):
Preventive conservation and maintenance: reburial and
shelters on archaeological sites
Gai Jorayev
20/11/19 Session 13 (discussion): Management plans,
nomination dossiers and the future of World Heritage
Sites
Practical &
Discussion
23/11/19 Site visit II: Eltham Palace & Lullingstone Roman villa Fieldtrip
26/11/19 Session 14 (lecture): Documentation: a platform for
decision-making
Gai Jorayev
27/11/19 Session 15 (lecture): Cultural landscapes and routes:
the Silk Roads - a case study in a serial trans-boundary
nomination strategy
Gai Jorayev
03/12/19 Session 16 (lecture): Case studies in site interpretation Georgina Bishop
(English Heritage)
04/12/19 Session 17 (lecture): Interpretation strategies at open-
air archaeological sites
Gai Jorayev
10/12/19 Session 18 (lecture): Case study: interpretation and
visitor management at Tower Bridge
Dirk Bennett (City of
London)
11/12/19 Session 19 (lecture & practical): Approaches to social
science research projects & your dissertation
Gai Jorayev
SPRING TERM Monday 13 January - Friday 27 March 2020
DATE TOPIC LECTURER
14/01/20 Session 20 (lecture): Recording, managing &
conserving urban archaeological sites
Gai Jorayev
15/01/20 Session 21 (lecture): Case study. Integrated heritage
conservation and sustainable urban development – a
case study from Edinburgh
Hiba Alkhalaf
21/01/20 Session 22 (seminar): The role of archaeological
excavation in managing sites
Class-led
22/01/20 Session 23 (seminar): Interpreting archaeological sites
in modern urban landscapes
Class-led
TBA
Site visit III: Roman London: Billingsgate bathhouse,
Guildhall amphitheatre, City wall, Fort Gate & Museum
of London
Fieldtrip
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 3
28/01/20 Session 24 (lecture): National management of historic
resources in a local context: case studies from the
National Trust and Historic England
Joe Flatman
29/01/20 Session 25 (seminar): Approaches to landscape
interpretation
Class-led
04/02/20 Session 26 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability
(part 1)
Gai Jorayev
05/02/20 Session 27 (lecture): Geographical Information
Systems and their role in managing and understanding
archaeological landscapes
Marco Nebbia
11/02/20 Session 28 (lecture): Condition and risk assessment Ona Vileikis
Tamayo
12/02/20 Session 29 (seminar): Cultural resource management in
developing countries: by whom, for whom?
Class-led
Reading week
25/02/20 Session 30 (lecture): Conflict/post-conflict: values,
significance, local community and heritage
management
Hiba Alkhalaf
26/02/20 Session 31 (seminar): Our role in post-conflict
reconstruction
Class-led
03/03/20 Session 32 (lecture): Managing rural archaeological
sites and landscapes
Gai Jorayev
04/03/20
Session 33 (lecture): (a) Developing Governance (b)
Risk and Disater management
Gai Jorayev
TBA Site visit IV: Avebury & Stonehenge Fieldtrip
10/03/20 Session 34 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability
(part 2)
Gai Jorayev
11/03/20 Session 35 (lecture & discussion): Case study.
Developing an integrated Stonehenge and Avebury
Management Plan
Sarah Simmonds
(Stonehenge &
Avebury World
Heritage Site
Partnership
Manager)
17/03/20 Session 36 (practical): Statements of significance Gai Jorayev
18/03/20 Session 37 (lecture): Funding research and
management
Gai Jorayev
24/03/20 Session 38 (lecture): Management context, monitoring
& evaluating
Gai Jorayev
25/03/20 Session 39 (discussion): Conclusions & review Discussion
1.3 Basic introductory texts
See Session 2.
1.4 Methods of assessment
The module is assessed by means of three pieces of coursework totalling c. 8,000 words. The
first two pieces of work are each of 3,000 words. The third piece is approx. 2,000 words, but
there is no formal word limit for this piece: it is also likely that it will be heavily
illustrated/tabulated. Each of the three pieces contributes 33.3% to the final grade for this
module.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 4
The topics and deadlines for each assessment are specified below (section 2.5). If students are
unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Module Co-ordinator. The
Module Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of their approach to the assessment,
provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
The module comprises 30 credits towards your total degree.
1.5 Teaching methods
The module is taught through lectures, seminars, and practical sessions. In addition, four
fieldtrips (normally on Saturdays or Sundays) will be arranged to give students greater
familiarity with the theories, methods and techniques covered in the module.
Seminars have weekly recommended reading, which students will be expected to have done,
to be able fully to follow and to actively contribute to discussion.
You will be asked to prepare one seminar discussion during the course of the year. Further
details will be announced in class.
The seminar topics normally follow on from the lectures of the previous week (so that you
can take advantage of the concepts introduced during the lecture, and those from the
recommended readings). Some of the seminar sessions are replaced by practical sessions,
where specific approaches, such as value assessments, will be experimented with.
Site visits will be undertaken: two during the first term and two during the second term.
Provisional dates for these are in the timetable, but these are subject to finalisation of the
arrangements and discussion with the class. Further details will be announced closer to the
date.
Except in the case of illness, the 70% minimum attendance requirement applies to lectures
and seminars on the module. Field trips are optional.
1.6 Workload
There will be 78 hours of lectures, practicals and seminars for this module. Students will be
expected to undertake around 100 hours of reading for the module, plus 124 hours preparing
for and producing the assessed work, adds up to a total workload of some 300 hours for the
module.
1.7 Prerequisites
This module does not have any prerequisites.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 5
2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT
2.1 Background
This module aims to examine the theory and practice of archaeological site management, the
reasons for selecting sites for preservation, and the methods for successful management and
conservation of a site's significance. By the end of the module, students should be able to
understand and apply a planning process based on the recognition of a site's values and of its
interest groups, or stakeholders. Students will also learn practical methods for the physical
documentation and conservation of different categories of archaeological sites and will master
a technical vocabulary adequate to communicate with site management specialists. In
balancing theory and practice, it will suit those wishing to continue on to academic research
and those seeking employment in heritage administration or international organisations.
The emergence of archaeological site management as a discipline results from a combination
of factors: widespread concerns about the conservation and interpretation of archaeological
sites, including preservation in-situ, intellectual access to archaeological knowledge, and the
display of excavated sites; against a background of rising cultural tourism, pollution, climate
change and settlement expansion; and cognisant of issues of sustainable development and the
involvement of local communities in decision-making. Reactive intervention is not sufficient
to balance the long-term preservation of resources with the contemporary needs of users, and
holistic approaches to site management are currently being theorised, problematicised and
explored worldwide, across a wide range of site types, and in disparate social, economic and
cultural environments.
International organisations such as ICOMOS and UNESCO, and in more recent years
ICCROM and the Getty Conservation Institute, are pushing the agenda of archaeological site
management, be it in World Heritage Sites or in sites of national or local importance. Among
several possible types of management, the model emerged through the Australian Burra
Charter has acquired worldwide respect, mainly for its sensitive approach to the issue of
stakeholders and local communities, and the development of the concept of valuing the
resource.
The syllabus is based upon a practical model of site management. The module will start by
exploring the concept of heritage management, the issue of authenticity, and how values and
significance, held by different interest groups, can underpin the management process. The
module will then explore administrative contexts and how these influence both the process of
developing and implementation of a management plan. The model of management planning
will be explored through practical issues of site conservation, maintenance, visitor
management, tourism, and economic and social development. It will then examine practical
issues in the identification of values, stakeholders, and significance, and explore how these
can assist in the planning process, in formulating policies and strategies. Overview of charters
and recommendations formulated by national and international organisations, will lead into
detailed discussions of the World Heritage. In-depth discussions on site interpretation,
detailed and digital documentation, cultural tourism, conflict and post-conflict heritage
management, funding and governance will also follow to strengthen the foundations
necessary for holistic understanding of the modern heritage management. A series of
contemporary case studies from around the world will exemplify the complexity of the
management process and of its implementation.
The Institute is a recipient of the Conservation and Heritage Management Award, from the
Archaeological Institute of America, for exceptional achievement in these fields. Students
benefit from the Institute's emphasis on the role of heritage in today's society, from the art and
archaeology collections of University College London, and from the unrivalled resources of
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 6
London's museums. The Institute of Archaeology supports the principles of the 1970
UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention and is unique as a UK academic
department in having an ethics policy concerning the illicit trade in antiquities.
2.2 Aims
To provide an understanding of the processes that lead to the preparation, implementation
and monitoring of a site management plan, including the role of values and stakeholders
To equip students with the theory and practice needed to carry out similar processes in
managing heritage assests in th 21st century
To provide an opportunity for critical reflection of ethical approaches to sustainable
development and rights-based management
2.3 Objectives
On successful completion of this module a student should:
Understand the role of site management planning can play in the conservation,
interpretation and sustainable use of archaeological sites and landscapes
Be able to facilitate debate on the theory and methodology of value-based and rights-
based management planning processes
Be familiar with the tools and the techniques for engaging stakeholders, documenting and
assessing a site, and producing, implementing, and monitoring a site management plan
2.4 Learning outcomes
On successful completion of the module students should be able to demonstrate:
Observation and critical reflection
Application of acquired knowledge
Written and oral presentation skills
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 7
2.5 Coursework: Assessment tasks
In this module your essays should examine theoretical issues, using archaeological sites and
practices, from any area, to illustrate your discussions.
Like most academic writing, your essays should present an argument supported by analysis.
Typically your analysis will include a critical evaluation (not simply description) of concepts
in some subset of archaeological management theoretical literature. Remember, you must
draw upon readings from multiple class sessions, examine some of the primary literature in
addition to secondary literature, and use references to support your assertions.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their
marks. However, the module co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of your approach to
the assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
For assignments 1 & 2, a range of possible essay topics is suggested below, but students are
also invited to identify an original topic in consultation with the module coordinator (the
essay title will be subject to their approval). The topic should be clearly related to at least one
of the themes covered in the classes. Students wishing to write on topics that have not yet
been covered in lectures are invited to seek additional guidance from the coordinator.
The nature of the third assignment, and possible approaches to it, will be discussed in class,
well in advance of the submission deadline.
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Module co-ordinator.
Please note that in order to be deemed to have completed and passed, it is necessary to submit
all assessments.
2.5.1 Assignment One: Submission deadline: 6 December, 2019
Please choose ONE of the questions below. Your essay should be 3000 words (in the range
2,850-3,150 words) in length. You should use illustrations as appropriate.
2.5.2 Assignment Two: Submission deadline: 6 March, 2020
Please choose ONE of the questions below. Your essay should be 3000 words (in the range
2,850-3,150 words) in length. You should use illustrations as appropriate.
List of essay topics
i. How has the concept of authenticity changed since the Venice Charter? Does it
still have a role in the management and conservation of archaeological sites and
landscapes?
ii. Discuss the concept of values and how are they formed. What is their importance
in the compilation of a statement of significance?
iii. How might you balance potentially conflicting values in the management of
archaeological sites?
iv. In what ways can a country’s legislation and government guidance create a
framework for archaeological site management? Give examples.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 8
v. Given that the involvement of local communities is important in the management
of archaeological sites, what could be done to encourage their participation?
vi. Discuss the role of heritage professionals in decision-making at archaeological
sites.
vii. In what circumstances would the reburial of archaeological remains be an
appropriate strategy? What are the key practical and technical issues involved in
reburial?
viii. Discuss the notion of 'sustainability' and its application to archaeological heritage
management.
ix. Examine the sites currently selected as “World Heritage in Danger”
(http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=86). Discuss their selection and the role of the
“in danger” list.
x. ‘Heritage tourism’ comprises a significant proportion of the global phenomenon
of tourism. Discuss the impacts and potential of heritage tourism on the
management of archaeological sites in developing countries.
xi. Should visitor access to sites ever be limited for reasons of conservation?
xii. Discuss the role of documentation, maintenance, and interpretation in managing
excavated earthen architecture.
xiii. What measures are crucial to the successful implementation of an archaeological
site management plan?
xiv. What strategies might be employed in interpreting buried sites or landscapes?
Give examples of effective methods.
xv. Shelters on archaeological sites: visual intrusions or the only viable solution?
Discuss the key elements in decision-making about sheltering for excavated sites.
Use examples.
xvi. Explore one Management Plan for a World Heritage Sites of your choice. Discuss
its aims, structure and effectiveness.
xvii. Compare the two versions of The Principles for the Conservation of Heritage
Sites in China (2002 and 2015). See
MAS/Organisations/Getty/china_principles/china_principles 2002.pdf and
MAS/Organisations/Getty/china_principles/ china_prin_heritage_sites_2015.pdf.
Is this work dominated by western conservation specialists’ emphasis on material
integrity and authenticity through materials, or does it reflect a mixture of
western and eastern conservation ethics and values? Discuss the strengths and
weaknesses of this form of international collaboration.
2.5.3 Assignment Three: Submission deadline: 1 May, 2020
Prepare a statement of significance for a site of your choice. Use illustrations as appropriate.
Further guidance on this assessment will be provided during the module (session 37). There is
no set word limit for this piece of work (although it might be in the order of 2,000 words), as
it depends upon the best way of presenting the site and its values. It is expected that the piece
will include numerous illustrations and it may be appropriate to tabulate information.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 9
2.5.4 Word-counts
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of
figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references,
captions, contents of tables and figures, and appendices.
Assessments 1 & 2 – word count 2,850-3,150 words.
Assessment 3 – see assessment information above.
Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty
for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your
guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.
In the 2019-20 session penalties for over-length work will be as follows:
For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be
reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the
pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.
For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be
reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the
pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.
2.5.5 Coursework submission procedures
All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically unless
instructed otherwise.
You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA
library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red
box at the Reception Desk.
All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline.
This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is
sometimes the version that will be marked.
Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019-20, and work is now submitted to
Turnitin via Moodle.
1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc.,
docx. or PDF document. Please include the module code and your candidate number
on every page as a header.
2. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work.
3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1).
4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first
word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1). Note
that the candidate number changes each year if you are enrolled into multi-year
programme.
5. Click “Upload”.
6. Click on “Submit”
7. You should receive a receipt – please save this.
If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on [email protected],
explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 10
One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during
term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from
uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an
immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module
Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline.
2.5.6 Formatting
Essays and other assessed work must be word-processed (unless otherwise specified) and
should be printed on both sides of the paper, using 1.5-line spacing. Bibliographies may be in
single line spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner.
Students are encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be
clearly referred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this
must be clearly acknowledged. Please use page numbers.
3 DETAILED SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
3.1 Rooms
Lectures, seminars and practical sessions
Term I & II Tuesdays 2.00-4.00pm in Room 612 (Institute of Archaeology)
Term I & II Wednesdays 4.00-6.00pm in Room 612 (Institute of Archaeology)
3.2 Field visits
Four field visits will be scheduled, two in each of terms I and II. The dates and times of these
are subject to finalisation and discussion with the class. Further details will be announced
closer to the date.
3.3 Syllabus (detailed lecture summaries and weekly readings)
The following is an outline for the module as a whole, and identifies essential and
supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the
UCL library system individual readings are available (Institute of Archaeology library unless
otherwise stated); their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether
out on loan) can also be accessed on the Explore online catalogue system. Readings marked
with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the module. Copies of
individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection
in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright).
Supplementary reading is intended as wider guidance on the topic, if you become interested in
it: use it for essays or dissertations, or after you leave the Institute. You are not expected to
read all of this, but personal initiative is expected to supplement the essential reading. Where
seminar topics follow on from the preceding week’s lecture additional reading suggestions do
not normally appear. However, where the seminar explores a different issue, additional
suggested reading may be listed.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 11
3.4 AUTUMN TERM
Session 1 (lecture): Introduction. Why manage? What are we managing? (Gai
Jorayev)
The session will explore a broad introduction to practical and philosophical issues of research,
conservation, the expectations of interest groups and communities, the economic pressure to
develop sites for tourist purposes, and the necessity for predicting and managing change at
archaeological and heritage sites.
Introductory reading
This section contains core readings for the whole module. Those marked with an * indicate
the best places to start.
*Agnew, N. and Bridgland, J. (eds.) 2006. Of the Past, for the Future: Integrating
Archaeology and Conservation. Proceedings of the Conservation Theme at the 5th World
Archaeological Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003. Los Angles: Getty
Conservation Institute LA AGN
*Agnew, N. & Demas, M. 2014. Immovable Heritage: Appropriate Approaches to
Archaeological Sites and Landscapes, in: Smith, C. (Eds.) Encyclopaedia of Global
Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 3702-16. ISSUE DESK IOA
ENCYCLOPAEDIA http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_535
*Aplin, G. 2002. Heritage: identification, conservation, and management. South Melbourne:
Oxford University Press AG APL (3 copies)
*Auclair, E. and Fairclough, G. (eds.) 2015. Theory and Practice in Heritage and
Sustainability: Between past and future. London: Routledge INST ARCH AG AUC
de la Torre, M. (ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute. Download as pdf from
https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/values_cultural_
heritage.html AG DEL
*de la Torre, M. 2013. Values and Heritage Conservation. Heritage & Society, 60(2): 155–66
Demas, M. 2003. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: Project
Bibliographies. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute MAS/Organisations/Getty/
CMAS_bib.pdf
Fairclough, G, Jameson, J H, Schofield, J, and Harrison, R (eds.) 2007. The Heritage Reader.
London: Routledge AG FAI
Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA
Lowenthal, D. 1985. The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
AG LOW
McManamon, F.P. and Hatton, A. (eds.) 2000. Cultural resource management in
contemporary society: perspectives on managing and presenting the past. One World
Archaeology 33. London: Routledge AG MCM
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 12
McManamon, F. P., Stout, A., and Barnes, J. A. (eds.) 2008. Managing Archaeological
Resources: Global Context, National Programs, Local Actions. Walnut Creek, CA: Left
Coast Press. AG MCM
Matero, F. et al. 1998. Archaeological site conservation and management. An appraisal of
recent trends. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 2, 129-142.
Teaching Collection 2458
*Skeates, R. 2000. Debating the Archaeological Heritage, Debates in Archaeology series,
London: Duckworth AG SKE
Smith, L. 2006. The uses of heritage. London: Routledge ANTHROPOLOGY C 9 SMI
*Sørensen, M. L. S. and Carman, J. (eds.) 2009. Heritage studies: methods and approaches.
London: Routledge. AG SOR
Stubbs, J. 2009. Time Honored - A Global View on Architectural Conservation. Hoboken,
N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. L STU
*Sullivan, S. and Mackay, R. (eds.) 2012. Archaeological sites: conservation and
management. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute AG SUL
Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds.) 2002. Management planning for archaeological
sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute. AG Qto TEU
*UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS & IUCN. (Eds.) 2013. Managing Cultural World Heritage.
Paris: UNESCO MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Resource manual/Managing Cultural
WH_activity-827-1.pdf
Williams, T. 2018. The conservation and management of archaeological sites: a twenty-year
perspective. Conservation Perspectives: The GCI Newsletter. 33(1): 4-9
The Burra charter
http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/
MAS/Charters/Australia_ICOMOS_Burra_Charter_1999.pdf
This sets out approaches to site management that are gaining acceptance amongst
professionals worldwide. This charter has recently been revised: see Truscott, M & Young, C
(2000) Revising the Burra Charter: Australia ICOMOS updates its guidelines for conservation
practice, in Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 4(2).
Key journals:
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
Public Archaeology
The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice
Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development
Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage
Antiquity (especially the editorials)
International Journal of Heritage Studies
Journal of Cultural Heritage
For the UK:
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 13
British Archaeology (Council for British Archaeology)
Rescue News
The Field Archaeologist (Institute of Field Archaeologists)
Useful websites:
The Council for British Archaeology https://new.archaeologyuk.org/
The Getty Conservation Institute http://www.getty.edu/conservation/
ICOMOS http://www.icomos.org
ICCROM http://www.iccrom.org
UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/
And the UNESCO World Heritage Centre https://whc.unesco.org/en/
Further reading:
Agnew, N. and Demas, M. (eds.) 2015. (revised edition) Principles for the Conservation of
Heritage Sites in China. ICOMOS China: The Getty Conservation Institute
MAS/Organisations/Getty/china_principles/ china_prin_heritage_sites_2015.pdf.
Agnew, N., Demas, M., Sullivan, S., & Altenburg, K. 2004. The begetting of charters: genesis
of the China Principles, Historic environment 18(1): 40-45
Appadurai, A. 2002. Cultural diversity: a conceptual platform, in Stenou, K. (ed.) UNESCO
Universal declaration on cultural diversity. 9-16. Paris: UNESCO Online
Araoz, G. F. 2011. Preserving heritage places under a new paradigm, Journal of Cultural
Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 55-60 Online
Ashley, C & Bouakaze-Khan, D 2011. Conservation and Management of Archaeological
Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 13: 95-
102 PERS
Avrami, E., Mason, R. and De la Torre, M. (eds.) 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation.
Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MB 2 AVR
MAS/Organisations/Getty/values and heritage conservation.pdf
Bandarin, F., Hosagrahar, J., & Frances, S. A. 2011. Why development needs culture, Journal
of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 15-25 Online
Boswell, D. & Evans, J. (eds.) 1999. Representing the nation: a reader: histories, heritage
and museums. London & New York: Routledge AG BOS
Buttimer, N., Rynne, C. and Guerin, H. (eds.) 2000. The heritage of Ireland. Cork: Collins
Press MA 41.7 BUT
Brisbane, M.A. and Wood, J. 1996. A Future for Our Past?: An Introduction to Heritage
Studies, London: English Heritage AG Qto BRI
Carman, J. 1996. Valuing ancient things: archaeology and the law. Leicester: Leicester
University Press (esp. 1.1 and 3.8) AG20CAR
Carman, J. 2002. Archaeology and heritage: an introduction. London: Continuum
AG CAR
Carman, J. 2005. Against cultural property: archaeology, heritage and ownership. London:
Duckworth AG CAR
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 14
Carman, J. 2015. Archaeological Resource Management: An International Perspective.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available online via UCL library
Carver, M. 1996. On archaeological value. Antiquity 70, 45-56. PERS
Choay, F. 2001. The invention of the historic monument. Cambridge University Press
Barlett: Architecture B 20 CHO
Cleere, H. (ed.) 1984. Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press AG 20 Qto CLE
Cleere, H. (ed.) 1989. Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World. London:
Unwin Hyman, One World Archaeology 9 AG 20 CLE
Cooper, M.A., Firth, A., Carman, J. and Wheatley, D. (eds.) 1995. Managing archaeology.
London: Routledge AG COO
Darvill, T.C., Parker Pearson, M., Smith, R. and Thomas, R. (eds.) 1978. New Approaches to
Our Past. Southampton: Southampton University Archaeology Society AH Qto DAR
De la Torre, M. (ed.) 1997. The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean
region. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute AG Qto DEL
De la Torre, M. (ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute. MAS/Organisations/Getty/assessing the value of cultural
heritage.pdf
Emerick, K. 2014. Conserving and Managing Ancient Monuments: Heritage, Democracy,
and Inclusion. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Heritage Matters Series 14 AG EME
English Heritage. 2000. Power of Place: the Future of the Historic Environment, London:
English Heritage ARCHITECTURE B 20 POW
Fowler, P.J. 1992. The Past in Contemporary Society: Then, Now. London: Routledge
AG FOW
Frankel, D. 1993. The excavator: creator or destroyer? Antiquity 67, 875-7. PERS
Graham, B. and Howard, P. (eds.) 2008. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and
Identity. Aldershot: Ashgate. AG GRA
Harrison, R. 2013. Heritage: Critical Approaches. New York: Routledge AG HAR
Hodder, I. and Doughty, L. 2007. Mediterranean prehistoric heritage: training, education
and management. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
DAG 100 HOD
Howard, P. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Kalman, H. 2014. Heritage Planning: Principles and Process. Oxford: Routledge.
Lambrick, G. 1985. Archaeology and Nature Conservation, Oxford: Oxford University
DAA 100 Qto LAM
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 15
Layton, R., Shennan, S., and Stone, P. (eds.) 2006. A Future for Archaeology. London: UCL
Press AG LAY
Lennon, J., Egloff, B., Davey, A. & Taylor, K. 1999. Conserving the cultural values of
natural areas: a discussion paper. Australian ICOMOS
MAS/Australian ICOMOS/Conserving the Cultural Values of Natural Areas.pdf
Lipe, W. D. 1984. Value and meaning in cultural resources. In Cleere, H. F. ed. Approaches
to the archaeological heritage. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press,
1-11. AG20 Qto CLE
Lowenthal, D. and Binney, M. (eds.) 1981. Our Past Before Us: Why Do We Save It?
London: Temple Smith LC LOW
Lowenthal, D. 1998. The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press AG LOW
Lynott, M.J. and Wylie, A. (eds.) 1995. Ethics in American archaeology: challenges for the
1990s. Special Report. Washington, D.C.: Society for American Archaeology
AG20 LYN
Macinnes, L. and Wickham-Jones, C. (eds.) 1992. All Natural Things: Archaeology and the
Green Debate. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 21 AG MAC
McBryde, I. (ed.) 1985. Who owns the past? Melbourne: Oxford University Press
MB1 MAC
Miksic, J N, Goh, G Y, and O'Connor, S (eds.) 2011. Rethinking cultural resource
management in Southeast Asia: preservation, development, and neglect. London & New
York: Anthem Press AG MIK
Morales Juarez, R. 1996. In Central America: archaeological heritage and sustainable
development planning. In Archaeological Remains. In situ preservation. ICOMOS
International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management, Ottawa, 235-241.
L ICO
Morris, R. 2002. Reshaping the Landscape/Rethinking the Land. RSA Lecture.
MAS/English Heritage/morris_31jan02.pdf
Neumann, T. W. and Sanford, R.M. 2001. Cultural resources archaeology: an introduction.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press DED 100 NEU
Newcombe, R.M. 1979. Planning the past: historical landscape resources and recreation.
Studies in Historical Geography. London: William Dawson MG2 NEW
O’Keefe, P. J. 1997. Trade in antiquities. Reducing destruction and theft. London: UNESCO
Publishing/Archetype Publications AG20 OKE
Riegl, A. 1996. The modern cult of monuments; its essence and development. In Stanley
Price, N.P., Talley, Jr. M.K. and A. Melucco Vaccaro, A. (eds.) Historical and philosophical
issues in the conservation of cultural heritage: readings in conservation. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute, 69-83. KN STA
Scarre, C. and Scarre, G. (eds.) 2006. The ethics of archaeology: philosophical perspectives
on archaeological practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press AG SCA
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 16
Schmidt, P.R. and McIntosh, R.J. (eds.) 1996. Plundering Africa’s Past. London: Indiana
University Press, Bloomington and James Currey DC100 SCH
Smith, L. 1994. Heritage management as postprocessual archaeology? Antiquity, 68, 300-309.
PERS
Smith, L. 2004. Archaeological theory and the politics of cultural heritage. London:
Routledge AG SMI
Stubbs, J.H. & Thomson, R.G. 2017. Architectural Conservation in Asia: national
experiences and practice. London: Routledge INST ARCH DBN STU
Tubb, K.W. (ed.) 1995. Antiquities, trade or betrayed. Legal, ethical and conservation issues.
London: Archetype/UKIC Archaeology Section AG20 TUB
UNESCO 2003. Identification and documentation of modern heritage. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/UNESCO/Misc/Identification and documentation of modern heritage.pdf
Van Balen, K. 2008. The Nara Grid: An Evaluation Scheme Based on the Nara Document on
Authenticity, APT Bulletin 39(2/3): 39-45 Online
Vitelli, K.D. (ed.) 1996. Archaeological ethics. Readings from Archaeology magazine.
Walnut Creek and New Delhi: Altamira Press, and London: Sage Publications AG VIT
Waterton, E. & Watson, S. (Eds.) 2015. The Palgrave handbook of contemporary heritage
research. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. IOE F3.075 WAT & online via UCL library
Winter, T. 2012. Beyond Eurocentrism? Heritage conservation and the politics of difference.
International Journal of Heritage Studies 20(2): 123-37
Zan, L., Baraldi, S.B., Lusiani, M., Shoup, D., Ferri, P. & Onofri, F. (eds.) 2015. Managing
Cultural Heritage: An International Research Perspective. Ashgate. AG ZAN
Session 2 (lecture): Authenticity, values and interest groups (Gai Jorayev)
What is authentic? What or who defines authenticity? What are values? How can they
influence the way a site is conserved, interpreted, presented and managed? Who are the
stakeholders? How can a site be assessed for its significance? Who establishes significance?
What should be conserved: authenticity or significance?
Key reading (authenticity):
Alivizatou, M. 2011. Intangible Heritage and Erasure: Rethinking Cultural Preservation and
Contemporary Museum Practice. International Journal of Cultural Property, 18(1): 37-60
Araoz, G.F. 2013. Conservation philosophy and its development: changing understandings of
autheticity and significance. Heritage & Society, 6(2): 144-54
ICOMOS US 1996. Inter-American Symposium on Authenticity in the Conservation and
Management of the Cultural Heritage, San Antonio, Texas - March 1996
https://www.usicomos.org/past-symposia/1996-usicomos-international-symposium/
ICOMOS 1996. Declaration of San Antonio on Authenticity.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 17
https://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-
and-standards/188-the-declaration-of-san-antonio
Jokilehto, J. 1985. Authenticity in restoration principles and practices. Bulletin of the
Association for Preservation Technology 17, 5-11 Teaching Collection 1694
Jones, S. 2009. Experiencing Authenticity at Heritage Sites: Some Implications for Heritage
Management and Conservation. Conservation and management of archaeological sites,
11(2): 133-47 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355210X12670102063661
Lowenthal, D. 1992. Authenticity? The dogma of self-delusion. In Jones, M. (ed.) Why fakes
matter. Essays on problems of authenticity. London: British Museum Press, 184-192
Teaching Collection 910
Useful source:
UNESCO-ICOMOS Documentation Centre 2010. Authenticity: a bibliography. Paris:
ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and sites
MAS/ICOMOS/ Biblio_authenticity_2010.pdf
Further reading (authenticity):
Andrews, T. D. & Buggey, S. 2008. Authenticity in Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes, APT
Bulletin 39(2/3): 63-71 Online
Araoz, G. F. 2008. World-Heritage Historic Urban Landscapes: Defining and Protecting
Authenticity, APT Bulletin 39(2/3): 33-37 Online
Cleere, H. 1995. The Evaluation of Authenticity in the Context of the World Heritage
Convention, Proceedings of the Nara Conference on Authenticity, 57-66 AG LAR
Cleere, H. 2014. Authenticity in Archaeological Conservation and Preservation, in: Smith, C.
(ed.) Encyclopaedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 720-4
Holtorf, C. & Schadla-Hall, T. 1999. Age as Artefact: on archaeological authenticity,
European Journal of Archaeology 2(2), 229-247 PERS
ICOMOS. Authenticity in the conservation and management of the cultural heritage in the
Americas.
Jerome, P. 2008. An Introduction to Authenticity in Preservation. APT Bulletin. 39(2/3): 3-7
Jokilehto, J. 1995. Authenticity: a general framework for the concept, Proceeding of the Nara
Conference on Authenticity, 17-34. AG LAR
Jones, S. & Yarrow, T. 2013. Crafting authenticity: an ethnography of conservation practice,
Journal of Material Culture 18(1): 3-26
Kono, T. 2014. Authenticity: principles and notions, Change Over Time 4(2): 436-460
Larsen, K.E. (ed.) 1995. Proceedings off the Nara Conference on Authenticity. Japan 1994.
UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS. Trondheim: Tapir Publishers AG LAR
McBryde, I. 1997. Ambiguities of authenticity: rock of faith or shifting sands? Conservation
and management of archaeological sites 2(2), 93-100. PERS
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 18
Mortensen, L. 2006. Experiencing Copán: the authenticity of stone. In Silverman, H. and
Shackel, E. (eds.) Archaeological site museums in Latin America. University Press of Florida,
47-63
Price, C. 2000. Following Fashion: the ethics of archaeological conservation. In
McManamon, F and Hatton, A. (eds.) Cultural Resource Management in Contemporary
Society: perspectives on managing and presenting the past. London: Routledge, 213-230
AG MCM
Pye, E. 2006. Authenticity challenged? The ‘plastic house’ at Çatalhöyük. Public
Archaeology 5, 237-251. PERS
Saouma-Forero, G. (ed.) 2001. Authenticity and integrity in an African context. Expert
meeting - Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 26-29 May 2000. UNESCO
MAS/Authenticity and Integrity in an African Context.pdf
Schoorl, F F J 2005. On Authenticity and Artificiality in Heritage Policies in the Netherlands,
Museum International 57(3), 79-85
Stone, P. and Planel, P.G. (eds.) 1999. The constructed past. Experimental archaeology,
education and the public. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge AH STO
Ucko, P J 2000. Enlivening a ‘dead’ past, Conservation and Management of Archaeological
Sites 4, 67-92 Teaching Collection 2507
Key reading (values):
Australian ICOMOS 1998. The Burra Charter. Revised.
https://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/
Avrami, E., Mason, R. and De la Torre, M. (eds.) Values and Heritage Conservation.
Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MB 2 AVR
MAS/Organisations/Getty/values and heritage conservation.pdf or
https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/values_heritage
_research_report.html
Bond, S. & Worthing, D. 2016. Managing built heritage: the role of cultural values and
significance. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Bartlett TH3401.W675 2015 (first edition
available online)
de la Torre, M. (ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute. MAS/Organisations/Getty/assessing the value of cultural
heritage.pdf or
https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/assessing.pd
f Especially Mason, R. 2002. Assessing values in conservation planning: methodological
issues and choices, 5-30.
de la Torre, M. 2013. Values and Heritage Conservation. Heritage & Society, 60(2): 155–66
Demas, M. 2002. Planning for conservation and management of archaeological sites: a
values-based approach. In Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds.) Management planning for
archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los
Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 27-56 AG Qto TEU
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 19
Hall, C. M. and McArthur, S. 1996. The Human dimension of heritage management: different
values, different interests, different issues. In Hall, C.M. & McArthur, S (eds.) Heritage
Management in Australia and New Zealand. Oxford University Press, 2-21 DD HAL
Fredheim, L.H. & Khalaf, M. 2016. The significance of values: heritage value typologies re-
examined. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22(6): 466-81
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2016.1171247
Pearson, M. and Sullivan, S. 1995. Assessing the Value of Heritage Places, in Looking After
Heritage Places. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 126-186.
Teaching Collection 2449
Samuels, K.L. 2008. Value and significance in archaeology. Archaeological Dialogues. 15
(Special Issue 01): 71-97
Further reading (values):
Aplin, G. 2002. Heritage: identification, conservation, and management. South Melbourne:
Oxford University Press AG APL (3 copies)
Austin, R.J., Hoffman, K.S. & Ballo, G.R. 2002. Thinking about Significance. Riverview:
Florida Archaeological Council.
Bickford, A. 1981. The patina of nostalgia. Australian Archaeology 13, 1-7
PERS
Briver, F. and Mathers, C. (eds.) 1996. Trends and Patterns in Cultural Resources
Significance: an Historical Perspective and Annotated Bibliography. Alexandria, VA: U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers DED100 ENV
Byrne, D. 1991. Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management. History and
anthropology 5, 269-276. Teaching Collection 2457
Darvill, T. 1995. Value systems in archaeology. In Cooper, M.A., Firth, A., Carman, J. and
Wheatley, D. (eds.) Managing archaeology. London: Routledge, 40-50 AG COO
Darvill, T., Saunders, A., and Startin, W. 1987. A question of national importance:
approaches to the evaluation of ancient monuments for the Monuments Protection
Programme. Antiquity 61, 393-408 PERS
De la Torre, M., MacLean, M. Mason, R. & Myers, D. (eds.) 2005. Heritage values in site
management: four case studies, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute AG DEL
Deeben, J., Groenewoudt, B.J., Hallewas, D.P. and Willems, W.J.H. 1999. Proposals for a
practical system of significance evaluation in archaeological heritage management. European
Journal of Archaeology 2(2), 177-199. PERS
Dicks, B. 2000. Heritage, Place & Community, Cardiff: University of Wales Press AG DIC
Drury, P. & McPherson, A. 2008. Conservation principles: policies and guidance for the
sustainable management of the historic environment. London: English Heritage
ARCHITECTURE B 20 DRU & https://historicengland.org.uk/images-
books/publications/conservation-principles-sustainable-management-historic-
environment/conservationprinciplespoliciesandguidanceapril08web/
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 20
Gable, E. and Handler, R. 1996. After authenticity at an American heritage site. American
Anthropologist 98(3), 568-578. Anthropology PERS
Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds.) 1990. The Politics of the Past. One World
Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman AG GAT
Gibson, L. and Pendlebury, J. (eds.) 2009. Valuing Historic Environments. Farnham: Ashgate
ARCHITECTURE B 20 VAL
Graham, B. and Howard, P. (eds.) 2008. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and
Identity. Aldershot: Ashgate. AG GRA
Groenewouldt, B.J., Bloemers, J.H.F. 1997. Dealing with significance: concepts, strategies
and priorities for Archaeological Heritage Management in the Netherlands. In Willems,
W.J.H., H. Kars, H. and Hallewas, D.P. (eds.) Archaeological heritage management in the
Netherlands: fifty years State Service for Archaeological Investigations. Assen: Rijksdienst
voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 119-172 DAHB WIL
Hardesty, D. L. and Little, B. J. 2000. Assessing site significance: a guide for archaeologists.
AltaMira DED 100 HAR
Klamer, A. and Zuidhof, P. 1999. The Values of Cultural Heritage: Merging Economic and
Cultural Appraisals. In Mason, R. (ed.) Economics and Heritage Conservation. A Meeting
Organized by the Getty Conservation Institute, December 1998. Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute, 23-61 Teaching Collection 2789 MB 2 GET
MAS/Organisations/Getty/economics and heritage conservation.pdf
Labadi, S. 2012. UNESCO, Cultural Heritage, and Outstanding Universal Value: Value-
based Analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions.
Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press. ARCHITECTURE B 20 LAB
Langford, R. 1983. Our heritage - your playground. Australian Archaeology 16, 1-6
PERS
Larsen, K. E. 1988. Impressions of Japanese preservation efforts. ICOMOS Information 3, 7-
16 Teaching Collection 1859
Larsen, K.E. (ed.) 1995. Proceedings of the Nara conference on authenticity. Nara, Japan, 1-
6 November, 1994. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Agency for Cultural Affairs Japan,
ICCROM, ICOMOS. Tokyo: Agency for Cultural Affairs AG LAR
Larsen, K.E. and Ito, N. 1990. Dialogue on the protection of architectural monuments in
Japan. ICOMOS Information 3, 12-21 Teaching Collection 1858
Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Conflict in the archaeology of living traditions. One World
Archaeology 8. London: Unwin Hyman BD LAY
Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Who needs the past? indigenous values and archaeology. One World
Archaeology 5. London: Unwin Hyman BD LAY
Mason, R. (ed.) 1999. Economics and Heritage Conservation. A Meeting Organized by the
Getty Conservation Institute, December 1998. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
MB 2 GET MAS/Organisations/Getty/economics and heritage conservation.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 21
Mason, R. 2008. Be Interested and Beware: Joining Economic Valuation and Heritage
Conservation, International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(4): 303-318
MAS/Site Management Themes/Values and Significance/Mason_Be aware.pdf
Mason, R. and Avarami, E. 2002. Heritage values and challenges of conservation planning. In
Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds.) Management planning for archaeological sites: an
international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute, 13-26 AG Qto TEU
Merriman, N. (ed.) 2004. Public Archaeology. London: Routledge AG MER
Pai, H. I. 2014. Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and
Identity. Washington: University of Washington Press AG PAI
Pendlebury, J. 2009. Conservation in the Age of Consensus. London: Routledge AG PEN
Reich, R. 1987. The archaeologist’s dilemma. In ICOMOS 8th General Assembly and
International Symposium “Old Cultures in New Worlds”. Washington, D.C: U.S. ICOMOS.
Vol. II, 1009-1014 Teaching Collection 1521
Schmitt, T. M. 2008. The UNESCO Concept of Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage: Its
Background and Marrakchi Roots, International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(2): 95-111.
Schofield, J. 2009. Being Autocentric: Towards Symmetry in Heritage Management
Practices. In: L. Gibson and J. Pendlebury (eds.) Valuing Historic Environments. Farnham,
Surrey: Ashgate, 93-113 ARCHITECTURE B 20 VAL
Schofield, J. and Szymanski, R. (eds.) 2011. Local Heritage, Global Context: Cultural
Perspectives on Sense of Place. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate AG SCH
Stephenson, J. 2008. The Cultural Values Model: An Integrated Approach to Values in
Landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 84 (2), 127-139.
Sullivan, S. and Bowdler, S. (eds.) 1984. Site Surveys and Significance Assessment in
Australian Archaeology. Canberra: Bibliotech DDA SUL
Tahan, L G 2005. Redefining the Lebanese Past, Museum International 57(3), 86-94
Wang Gungwu 1985. Loving the Ancient in China. In McBryde, I. (ed.) Who owns the past?
Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 174-195 MB1 MAC
Wei, C. and Aass, A. 1989. Heritage conservation: east and west. ICOMOS Information 3, 3-8
Teaching Collection 1519
For examples – see the Management Plans on the USB flash drive.
Session 3 (lecture): Putting people first: living heritage and people centred
approaches to the conservation of culture and nature (Dean Sully)
The Living Heritage Sites Programme developed a pioneering approach to the management of
heritage places. The Living Heritage Approach (LHA), initially associated with heritage sites
in Asia, was formulated by ICCROM through series of research and capacity building
projects from 2003-2010. This highlighted three key elements (diversity, continuity and
community) that were under represented in conventional approaches to the conservation
management of sites and monuments.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 22
As a philosophy: LHA emphasizes continuity (of function, community connection, cultural
expression and care), which identifies the response to change as the primary reason for the
conservation and management of heritage.
As a process: LHA focuses on the role of a core community and facilitates community-led
activities that utilise traditional knowledge systems in the care of heritage places. This brings
reciprocal benefits to the communities and their heritage places.
As a product: LHA offers resilient and sustainable systems for caring for heritage places,
where a core community is directly engaged in decisions making about their heritage.
These methods, developed to deal with caring for Living heritage, have been expanded and
adopted into a new programme People-Centred Approaches to Conservation and Management
of Heritage (PCA) (2010-2017). This has led to IUCN /ICCROM’s the new development
paradigm: People-Centred Approaches to the Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage
(2017 and beyond). PCA places concern for links between nature-culture-people and their
relevance to the lives of contemporary communities at the core of conservation decision-
making.
Taking a people-centred approach moves beyond simply increasing participation in
conservation management systems. It ensures that the fundamental relationships between
people and their heritage places are at the core of conservation management practice. This
enables the process of caring for heritage to provide reciprocal and sustainable benefits
between people and their heritage places. People-Centred Approaches for the Conservation of
Natural and Cultural Heritage now provide a theoretical basis to underpin future heritage
management practices. This publication provides the first opportunity to present a new
approach that authorises alternative ways of caring for heritage places.
Key readings:
Jones, Sian. 2016. Wrestling with the social value of heritage: problems, dilemmas, and
opportunities. Journal of Community Archaeology and Heritage, 4/1, 1-17,
Logan, W and Wijesuriya, G. 2015. New Heritage Studies and Education, Training, and
Capacity‐Building, in William Logan, Máiréad Nic Craith, and Ullrich Kockel (eds.), A
Companion to Heritage Studies. USA: Wiley- Blackwell, pp. 557-573.
Ndoro, W. and Wijesuriya, G. 2015. Heritage Management and Conservation: From
Colonization to Globalization, in Lynn Meskel (ed.), Global Heritage: A Reader. USA:
Wiley-Blackwell, 131-149.
Wijesuriya, G., J. Thompson and S Court (2017) People-centred approaches: engaging
communities and developing capacities for managing heritage, in G. Chitty (ed.), Heritage,
Conservation and Communities: Engagement, participation and capacity building. London:
Routledge, pp. 34-50.
The Faro Convention. 2005. Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural
Heritage for Society Explanatory Report. Available from:
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Reports/Html/199.htm
Further reading:
Holtorf, Cornelius. 2017. Chapter 1 Introduction The meaning of time travel. In Bodil
Petersson, & Cornelius Holtorf, (eds.), 2017. The archaeology of time travel, experiencing the
past in the 21st century. Archaeopress Archaeology (www.archaeopress.com): 1-22.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 23
Jokilehto, Jukka. 2005. Definition of Cultural Heritage: References to Documents in History
ICCROM Working Group Heritage and Society. Selected by J. Jokilehto (Originally for
ICCROM, 1990) Revised for CIF: 15 January 2005. Available from:
http://cif.icomos.org/pdf_docs/Documents%20on%20line/Heritage%20definitions.pdf
Kreps, Cristine. 2003. Liberating Culture: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Museums,
Curation, and Heritage Preservation. London: Routledge.
McNiven, Ian. J., Russell, Lynne., 2005. Appropriated pasts, indigenous peoples and the
colonial culture of archaeology. Oxford: Altamira Press.
Munas-Vinas, Salvador. 2005. Contemporary Theory of Conservation. Oxford: Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Poulios, Iannis. 2010. Moving Beyond a Values-based Approach to Heritage conservation.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 12 (2) 170-185.
Poulios, Iannis. 2014. The Past in the Present: A living Heritage Approach-Meteora Greece.
London: Ubiquity Press.
Smith, Laurajane, Waterton, Emma. 2009. Heritage Communities and Archaeology. London:
Gerald & Co.
Smith, Linda. Tuhiwai. 1999. Decolonizing methodologies: research and indigenous peoples.
London: Zed Books.
Stovel, Herb, Stanley-Price, Nicholas, Killick, Robert. (eds.) 2005. Conservation of Living
Religious Heritage. ICCROM Conservation Studies 3. Rome: ICCROM.
Sully, Dean. (ed.) 2007. Decolonising Conservation: Caring for Maori Meeting Houses
Outside New Zealand. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Sully, Dean. 2015. Conservation theory and practice: Materials, values, and people in heritage
conservation. In C. McCarthy (ed.) Volume 4: Museum Practice: Critical Debates in the
Museum Sector. International Handbook of Museum Studies. Sydney: John Wiley & Sons, 1–
23.
Wijesuriya, G., J. Thompson, and C. Young (2013) UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM Resource
Manual on Managing Cultural World Heritage, Paris: UNESCO publication.
Case Study
Allen, Ngapine. 1998. Maori vision and the imperialist gaze. In T. Barringer, and T. Flynn,
(eds.), Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum. London:
Routledge, 144-147.
Denslagen, W., 2003. The artificial life of heritage. In E. Theophile, N. Gutschow (eds.) The
Sulima Pagoda: East meets West in the Restoration of a Nepalese Temple. Weatherhill New
York: The Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust, 95-102.
Hakiwai, Arapata, Terrell, John, 1994. Ruatepupuke A Maori Meeting House. Field Museum,
Chicago: The Field Museum Centennial Collection.
Hall, C. M. and McArthur, S., 1996. The Human Dimension of Heritage Management:
different values, different interests, different issues’. In C. M. Hall, S. McArthur, (eds.)
Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2-21.
Henare, A. 2007. Taonga Maori: encompassing rights and property in New Zealand. In A.
Henare, M. Holbraad, & S. Wastell, (eds.) Thinking Through Things Theorising Artefacts
Ethnographically. London: Routledge, 47-67.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 24
Hooper-Greenhill, Eilean., 1998. Perspectives on Hinemihi: A Maori Meeting House. In T.
Barringer and T. Flynn (eds.) Colonialism and Its Objects: Empire, Material Culture and the
Museum. London: Routledge, 129-143.
Hooper-Greenhill, Eilean., 2000. Speaking for herself? Hinemihi and her discourses. In E.
Hooper-Greenhill Museums and the Interpretation of Visual Culture London: Routledge, 49-
75.
New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT). 2009. Maori Built Heritage Policy Mahi
Whakaoranga Taonga Whakatu Conserving Maori Built Heritage. Wellington, New Zealand:
New Zealand Historic Places Trust /Pouhere Taonga.
Sully, Dean, Cardoso, Isabel, Pombo. 2014. Painting Hinemihi by Numbers: Peoples-based
Conservation and the Paint Analysis of Hinemihi’s Carvings. Studies in Conservation.
Volume 59, Number 3, 180-193.
Sully, Dean, Raymond, Rosanna., Hoete, Anthony., 2014. Locating Hinemihi’s People.
Journal of Material Culture, 19 (2) 209–229.
Thomas, Nicholas, 1991. Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture and Colonialism in
the Pacific, London: Harvard University Press.
Thomas, Nicholas, Adams, Mark, Schuster, James, and Grant, Lyonel. 2009. Rauru: Tene
Waitere, Maori Carvings, and Colonial History. Dunedin: Otago University Press.
Wharton, Glenn. 2005. Indigenous Claims and Heritage Conservation: an Opportunity for
Critical Dialogue. Public Archaeology 4 (2/3).
Wijesuriya, G. and S. Lee (2017) Asian Buddhist Heritage: Conserving the Sacred, Rome:
ICCROM.
Session 4 (lecture): Management planning: models and approaches (Tim
Williams)
Management plans have become an established element of site management in recent years,
are required by many funding agencies, and are now a prerequisite for attaining World
Heritage Site status. Are they an appropriate tool for all sites? What should they aim to
achieve? How can they be applied?
Models for the planning process will be examined, including: the identification of aims,
values, stakeholders; documentation and description of the site and its conditions; assessment
and analysis of values, management context, and physical condition; developing long,
medium and short term goals through the establishment of policies, objectives, strategies and
tasks; issues of implementation and the monitoring.
“Value-based planning is an approach capable of being manipulated, or for the faint
of heart, of being turned into formulas or rules. It needs honesty, integrity, and
dedicated practice, but the reward is a far more intellectually engaging process,
yielding a deeper, broader, and more intimate understanding of what gives a site
relevance and meaning to society” (Demas 2002, 49-50).
Example management plans:
See list examples on the USB flash drive.
Key reading (planning process):
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 25
Australian Heritage Commission 2000. Protecting Local Heritage Places - A guide for
communities. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/about-
us/publications/archive#heritage
Australian Heritage Commission 2000. Protecting Heritage Places. 10 steps to help protect
the natural and cultural significance of places. Available at:
http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/publications/archive#heritage
Demas, M. 2002. Planning for Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: a
values-based approach, in Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds.) 2002. Management
planning for archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty
Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 27-56 AG Qto TEU
Hall, C.M. & McArthur, S. 1996. Strategic Planning. In Hall, C.M. & McArthur, S (eds.)
Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand. Oxford University Press, 22-36
Teaching Collection 2448
Kerr, J. 2013. The conservation plan: a guide to the preparation of conservation plans for
places of European cultural significance. Seventh edition. Australia ICOMOS
MAS/Organisations/Australia ICOMOS/The-Conservation-Plan-7th-Edition.pdf
Mason, R. & Avarami, E. 2002. Heritage values and challenges of conservation planning, in
Teutonico, J. M. & Palumbo, G. (eds.) Management planning for archaeological sites: an
international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute, 13-26 AG Qto TEU
Ringbeck, B. 2008. Management Plans for World Heritage Sites: A practical guide. German
Commission for UNESCO
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/ Management_Plan_for_World_Heritage_Sites.pdf
Sullivan, S. 1997. A planning model for the management of archaeological sites. In De la
Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An
international conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty
Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 15-26
Teaching Collection 2212
UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS & IUCN. (eds.) 2013. Managing Cultural World Heritage.
Paris: UNESCO. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1078
Further reading:
Avrami, E., Guillaud, H. & Hardy, M. (Eds.) 2008. Terra Literature Review: An Overview of
Earthen Architecture Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/terra_literature_r
eview.html
Burnett, J. and Morrison, I. 1994. Defining and recording the resource: documentation. In
Harrison, R. (ed.) Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 117-
126 MC HAR
Caple, C. 2000. Conservation skills: judgement, method and decision making. London:
Routledge L CAP
Castellanos, C. and Hoyle, A. 2000. Conservation management planning for earthen
architecture Chan Chan, Peru. In Terra 2000, 8th international conference on the study and
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 26
conservation of earthen architecture, Torquay, Devon, UK, May 2000. London: James and
James, 13-18 KP Qto INT
Castellanos, C. & Descamps, F. 2009. Conservation Management Planning: Putting Theory
into Practice, The Case of Joya de Cerén, El Salvador. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute. Available online
Castillo Mena, A. (ed.) 2012. Actas I Congreso Internacional de Buenas Prácticas en
Patrimonio Mundial: Arqueología [Proceedings of the I Internacional Conference on Best
Practices in World Heritage: Archaeology], Menorca, 9-13 April 2012. Madrid: Universidad
Complutense de Madrid. https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/3-2013-02-07-1-589.pdf
Castillo Mena, A. (eds) 2015. Second Internacional Conference on Best Practices in World
Heritage: people and communities, Menorca, 29 April to 2 May 2015. Madrid: Universidad
Complutense de Madrid. http://eprints.ucm.es/34899/
Clark, K. (ed.) 1999. Conservation Plans in Action. Proceedings of the Oxford Conference.
London: English Heritage Ag Qto CLA
Clark, K. 2001. Informed Conservation. Understanding historic buildings and their
landscapes for conservation. London: English Heritage L Qto CLA
De la Torre, M., MacLean, M. Mason, R. & Myers, D. (eds.) 2005. Heritage values in site
management: four case studies, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
AG DEL
Global Heritage Fund. 2005. Guidelines for Master Conservation Planning. GHF
Hall, C.M. and McArthur, S. 1998. Integrated Heritage Management. Principles and
Practice. London: The Stationery Office MC1 HAL
Harrison, R. (ed.) 1994. Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
MC HAR
Herbert, D.T., Prentice, R.C., and Thomas, C.J. 1999. Heritage Sites: Strategies for
Marketing and Development. Aldershot: Ashgate AG HER
HLF. (n.d.) Conservation Management Plans. A guide
MAS/HLF/Conservation Management Plans - A Guide.pdf
Jones, R. 1985. Recommendations for archaeological site management in Kakadu National
Park. In Jones, R. (ed.) Archaeological Research in Kakadu National Park. Australian
National Parks and Wildlife Service. DDA JON
Karpati, T. H. 2011. Management of World Heritage Sites: The Management Plan as an
Effective Tool for the Safeguarding of Heritage. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
AG KAR
Leay, M.J., Rowe, J. and Young, J.D. 1986. Management Plans. A Guide to their Preparation
and Use. Cheltenham: Countryside Commission TOWN PLANNING R 93 LEA
Low, S. M. 2002. Anthropological-ethnographic methods of assessment of cultural values in
heritage conservation, in De la Torre, M (ed.) Assessing the values of cultural heritage Los
Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 27
Lucas, P. H. C. 1992. Protected landscapes: a guide for policy makers and planners. IUCN,
The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland with the support of the Countryside
Commission, Cheltenham, United Kingdom and the East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Chapman & Hall, London - New York AG20 LUC
National Park Service. 1985. Cultural Resources Management Guideline. NPS-28. Release
3). U.S. Department of the Interior
Pearson, M. and Sullivan, S. 1995. Looking after heritage places. The basics of heritage
planning for managers, landowners and administrators. Melbourne: Melbourne University
Press DDA PEA
Press, T. et al. (eds.) 1995. Kakadu: Natural and Cultural Heritage Management. Australian
Nature Conservation Agency, Darwin; North Australia Research Unit, Casuarina; Australian
National University DDA PRE
Rowan, Y. & Baram, U. (eds.) 2004. Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption
of the Past. AltaMira Press AG ROW
Sullivan, S. 1993. Conservation policy delivery. In M. MacLean (ed.) Cultural Heritage in
Asia and the Pacific: Conservation and Policy. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation
Institute, 15-26 AG MAC
Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds.) 2002. Management planning for archaeological sites:
an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute. AG Qto TEU
Willems, W.J.H., H. Kars, H. and Hallewas, D.P. (eds.) 1997. Archaeological Heritage
Management in the Netherlands: Fifty Years State Service for Archaeological Investigations.
Assen: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. DAHB WIL
Zilhâo, J. 1998. The rock art of the Côa Valley, Portugal. Significance, conservation and
management. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 193-206
Teaching Collection 2450
Further reading (management context):
Ambrose, T. and Runyard, S. (eds.) 1991. Forward Planning. A Handbook of Business,
Corporate and Development Planning for Museums and Galleries. London: Routledge
MC 1 AMB
Cossons, N. 1994. Designing and implementing corporate plans, in Harrison, R. (ed.) Manual
of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 12-20 MC HAR
Middleton, V. 1994. Vision, strategy and corporate planning: an overview, in Harrison, R.
(ed.) Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 3-11 MC HAR
Middleton, P. 1994. Measuring performance and contingency planning, in Harrison, R. (ed.)
Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 34-42 MC HAR
Salaman, G. 1995. Managing. Buckingham: Open University Press MC1 SAL
Torrington, D. and Weightman, J. 1994. Effective Management. People and Organisations.
2nd (ed.) Harlow: Prentice Hall MC 1 TOR
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 28
Further reading (Conservation Plans):
Dardes, K. (ed.) 1999. The conservation assessment: a proposed model for evaluating
museum environmental management needs. Getty Conservation Institute
MAS/Organisations/Getty/assessmodeleng.pdf
Session 5 (lecture): Participatory planning, rights, ethics and sustainability (Tim
Williams)
Efforts to manage and conserve heritage places often require the engagement of a multiplicity
of stakeholders, frequently with conflicting interests, values, and identities, as well as clashes
arising from cultural differences. Successful planning is often based on the participation of all
interested parties. This session explores these issues, exploring approaches to developing
active involvement of stakeholders and communities in the planning process, and tools and
techniques for consensus building, negotiation, and conflict resolution.
Sustainable development – and core issues of identity, poverty and education – are central
issues in a discussion of the relevance of our work to contemporary societies. What is our
role, and those of international agencies, in these processes?
Key reading:
Allison, J. 1999. Self-determination in cultural resources management: indigenous peoples’
interpretation of history and of places and landscapes. In Ucko, P.J. and Layton, R. (eds.) The
Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape. Shaping your Landscape. London: Routledge
Teaching Collection 2451
Ekern, S., Logan, W., Sauge, B. & Sinding-Larsen, A. 2012. Special issue. Human rights and
World Heritage: preserving our common dignity through rights-based approaches to site
management. International Journal of Heritage Studies 18(3): 213-345
Ekern, S., Logan, W., Sauge, B. & Sinding-Larsen, A. 2014. World Heritage Management
and Human Rights. London: Routledge
IUCN, ICOMOS & ICCROM. 2014. World Heritage and rights-based approaches. Oslo:
ICOMOS Norway
Jokilehto, J. 2012. Human rights and cultural heritage. Observations on the recognition of
human rights in the international doctrine. International Journal of Heritage Studies 18(3):
226-30
Lekakis, S. 2008. 'Going Local in a Global World': Locating the Public and Evaluating the
Synchronic Context in Archaeological Resource Management. Conservation and
management of archaeological sites, 10(4): 308-19
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050308X12513845914381
Millar, S. 2006. Stakeholders and community participation. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.)
Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 37-54 AG LEA
Myers, D., Nicole Smith, S. & Ostergren, G. (eds.) 2016. Consensus Building, Negotiation,
and Conflict Resolution for Heritage Place Management. Getty Conservation Institute, Los
Angeles. MAS/Organisations/Getty/consensus_building.pdf or
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/consensus_b
uilding.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 29
Orbaşli, A. 2013. Archaeological Site Management and Local Development. Conservation
and management of archaeological sites, 15(3-4): 237-53
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1350503314Z.00000000059
Ronayne, M. 2008. Commitment, Objectivity and Accountability to Communities: Priorities
for 21st-Century Archaeology. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 10(4):
367-81 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050308X12513845914589
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development 1987. Our Common
Future. New York: Oxford University Press. Most commonly referred to as the Brundtland
Report
United Nations 2003. Agenda 21. UN at:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/outcomedocuments/agenda21
UNEP 2003. Tourism and Local Agenda 21. The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable
Tourism. UNEP: Paris MAS/Cultural tourism/UNEP/la21_part1.pdf etc)
Further reading (see also sustainability issues elsewhere and under Session 26):
Aboukorah, O 2005. Between a Secular Management System and International Standards of
Protection: the heritage of Cairo's old quarter, Museum International 57(1-2), 120-128
Akrawi, A. 2002. Petra, Jordan. In Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds.) Management
planning for archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty
Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 98-112 AG Qto TEU
Anyon, R. 1991. Protecting the past, protecting the present: cultural resources and American
Indians. In Smith, G.S. and Ehrenhard, J.E. (eds.) Protecting the Past. Baton Rouge, FL: CRC
Press, 215-222 AG SMI
Anyon, R., Ferguson, T.J. and Welch, J.R. 2000. Heritage management by American Indian
Tribes in the Southwestern United States. In McManamon, F.P. and Hatton, A. (eds.) Cultural
Resources Management in Contemporary Society. Perspectives on Managing and Presenting
the Past. London: Routledge, 120-141 AG MCM
Ayad, C. 1999. Petra's new invaders, UNESCO Courier: 40-42
Bintliff, J. 2004. Local history and heritage management in Greece. The potential at the
village level, in Doukellis, P N & Mendoni, L G (eds.) Protection and evaluation of cultural
landscapes, 137-152. Athens: Diffusion de Boccard AG DOU
Brand, L. A. 2001. Development in Wadi Rum? State bureaucracy, external funders, and civil
society, International Journal of Middle Easy Studies 33, 571-590
Castellanos, C & Descamps, F 2004. Joya de Ceren, El Salvador: site interpretation in
participatory management planning, Museum International 56(3), 94-101
Cernea, M. 2001. Economic benefits and poverty reduction through Cultural Heritage
preservation. In Cultural Heritage and Development: A Framework for Action in the Middle
East and North Africa. Washington: The World Bank, 41-55
Champion, M. 2000. Seahenge: a contemporary chronicle. Aylsham: Barnwell's Timescape
DAA 410 N.5 CHA
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 30
Creamer, H. 1990. Aboriginal perceptions of the past: the implications for Cultural Resource
Management in Australia. In Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds.) The Politics of the Past.
One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman, 130-140 Teaching Collection 2456
Fouseki, K. 2015. Dispute Management in Heritage Conservation: The Case of in Situ
Museums. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. STORE 16-0718/134
Frühsorge, L. 2007 Archaeological Heritage in Guatemala: Indigenous Perspectives on the
Ruins of Iximche', Archaeologies 3(1), 39-57
Greenberg, R. M. (ed.) 1997. Parks Canada: archaeology and aboriginal partners. CRM 20(4)
Khouri-Dagher, N. 2006. Heritage: Living places managed by local people, UNESCO Sources
115, 10-11
Lertrit, S. 1997. Who owns the past? A perspective from Chiang Saen, Thailand.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(2), 81-92 PERS
Little, B.J. (ed.) 2002. The public benefits of archaeology. Gainesville: Florida University
Press DED 100 LIT
Little, B. J. and Shackel, P. A. (eds.) 2007. Archaeology as a tool of civic engagement.
Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press DED 100 LIT
Margerum, R.D. 2002. Collaborative Planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research,
21(3): 237-53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456X0202100302
Meskell, L. 2010. Human Rights and Heritage Ethics. Anthropological Quarterly 83(4): 839-
60
Miura, K 2006. Conservation of a 'living heritage site'. A contradiction in terms? A case study
of Angkor Wat World Heritage Site, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 7,
3-18
Moser, S, Glazier, D, Phillips, J E, Nassar el Nemr, L, Saleh Mousa, M, Nasr Aiesh, R,
Richardson, S, Conner, A, Seymour, M 2002. Transforming archaeology through practice:
strategies for collaborative archaeology and the community archaeology project at Qusier,
Egypt. World Archaeology, 34, 220-248 PERS
Munjeri, D. 2004. Anchoring African cultural and natural heritage: the significance of local
community awareness in the context of capacity-building. In E. de Merode, R. Smeets and C.
Westrik (eds.). Linking Universal and Local Values: Managing a Sustainable Future for
World Heritage. Paris: UNESCO, pp. 75-80 MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/World Heritage
Series n°13
Ndoro, W. 2001. Your Monument, Our Shrine: The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe.
Uppsala: Uppsala University. DCE Qto NDO & Issue Desk NDO
Ndoro, W. 2004. Traditional and customary heritage systems: nostalgia or reality? The
implications of managing heritage sites in Africa. In E. de Merode, R. Smeets and C. Westrik
(eds.). Linking Universal and Local Values: Managing a Sustainable Future for World
Heritage. Paris: UNESCO, pp. 81-4. MAS/UNESCO/World Heritage Series n°13
Paolini, A 2005. Successes and Outcomes of the Nubia Campaign, Museum International
57(1-2), 55-60
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 31
Pessis, A-M. & Guidon, N. 2007. Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil: cultural heritage
and society, World Archaeology 39(3), 406-416
Poulios, I. 2014. The Past in the Present: A Living Heritage Approach – Meteora. Ubiquity
Press Online
Press, T. and Lawrence, D. nd. Kadadu National Park: reconciling competing interests
Teaching Collection 1619
Pwiti, G. 1996. Let the ancestors rest in peace? New challenges for cultural heritage
management in Zimbabwe. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1(3), 151-
160 PERS
Robertshaw P. and Kamuhangire, E.R. 1996. The present in the past: archaeological sites, oral
traditions, shrines and politics in Uganda. In G. Pwiti and R. Soper (eds.) Aspects of African
Archaeology. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press, pp739-744. DC 100 PWI
Sakellariadi, A. 2011. Archaeology for the People? Greek Archaeology and its Public: An
Analysis of the Socio-Political and Economic Role of Archaeology in Greece. Unpublished
PhD thesis. University College London. Available at: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318136/
Seeden, H. 1990. Search for the missing link: archaeology and the public in Lebanon. In
Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds.) The Politics of the Past. One World Archaeology.
London: Unwin Hyman, 141-159 AG GAT
Silverman, H. & Ruggles, D.F. (eds.) 2007. Cultural heritage and human rights. New York:
Springer INST ARCH AG SIL
Society for Historical Archaeology Code of Ethics: http://archaeologicalethics.org/code-of-
ethics/society-for-historical-archaeology-sha-ethics-principles/
Smith, L. & Waterton, E. 2009. Heritage, Communities and Archaeology. London:
Duckworth AG SMI
Start, D. 1999. Community Archaeology. Bringing it back to local communities. In Chitty, G.
& Baker, D. (eds.) Managing Historic Sites and Buildings. Reconciling Presentation and
Preservation. London: Routledge, 49-60 Teaching Collection 2455 & AG CHI
Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds.) 2002. Management planning for archaeological
sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute AG Qto TEU
Vafadari, A. 2008. Visitor Management, the Development of Sustainable Cultural Tourism
and Local Community Participation at Chogha Zanbil, Iran. Conservation and management of
archaeological sites, 10(3): 264-304 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355209X452804
Waterton, E. and Smith, L. (eds.) 2009. Taking Archaeology out of Heritage. Newcastle upon
Tyne: Cambridge Scholars AG WAT
Waterton, E. and Watson, S. (eds.) 2011. Heritage and Community Engagement:
Collaboration or Contestation? London: Routledge AG WAT
Weise, K. (ed.) 2015. Revisiting Kathmandu: safeguarding living urban heritage.
Kathmandu: UNESCO & UNESCO Office in Kathmandu. Available at:
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 32
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231755E.pdf or
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Revisiting Kathmandu.pdf
Woynar, M. 2007. Reconsidering the Definition of Mexican Archaeological Heritage,
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 9(1), 38-48
Session 6 (lecture): Ethics in heritage management (Tim Williams)
In this one-hour session, Tim Williams will continue from the previous session and explore
the concept of ethics in modern-day heritage management further.
For Readings, please see Session 5 above.
The second part of the lecture: Heritage and tailored storytelling: how to emotionally
engage visitors to museums and archaeological sites (Sjoerd van der Linde)
In this presentation, Dr. Sjoerd van der Linde of Dutch design agency Studio Louter will
illustrate how you can develop interpretive concepts that engage visitors by turning
meaningful stories into emotional journeys. He will set out the Emotion Design Method of his
studio, which differentiates between facts, message, emotion and media, drawing upon recent
interpretive theory and award-winning projects in the field of museum and site interpretation.
Session 7 (practical): Values and SWOT analysis (Gai Jorayev)
In this practical session you will be introduced to tools such as SWOT (Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), PESTLE (Political, Economic, Sociological,
Technological, Legal, Environmental), and POET visualisations tools. We will examine the
use these in exploring values for, and attitudes to, archaeological sites.
You will undertake a practical example of a SWOT analysis, exploring the site of Pompeii
(Italy).
Key readings:
In advance of the session, please look at and makes notes from:
The World Heritage Site listing for Pompeii http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829 and in
particular the documents and reports at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/documents/
Read the Pompeii parts of the 35th session of the World Heritage Committee
http://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/35COM (also available on the Moodle site).
Look at the Hadrian’s Wall example on Moodle.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 33
Site visit I: Bankside, Rose Theatre, Winchester Palace & the George Inn -
details to be announced
Rose Theatre: Its well-
preserved archaeology was
discovered in 1989 during a
routine rescue excavation held
in the interval between site
clearance and re-development
of an office block. The Rose
became a major international
news story, and the site
attracted many thousands of
visitors. A campaign to ‘Save
the Rose’ and protect it from
redevelopment was launched with enthusiastic support from actors, scholars and the general
public. The conservation challenges to preserve this site in-situ are considerable.
Winchester Place
George Inn
Session 8 (lecture): Legislation and charters - the international context (Gai
Jorayev)
Numerous international charters are concerned with, or impact upon, archaeological site
management. The ICOMOS Australia Burra charter, in its original and in its updated
versions, has had a profound influence upon the practice and development of site
management worldwide. More recently, the Valetta convention is reshaping work in Europe.
The lecture examines the difference between charters and conventions, their evolution and
some of the most important features and impacts. It also examines the future of legislative
frameworks and guidance.
The European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), better
known as the Valletta Convention or the Malta Convention (1992), raised numerous issues
regarding the management of archaeological resources in Europe. It aims to protect the
European archaeological heritage "as a source of European collective memory and as an
instrument for historical and scientific study. All remains and objects and any other traces of
humankind from past times are considered to be elements of the archaeological heritage. The
archaeological heritage shall include structures, constructions, groups of buildings, developed
sites, moveable objects, monuments of other kinds as well as their context, whether situated
on land or under water" (Article 1). The Convention is an international legally binding treaty
within Europe. It places the revised Convention in the framework of activities of the Council
of Europe concerning the cultural heritage since the European Cultural Convention came into
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 34
force. The key messages are described on the CoE website:
(https://www.coe.int/en/web/culture-and-heritage/valletta-convention).
Key reading:
Aplin, G. 2002. Heritage: identification, conservation, and management. South Melbourne:
Oxford University Press AG APL (3 copies)
European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised). 1992.
Valletta. Available at: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/143.htm
Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage 2004. Charter for the Conservation of
Unprotected Architectural Heritage and Sites in India
MAS/Charters/ INTACH Charter.pdf
International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites The
Venice Charter. 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic
Monuments, Venice 25 to 31 May, 1964 MAS/Charters/Venice Charter.mht
Reproduced in Jokilehto, J. 1998. The context of the Venice Charter 1964).
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 229-233. PERS
Luxon, J-L 2004. Reflections on the use of Heritage Charters and Conventions, The GCI
Newsletter 19(2), 4-9
O'Keefe, P. J. and Prott, L. V. (eds.) 2011. Cultural heritage conventions and other
instruments: a compendium with commentaries. Builth Well: Institute Of Art And Law
AG 20 OKE
Truscott, M. & Young, D. 2000. Revising the Burra charter. Conservation and Management
of Archaeological Sites 4(2), 101-116 Teaching Collection 2453
Willems, W.J.H. 2007. The Work of Making Malta: the Council of Europe's Archaeology and
Planning Committee 1988-1996. European Journal of Archaeology,10: 57-71
Young, C. 2001. English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention [Online],
Available: http://www.independents.org.uk/the-valletta-report/english-heritage-position-
statement
Many of the charters are on the MAS/see MAS/Charters/
Charters, recommendations, and international conventions are published online on the
following sites:
https://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-other-doctrinal-texts
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=12024&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters.html
Further Reading:
Bell, D. 1997. The Historic Scotland guide to international conservation charters. Technical
Advice Note 8: Historic Scotland AG20 Qto BEL
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 35
Cleere, H. F. (ed.) 1984. Approaches to the archaeological heritage. New Directions in
Archaeology. Cambridge University Press AG20 Qto CLE
Cleere, H. F. (ed.) 1990. Archaeological heritage in the modern world. One World
Archaeology 9. London: Unwin Hyman AG CLE
Cleere, H. 2006. The World Heritage Convention: management by and for whom?, in Layton,
R. et al (eds.) A Future for Archaeology, 65-74. London: UCL Press AG LAY
Cookson, N. 2000. Archaeological Heritage Law. Chichester: Barry Rose Law
AG 20 COO
Deeben, J., Groenewoudt, B.J., Hallewas, D.P. and Willems, W.J.H. 1999. Proposals for a
practical system of significance evaluation in archaeological heritage management. European
Journal of Archaeology 2(2), 177-199. PERS
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Architecture and Historic Environment Division
2003. Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better. DCMS: London
MAS/DCMS/ReviewHPR.pdf
Elia, R.J. 1993. US cultural resource management and the ICAHM Charter. Antiquity 67, 426-
438 PERS
Feilden, B.M. and Jokilehto, J. (2nd ed.) 1998. Management Guidelines for World Cultural
Heritage Sites. Rome: ICCROM. AG FEI
Iamandi, C. 1997. Charters of Athens of 1931 and 1933: Coincidence, controversy and
convergence. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(1), 17-28
PERS
ICOMOS 1990. Charter for the protection and management of the archaeological heritage.
US/ICOMOS Available at:
http://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/arch_e.pdf
ICOMOS 1993. New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage
Value. ICOMOS New Zealand Teaching Collection 1520
ICOMOS 1999. ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter. ICOMOS
Available at:
http://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/INTERNATIONAL_CULTURAL_
TOURISM_CHARTER.pdf or MAS/Cultural tourism/ICOMOS/tourism_charter.pdf
Jokilehto, J. 1999. A history of architectural conservation. London: Butterworth-Heinemann
KP JOK
Marquis-Kyle, P. and Walker, M. 1992. The Illustrated Burra Charter. Making good
decisions about the care of important places. Sydney: Australia ICOMOS AG Qto MAR
Ndoro, W., Mumma, A., and Abunga, G. (eds.) 2008. Cultural Heritage and the law:
Protecting Immovable Heritage in English-Speaking Countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Rome:
ICCROM. MAS
O’Keefe, P.J. and Prott, L.V. 1984. Law and the cultural heritage. Vol. 1. Discovery and
excavation. Abingdon: Professional Books AG20 PRO
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 36
O’Keefe, P.J. and Prott, L.V. 1989. Law and the cultural heritage. Vol. 3: the Movement of
Cultural Property. London and Edinburgh: Butterworths AG20 OKE
O’Keefe, P. J. 1997. Trade in antiquities. Reducing destruction and theft. London: UNESCO
Publishing/Archetype Publications AG20 OKE
O'Keefe, P. J. 2002 Shipwrecked heritage: a commentary on the UNESCO Convention on
Underwater Cultural Heritage. Leicester: Institute of Art and Law AG20 OKE
Pickard, R. (ed.) 2001. Policy and law in Heritage conservation. London: Spon
AG20 PIC
Prott, L.V. 1993. The impact of policy on cultural heritage protection. In M. MacLean (ed.)
Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific: Conservation and Policy. Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute, 1-14 AG MAC
Rakotomamonjy, B. (ed.) 2009. Protection juridique du patrimoine culturel immobilier:
orientations pour les pays francophones de l'Afrique Subsaharienne. Rome: ICCROM.
MAS
Sullivan, S. 1993. Conservation Policy Delivery, in Mac Lean, M (ed.) Cultural Heritage in
Asia and the Pacific: Conservation and Policy. Proceedings of a seminar held in Honolulu,
Hawai, September 8-13, 1991. Los Angeles: J Paul Getty Trust, 15-26 AG MAC
UNESCO 1972. Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural
heritage. Paris: UNESCO AG Qto UNI
UNESCO 1985. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural
Heritage. In Conventions and recommendations of UNESCO concerning the protection of the
cultural heritage. Paris: UNESCO, 79-94 AG20 UNE
UNESCO 2000. World Heritage mission statement. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre
AG Qto UNE
Willems, W. J. H. 1998. Archaeology and Heritage Management in Europe: Trends and
Developments, European Journal of Archaeology 1(3): 293-311
Willems, W.J.H. & van der Dries, M. 2007. Quality Management in Archaeology. Oxford:
Oxbow Books AG WIL
Session 9 (lecture): World Heritage Sites. Tentative lists, nomination dossiers,
evaluation and the World Heritage Committee (Gai Jorayev)
The 1972 convention, its aims and changes over time, set the context for World Heritage Site
designation and management. The process of tentative lists, nomination dossiers, evaluation,
inscription, monitoring and periodic reviews will be examined. The representivity of the list
will also be discussed.
Key reading:
Cameron, C. & Rössler, M. 2013. Many Voices, One Vision: The Early Years of the World
Heritage Convention. Farnham: Ashgate AG 20 CAM
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 37
Di Giovine, M.A. 2014. World Heritage List: Criteria, Inscription, and Representation, in:
Smith, C. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Global Archaeology. New York: Springer, pp. 7885-94
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_365
Francioni, F (ed.) (2008) The 1972 World Heritage Convention: a commentary. Oxford:
Oxford University Press AG 20 FRA
Francioni, F. & Lenzerini, F. 2008. The future of the World Heritage Convention:
problems and prospects, pp. 401-10.
ICOMOS. 2004. The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps - an Action Plan for the Future.
ICOMOS: Paris. MAS/ICOMOS/ World Heritage list action plan /various files
UNESCO. 1972. Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural
heritage. Paris: UNESCO AG Qto UNI
UNESCO. 2011. Preparing World Heritage Nominations. (2nd edition). Paris: UNESCO
MAS/UNESCO/World Heritage nominations.pdf
UNESCO. 2012. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage
Convention. Paris: UNESCO
MAS/UNESCO/Operational Guidelines/opguide12-en.pdf
UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS & IUCN. (Eds.) 2013. Managing Cultural World Heritage.
Paris: UNESCO MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Resource manual/Managing Cultural
WH_activity-827-1.pdf
UNESCO – various papers on the Global Strategies for World Heritage Lists: several reports,
conferences and approaches at: MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Global Strategy/ and
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/List World Heritage Sites
White, R. (ed.) 2007. World Heritage: global challenges, local solutions. Proceedings of a
conference at Coalbrookdale, Oxford: Archaeopress. AG Qto WHI
Further reading:
Akagawa, N. & Sirisrisak, T. 2008. Cultural Landscapes in Asia and the Pacific: Implications
of the World Heritage Convention, International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(2): 176-191
Araoz, G. F. 2008. World-Heritage Historic Urban Landscapes: Defining and Protecting
Authenticity, APT Bulletin 39(2/3): 33-37 Online
Baxter, I. 2011. Heritage Transformed. Oxford: Oxbow AG Qto BAX
Brattli, T. 2009. Managing the archaeological World Cultural Heritage: consensus or
rhetoric?, Norwegian Archaeological Review 41(1): 24-39
Breen, C. 2007. Advocacy, international development and World Heritage Sites in sub-
Saharan Africa, World Archaeology 39(3): 355-370 PERS
Cameron, C. 2008. From Warsaw to Mostar: The World Heritage Committee and
Authenticity, APT Bulletin 39(2/3): 19-24 Online
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 38
Cameron, C. & Rössler, M. 2011. Voices of the pioneers: UNESCO's World Heritage
Convention 1972-2000, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable
Development 1(1): 42-54 Online
Cameron, C. & Rössler, M. 2013. Many Voices, One Vision: The Early Years of the World
Heritage Convention. Farnham: Ashgate On order
Cleere, H. 2006. The World Heritage Convention: management by and for whom?, in Layton,
R. et al (eds.) A Future for Archaeology, 65-74. London: UCL Press AG LAY
Fowler, P.J. 2003. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992-2002. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/UNESCO/Misc/Fowler cultural landscapes.pdf
Francioni, F. & Lenzerini, F. 2008. The future of the World Heritage Convention: problems
and prospects, in Francioni, F. (ed.) The 1972 World Heritage Convention: a commentary,
401-410. Oxford: Oxford University Press AG 20 FRA
Gillespie, J. 2009. Protecting World Heritage: Regulating Ownership and Land Use at Angkor
Archaeological Park, Cambodia, International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(4): 338-354
Hall, M. (ed.) 2011. Towards world heritage: international origins of the preservation
movement 1870-1930. Farnham: Ashgate AG HAL
Labadi, S. (ed.) 2007. World Heritage: challenges of the millennium. Paris: UNESCO World
Heritage Centre MAS/UNESCO/ WH_Challenges for the millennium.pdf
Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA
Maniscalco, F. (ed.) 2007. World Heritage and War. Naples: Massa
Martin, O. and Piatti, G. (eds.) 2009. World Heritage and Buffer Zones. Paris: UNESCO
World Heritage Centre
Mitchell, N., Rössler, M., & Tricaud, P-M. 2009. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A
Handbook for Conservation and Management. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Pomeroy-Kellinger, M. and Scott, I. (eds.) 2007. Recent Developments in the Research and
Management at World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology Occasional Paper 14,
Oxford Archaeology AG Qto POM
Ringbeck, B. 2008. Management Plans for World Heritage Sites: A practical guide. German
Commission for UNESCO
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/ Management_Plan_for_World_Heritage_Sites.pdf
Terrill, G. 2008 Climate Change: How Should the World Heritage Convention Respond?,
International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(5): 388-404
von Droste, B. 2011. The concept of outstanding universal value and its application, Journal
of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 26-41 Online
See also:
ICOMOS http://www.icomos.org
UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/
And the UNESCO World Heritage Centre http://www.unesco.org/whc/
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 39
Session 10 (lecture): Condition reporting - assessing the state of conservation
(Dean Sully)
Condition reports are a tool for conservation assessment that aim to provide an objective
interpretation of the problems affecting the site. Methods and techniques for their applications
are illustrated with examples taken from a variety of projects.
Key reading:
The Getty Conservation Institute and the Israel Antiquities Authority 2003. Illustrated
Glossary: Mosaics In Situ Project. PDF format at:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/glossary_mosaics
_situ.html
GraDoc 1999. Graphic Documentation Systems in Mural Painting Conservation Research
Seminar Rome 16-20 November 1999. ICCROM: 7-14 KN 1 Qto SCH
Matero, F.G. 2003. Managing Change: The role of documentation and condition survey at
Mesa Verde National Park. Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 42: 39-58
Further reading:
Cunliffe , S. 1994 Documentation as a Management tool: Planning for Conservation.
Archaeological Remains In–Situ Preservation. Proceedings of the second ICAHM
International Conference Montreal, Canada, October 11-15 1994 Montreal: ICAHM
Publications
Fidler, J. 1980. Non-destructive surveying techniques for the analysis of historic buildings.
Transactions of the Association for studies in the conservation of historic buildings 5, 3-10
PERS
Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K.and Volker, M. 1997. Monument mapping - a contribution to
monument preservation. In F. Zezza (ed.) Origin, mechanisms and effects of salts on
degradation of monuments in marine and continental environments. European Commission
Research Workshop Proceedings, Bari, March 25-7, 1996. Bari: European Commission, 347-
45 KP1 Qto ORI
Geva, A. 1996. A multimedia system for organizing architectural documentation of historic
buildings. APT bulletin. The journal of preservation technology 27(2), 18-23 PERS
ICOMOS 1990. Guide to recording historic buildings. London: Butterworths
KO Qto ICO
Silman, R. 1996. Applications of non-destructive evaluation techniques in historic buildings.
APT Bulletin. The journal of preservation technology 27(2), 69-73 PERS
Swallow, P., Watt, D. and Ashton, R. 1993. Measurement and recording of historic building.
London: Donhead LC SWA
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 40
Session 11 (lecture): The World Heritage Convention - a UK perspective (Henry
Owen-John, Historic England)
This lecture will look at the introduction of cultural conventions, particularly the 1972 World
Heritage Convention. Since 1972 definitions of heritage have expanded to become much
broader and inclusive, yet World Heritage Sites, by their very nature are places that are
unique or exceptional in global terms. This divergence poses a number of challenges. The
criteria for achieving Outstanding Universal Value, the concept that is at the core of the
Convention, have been set by experts and nominations for WHS status are led by specialists
so how best can inclusive approaches to World Heritage, in which often diverse communities
can participate, be developed? And of what relevance is World Heritage to the wider
communities beyond the 29 WHSs in the UK and its overseas territories? How best can the
UK seek to ensure that World Heritage and the ethos of UNESCO are, and are seen to be,
forces that can deliver social and economic as well as environmental benefit?
Key reading:
Historic England 2015. The Protection & Management of World Heritage Sites in England.
MAS/Organisations/Historic England/World Heritage/ehwhsplanningcircularguidance.pdf
To see a background of how UK policy has developed, see:
July 24th 2009, DCLG Circular on the protection of World Heritage Sites
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/circularworldheritage.p
df
July 24th 2009, DCLG Protection of world heritage sites: Summary of consultation responses
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/summaryworldheritage.
July 24th 2009 Consultation paper on a new Planning Policy Statement 15:
Planning for the Historic Environment
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/consultationhistoricpps.
Further reading (Hadrian’s Wall as an example):
Johnson, S. & Young, C. 1995. Managing Hadrian’s Wall. Conservation Bulletin, July 1995,
5-8 PERS
Mills, N. (ed.) 2013. Presenting the Romans: Interpreting the Frontiers of the Roman Empire
World Heritage Site. Woodbridge: Boydell Press DAA 410 R.4 MIL
Young, C. 1999. Hadrian’s Wall. In Chitty, G. and Baker, D. (eds.) Managing Historic Sites
and Buildings. Reconciling Presentation and Preservation. London: Routledge, 35-48
AG CHI
Young, C. 2004. Hadrian's Wall and its Associated Museums, Museum International 56(3),
15-21 MAS/Regions/Europe/Hadrian’s Wall/ Hadrian's Wall and its Associated
Museums.pdf
Young, C. 2002. Hadrian’s Wall, United Kingdom. In Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G.
(eds.) Management planning for archaeological sites: an international workshop organized
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 41
by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 60-67 AG Qto
TEU
Session 12 (lecture): Preventive conservation and maintenance: reburial and
shelters on archaeological sites (Gai Jorayev)
Preventive conservation and maintenance are two approaches to conservation that greatly
facilitate the responsibilities of the manager, reducing the need for costly, labour-intensive
conservation and restoration project.
Shelters have been used for some time to protect archaeological features, most commonly
mosaics. How do we plan for their use? What are the design considerations? How do we
balance aesthetics and visual impact with conservation and education?
Reburial is increasingly being used as a conservation treatment to solve some of the problems
posed by the management of archaeological sites. It is often seen as cost-effective and easy to
achieve, but without careful planning, it can be a damaging intervention.
Key reading:
Agnew, N. & Bridgland, J. (eds.) Of the past for the Future: Integrating Archaeology and
Conservation. Proceedings of the conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological
Congress, Washington D.C., 22-26 June 2003. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
LA AGN
Caliniuc, S. & Mustesta, S. (Eds.) 2015. Current Trends in Archaeological Heritage
Preservation: National and International Perspectives. Oxford: British Archaeological
Reports 2741. INST ARCH AG Qto MUS
Caple, C. 2000. Conservation skills: judgement, method and decision making. London:
Routledge L CAP
Corfield, M. 1996. Preventive conservation for archaeological sites. In Roy, A. and Smith, P.
(eds.) Archaeological conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the
Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation,
38-42 LA Qto ROY
Daly, C. 2014. A Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of Archaeological Sites to
Climate Change: Theory, Development, and Application. Conservation and management of
archaeological sites, 16(3): 268-82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1350503315Z.00000000086
De la Torre, M. (ed.) 1997. The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean
region. An international conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J.
Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
AG Qto DEL
Gregory, D. & Matthiesen, H. (eds.) 2012. Preserving Archaeological Remains in Situ:
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Conservation and management of
archaeological sites 14(1-4) PERS
Mason, P. 2005. Visitor Management in Protected Areas: From 'Hard' to 'Soft' Approaches?,
Current issues in tourism 8(2/3): 181-194
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 42
Matero, F. 2006. Making archaeological sites: conservation as interpretation of an excavated
past, in Agnew, N. & Bridgland, J. (eds.) Of the past for the Future: Integrating Archaeology
and Conservation. Proceedings of the conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological
Congress, Washington D.C., 22-26 June 2003. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation
Institute, 55-63 LA AGN
Pedelì, C. & Pulga, S. 2013. Conservation Practices on Archaeological Excavations:
Principles and Methods. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute LA PED
Palumbo, G. 2001. Sheltering an archaeological structure in Petra: a case-study of criteria,
concepts and implementation, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 5, 35-44
PERS
Pye, E. 2006. Authenticity challenged? The ‘plastic house’ at Çatalhöyük. Public
Archaeology 5, 237-251. PERS
Stewart, J. and Tringham, S. 2008 Protective shelters over archaeological sites: a review of
assessment initiatives. In: Abed, A.B., Demas, M. and Roby, T. (eds.) Lessons learned:
reflecting on the theory and practice of mosaic conservation: proceedings of the 9th ICCM
Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, November 29-December 3, 2005. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute, 204-214 KN 6 Qto ABE
Van Balen, K. and Vandesande, A. (eds.) 2013. Reflections on preventive conservation,
maintenance and monitoring of monuments and sites by the PRECOM3OS UNESCO Chair.
Leuven: Acco On order
Woolfit, C. 2007. Preventative conservation of ruins: reconstruction, reburial and enclosure.
In: Ashurst, J. (ed.) Conservation of ruins. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 147-193
LA ASH
Key reading for Reburial:
Cooke, L. (2007) The archaeologist's challenge or despair: reburial at Merv, Turkmenistan,
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 9 (2): 97-112
Demas, M., Agnew, N., Waane, S., Podany, J., Bass, A., and Kamamba, D. 1996.
Preservation of the Laetoli hominid trackway in Tanzania. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.)
Archaeological conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the
Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation,
38-42 LA Qto ROY
Goodburn-Brown, D. and Hughes, R. 1996. A review of some conservation procedures for
the reburial of archaeological sites in London. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.) Archaeological
conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the Copenhagen
Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation, 65-69
LA Qto ROY
Stanley-Price, N. (ed.) 2004. Colloquium on reburial of archaeological sites, Santa Fe, New
Mexico, USA 17-21 March 2003. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites,
6(3&4) PERS
Stewart, J. 2004 Reburial of Excavated Sites. Conservation and management. Conservation
Bulletin 45: 28-9 MAS/English Heritage/CB 45 2004 reburial.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 43
PARIS conferences (in date order):
Corfield, M., Hinton, P., Nixon, T., & Pollard, M. (eds.) 1998. Preserving archaeological
remains in situ: proceedings of the conference of 1st–3rd April, 1996. London: Museum of
London Archaeology Service LA Qto COR
Nixon, T. (ed.) 2004. Preserving archaeological remains in situ?: proceedings of the 2nd
conference, 12-14th September 2001. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service
LA Qto NIX
Kars, H. & van Heeringen, R. M. (eds.) 2008. Preserving archaeological remains in situ:
proceedings of the 3rd conference, 7-9 December 2006, Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Institute for
Geo and Bioarchaeology LA Qto KAR
Gregory, D. and Matthiesen, H. (eds.) 2012. The 4th International Conference on Preserving
Archaeological Remains In Situ (PARIS4): 23-26 May 2011, the National Museum of
Denmark, Copenhagen. Special issue of: Conservation and management of archaeological
sites, 14(1-4). PERS
Leuzinger, U., Sidell, J. & Williams, T. (Eds.) 2016. The 5th International Conference on
Preserving Archaeological Remains In Situ (PARIS5): 12–17 April 2015, Kreuzlingen
(Switzerland). Special edition of Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 18
(1-3) PERS
CMAS special issue on shelters:
2002. Special issue on protective shelters. Conservation and management of archaeological
sites, 5 (1-2) PERS
Especially:
Agnew, N. 2002 Methodology, conservation criteria and performance evaluation for
archaeological site shelters. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 5,
7-18 PERS
Demas, M. 2002. Annotated bibliography on protective shelters for archaeological
sites. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 5, 91-105
PERS
Stanley-Price, N and Jokilehto, J. 2002. The decision to shelter archaeological sites.
Three case-studies from Sicily. Conservation and Management of Archaeological
Sites 5, 19-34 PERS
See also the Getty Conservation Institute newsletter at:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/index.html or
MAS/Organisations/Getty/Getty newsletter
Further reading:
Agnew, N. 2001. Methodology, conservation criteria and performance evaluation for
archaeological site shelters, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 5
PERS
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 44
Agnew, N. and Wade, M. 1986. A case study of a palaeontological site - the need for
planning and protection. In Preventive measures during excavation and site protection.
Conference, Ghent, 6-8 November, 1985. Rome: ICCROM, 257-270 AL 11 PRE
Agnew, N., Maekawa, S., Coffman, R. and Meyer, J. 1996. Evaluation of the performance of
a lightweight modular site shelter: Quantitative metrological data and protective indices for
the ‘hexashelter’. Conservation and management of archaeological 1(3), 139-50
PERS
Alarcâo, A., Correia, V.H. and Beloto, C. (eds.) 1994. Conservation, protection, presentation.
Fifth conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics:
proceedings/actas, Faro and Conimbriga. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Museus
KN 6 MOS
Alcántara, R. 2002. Standards in Preventive Conservation: meanings and applications.
ICCROM E-doc. 2004/04. Available at:
http://www.iccrom.org/ifrcdn/pdf/ICCROM_04_StandardsPreventiveConser_en.pdf or
MAS/ICCROM/ ICCROM_04StandardsPreventiveConser.pdf
Aslan, Z. 1997. Protective structures for the conservation and presentation of archaeological
sites. Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 3 Available at:
http://www.jcms-journal.com/article/view/jcms.3974/11
Bachmann, M. and Schwarting, A. 2008. Conservation projects in Pergamon. Building Z and
the shelter constructed above it, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 10(2):
157-173. PERS
Bahn, P., Bednarik, R. G., & Steinbring, J. 1995. The Peterborough petroglyph site:
reflections on massive interventions in rock art, Rock Art Research 12(1), 29-41
Balderrama, A. 2001. The conservation of earthen architecture, Getty Conservation
Newsletter 16(1)
Berriane, M. 2006. A slow rescue for Morocco's earthen citadels, UNESCO Courier: 47-48
Calarco, D. 2000. San Diego Royal Presidio: Conservation of an Earthen Archaeological Site.
In. Terra 2000, 8th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen
Architecture, Torquay, Devon, UK, May 2000, 19-25. London: English Heritage and James
and James. KP Qto INT
Caple, C. 2000. Conservation skills: judgement, method and decision making. London:
Routledge L CAP
De Silva, T.K.N.P. 1986 Roof over a Monument: Sri Lankan experience. In: ICCROM
Preventive measures during excavation and site protection. Conference, Ghent, 6-8
November 1985. Rome: ICCROM, 271-279 AL11 PRE
Demas, M. 1997. Ephesus. In De la Torre, M (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in
the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by the Getty Conservation
Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute, 127-49 AG Qto DEL
Demas, M., Agnew, N., Waane, S., Podany, J., Bass, A., and Kamamba, D. 1996.
Preservation of the Laetoli hominid trackway in Tanzania. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.)
Archaeological conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 45
Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation,
38-42 LA Qto ROY
Direcção General dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais 1993. 7th International conference
on the study and conservation of earthen architecture, October 24 to 29/ 1993, Silves,
Portugal. Lisbon: Direcção General dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais
UNCLASSIFIED
Doehne, E. and Price, C. 2010. Stone conservation: an overview of current research. 2nd
edition. Santa Monica, CA: Getty Conservation Institute Available at:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/stone_cons_2nd_
edit.html
Hodges, H.W.M. (ed.) 1987. In situ archaeological conservation. Mexico: The Getty
Conservation Institute/INAH L COR
ICAHM. 1996. Archaeological remains in situ preservation/Vestiges archéologiques. La
conservation in situ. Proceedings of the Second ICAHM International Conference. ICOMOS
International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management, Montréal, October 11-15,
1994. Ottawa L ICO
ICCROM. 1986. Preventive measures during excavation and site protection. Conference,
Ghent, 6-8 November 1985. Rome: ICCROM AL11 PRE
Joffroy, T. (ed.) 2012. Inventory of earthen architecture. UNESCO: World Heritage Earthen
Architecture Programme Online
Lamei, S. 2005. Insights into Current Conservation Practices, Museum International 57(1-2),
136-141
McClure, K. 2007. No shelter: UNESCO’s efforts to save Lalibela’s culture. Unpublished
paper. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 129. Available at:
http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=isp_collection
Matero, F. and Moss, E. 2004. Temporary site protection for earthen walls and murals at
Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, Vol 6, no. 3 &
4, 213-227. PERS
Michaelides, D. and Savvides, N. 2008 Lessons not learned In: Abed, A.B., Demas, M. and
Roby, T. (eds.) Lessons learned: reflecting on the theory and practice of mosaic
conservation: proceedings of the 9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, November 29-
December 3, 2005. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 214-223 KN 6 Qto ABE
Mora, P., Mora, L. and Philippot, P. 1984. Conservation of wall paintings. London:
Butterworths KN1 MOR
Pendergast, D.M. 1993. Keeping up appearances: Maya buildings and their maintenance, past
and present. Public Archaeology 1 Teaching Collection 1656
Pedelì, C. & Pulga, S. 2013. Conservation Practices on Archaeological Excavations:
Principles and Methods. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute LA PED
Petzet, M. 2009. International Principles of Preservation. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag
Online
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 46
Pesaresi, P. and Rizzi, G. 2006. New and existing forms of protective shelter at Herculaneum:
towards improving the continuous care of the site, Conservation and management of
archaeological sites 8(4): 237-252.
Putt, N. and Slade, S. 2003. Teamwork for Preventive Conservation. ICCROM E-doc.
2004/01. http://www.iccrom.org/ifrcdn/pdf/ICCROM_01_Teamwork_en.pdf
MAS/ICCROM/ICCROM_01Teamwork.pdf
Ranellucci, S 1996. Strutture protettive e conservazione dei siti archeologici Protective
shelters and the conservation of archaeological sites). Pescara: Carsa Edizioni
Richmond, A. and Bracker, A. (eds.) 2009. Conservation: principles, dilemmas and
uncomfortable truths. London: Butterworth-Heinemann in association with the Victoria and
Albert Museum ISSUE DESK IOA RIC 9 and L RIC
Roby, T. C. 1995. Site conservation during excavation: treatment of masonry, wall plaster and
floor mosaic remains of a Byzantine church in Petra, Jordon. Conservation and Management
of Archaeological Sites 1(1), 45-57. PERS
Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.) 1996. Archaeological conservation and its consequences.
Preprints of the contributions to the Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London:
International Institute for Conservation LA Qto ROY
Schmid, M. 1998. Protective shelters at the archaeological sites of Mallia Crete. and,
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(3), 143-153
Schmidt, H. 1988. Schutzbauten. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag L SCH
Stanley Price, N. 1990. Conservation and information in the display of prehistoric sites. In:
Gathercole, P. and Lowenthal, D. (eds.) The Politics of the Past. One World Archaeology.
London: Unwin Hyman, 285-290 AG GAT
Stanley Price, N. 1995. Conservation on excavations and the 1956 UNESCO
Recommendation. In Stanley Price, N. (ed.) Conservation on archaeological excavations,
with particular reference to the Mediterranean area. 2nd edition. ICCROM, 135-142
LA PRI
Stanley-Price, N. 1997. Piazza Armerina. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of
archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by
the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles:
Getty Conservation Institute, 65-92 AG Qto DEL
Stanley-Price, N. and Jokilehto, J. 2001. The decision to shelter archaeological sites. Three
case-studies from Sicily. In Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 5, 19-34
PERS
Stewart, J. 2004. Reburial of Excavated Sites. Conservation and management. Conservation
Bulletin 45, 28-9 MAS/English Heritage/CB 45 2004 reburial.pdf
Stovel, H. 1995. Monitoring world cultural heritage sites. ICOMOS Canada Bulletin 4(3), 15-
20 Teaching Collection 1658
Stubbs, J. 1995. Protection and presentation of excavated structures. In Stanley Price, N. (ed.)
Conservation on archaeological excavations. 2nd. (ed.) Rome: ICCROM, 79-96
LA PRI
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 47
Thorne, R. M. 1992. Revegetation: the soft approach to archaeological site stabilization.
Technical Brief no 8, September 1990 revised March 1992). Washington: U S Department of
the Interior, National Park Service AG THO
Thorne, R.M., Fay, P.M. and Hester, J.J. 1987. Archaeological site preservation techniques: a
preliminary review. Technical report EL-87-3. Vicksburg Mississippi: US Army Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station
Thorsell, J. and Paine, J. 1995. An IUCN/WCMC perspective on safeguarding the integrity of
natural world heritage properties. ICOMOS Canada Bulletin 4(3), 21-23
Teaching Collection 1657
Waane, S.A.C. 1986. Roofs and shelters: The Tanzanian experience. In Preventive measures
during excavation and site protection. Conference, Ghent, 6-8 November, 1985. Rome:
ICCROM, 245-56 AL 11 PRE
Weichman, K 2005. Easter Island's statues at risk, National Geographic 208, 20
Further reading for Reburial:
Dowdy, K and Taylor, M, 1993. Investigations into the Benefits of Site Reburial on the
Preservation of Prehistoric Plasters in Archaeological Ruins. In. 7th International Conference
on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, Lisbon. 1993, 480-487. Lisbon:
Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais. KP Qto INT &
Teaching Collection 1863
Durham, B., van de Noort, R., Martens, V.V. & Vorenhout, M. 2012. Organic Loss in
Drained Wetland Monuments: Managing the Carbon Footprint. Conservation and
management of archaeological sites, 14(1-4): 85-98
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1350503312Z.0000000008
Mathewson, C. C. and Gonzalez, T. 1988. Protection and preservation of archaeological sites
through burial. In Marinos, P.G. and Koukis, G.C. (eds.) The engineering geology of ancient
works, monuments and historical sites. Preservation and protection. Volume 1. Rotterdam:
A.A. Balkema, 519-526 LC MAR
Nichols, T, 2000. Reburying History: Backfilling at Aztec Ruins National Monument and the
Power of Consultation. In. CRM Online 23/9, 47-48. Available at:
http://npshistory.com/newsletters/crm/crm-v23n9.pdf
Podany, J., Agnew, N. and Demas, M. 1993. Preservation of excavated mosaics by reburial:
evaluation of some traditional and newly developed materials and techniques. In Proceedings
5th Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics, Faro and
Conimbriga, Portugal, 1-19 KN6 MOS
Roby, T., Alberti, L., & Ben Abed, A. 2010. A preliminary assessment of mosaic reburials in
Tunisia, Studies in Conservation 55(2 Supplement): 207-213
Thorne, R. M. 1989. Intentional site burial: a technique to protect against natural or
mechanical loss. Archaeological Assistance Program. Technical Brief No 5. Washington, DC:
US Department of the Interior, National Park Service AG THO
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 48
Session 13 (Practical & Discussion): Management plans, Nomination dossiers
and the future of World Heritage Sites (Gai Jorayev)
The World Heritage List is dominated by relatively prosperous countries with longstanding
systems for the identification and protection of cultural and natural heritage. How can a more
balanced and credible List be developed when so many countries have an understandably
limited capacity to develop successful nominations? And, with 192 countries, often with very
different approaches to heritage management, that are party to the Convention, individual
State Parties can sometimes find themselves at odds with the broad consensus view about
how best to manage and protect WHSs. In particular the concept of “constructive
conservation” can clash with less flexible approaches to protection.
So what is the value of World Heritage designation today? Should we continue to add more
and more sites to the list? Does that devalue the existing list? Has the process become too
bureaucratic and/or too political?
Review of selected Management Plans
The aim is to explore some of the management plans that you can find on the USB drive and
to critique these in the seminar discussion.
Select ONE of the following Management plans to examine in advance of the session:
Tower of London, UK
Neolithic Orkney, UK
Çatalhöyük, Turkey
El Pilar, Belize
Kakadu, Australia
Issues you might consider when reading the chosen plan include:
1) Nature of opening statement (executive summary)
2) Introduction
a) Why is the plan being written
b) Purpose & objectives
c) Who for?
d) Who drafted it
3) The site background & description
4) Current condition
a) Current management
b) Current resources
c) Current uses
d) Physical assessment
5) Risks: What are they? From where?
6) Significance
a) Stakeholders
b) Values
7) Consultation process: how was this conducted / how were stakeholders identified, etc.
8) The plan
a) Aims – including vision
b) Delivery
c) Costs
d) Monitoring/revision
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 49
Key reading:
(See also reading under session 9)
Example nomination dossiers under: MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Nominations
Ashworth, G.J. and van der Aa, B.J.M. 2006 Strategy and policy for the World Heritage
Convention: goals, practices and future solutions. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.) Managing
World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 147-158 AG LEA
Bandarin, F. & Labadi, S. 2007. World Heritage: Challenges for the Millennium. Paris:
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available online via UCL library
Bertacchini, E., Liuzza, C., Meskell, L. & Saccone, D. 2016. The politicization of UNESCO
World Heritage decision making. Public Choice 167: 95-129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0332-9
Francioni, F & Lenzerini, F 2008 The future of the World Heritage Convention: problems and
prospects, in Francioni, F (ed.) The 1972 World Heritage Convention: a commentary. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 401-410. AG 20 FRA
Fray, B D & Steiner, L 2011. World Heritage list: does it make sense? International Journal
of Cultural Policy, 17(5), 555-573.
Fyall, A. and Rakic, T. 2006 The future market for World Heritage Sites. In Leask, A. and
Fyall, A. (eds.) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 159-176
AG LEA
Hølleland, H. and Solheim, S. (eds.) 2014. Between dream and reality: debating the impact of
World Heritage Listing. Oslo: Representralen AG HOL
Norman, K 2011 Should the UK be nominating more World Heritage Sites? Present Pasts
3(2), 72-79. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pp.49
And the reply:
Gould, P G 2011 A Reply to "Should the UK Be Nominating More World Heritage
Sites?" Present Pasts 3(2), 85-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pp.52
Further reading:
Beck, W. 2006. Narratives of World Heritage in travel guidebooks, International Journal of
Heritage Studies 12(6), 521- 535
Gillespie, J. 2009 Protecting World Heritage: Regulating Ownership and Land Use at Angkor
Archaeological Park, Cambodia, International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(4): 338-354.
Jokilehto, J. (with contributions from Henry Cleere, Susan Denyer and Michael Petzet) 2005
The World Heritage list: filling the gaps: an action plan for the future. Paris: ICOMOS
AG Qto JOK
Terrill, G. 2008. Climate Change: How Should the World Heritage Convention Respond?,
International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(5): 388-404.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 50
Site visit II: Eltham Palace & Lullingstone Roman villa
Eltham Palace: The site is now dominated by the stylish house built in 1933-6, by the
architects Seely and Paget, for Stephen and Virginia Courtauld. They incorporated the great
hall – the most substantial survival from a medieval royal palace – into the design. Like the
house, the palace’s 19 acres of gardens feature both 20th-century and medieval elements.
Lullingstone Roman Villa: preservation of elements of the villa-house is exceptional,
particularly the mosaic floors, which raise questions about the intentions, beliefs and
background of the owners. Complex site conservation and interpretation issues.
Details will be distributed on Moodle in advance.
Session 14 (lecture): Documentation: a platform for decision-making (Gai
Jorayev)
“Good decisions” in heritage management are based on timely, relevant and accurate
information about the conditions, materials and evolution of archaeological sites and
landscapes. Therefore, documenting, recording and analysis of heritage places is an essential
part of their conservation and management.
The session will explore: Concepts of documentation, information gathering, recording;
methodologies and tools for recording, documentation, inventories and information
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 51
management; integrating documentation in the site management process; topographic, GPS,
photogrammetric, and 3D laser scanning techniques, and archival research (historic,
archaeological, structural, condition); notions of ‘inventory’.
Key reading:
Eppich, R. & Chabbi, A. (eds.) 2007. Recording, Documentation, and Information
Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places: Volume II: Illustrated Examples. Los
Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MAS/Organisations/Getty/Recording
Letellier, R., with Schmid, W. & LeBlanc, F. 2007. Recording, Documentation, and
Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places: Volume I: Guiding
Principles. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
MAS/Organisations/Getty/Recording
MacDonald, L.W. (Ed.) 2006. Digital heritage: applying digital imaging to cultural heritage.
London: Butterworth-Heinemann. INST ARCH MH MAC & online via UCL Library.
Remondino, F. and Campana, S. (eds.) 2014. 3D Recording and modelling in archaeology
and cultural heritage theory and best practices. Oxford: Archaeopress AK 20 Qto REM
Vileikis, O., Cesaro, G., Mario, S. Q., Koenraad, v. B., Paolini, A., & Vafadari, A. 2012.
Documentation in World Heritage conservation, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management
and Sustainable Development 2(2): 130-152 Online
Further reading:
See articles on USB: Site Management Themes/Documentation and Inventory Techniques
and Methods
Alshawabkeh, Y., Bal'awi, F. & Haala, N. 2010. 3D Digital Documentation, Assessment, and
Damage Quantifi cation of the Al-Deir Monument in the Ancient City of Petra, Jordan.
Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 12(2): 124-45
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355210X12792909186412
Box, P. 1999. GIS and cultural resource management: a manual for heritage managers,
Bangkok: UNESCO AH BOX
Campana, S. & Forte, M (eds.) 2001. Remote Sensing in Archaeology: XI Ciclo di Lezioni
Sullla Ricerca Applicata in Archeologia Certosa di Pontignano Siena), 6-11 Dicembre 1999.
Campana, S. & Forte, M (eds.) 2006. From space to place: 2nd international conference on
remote sensing in archaeology: Proceedings of the 2nd International workshop, CNR, Rome,
Italy, December 2-4, 2006. Oxford: Archaeopress AL Qto CAM
Carlisle, P., Avramides, Y., Dalgity, A. & Myers, D. 2014. The Arches Heritage Inventory
and Management System: a standards-based approach to the management of cultural heritage
information.
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/our_projects/field_projects/arches/Carlisle_Dalgity_et_al_
2014_Arches_Heritage_CIDOC.pdf
Conolly, J & Lake, M 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge
University Press
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 52
Cowley, D.C. (ed.) 2011. Remote sensing for archaeological heritage management:
proceedings of the 11th EAC Heritage Management Symposium, Reykjavík, Iceland, 25-27
March 2010. Brussels: Europae Archaeologiae Consilium (EAC). AL 12 Qto COW
Doneus, M., Eder-Hinterleitner, A., and Neubauer, W. (eds.) 2001. Archaeological
Prospection: Fourth International Conference on Archaeological Prospection. Vienna:
Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
Evans, K. and Fielding, L. 1998. Giza. The use of GIS in managing a World Heritage Site. In
Shackley, M. (ed.) Visitor Management. Case Studies from World Heritage Sites. Oxford:
Butterworth, 82-99 AG SHA
Evans, D & Traviglia, A 2012. Uncovering Angkor: Integrated Remote Sensing Applications
in the Archaeology of Early Cambodia, Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing 16(3):
197-230
Gaffney, C. and Gater, J. 2003. Revealing the Buried Past: Geophysics for Archaeologists.
Tempus
Grøn, O. and Loska, A. 2002. Development of methods for satellite monitoring of cultural
heritage sites. Oslo: Riksantikvaren AL 12 Qto GRO
Grøn, O. et al 2004. Locating invisible cultural heritage sites in agricultural fields:
evaluation of methods for satellite monitoring of cultural heritage sites: results 2003. Oslo:
Riksantikvaren AL 12 Qto GRO
Howard, P. J. 2011. An introduction to landscape. Farnham: Ashgate
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Ingle, C. 2011. Aerial archaeology in Essex: the role of the National Mapping Programme in
interpreting the landscape. Chelmsford: Historic Environment, Essex County Council
DAA Qto Series EAA 136
Kamermans, H. and van Leusen, M. (eds.) 2005. Predictive Modelling for Archaeological
Heritage Management: A Research Agenda. Amersfoort: ROB AG Qto LEU
Lasaponara, R. and Masini, N. (eds.) 2012. Satellite remote sensing: a new tool for
archaeology. London: Springer AL 12 SAP
Parcak, S. 2007. Satellite remote sensing methods for monitoring archaeological tells in the
middle east, Journal of Field Archaeology 32(1): 65-81
Parcak, S. 2009. Satellite remote sensing for archaeology. London: Routledge AL 12 PAR
Pasquinucci, M and Trément, F (eds.) 2000. Non-Destructive Techniques Applied to
Landscape Archaeology. The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes 4. Oxford: Oxbow
Books
Remondino, F. and Campana, S. (eds.) 2014. 3D Recording and Modelling in Archaeology
and Cultural Heritage Theory and best practices. Oxford: Archaeopress AK 20 Qto REM
Stylianidis, E. & Remondino, F. (eds.) 2016. 3D Recording, Documentation and Management
of Cultural Heritage. Caithness: Whittles
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 53
Wheatley, D. 1995. The impact of information technology on the practice of archaeological
management. In Cooper, M.A., Firth, A., Carman, J. and Wheatley, D. (eds.) Managing
archaeology. London: Routledge, 163-174 Teaching Collection 2454
See also:
The ESRI website at http://www.conservationgis.org/ has the conference proceedings online.
Papers are published at http://www.conservationgis.org/aaresearch.html or search word for
terms such as cultural heritage, or heritage, or cultural resources.
National Park Service – see application of GIS in the National Park Service at:
http://www.nps.gov/gis/
Session 15 (lecture): Cultural landscapes and routes: the Silk Roads - a case study
in a serial trans-boundary nomination strategy (Gai Jorayev)
Representivity on the World Heritage list has become a major issue. In 1996, the World
Heritage Committee launched the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and
Credible World Heritage List: the aim was to ensure that the List reflects the world's cultural
and natural diversity of outstanding universal value
One approach to addressing unrepresented regions was to develop large-scale serial
nomination projects, the largest of which is the Silk Roads project across Asia to the
Mediterranean. This lecture will explore the role of the ICOMOS thematic study, the
development of a nomination strategy and approaches to working on trans-boundary and
serial nominations (which require very different strategies to sites within a single State Party
boundary). The project also raises issues with the concepts of cultural routes and cultural
landscapes.
Key reading:
Head, L. 2010. Cultural landscapes, in: Hicks, D. & Beaudry, M.C. (eds.) The Oxford
handbook of material culture studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 427-39 INST
ARCH AH HIC
Jokilehto, J. (with contributions from Henry Cleere, Susan Denyer and Michael Petzet) 2005.
The World Heritage list: filling the gaps: an action plan for the future. Paris: ICOMOS
AG Qto JOK
UNESCO 2010. UNESCO World Heritage: Serial Properties and Nominations. International
Expert Meeting on World Heritage and Serial Properties and Nominations, Ittingen,
Switzerland, 25-27 February 2010. UNESCO MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/
Ittingen/Expert_Meeting_Ittingen_Serial_nominations_and_properties.pdf
Williams, T. 2014 2014 The Silk Roads: an ICOMOS Thematic Study, Paris: ICOMOS
(available at http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1356660/)
Williams, T. 2015. Mapping the Silk Roads, in: Walter, M.N. & Ito-Adler, J.P. (eds.) The Silk
Road: interwoven history. Vol. 1, Long-distance trade, culture, and society. Cambridge, MA:
Cambridge Institutes Press. pp. 1-42. INST ARCH DBK WAL
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 54
Other reading (Global strategy):
Ashworth, G.J. and van der Aa, B.J.M. 2006. Strategy and policy for the World Heritage
Convention: goals, practices and future solutions. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.) Managing
World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 147-158 AG LEA
UNESCO 1996. Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage
List. Paris: UNESCO See various documents in MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Global
Strategy
Willems, W. J. H. 2014. The future of World Heritage and the emergence of transnational
heritage regimes, Heritage & Society 7(2): 105-120
Other reading (Cultural routes):
See MAS/Site Management Themes/Cultural routes
Beltramo, S. 2013 Cultural Routes and Networks of Knowledge: the identity and promotion
of cultural heritage. The case study of Piedmont. AlmaTourism 4(7): 13-28
Espinosa, R.M. 2004. The Great Inca Route: a living experience. Museum International.
56(3): 102-10
Guttormsen, T.S., Taylor, J. & Swensen, G. 2016. Heritage values conceptualised as heritage
routes. Visions and challenges towards public diversity. Post-Classical Archaeologies. 6:
252-72
ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Cultural Routes 1994. Routes as part of our
cultural heritage: report on the meeting of experts, Madrid 1994.
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/routes94.htm
ICOMOS. 2008. The ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Routes. Québec: ICOMOS
ICOMOS 2013 Cultural Routes: management and conservation. A bibliography. Paris:
ICOMOS
Innocenti, P. (ed.) 2014. Migrating heritage: experiences of cultural networks and cultural
dialogue in Europe. Farnham: Ashgate INST ARCH AG INN
Mariotti, A. 2012. Local System, Networks and International Competitiveness: from Cultural
Heritage to Cultural Routes. Almatourism. 3(5): 81-95
Zabbini, E. 2012. Cultural Routes and Intangible Heritage. Almatourism 3(5): 59-80
Other reading (Cultural landscapes):
See MAS/Site Management Themes/Cultural landscapes
Akagawa, N. & Sirisrisak, T. 2008. Cultural Landscapes in Asia and the Pacific: Implications
of the World Heritage Convention. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 14(2): 176-91
Bloemers, J.H.F., Kars, H., Van der Valk, A. & Wijnen, M. (eds.) 2010. The Cultural
Landscape & Heritage Paradox: protection and development of the Dutch archaeological-
historical landscape and its European dimension. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
DUTCH H 32.52 BLO
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 55
Droste, B.V., Plachter, H. & Rossler, M. (eds.) 1995. Cultural landscapes of universal value:
components of a global strategy. Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag. INST ARCH AG 20 DRO
Hicks, D., McAtackney, L. & Fairclough, G. (eds.) 2007. Envisioning Landscape:
Perspectives and Politics in Archaeology and Heritage. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
INST ARCH AG HIC
Fairclough, G. & Rippon, S. (eds.) 2002. Europe's cultural landscape: archaeologists and the
management of change. Brussels, Belgium: Europae Archaiologiae Consilium. INST ARCH
AG Qto FA
Fowler, P.J. 2004. Landscapes for the World: conserving a global heritage. Macclesfield:
Windgather Press. INST ARCH AG FOW
Lozny, L.R. (ed.) 2006. Landscapes under pressure: theory and practice of cultural heritage
research and preservation. New York: Springer.
Meier, T. (ed.) 2006. Landscape Ideologies. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
Mitchell, N.J. 2008. Considering the Authenticity of Cultural Landscapes. APT Bulletin.
39(2/3): 25-31
Mitchell, N., Rössler, M. & Tricaud, P.-M. 2009. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A
Handbook for Conservation and Management. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Online: http://whc.unesco.org/en/series/26/ or MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/World Heritage
Papers/26 World Heritage Cultural Landscapes.pdf
Moylan, E., Brown, S. & Kelly, C. 2009. Towards a cultural landscape atlas: representing all
the landscape as cultural. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 15(5): 447-66
Rossler, M. 2006. World Heritage cultural landscapes: A UNESCO flagship programme 1992
– 2006. Landscape Research. 31(4): 333-53
Rössler, M. 2008. Applying Authenticity to Cultural Landscapes. APT Bulletin. 39(2/3): 47-
52
Schut, P.A.C. (ed.) 2009. Listing Archaeological Sites, Protecting the Historical Landscape.
Brussels: Europae Archaeologiae Consilium INST ARCH AG Qto SCH
Taylor, K. 2003. Cultural landscape as open air museum: Borobudur World Heritage Site and
its setting. Humanities Research. 10(2): 51-62
Taylor, K., Mitchell, N. & St.Clair, A. (eds.) 2015. Conserving cultural landscapes:
challenges and new directions. New York: Routledge. INST ARCH AG TAY
Whitby-Last, K. 2008. Article 1 Cultural Landscapes, in: Francioni, F. (ed.) The 1972 World
Heritage Convention: a commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH AG 20
FRA
Session 16 (lecture): Case studies in site interpretation (Georgina Bishop, English
Heritage)
How do we plan interpretation at archaeological sites? What tools and techniques can be used
to improve the way visitors arrive, experience, and leave the site? What is the relationship of
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 56
visitor centres to site experiences? How can audio-visual tools be used? Georgina Bishop
from English Heritage will bring wealth of experience and ideas related to these questions.
Reading:
See under Session 17.
Session 17 (lecture): Interpretation strategies at archaeological sites (Gai
Jorayev)
People perceive visiting sites in very different ways – they have differing motivations,
expectations and needs. How can these expectations be realised or enhanced or, with
unsympathetic management, destroyed, devalued, or marginalised into economic activities?
Opportunities to approach interpretation, outside of a museum-style context.
Key reading:
Fyall, A, Garrod, B, & Leask, A (eds.) 2003. Managing visitor attractions: new directions.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann MF 7 FYA
Hems, A. & Blockley, M.R. (Eds.) 2013. Heritage interpretation. Hoboken: Taylor and
Francis. Online via UCL library
Hooper, G. (Ed.) 2018. Heritage at the interface: interpretation and identity. Gainesville
University Press of Florida. INST ARCH AG HOO
Howard, P. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
McManamon, F. P. 2000. Archaeological messages and messengers. Public Archaeology, 1,
5-20 PERS
Mills, N. (ed.) 2013. Presenting the Romans: Interpreting the Frontiers of the Roman Empire
World Heritage Site. Woodbridge: Boydell Press DAA 410 R.4 MIL
Shackley, M. 2006 Visitor management at World Heritage Sites. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A.
(eds.) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 83-94 AG LEA
Sivan, R. 1997. The presentation of archaeological sites. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The
conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international
conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12
May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 51-9 AG Qto DEL
Tilden, F. 1977. Interpreting our heritage. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
MF4 TIL
Association for Heritage Interpretation:
Numerous articles available to download from: http://www.ahi.org.uk/
Further reading:
Addyman, P.V. 1990. Reconstruction as interpretation: the example of the Jorvik Viking
Centre, York. In Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds.) The Politics of the Past. One World
Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman, 257-264 AG GAT
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 57
Atkinson, C 1996. A Beginners Guide to the Planning, Design and Operation of Visitor
Centres. AHI 1(3). Available at: http://www.ahi.org.uk/
Barrow, G 1996. Visitor Centres: Financial Planning and Management Issues. AHI 1(3).
Avalable at: http://www.ahi.org.uk/
Bender, B. 1993. Stonehenge – Contested Landscapes Medieval to Present-Day). In Bender,
B. (ed.) Landscape. Politics and Perspectives. Oxford: Berg BD BEN
Bertaux, J.-P., Crevoisier, J.-P., Goutal, M., Mechling, J.-M. and Meistersheim, P. 1998. The
Gallo-Roman sanctuary at Grand, France: II. The protection and development of the
amphitheatre. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 217-228
PERS
Bettini, G. & Massa, S. 1991. Preservation problems, visitors and deterioration on the painted
Etruscan tomb, in Baer, N S (ed.) Science, technology, and European cultural heritage:
proceedings of the European symposium, Bologna, 13-16 June 1989: 761-769
Binks, G., Dyke, J. and Dagnall, P. 1988. Visitors welcome. A manual on the presentation and
interpretation of archaeological excavations. London: English Heritage AL BIN
Bintliff, J. 1988. Extracting Meaning from the Past. Oxford: Oxbow AG BIN
Boniface, P. and Fowler, P.J. (eds.) 1993. Heritage and Tourism in the ‘Global Village’.
London: Routledge AG BON
Chitty, G. and Baker, D. (eds.) 1999. Managing Historic Sites and Buildings. Reconciling
Presentation and Preservation. London: Routledge AG CHI
Colomer, L. 2002. Educational facilities in archaeological reconstruction: Is an image worth
more than a thousand words? Public Archaeology 2(2), 85-94 PERS
Corbishley, M. (ed.) 1992. Archaeology in the National Curriculum. London: Council for
British Archaeology and English Heritage
Council of Europe n.d. [1996]). Access of visitors to the ancient places of performance.
Papers from the Mérida seminar, 16-18 October, 1994. European Network of Ancient Places
of Performance, Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Cracknell, S. and Corbishley, M. (eds.) 1986. Presenting Archaeology to Young People.
London: Council for British Archaeology AQ CRA
Demas, M. 1997. Ephesus. In De la Torre, M (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in
the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by the Getty Conservation
Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute, 127-49 AG Qto DEL
Dimacopoulos, J. 1985. Anastylosis and anasteloseis. ICOMOS Information
Teaching Collection 1643
Dragovich, D. 1996. Site management and the visitor book, in Ward, G K & Ward, L A (eds.)
Management of rock imagery. Proceedings of Symposium H of the Second AURA
Congress, Cairns 1992 103-106. Melbourne:
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 58
German Commission for UNESCO 1980. Protection and Cultural Animation of Monuments,
Sites, and Historic Towns in Europe. Bonn: Bernecker LC UNE
Harrison, R. (ed.) 1994. Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann,
especially section 4, 291-378 MC HAR
Hems, A. and Blockley, M. R. (eds.) 2006. Heritage interpretation. London: Routledge
AG HEM
Henson, D., Stone, P. and Corbishley, M. (eds.) 2004. Education and the historic
environment. London: Routledge AQ HEN
Hooper-Greenhill, E. 1992. Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge. London: Routledge
M 8 HOO
Hughes, M. and Rowley, T. (eds.) 1986. The Management and Presentation of Field
Monuments. Oxford: Oxford University LC HUG
Jameson, J.H. (ed.) 1997. Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, Walnut
Creek, Calif. & London: Alta Mira Press DED 100 JAM
Jordanova, L. 1999. Objects of knowledge: a historical perspective on museums. In Moffat, H
& Woollard, V (eds.) Museum & Gallery Education: a manual of good practice. London: The
Stationery Office, 22-40 MF 4 MOF
Kwas, M.L. (ed.) 1986. Archaeological Parks. Integrating Preservation, Interpretation, and
Recreation. Nashville, Tennessee: Department of Conservation, Division of Parks and
Recreation
Leask, A. & Fyall, A. (eds.) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA
Leask, A. and Yeoman, I. (eds.) 1999. Heritage visitor attractions: an operations
management perspective. London: Continuum AG LEA
Lerner, S. 1991. Saving sites: preservation and education. In Smith, G.S. and Ehrenhard, J.E.
(eds.) Protecting the Past. Baton Rouge, FL: CRC Press, 103-108 AG SMI
Little, B. (ed.) 2002. The public benefits of archaeology. Gainesville: Florida University Press
DED 100 LIT
Marquet, J-C and Pathy, C (eds.) 2006. L'archéologie et l'éducation/ Archaeology and
Education. Archaeopress
Marshall, Y. and Gosden, C. 1999. The cultural biography of objects. World Archaeology
31.2, 169-178 PERS
McManus, P.M. (ed.) 1996. Archaeological displays and the public. Museology and
interpretation. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London
MG2 MCM
Merriman, N. 2000. Beyond the Glass Case: the Past, Heritage and the Public. London:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London MB 2 MER
Merriman, N. (ed.) 2004. Public archaeology. London: Routledge AG MER
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 59
Mills, N. (ed.) 2013. Presenting the Romans: Interpreting the Frontiers of the Roman Empire
World Heritage Site. Woodbridge: Boydell Press DAA 410 R.4 MIL
Molina Montes, A. 1982. Archaeological buildings: restoration or misrepresentation. In
Boone, E. H. (ed.) Falsifications and misreconstructions of Pre-Columbian art. Dumbarton
Oaks, 14-15 October, 1978. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks, 125-141
Teaching Collection 1691
Morin, R. 1999. Creative preservation: The development of an artistic approach to the
preservation and presentation of the past. In Conservation and management of archaeological
sites 3, 191-201 PERS
Moyer, T. S. 2007. Learning through visitors: exhibits as tool for encouraging civic
engagement through archaeology, in Little, B. J. & Shackel, P. A. (eds.) Archaeology as a
tool of civic engagement. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 263-278. DED 100
LIT
Naccache, A. 1996. The price of progress. Archaeology 49, 51-6 PERS
Naccache, A. 1998. Beirut’s memorycide. In Meskell, L. (ed.) Archaeology under fire.
Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London:
Routledge, 140-158 AG MES
Ndoro, W. 1994. The preservation and presentation of Great Zimbabwe. Antiquity 68(260),
616-623 PERS
Paardekooper, R. 2012. The value of an archaeological open-air museum is in its use:
understanding archaeological open-air museums and their visitors. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
INST ARCH MG 2 PAA
Papadopoulos, J.K. 1997. Knossos. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of
archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by
the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles:
Getty Conservation Institute, 93-125 AG Qto DEL
Parker-Pearson, M. 1999. Preserving and presenting the evidence. In Barker, G. and Grant, A.
(eds.) Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Routledge, 389-427 AH BAR
Parks Canada 1997. Special edition of CRM: Sharing Experiences Broadening Horizons.
CRM 4 PERS and MAS/Organisations/Parks Canada
Pearson, V. (ed.) 2001 Teaching the Past: A Practical Guide for Archaeologists. York:
Council for British Archaeology AQ Qto PEA
Peers, L. and Brown, A.K. (eds.) 2003. Museums and source communities: a Routledge
reader. London: Routledge MG 3 PEE
Philippot, P. 1996. Historic preservation: philosophy, criteria, guidelines. In Timmons, S. A.
(ed.) Preservation and conservation: principles and practice. Washington, D.C: The
Preservation Press. Reprinted in Stanley Price et al. (eds.), 367-382 KN STA
Piccini, A. 1999. Wargames and Wendy Houses: Open-air Reconstructions of Prehistoric
Life. In Merriman, N (ed.) Making Early Histories in Museums. London: Leicester University
Press. MG 2 MER
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 60
Rowan, Y. & Baram, U. (eds.) 2004. Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption
of the Past. AltaMira Press AG ROW
Schmidt, H. 1997. Reconstruction of ancient buildings. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The
conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international
conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12
May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 41-50 AG Qto DEL
Shackley, M. 1999. Visitor management. In Leask, A. & Yeoman, I. (eds.) Heritage Visitor
Attractions: an Operations Management Perspective, London-New York: Continuum, 69-82
Teaching Collection 2464
Shackley, M (ed.) 2000. Visitor Management. Case Studies from World Heritage Sites.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman AG SHA
Silverman, H. (ed.) 2006. Archaeological site museums in Latin America. Gainesville:
University Press of Florida
Smiles, S. & Moser, S. (eds.) 2005. Envisioning the past: archaeology and the image.
Blackwell AH SMI
Stanley Price, N. 1990. Conservation and interpretation in the display of prehistoric sites. In
Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds.) The Politics of the Past. One World Archaeology.
London: Unwin Hyman, 284-290 AG GAT
Stanley Price, N. 1997. The Roman villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily. In De la Torre, M (ed.)
The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international
conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12
May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 65-8 AG Qto DEL
Stone, P. and Mackenzie, R. 1994. (eds.) The excluded past: Archaeology in Education,
London: Routledge AQ STO
Stone, P. and Molyneaux, B. (eds.) 1994. The presented past: Heritage, Museums and
Education. London: Routledge M 6 STO
Stone, P. and Planel, P.G. (eds.) 1999. The constructed past. Experimental archaeology,
education and the public. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge AH STO
Sullivan, S. 1985. Aboriginal site interpretation: some considerations. ACT Heritage
Seminars 3, 11-22 PERS
Talboys, G. K. 2005. Museum educator's handbook. (2nd ed.) Farnham: Ashgate MF 4 TAL
Talboys, G. K. 2010. Using museums as an educational resource: an introductory handbook
for students and teachers. (2nd ed.) Farnham: Ashgate MF 4 TAL
Thompson, M.W. 1981. Ruins: their preservation and display. London: British Museum
LC THO
Tilden, F. 1977. Interpreting our heritage. 3rd.ed. [1st (ed.) 1957]. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press MF4 TIL
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 61
Uzzell, D. and Ballantyne, R. 1998. Contemporary Issues in Heritage and Environmental
Interpretation. Problems and Prospects. London: The Stationery Office
AG UZZ
Uzzell, D.L. (ed.) 1989. Heritage interpretation. Volumes 1 & 2. London: Belhaven Press
M6 UZZ
Veliz, V., Bright, J.W. and Barborak, J.R. 1989. Planning and managing Honduras's Copán
Ruins World Heritage Site: The role of cultural parks in contributing to education and
economic development. In International Perspectives on National Parks Proceedings of the
First World Conference, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1984. U.S. National Park
Service in association with the Colorado Historical Society
Walsh, K. 1992. The Representation of the Past. Museums and Heritage in the Post-Modern
World. London: Routledge MG2 WAL
Waterfield, G. (ed.) 2004. Opening Doors: Learning in the Historic Environment. The
Attingham Trust MAS/Site Management themes/Education/opendoors.pdf and also available
at www.attinghamtrust.org
Session 18 (lecture): Case study: interpretation and visitor management at Tower
Bridge (Dirk Bennett, City of London)
Tower Bridge, an iconic monument in the City of London, is a major tourist attraction.
Interpretation has to balance visitor circulation with addressing the needs of a wide range of
visitors; and it has to present engineering, civic planning, associative and commemorative
values, and bring out the people who built and operated the bridge. This session explores the
complex values and approaches.
Reading:
See under Session 17.
See also:
https://www.towerbridge.org.uk/
Session 19 (lecture & practical): approaches to social science research projects &
your dissertation (Gai Jorayev)
This session focuses on some of the key issues in social science research, including planning
research projects, and some key issues such as quantitative and qualitative data, sample size,
semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, etc. The aim of the session is to start thinking
about how you might approach your dissertation research, although most of the principles of
the research methods discussed here will be applicable to many areas of your studies and
future careers.
Key reading:
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 62
Bryman, A. 2016. Social Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. SSEES
Misc.XIX BRY. The 3rd ed. is available at: MAS/Social Research
Methods/Bryman_2008_Social Research Methods.pdf
Lofland, L. & Perecman, E. (eds.) 2006. A Handbook for Social Science Field Research:
Essays and Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA.:
Sage. MAS/Social Research Methods/Perecman & Curran_Handbook for Field Research.pdf
3.5 SPRING TERM
Session 20 (lecture): Recording, managing and conserving urban archaeological
sites (Gai Jorayev)
Urban sites present complex issues: the values of archaeological sites are often ignored or
minimised, especially when faced with the pressure of urban communities. How can site
management be integrated with the economic, social, and cultural life of a place? Is it possible
to include archaeology in an urban environment or will the relationship always remain
antagonistic?
Key reading:
Bandarin, F. & van Oers, R. 2012. The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an
urban century. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell ARCHITECTURE CC135.B353 2012 & online
Bandarin, F. and van Oers, R. (eds.) 2014. Reconnecting the City: The Historic Urban
Landscape Approach and the Future of Urban Heritage. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell
Online via UCL Library
Chatzoglou, A., Polyzoundi, A., Sørensen, M.L.S & Taha, S. 2011. Historic environment:
historic cities. Burwood, Victoria: Australian ICOMOS AG Qto CHA
Getty Conservation Institute. 2011. Historic cities (Special issue). Conservation Perspectives,
The GCI Newsletter, 26(2) 2011 MAS/Organisations/Getty/v26n2.pdf
ICOMOS 1987. Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas.
http://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/towns_e.pdf
Labadi, S. & Logan, W. (eds.) 2015. Urban Heritage, Development and Sustainability:
International Frameworks, National and Local Governance. London: Routledge
BARTLETT CC135.U73 2015
Lynch, K. 1960. The Image of the City, Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies Series,
MIT Press. GEOGRAPHY U 57 LYN & Bartlett NA9108.L96 1960
UNESCO 2016. The HUL Guidebook: managing heritage in a dynamic and constantly
changing urban environments. UNESCO. Available at:
http://historicurbanlandscape.com/themes/196/userfiles/download/2016/6/7/wirey5prpznidqx.
van Oers, R. & Haraguchi, S. (eds.) 2010. Managing Historic Cities. World Heritage Papers
27. Paris: UNESCO. MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/ World Heritage Papers/ 27 Managing
Historic Cities.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 63
Weise, K. (ed.) 2015. Revisiting Kathmandu: safeguarding living urban heritage.
Kathmandu: UNESCO & UNESCO Office in Kathmandu. Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231755E.pdf or
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Revisiting Kathmandu.pdf
Williams, T. 2014. Archaeology: Reading the City through Time, in Bandarin, F. & van Oers,
R. (eds.) Reconnecting the City: The Historic Urban Landscape Approach and the Future of
Urban Heritage. 19-45. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Online via UCL Library
Williams, T. 2015. Preservation in situ: not an ethical principle, but rather an option amongst
many, In: van den Dries, M., van der Linde, S. & Strecker, A. (eds.) Fernweh: crossing
borders and connecting people in archaeological heritage management. Leiden: Sidestone
Press, pp. 38-41 On order
See also:
Organization of World Heritage Cities: https://www.ovpm.org/
Further reading:
Allison, E. & Peters, L. 2011. Historic preservation and the livable city. Hoboken, N.J.:
Wiley. BARTLETT NA9053.H76 A42 2011
Araoz, G. F. 2008. World-Heritage Historic Urban Landscapes: Defining and Protecting
Authenticity, APT Bulletin 39(2/3): 33-37 Online
Assi, E. 2008. The relevance of urban conservation charters in the world heritage cities in the
Arab States. City & Time 4(1), 57-63. Available at: http://www.ceci-
br.org/novo/revista/docs2007/CT-2007-86.pdf
Baugher, S and DiZerega Wall, D 1997. Ancient and modern united: archaeological
exhibitions in urban plazas. In J H Jameson Jr, (ed.) Presenting Archaeology to the Public:
digging for truths. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, 114-129 DED 100 JAM
Birabi, A K 2007. International urban conservation charters: catalytic or passive tools of
urban conservation practices among developing countries?, City & Time 3(2): 39-53
http://www.ct.ceci-br.org/novo/revista/
Callebaut, D. & Sunderland, J. 2010. ENAME: new technologies perpetuate the past, Museum
International 50(2): 50-54 Online
Cervelló-Royo, R., Garrido-Yserte, R., & Baldomero Segura-García del Río 2012. An urban
regeneration model in heritage areas in search of sustainable urban development and internal
cohesion, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 2(1): 44-
61 Online
Coppola, M., Garzonio, C. A., and Bonora, V. (eds.) 2013. Architectural heritage in
Mediterranean port cities: contributions and procedures for knowledge and conservation.
Firenze: Edifir LC Qto COP
Davis, M. J., Gdaniec, K. L. A., Brice, M., & White, L. 2004. Mitigation of construction
impact on archaeological remains. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service
Dennison, P. (ed.) 1999. Conservation and change in historic towns. York: CBA Res Rep 122
DAA Qto Series COU 122
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 64
du Cros, H and Lee, Y S F (eds.) 2007. Cultural Heritage Management in China: Preserving
the Pearl River Delta Cities. London: Routledge DBL CRO
English Heritage 2002. Changing London: An historic city for a modern world. English
Heritage: London MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/changinglondon.pdf
English Heritage & CABE 2001. Building in context: New development in historic areas.
English Heritage & CABE: London
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/Building in Context {various files}
English Heritage 2001. Enabling development and the conservation of heritage assets.
English Heritage: London
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/enablingdevelopment.pdf
English Heritage 2003. Managing local authority heritage assets: Some guiding principles for
decision-makers. DCMS, English Heritage & ODPM: London
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/LA Asset Document.pdf
English Heritage 2005. Regeneration and the historic environment: heritage as a catalyst for
better social and economic regeneration. English Heritage
Fan, L. 2014. International influence and local response: understanding community
involvement in urban heritage conservation in China, International Journal of Heritage
Studies 20(6): 651-662
Galán, E. & Zezza, F. (eds.). 2002. International Symposium on the Conservation of
Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin (Seville, Spain): Protection and conservation of the
cultural heritage of the Mediterranean cities. Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
LA GAL
Grewcock, D 2006. Museums of Cities and Urban Futures: new approaches to urban planning
and the opportunities for museums of cities, Museum International 58(3), 32-42
Hall, M. 2006. Identity, Memory and Countermemory: The Archaeology of an Urban
Landscape, Journal of Material Culture 11(1): 189-210
Hall, P. & Pfeiffer, U. 2000. Urban future 21: a global agenda for twenty-first century cities.
London: Spon Press. Bartlett HT151.H284 2000
Iamandi, C. 1997. The Charter of Athens of 1931 and 1933: coincidence, controversy and
convergence. In Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(1), 17-28 PERS
Jones, I, MacDonald, R R, and McIntyre, D (eds.) 2008. City Museums and City
Development. Plymouth: AltaMira Press MG 2 JON
Kabbani, O. R. 1998. Public space as infrastructure: the case of the post-war reconstruction of
Beirut. In Rowe, P. & Sarkis, H. (eds.) Projecting Beirut: episodes in the construction and
reconstruction of a modern city, 240-259 TOWN PLANNING C 62 LEB
Khirfan, L. 2014. World Heritage, Urban Design and Tourism: three cities in the Middle
East. Ashgate. On order
Knox, P. L. and Mayer, H. (eds.) 2009. Small town sustainability: economic, social, and
environmental innovation. Basel: Birkhauser TOWN PLANNING A 7 KNO
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 65
Kulikauskas, P 2011. Introduction to the Special Issue of City & Time, City & Time 5(1)
Labadi, S. & Logan, W. (eds.) 2015. Urban Heritage, Development and Sustainability:
International Frameworks, National and Local Governance. London: Routledge
Licciardi, G. & Amirtahmasebi, R. (eds.) 2012. The Economics of Uniqueness: Historic Cities
and Cultural Heritage Assets as Public Goods. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications
Lisse, E. (ed.) 2002. Protection and conservation of the cultural heritage of the
Mediterranean cities. Netherlands: A.A. Balkema LA GAL
Lohman, J 2006. City Museums: do we have a role in shaping the global community?,
Museum International 58(3), 15-20
Lord, G.D. & Blankenberg, N. (eds.) 2015. Cities, Museums and Soft Power. Washington,
D.C.: American Alliance of Museums Press INST ARCH MB 2 LOR
Loukaki, A 2008. Living ruins, value conflicts. Aldershot: Ashgate YATES A 8 LOU
McManus, P. 2000. Archaeological Parks. In Archaeology International 3, 57-59 PERS
MORI 2002. London's Heritage. Research Study Conducted for English Heritage. English
Heritage MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/MORILondon.pdf
Orbaşli, A. 2000. Tourists in historic towns: urban conservation and heritage management.
London: Taylor and Francis TOWN PLANNING A 59 ORB
Orbaşli, A. 2008. Architectural conservation: principles and practice. Oxford: Blackwell
Science Bartlett NA105.O73 2008
Oueslati, T. 2006. Approche archéozoologique des modes d'acquisition, de transformation et
de consommation des ressources animales dans le contexte urbain gallo-romain de Lutèce,
Paris. Oxford: Archaeopress STORE 12-0313
Page, S. & Hall, C. M. 2003. Managing urban tourism. Harlow: Prentice Hall
GEOGRAPHY H 96 PAG
Page, S. 1995. Urban tourism. London: Routledge AG PAG
Papageorgiou, L. 2000. The Unification of archaeological sites of Athens. The birth of an
archaeological park? In Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 4, 176-84
PERS
Petruccioli, A 2007. After amnesia: learning from the Islamic Mediterranean urban fabric.
Altamura: ICAR ARCHITECTURE B 1:49 PET
Pickard, R. (ed.) 2001. Management of historic centres. London: Spon AG PIC
Ripp, M. & Rodwell, D. 2015. The Geography of Urban Heritage. The Historic Environment:
policy & practice 6(3): 240-76
Routh, R. & Shah, P. 2015. Public participation towards managing cultural heritage: use of
crowd-sourcing for conserving historic Ahmedabad, in: Weise, K. (ed.) Revisiting
Kathmandu: safeguarding living urban heritage. Kathmandu: UNESCO & UNESCO Office
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 66
Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231755E.pdf or
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Revisiting Kathmandu.pdf
Russell-Ciardi, M 2006. Place-based education in an urban environment, Museum
International 58(3), 71-77
Sader, H. 1998. Ancient Beirut: urban growth in the light of recent excavations. In Rowe, P.
& Sarkis, H. (eds.) Projecting Beirut: episodes in the construction and reconstruction of a
modern city, 23-40 Bartlett library: TOWN PLANNING C 62 LEB
Sandes, C 2008. St Alphage's Tower, Cripplegate: monument to tenacity, London
Archaeologist 12(2): 35-39
Sandes, C 2010. Archaeology, conservation and the city: post-conflict redevelopment in
London, Berlin and Beirut. Oxford: Archaeopress AG Qto SAN
Santiago de Compostela Manifest 1999. http://bin.ovpm.org/congres/1999.pdf
Stein, P. & Ripp, M. 2018. Applying the Faro Convention Principles to deliver Heritage-
based Urban Development: The COMUS-Project. Community-led Urban Strategies in
Historic Towns (COMUS). Available at: https://rm.coe.int/applying-the-faro-convention-
principles-to-deliver-heritage-based-urba/168078827f
Thabet, J 1999. Arab Architectural Heritage: Between Mirrors and Idols. Looking within and
beyond the tradition-modernity debate. Al Jadid, 4-5, nos. 24-25 (Fall 1998 & Winter 1999)
Turner, M. & Tomer, T. 2013. Community Participation and the Tangible and Intangible
Values of Urban Heritage. Heritage & Society, 6(2): 185-98
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2159032X13Z.00000000013
Watkin, D 2009. The Roman Forum. Profile YATES E 22 ROM
UNESCO 1975 The Conservation of Cities. London: Croom Helm STORE 10-0920
Session 21 (lecture): Case study: Integrated heritage conservation and
sustainable urban development – a case study from Edinburgh (Hiba Alkhalaf)
Attempts to set a wider scene for the conservation of historic urban areas has lead the focus to
shift from monuments and artefacts to the city scale. Under this rubric, urban areas must
change to thrive, rather than just survive; this includes sustaining their values, assets and
resources. This session will discuss the effective value-based approaches to managing the
historic urban landscape in a globalised world, and the role of local/universal values (and its
sense of place) and community engagement in shaping the character and managing the
heritage areas.
Key reading:
Bandarin, F. & van Oers, R. 2012. The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an
urban century. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. ARCHITECTURE CC135.B353 2012 & online
Bandarin, F. and van Oers, R. (eds.) 2014. Reconnecting the City: The Historic Urban
Landscape Approach and the Future of Urban Heritage. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Online
via UCL Library
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 67
Glendinning, M. 2013. The conservation movement: a history of architectural preservation:
antiquity to modernity. London: Routledge. Bartlett NA105.G49 2013
Lynch, K. 1960. The Image of the City, Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies Series,
MIT Press. GEOGRAPHY U 57 LYN & Bartlett NA9108.L96 1960
Ripp, M. & Rodwell, D. 2015. The Geography of Urban Heritage. The Historic Environment:
Policy & Practice, 6, 240-276.
Ripp, M. & Rodwell, D. 2016. The Governance of Urban Heritage. The Historic
Environment: Policy & Practice, 7, 81-108.
UNESCO 2016. The HUL Guidebook: Managing heritage in a dynamic and constantly
changing urban environments. UNESCO. Available at:
http://historicurbanlandscape.com/themes/196/userfiles/download/2016/6/7/wirey5prpznidqx.
Further reading:
Ashworth, G.J. 1991. Heritage Planning: Conservation as the Management of Urban
Change. Groningen: Geo Pres.
Edwards, B. & Jenkins, P. 2005. Edinburgh: the making of a capital city. Edinburgh
University Press.
Howard, P. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Jokilehto, J. 1999. A history of architectural conservation. London: Butterworth-Heinemann
INST ARCH KP JOK
Pendlebury, J. 2009. Conservation in the Age of Consensus. London: Routledge AG PEN
Session 22 (class-led seminar): The role of archaeological excavation in managing
archaeological sites
“As excavation always implies the necessity of making a selection of evidence to be
documented and preserved at the cost of losing other information and possibly even
the total destruction of the monument, a decision to excavate should only be taken
after thorough consideration.
Excavation should be carried out on sites and monuments threatened by development,
land-use change, looting, or natural deterioration.
In exceptional cases, unthreatened sites may be excavated to elucidate research
problems or to interpret them more effectively for the purpose of presenting them to
the public. In such cases excavation must be preceded by thorough scientific
evaluation of the significance of the site. Excavation should be partial, leaving a
portion undisturbed for future research.”
(Article 5) ICOMOS Charter for the protection and management of the
archaeological heritage (1990)
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 68
Other reading:
Barrett, J. (ed.) 1995. Some Challenges in Contemporary Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow
Books AH BAR
Biddle, M. 1994. What Future for British Archaeology? Oxford: Oxbow AG BID
Bishop, M. 1994. Research - Holy Grail or Sacred Cow? The Field Archaeologist 21, 425- 27
PERS
Carver, M. 1999. Field archaeology. In Barker, G. and Grant, A. (ed.) Companion
Encyclopaedia of Archaeology. London: Routledge, 128-81 AH BAR
Doumas, C. 1998. Excavation and Rescue Operations: What to Preserve and Why, Museum
International 50(2): 6-9
Frankel, D. 1993. The excavator: creator or destroyer? Antiquity 67, 875-77
PERS
Lipe, W. D. 1996. In defence of digging. Archaeological preservation as a means, not an end.
CRM 19(7), 23-27. Teaching Collection 1860
Palmer, R., and Cox, C. 1993. Uses of Aerial Photography in Archaeological Evaluations.
Birmingham, Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Papers No. 12 AL 21 PAL
Session 23 (class-led seminar): Interpreting archaeological sites in modern urban
landscapes
Details will be distributed on Moodle in advance.
Reading: see session 20.
Site visit III: Roman London: Billingsgate bathhouse, Guildhall amphitheatre,
City wall, and the Museum of London Roman gallery
Roman city wall
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 69
Billingsgate Roman Bathhouse
Guildhall Roman Amphitheatre
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 70
Museum of London Roman gallery
Session 24 (lecture): National management of historic resources in a local
context: case studies from the National Trust and Historic England (Joe
Flatman, National Trust)
How do we manage a wide range of buried archaeological sites within the context of urban
and rural development? What legislative and procedural tools are available to us and how are
these implemented within the context of the pressures to development and the need for
growth? This session reviews the approaches adopted for development control in the England.
Key reading:
Bradley, R., Haselgrove, C., Linden, M.V. & Webley, L. (eds.) 2012. Development-led
archaeology in Northwest Europe. Oxford: Oxbow. INST ARCH AG WEB.
Department for Communities and Local Government 2012. National Planning Policy
Framework. Available from:
http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/nppf
English Heritage 2010. PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Practice Guide.
(revision note 2012). Available from: https://www.historicengland.org.uk/images-
books/publications/pps-practice-guide/
Hunter, J. and Ralston, I. (eds.) 2006. Archaeological resource management in the UK: an
introduction. 2nd edition. Stroud: Sutton . Especially chapters 4, 5 and 10 AG HUN
Waterton, E. & Smith, L. 2008. Heritage protection for the 21st century, Cultural Trends,
17(3): 197-203 MAS/Site Management Themes/Development control/Smith & Waterton.pdf
Further reading:
Davis, M.J., Gdaniec, K.L.A., Brice, M. & White, L. 2004. Mitigation of construction impact
on archaeological remains. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service.
Department of Culture, Media and Sport 2007. Heritage Protection for the 21st Century -
White Paper. Available from:
http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/consultations/hrp_whitepaper_doc1.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 71
Department of the Environment. 1990. Planning and Policy Guidance Note (PPG) 16:
Archaeology and Planning. London: H.M.S.O. (Re-published in Pugh-Smith and Samuels,
1996). 3 copies at AG20 ARC
Pickard, R (ed.) 2001. Policy and law in heritage conservation. London: Spon AG 20 PIC
Willems, W J H & van der Dries, M 2007. Quality Management in Archaeology. Oxford:
Oxbow Books AG WIL
Willems, W.J.H., Kars, H. & Hallewas, D.P. (eds.) 1997. Archaeological Heritage
Management in the Netherlands. Fifty Years State Service for Archaeological Investigations.
Assen: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek INST ARCH DAHB WIL
See also:
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/ - various files
MAS/Organisations/Historic Scotland/ Scottish historic environment policy 2008.pdf
Session 25 (class-led seminar): Approaches to landscape interpretation
Details will be distributed on Moodle in advance.
Session 26 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability – Part 1 (Gai Jorayev)
Tourism is now arguably the largest industry in the world, and cultural tourism represents a
significant element of this global industry. For many developing countries cultural tourism is
seen as a key element of poverty relief and economic sustainability. There are many different
forms of tourism; with negative and positive impacts; and different relationships and
structures within and between governments, local communities, and tourism industry. We will
explore concepts of sustainability; poverty; management strategies; and issues in
environmental and cultural conservation.
Key reading (not all of these! – depends on your area of interest - scan a selection of
material – best marked with *)
Albert, M. (Ed.) 2015. Perceptions of sustainability in heritage studies. Berlin: Walter De
Gruyter GmbH. Online via UCL library.
Australian Heritage Commission 2001. Successful tourism at heritage places: a guide for
tourism operators, heritage managers, and communities. Canberra: AHC
Berriane, M. 1999. Tourism, Culture and Development in the Arab Region: Supporting
culture to develop tourism, developing tourism to support culture. UNESCO
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/ArabRegion1999.pdf
Barthel-Bouchier, D. 2013. Cultural Heritage and the Challenge of Sustainability. Walnut
Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press AG BAR
Brunet, S., Bauer, J., and De Lacy, T. 2000. Green Globe 21: certifying sustainable tourism in
heritage cities in Asia/Pacific. Paper at UNESCO Culture, heritage management and tourism
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 72
conference, Bhaktapur, Nepal, April 2000
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/Nepal/Green Globe 21.pdf
*Burtenshaw, P. & Gould, P. (eds.) 2015. Archaeology and economic development. Maney:
special issue of Public Archaeology. PERS
*Cochrane, J. and Tapper, R. 2006 Tourism’s contribution to World Heritage Site
management. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann; 97-109 AG LEA
Cohen, E. 1998. Authenticity and commoditization in tourism, Annals of Tourism Research
15(3): 371-386
*Comer, D. (Ed.) 2012. Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver
to Development or Destruction? Baltimore: Springer. INST ARCH DBE 10 COM & online
via UCL library.
Demas, M., Agnew, N. & Jinshi, F. 2015. Strategies for Sustainable Tourism at the Mogao
Grottoes of Dunhuang, China. Springer.
Duffy, R. 2002. A Trip Too Far - Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. Earthscan.
*Girard, L. F. and Nijkamp, P. (eds.) 2009. Cultural tourism and sustainable local
development. Farnham: Ashgate TOWN PLANNING A 59 FUS
*ICOMOS 1999. ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter. ICOMOS. Available at:
http://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/INTERNATIONAL_CULTURAL_
TOURISM_CHARTER.pdf or MAS/Charters/1999 ICOMOS tourism_charter.pdf
ICOMOS. Heritage@Risk. ICOMOS. Various reports: see http://www.icomos.org/en/get-
involved/inform-us/heritage-alert/heritage-at-risk-reports
Keitumetse, S. O. 2009. The Eco-tourism of Cultural Heritage Management (ECT-CHM):
Linking Heritage and Environment in the Okavango Delta Regions of Botswana,
International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(2): 223-244.
Khirfan, L. 2014. World Heritage, Urban Design and Tourism: three cities in the Middle
East. Ashgate, On order
Lim, L 2004. China tourist town's culture clash, BBC website
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3839443.stm
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/China tourist town.doc
MacCannell, D 2000. Cultural Tourism. The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 15(1)
McKercher, B. & du Cros, H. 2002. Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and
cultural heritage management. Binghamton, New York: Haworth Hospitality Press
Online
*Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. 2003. Tourism and sustainability. Development and new tourism
in the third world. London: Routledge
*Park, H. Y. 2013. Heritage Tourism. London: Routledge INST ARCH AG 10 PAK
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 73
Pedersen, A. 2002. Managing tourism at World Heritage Sites: a practical manual for world
Heritage Site Mangers. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Managing tourism.pdf
Périer-D’Ieteren, C. 1998. Tourism and conservation: striking a balance, Museum
International 50(4): 5-14 MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/ Tourism
and conservation_striking a balance.pdf
Timothy, D.J. & Boyd, S.W. 2003. Heritage Tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall AG TIM
*Timothy, D. J. and Nyaupane, G. (eds.) 2009. Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the
Developing World: A Regional Perspective. London: Routledge AG TIM
*United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development 1987. Our Common
Future. New York: Oxford University Press. Most commonly referred to as the Brundtland
Report
*United Nations 2003. Agenda 21. UN at:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf or
MAS/Organisations/UN/Agenda21.pdf
*UNEP 2003. Tourism and Local Agenda 21. The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable
Tourism. UNEP: Paris MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural
tourism/UNEP/la21_part1.pdf etc
UNESCO 1995. Workshop on sustainable tourism development in World Heritage Sites -
planning for Hue. Hue, Viet Nam, 3 - 6 May 1995. UNESCO: Thailand
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/HueVietnam1995.pdf
UNESCO 1996. Culture, tourism, development: crucial issues for the 21st century, Paris:
UNESCO AG TOU
Wood, M.E. 2002. Ecotourism: principles, practices & policies for sustainability. UNEP:
Paris MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNEP/ecotourism_part-one.pdf &
ecotourism_part-two.pdf
World Bank 2001. Cultural Heritage and Development. A Framework for Action in the
Middle East and North Africa. World Bank: Washington MAS/Cultural tourism/WB/CH in
ME and NA.pdf
Journals
Annals of Tourism Research: see http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01607383
Journal of Heritage Tourism
Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change
Websites
The World Travel & Tourism Council http://www.wttc.org/ on-line database of information
on sustainable tourism.
UN World Tourism Organisation website: http://www2.unwto.org/
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 74
Further reading:
Addyman, P. and Gaynor, A. 1984. The Jorvik Viking Centre. International Journal of
Museum Management and Curatorship 3, 7-18 PERS
Allcock, A. et al. 1994. National Ecotourism Strategy. Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service
Bertaux, J.-P. 1998. The Gallo-Roman sanctuary at Grand, France: I. Its development and
management for tourism. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 207-
215. PERS
Bettini, G. and Massa, S. 1991. Preservation problems, visitors and deterioration on the
painted Etruscan tomb. In Baer, N. S. et al. (eds.) Science, technology, and European cultural
heritage: proceedings of the European symposium, Bologna, 13-16 June 1989, 761-769.
L BAE
Boniface, P. and Fowler, P.J. (eds.) 1993. Heritage and Tourism in the ‘Global Village’.
London: Routledge AG BON
Boniface, P. 1995. Managing Quality Cultural Tourism. London: Routledge
AG BON
Bonnici, A, Cassar, J, Schembri, P, and Ventura, F. 1993. Visitor impact on an underground
prehistoric monument: the Hal Saflieni Hypogeum, Malta. In ICOM Committee for
Conservation 10th Triennial meeting, Washington, DC, 22-27 August 1993: preprints, 825-30
L Qto ICO
Branden, K. 1996. Ecotourism and Conservation. World Bank
Brand, L. A. 2001. Development in Wadi Rum? State bureaucracy, external funders, and civil
society, International Journal of Middle Easy Studies 33: 571-590
Burtenshaw, P. & Palmer, C. 2014. Archaeology, local development and tourism - a role for
international institutes, Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant 9: 21-26
Butcher, J. 2006. Cultural politics, cultural policy and cultural tourism, in Smith, M. K. &
Robinson, M. (eds.) Cultural tourism in a changing world: politics, participation and
(re)presentation. 21-35. Clevedon: Channel View Publications GEOGRAPHY H 96 SMI
Casagrandi, R. and Rinaldi, S. 2002. A theoretical approach to tourism sustainability.
Conservation Ecology 6(1) [online] http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art13
Ceballos-Lascaurain, H. 1996. Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas. Gland, Switzerland:
ICUN – The World Conservation Union
GEOGRAPHY QUARTOS H 96 CEB
Cernea, M. 2001. Economic benefits and poverty reduction through Cultural Heritage
preservation. In Cultural Heritage and Development: A Framework for Action in the Middle
East and North Africa. Washington: The World Bank, 41-55 Available at:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13908
Chhabra, D. 2009. Sustainable Marketing of Cultural and Heritage Tourism. London:
Routledge On order
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 75
Coccossis, H. & Perpairis, A. 2004. Environment and tourism issues. Local identity and
heritage management, in Doukellis, P N & Mendoni, L G (eds.) Protection and evaluation of
cultural landscapes, 233-248. Athens: Diffusion de Boccard AG DOU
Corzo, M. A. (ed.) 1995. The future of Asia’s past: Preservation of the architectural heritage
of Asia. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
MAS/Organisations/Getty/The future of Asia's past.pdf
de Merode, E., Smeets, R., and Westrik, C. (eds.) 2004. Linking Universal and Local Values:
Managing a Sustainable Future for World Heritage. Paris: UNESCO. World Heritage Paper
13 MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/World Heritage Series n°13
Doumas, C. 1997. Management considerations at a Mediterranean site: Akrotiri, Thera, In De
la Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An
international conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty
Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 27-40 AG Qto DEL
Dragovich, D. 1996. Site management and the visitor book. In Ward, G.K., Ward, L.A. (eds.)
Management of rock imagery. Proceedings of Symposium H of the Second AURA Congress,
Cairns 1992. Melbourne: Occasional AURA Publications, no. 9, 103-106
Teaching collection 1551
Eagles, P. F. J. 2001. International Trends in Park Tourism. Hohe Tauern National Park,
Matrei, Austria MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/trends in park tourism.pdf
Eagles, P. F. J., McCool, S. F. and Haynes, C. D. 2002. Sustainable tourism in protected
areas: guidelines for planning and management. UNEP, WTO & ICUN: Gland & Cambridge
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNEP/Sustainable Tourism in Protected
Areas/ {various files}
Hall, M. and McArthur, S. 1996. Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand: the
Human Dimension. Melbourne: Oxford University Press DD HAL
Harris, R. and Griffin, T. 2002. Sustainable Tourism. London: Butterworth Heinemann
Harrison, D. (ed.) 2001. Tourism and the Less Developed World: issues and case studies.
Oxon: CABI Publishing ANTHROPOLOGY E 40 HAR
Hawass, Z. 1998. Site management: the response to tourism, Museum International 50, 31-37
Hitchcock, M., King, V.T. & Parnwell, M. (Eds.) 2010. Heritage tourism in Southeast Asia.
Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. INST ARCH DBN HIT
Holden, H. 2000. Environment and tourism. London: Routledge
Barlett: TOWN PLANNING A 59 HOL
Hosni, E. 2000. Strategy for sustainable tourism development in the Sahara. UNSECO: Paris
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Sahara2000.pdf
ICOMOS 1993. Tourism at World Heritage cultural sites: the site manager’s handbook.
ICOMOS International Specialised Committee on Cultural Tourism - US/ICOMOS
AG Qto INT MAS/Organisations/ICOMOS/Tourism handbook {various files}
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 76
Jacobs, J.M., and Gale, F. 1995. Tourism and the protection of aboriginal cultural sites.
Special Australian Heritage Publication Series Number 10. Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service DDA JAC
Khirfan, L. 2014. World Heritage, Urban Design and Tourism: three cities in the Middle
East. Ashgate On order
Leask, A. and Yeoman, I. 1999. Heritage Visitor Attractions: an Operations Management
Perspective. Continuum: London-New York AG LEA
Liddle, P. 1985. Community Archaeology: a fieldworker's handbook of organisation and
techniques. Leicester: Leicestershire Museums, Arts and Records Service AL 10 LID
Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. 1998. Tourism and Sustainability - New Tourism in the Third
World. London: Routledge GEOGRAPHY P 96 MOW
Mowforth, M. and Munt, M. 2003. Tourism and sustainability: development and new tourism
in the Third World. 2nd (ed.) London: Routledge GEOGRAPHY P 96 MOW
Museum International 1998. The challenge of tourism 2. Museum International 50(4),
October 1998 special issue MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural
tourism/ChallengeOfTourism.pdf
Pandey, R. M., Chettri, P., Kunwar, R. R., and Ghimire, G. 1995. Case study on the effects of
tourism on culture and the environment Nepal. UNSECO: Bangkok
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Nepal1995.pdf
Prentice, R. 1993. Tourism and Heritage Attractions. London: Routledge AG PRE
Robinson, M. & Picard, D. 2006. Tourism, Culture and Sustainable Development. Nimes:
UNESCO Online
Rojek, C. 2000. Leisure and culture. London: MacMillan
Shackley, M. 1999. Visitor management. In Leask, A. & Yeoman, I. (eds.) Heritage Visitor
Attractions: an Operations Management Perspective, London-New York: Continuum, 69-82
Teaching Collection 2464
Shackley, M. (ed.) 2000. Visitor Management. Case Studies from World Heritage Sites.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman, AG SHA
Shackley, M. 2001. Managing sacred sites: service provision and visitor experience. London:
Continuum AH SHA
Smith, M. K. and Robinson, M. (eds.) 2006. Cultural tourism in a changing world: politics,
participation and (re)presentation. Clevedon: Channel View Publications
GEOGRAPHY H 96 SMI
Soubert, S. and Hay, S. L. 1995. Case study on the effects of tourism on culture and the
environment: Cambodia. UNSECO: Bangkok
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/tourism in asia1995.pdf
Sullivan, H. (ed.) 1984. Visitors to aboriginal sites: access, control and management.
Proceedings of the 1983 Kakadu workshop. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife
Service UNCLASSIFIED
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 77
Sullivan, H. 1996. Visitor management at painting sites in Kakadu National Park. In Ward,
G.K., Ward, L.A. (eds.) Management of rock imagery. Proceedings of Symposium H of the
Second AURA Congress, Cairns 1992. Occasional AURA Publications, no. 9. Melbourne:
AURA, 82 – 87 Teaching collection 1550
ten Brink, B. 1991. The AMOEBA Approach as a Useful Tool for Establishing Sustainable
Development?, in Kuik, O. & Verbruggen, H. (eds.) In Search of Indicators of Sustainable
Development. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 71–88 GEOGRAPHY KC 72 KUI
Thorn, A. and Piper, A. 1996. The Isle of the Dead: an integrated approach to the
management and natural protection of an archaeological site. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.)
Archaeological conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the
Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation
188-92 LA Qto ROY
Timothy, D.J. & Gelbman, A. 2014. Tourist lodging, spatial relations, and the cultural
heritage of borderlands. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(2): 1-11 DOI:
10.1080/1743873X.2014.985227
UNESCO 1999. Tourism and culture: rethinking the mix. UNESCO Courier July/August
1999, 21-56 MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Courier.pdf
UNESCO 2000. Making Tourism Sustainable. UNSECO Sources 120, 10-15 MAS/Site
Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/MakingTourismSustainable2000.pdf
UNESCO 2002. Cultural Diversity: Common Heritage, Plural Identities. UNESCO
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Cultural Diversity.pdf
UNESCO 2003. The Sahara. Of cultures and men. Towards a strategy for the sustainable
development of tourism in the Sahara, in the context of combating poverty. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Africa/sahara.pdf
Wahab, S. and Pigram, J. 1997. Tourism, Development and Growth - The Challenge of
Sustainability. London: Routledge GEOGRAPHY H 96 WAH
World Bank & UNESCO 1999. Florence conference on Culture and Sustainable
Development. MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/Florence/ {various files}
World Bank 1999. Summary report of the World Bank cultural site management workshop,
26-30 April 1999. Sustainable Developments 24(5), 1-10
MAS/Cultural tourism/WB/sustainable development workshop.pdf
Journals: Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Economics,
Tourism Management
Session 27 (lecture): Geographical Information Systems and their role in
managing and understanding archaeological landscapes (Marco Nebbia)
This session will discuss the wider applications of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
to archaeology. Starting from an overview on GIS as a tool for documenting the
archaeological record in its wider meaning, the session will explore the ways in which it can
also be used as interpretative medium. Finally, stemming from the recent urge for rapid
documentation of archaeological landscape, endangered by conflicts and climate crisis, some
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 78
case studies on applications of GIS to site and landscape monitoring and management will be
shown.
Key readings:
Agapiou, A., V. Lysandrou, D.D. Alexakis, K. Themistocleous, B. Cuca, and A. Argyriou.
2015. ‘Cultural Heritage Management and Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS:
The Case Study of Paphos Area, Cyprus’. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems
Journal 54: 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.003.
Wheatley, D., and M. Gillings. 2002. Spatial Technology and Archaeology: The
Archaeological Applications of GIS. London: Taylor&Francis.
Conolly, J., and M.W. Lake. 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nebbia, Marco, Anna Leone, Mftah Hddad, Ahmed M Masoud, M Elkendi, and Hassan M
Hamoud. 2016. ‘Developing a Collaborative Strategy to Manage and Preserve Cultural
Heritage During the Libyan Conflict. The Case of the Gebel Nāfusa’. Journal of
Archaeological Method and Theory 23 (4): 971–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-
9299-6.
Patrik, L.E. 1985. ‘Is There an Archaeological Record?’ Advances in Archaeological Method
and Theory 8: 27–62.
Session 28 (lecture): Condition and risk assessment (Ona Vileikis)
Documentation goes hand in hand with overall management and protection of cultural heritage.
Documentation strategies and techniques must be a direct response to a specific need. They
play a relevant role in understanding the cause and effect relationship of the decay of the fabric,
in defining conservation interventions, monitoring heritage deterioration and managing change.
Appropriate documentation of the characteristics of cultural heritage, from buildings to cultural
landscapes, can be incorporated into the planning process for future protection. This lecture
will provide an overview on documentation and recording techniques to inspect, record and
assess the condition of cultural heritage with illustrated examples.
Key readings:
Andrews, D., Bedford, J. and Bryan, P. (2015), Metric Survey Specifications for Cultural
Heritage, 3rd ed., Historic England, Swindon, available at:
https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/metric-survey-specifications-
cultural-heritage/
Eppich, R. and Chabbi, A. (Eds.). (2007), Recording, Documentation, and Information
Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places, The Getty Conservation Institute.
Illustrated Examples, Vol. II, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles.
https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/illustrated_e
xamples5.pdf.
Historic England. (2016), Drawing for Understanding Creating Interpretive Drawings of
Historic Buildings, Historic England, available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-
books/publications/drawing-for-understanding/.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 79
Historic England. (2016), Traversing the Past. The Total Station Theodolite in Archaeological
Landscape Survey, Historic England. https://historicengland.org.uk/images-
books/publications/traversingthepast/
ICOMOS. (1996), “Principles for the recording of monuments, groups of buildings and sites”,
available at: http://www.icomos.org/charters/archives-e.pdf.
Letellier, R. (Ed.). (2007), Recording, Documentation, and Information Management for the
Conservation of Heritage Places, The Getty Conservation Institute, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los
Angeles
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/recordim.html
Santana Quintero, M., Addison, A., Severo, M. (2008). Digital Archives for Conservation and
Management. In: Neuckermans H., Zambelli M., Janowiak A. (Eds.), Browsing architecture:
Metadata and Beyond, Chapt. 26 (pp. 306-317). Stuttgart, Germany. Fraunhofer IRB verlag
(2008), https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/197982/1/
The Getty Conservation Institute (2013), Conservation Perspectives: Heritage Inventories, The
GCI Newsletter
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/28_2/index.html
U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service. (2017), The Secretary of the Interior’s
Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving,
Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic Buildings, available at:
https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards.htm. Vileikis O., Cesaro G., Santana Quintero M., Van Balen K., Paolini A., Vafadari A. (2012).
Documentation in World Heritage conservation: Towards managing and mitigating change – the case
studies of Petra and the Silk Roads. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable
Development, 2 (2), 130-152. https://doi.org/10.1108/20441261211273635
Session 29 (class-led seminar): Cultural resource management in developing
countries: by whom, for whom?
Cultural tourism is often seen as an economic and ideological opportunity for developing
countries. Who decides the priorities for cultural heritage management? How does the State,
the local and the international interact, and who benefits from the process?
Reading – see session 26, but also the key readings for the course.
Session 30 (lecture): Conflict/post-conflict: values, significance, local community
and heritage management (Hiba Alkhalaf)
This session discusses the value-based approach and its meanings in relation to heritage
management and focuses on the role of the local community in shaping and protecting their
cultural heritage. However, understanding all values attributed to heritage resources is not an
easy task especially during conflict times when these values become highly contested- Syria
as an example. Considering that the significance of a place is never based on a single value. In
that context, how can we identify the collective values in a contested place? How do we move
from the destruction to the reconstruction of historic urban areas?
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 80
Key reading:
Al Quntar, S. and Daniels, B.I. 2016. Responses to the Destruction of Syrian Cultural
Heritage: A Critical Review of Current Efforts. International Journal of Islamic Architecture
5 (2): 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia.5.2.381_1
Barakat, S. (ed.) 2005. After the Conflict: Reconstructions and Redevelopment in the
Aftermath of War. London: I. B. Tauris. TOWN PLANNING A 30 AFT
Barakat, S. 2007. Postwar reconstruction and the recovery of cultural heritage: critical lessons
from the last fifteen years, in: Stanley Price, N. (Ed.) Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery.
Rome: ICCROM. pp. 26-39 INST ARCH AG STA
Curtis, J 2011. Archaeology and cultural heritage in war zones, in Curtis, J, Fulford, M.
Harding, A. and Reynolds, F. (eds.) History for the taking?, pp. 55-76. London: British
Academy MAS/Site Management Themes/Conflict/History for the taking.pdf
Doppelhofer, Ch. 2016. Will Palmyra rise again? - War Crimes against Cultural Heritage and
Post-war reconstruction. [online]
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/CulturalRights/Pages/IntentionalDestruction.aspx
Giblin, J. 2014. Post-conflict heritage: symbolic healing and cultural renewal, International
Journal of Heritage Studies, 20:5, 500-518, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2013.772912
Gibson, M. 2009. Culture as Afterthought: US Planning and Non-planning in the Invasion of
Iraq. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 11(3-4): 333-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355210X12747818485600
Harrowell, E. 2016. Looking for the future in the rubble of Palmyra: Destruction,
reconstruction and identity. Geoforum, 69, pp. 81-83.
Kila, J. & Zeidler, J.A. (Eds.) 2013. Cultural heritage in the crosshairs: protecting cultural
property during conflict. Leiden: Brill. INST ARCH AG 22 KIL
Kleinitz, C. & Näser, C. 2011. The Loss of Innocence: Political and Ethical Dimensions of
the Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project at the Fourth Nile Cataract (Sudan).
Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 13(2-3): 253-80
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355211X13179154166231
Newson, P & Young, R. 2017. Post-Conflict Archaeology and Cultural Heritage: Rebuilding
Knowledge, Memory and Community from War-Damaged Material Culture. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH AG 22 NEW and online via UCL library
Stone, P. 2009. Archaeology and Conflict: An Impossible Relationship? Conservation and
management of archaeological sites, 11(3-4): 315-32
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355210X12747818485565
Further reading:
Archaeologies, Volume 9, Issue 1, April 2013 Special Issue: Archaeology in Conflict and
Archaeology of Conflict
Bevan, R. 2006. The destruction of memory: architecture at war. London: Reaktion. INST
ARCH AG BEV.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 81
Chamberlain, K. 2005. War and Cultural Heritage: An Analysis of the Hague Convention for
the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. 2nd ed. Leicester:
Institute of Art & Law. INST ARCH AG 20 CHA
Chapman, J. 1994. Destruction of a common heritage: the archaeology of war in Croatia,
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Antiquity 68: 120-126.
Charlesworth, E. 2006. Architects without frontiers: war, reconstruction and design
responsibility. Oxford: Elsevier Architectural. ARCHITECTURE A 77 CHA
Kila, J.D. 2011. Cultural Property Protection in the Context of Military Operations: The Case
of Uruk, Iraq. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 13(4): 311-33
Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C. (eds.) 1995. Nationalism, politics and the practice of
archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. AG KOH
Labadi, S. & Logan, W. (eds.) 2015. Urban Heritage, Development and Sustainability:
International Frameworks, National and Local Governance. London: Routledge
BARTLETT CC135.U73 2015
Layton, R., Stone, P. & Thomas, J. (Eds.) 2001. Destruction and Conservation of Cultural
Property. Routledge. INST ARCH AG LAY
Logan, W. & Reeves, K. (Eds.) 2009. Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with 'Difficult'
Heritage. London: Routledge. INST ARCH AG LOG
Meskell, L. (Eds.) 1998. Archaeology under fire: Nationalism, politics and heritage in the
Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: Routledge. INST ARCH AG MES
Meskell, L. 2002. Negative heritage and past mastering in archaeology, Anthropological
Quarterly 75(3): 557-574.
Molina-Burguera, G. 2010. Managing Conflict: The Management and Interpretation of
Spanish Civil War Sites. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 12(1): 39-59
Myers, D., Nicole Smith, S. & Ostergren, G. (Eds.) 2016. Consensus Building, Negotiation,
and Conflict Resolution for Heritage Place Management. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute. Available at:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/consensus_buildi
ng.html or MAS/Organisations/Getty/consensus_building.pdf
Perring, D. & van der Linde, S. 2009. The Politics and Practice of Archaeology in Conflict.
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 11: 197-213.
Perring, D. 2009. Archaeology and the post-war reconstruction of Beirut. Conservation and
management of archaeological sites 11(3-4): 296-314
Rothfield, L. (Eds.) 2008. Antiquities under siege: cultural heritage protection after the Iraq
war. Plymouth: Altamira Press. INST ARCH AG 20 ROT
Rush, L. (Ed.) 2010. Archaeology, Cultural Property and the Military. Woodbridge: Boydell.
INST ARCH AG RUS
Silberman, N. A. 1989. Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology and Nationalism in
the Middle East. New York: Holt. ANTHROPOLOGY PA 95 SIL
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 82
Stanley Price, N. (Ed.) 2007. Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery. Rome: ICCROM. AG
STA
Stone, P. 2012. Human rights and cultural property protection in times of conflict.
International Journal of Heritage Studies 18(3): 271-84.
Stone, P. & Bajjaly, J.F. (Eds.) 2008. The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq.
Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. INST ARCH DBB 100 STO
Wegener, C. & Otter, M. 2008. Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed
Conflict. Conservation. The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 23(1): 4-9.
Williams, T. 2016. Syria: The Hurt and The Rebuilding. Conservation and management of
archaeological sites 17(4): 299-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2016.1175908
See also papers in MAS/Site Management Themes/Conflict
Session 31 (class-led seminar): Our role in post-conflict reconstruction
How can we seek to protect archaeological sites during times of conflict? What measures can
be adopted and how are these implemented in the aftermath of war? What are the
complexities of organising protection? How can we develop practice?
Readings – see session 30.
Session 32 (lecture): Managing rural archaeological sites and landscapes (Gai
Jorayev)
Rural environment resent different and specific challenges to managing archaeological sites
and landscapes. Agricultural activities, the scale of the area and the difficulties of site
identification are just some of the factors.
The growing role of landscape management.
«The landscape … has an important role in the cultural, ecological, environmental
and social fields, and … contributes to the formation of local cultures and … is a
basic component of the natural and cultural heritage, … is an important part of the
quality of life for people everywhere: in urban areas and in the countryside, in
degraded areas as well as in areas of high quality, in areas recognised as being of
outstanding beauty as well as everyday areas; … is a key element of individual and
social well-being and … its protection, management and planning entail rights and
responsibilities for everyone»
From the Preamble to the European Landscape Convention, Florence, 20 October
2000.
European Landscape Convention, Florence 20/10/2000 European Treaty Series - No. 176)
https://rm.coe.int/1680080621
See also the Council of Europe site at: http://www.coe.int/en/web/landscape
And the Pathways to Cultural Landscapes site at: www.pcl-eu.de
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 83
Key Reading:
Bloemers, J. H. F., Kars, H., Van der Valk, A., and Wijnen, M. (eds.) 2010. The Cultural
Landscape & Heritage Paradox: protection and development of the Dutch
archaeological-historical landscape and its European dimension. Amsterdam:
Amsterdam University Press DUTCH H 32.52 BLO
Carver, E. (ed.) 2004. Modern views - ancient lands: new work and thought on cultural
landscapes, Oxford: Archaeopress DAA Qto Series BRI 377
Fowler, P. J. 2004. Landscapes for the World: conserving a global heritage. Macclesfield:
Windgather Press AG FOW
Irlinger, W. & Suhr, G. (eds.) 2017. Archaeological sites in forests: strategies for their
protection. München: Volk Verlag München. INST ARCH AL Qto IRL
Morris, R. 2002. Reshaping the Landscape/Rethinking the Land. RSA Lecture.
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/morris_31jan02.pdf
Taylor, K., Mitchell, N., and St.Clair, A. (eds.) 2015. Conserving cultural landscapes:
challenges and new directions. New York: Routledge AG TAY
Trow, S. 2002. The Countryside at the Crossroads. Conservation Bulletin 42, 4-9
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 countryside_crossroads.pdf
Further reading:
Akagawa, N. and Sirisrisak, T. 2008. Cultural Landscapes in Asia and the Pacific:
Implications of the World Heritage Convention, International Journal of Heritage Studies
14(2): 176-191.
Box, P. 1999. GIS and cultural resource management: a manual for heritage managers,
Bangkok: UNESCO AH BOX
Bretherton, J. 2002. Advice on archaeology. Countryside Archaeology Advisors.
Conservation Bulletin 42, 56-7
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 advice_archaeology.pdf
Clark, J., Darlington, J., and Fairclough, G. 2004. Using Historic Landscape
Characterisation. English Heritage & Lancashire County Council AG Qto CLA
Droste, B V, Plachter, H & Rossler, M (eds.) 1995. Cultural landscapes of universal value,
Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag AG 20 DRO
English Heritage 2002. Caring for heritage on your farm. The Entry Level Scheme and
historic features. English Heritage MAS/Organisations/English
Heritage/Entry_Level_Agri_Env.pdf
English Heritage 2002. Coastal defence: Caring for our coastal heritage. English Heritage
leaflet MAS/Organisations English Heritage/coastal_defence.pdf
English Heritage 2009. Capitalising on the inherited landscape. An introduction to historic
characterisation for master planning. English Heritage
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 84
Fairclough, G. 2002. Cultural Landscape; the view from Europe. Conservation Bulletin 42
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 cultural_landscape.pdf
Fairclough, G. (ed.) 2002. Europe's cultural landscape: archaeologists and the management
of change. Brussels, Belgium: Europae Archaiologiae Consilium AG Qto FA
Fowler, P. J. 2003. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992-2002. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Misc/Fowler cultural landscapes.pdf
Grenville, J. (ed.) 1999. Managing the historic rural environment. London: Routledge
AG GRE
Hodges, R & Martin, S 2000. Protecting a 'homeric landscape'. The making of the Burtrint
National Park, Albania, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 4, 185-188
Howard, P J 2011. An introduction to landscape. Farnham: Ashgate
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Hunter, J. and Ralston, I. (eds.) 2006. Archaeological resource management in the UK: an
introduction. 2nd edition. Stroud: Sutton AG HUN
Iles, R. 1991. Conservation archaeology on the North York Moors, in White, R F & Iles, R
(eds.) Archaeology in National Parks. York. National Parks Staff, 28-34 DAA 100 WHI
Ingle, C 2011. Aerial archaeology in Essex: the role of the National Mapping Programme in
interpreting the landscape. Chelmsford: Historic Environment, Essex County Council
DAA Qto Series EAA 136
Kincey, M., Challis, K. & Howard, A.J. 2008. Modelling selected implications of potential
future climate change on the archaeological resource of river catchments: an application of
geographical information systems. Conservation and management of archaeological sites,
10(2): 113-31 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355209X435560
Lennon, J., Egloff, B., Davey, A. & Taylor, K. 1999. Conserving the cultural values of
natural areas: a discussion paper. Australian ICOMOS MAS/Organisations/Australian
ICOMOS/Conserving the Cultural Values of Natural Areas.pdf
Lozny, L. R. (ed.) 2006. Landscapes under pressure: theory and practice of cultural heritage
research and preservation. New York: Springer AG LOZ
Mattingly, D. J., McLaren, S., Savage, E., al'Fasatwi, Y. and Gadgood, K. (eds.) 2006. The
Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage. Society for Libyan Studies
Meier, T. (ed.) 2006. Landscape Ideologies. Budapest: Archaeolingua
Moylan, E., Brown, S., & Kelly, C. 2009. Towards a cultural landscape atlas: representing all
the landscape as cultural, International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(5): 447-466
Olivier, A. 2002. England’s wetlands. Monuments at risk. Conservation Bulletin 42, 40-45
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 wetlands.pdf
Roberts, P. and Trow, S. 2002. Taking to the Water: English Heritage’s initial policy for the
management of maritime archaeology in England. English Heritage
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/maritime.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 85
Roca, Z., Claval, P., and Agnew, J. (eds.) 2011. Landscapes, identities and development.
Farnham: Ashgate SCIENCE
Smith, K. 1999. Sustainable Landscape Management: Peak practice and theory, in Grenville,
J. (ed.) Managing the Historic Rural Landscape, Routledge, 111-117 AG GRE
Smout, T. C. (ed.) 2002. Understanding the historical landscape in its environmental setting,
Dalkeith, Scotland: Scottish Cultural Press DAA 100 SMO
Stout, G 2002. Newgrange and the bend of the Boyne. Cork: Cork University Press
DAA 710 Qto STO
UNESCO 2003. Cultural Landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation. Workshop 11-12
November 2002, Ferrara – Italy. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Misc/Cultural landscapes the challenges of conservation.pdf
Whelan, Y. and Moore, N. 2006. Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity: New
Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape. Ashgate. ARCHITECTURE B 20 MOO
Session 33 (lecture): (a) Developing Governance (b) Risk and disaster
management (Gai Jorayev)
Part (a) explores how site management might be structured, exploring the role of a Site
Coordinator and development of governance structures.
Key reading (Developing Governance):
Auclair, E. & Fairclough, G. (eds.) 2015. Theory and Practice in Heritage and Sustainability:
Between past and future. London: Routledge. INST ARCH AG AUC
Burtenshaw, P. & Gould, P. (eds.) 2015. Archaeology and economic development. Maney:
special issue of Public Archaeology. PERS.
Mohapatra, B. 2016. Community management of urban open spaces in developing economies.
Bingley: Emerald.
Myers, D., Nicole Smith, S. & Ostergren, G. (eds.) 2016. Consensus Building, Negotiation,
and Conflict Resolution for Heritage Place Management. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute.
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/consensus_b
uilding.pdf
Other reading (Developing Governance):
Gould, P. 2014. Putting the past to work: archaeology, community and economic
development. Unpublished PhD thesis. UCL THESES STORE
Hofman, C.L. & Haviser, J.B. (eds.) 2015. Managing our past into the future. Sidestone
Press. INST ARCH AG HOF.
van den Dries, M., van der Linde, S. & Strecker, A. (Eds.) 2015. Fernweh: crossing borders
and connecting people in archaeological heritage management. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 86
Part (b) explores the need for Risk and Disaster Management, and their impact on long-term
archaeological site management planning. The session will consider issues and approaches at
archaeological sites.
A practical exercise in risk assessment will be undertaken.
Key reading (Risk management):
Menegazzi, C. (ed.) 2008. International workshop on disaster risk reduction at World
Heritage properties: proceedings Olympia, Greece, 6th-7th November 2008. ICCROM
MAS/Site Management Themes/ Disaster & Risk Management/
Olympia_Proceedings_2009.pdf
Meir, H., Petzet, M. and Will, T. (eds.). 2007. Heritage at Risk: Risk preparedness and the
limits of prevention. Paris: ICOMOS. Available at:
http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2007/natural_disasters/HR_Special_2007_Disasters
_ebook_20091116.pdf
Stovel, H. 1998. Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage.
Rome, ICCROM. Available at:
http://www.iccrom.org/ifrcdn/pdf/ICCROM_17_RiskPreparedness_en.pdf
UNESCO/ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN 2010. Managing Disaster Risks for World Heritage.
Paris: UNESCO MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Disaster_risks.pdf
Further reading (Risk management):
Feilden, B. 1987. Between Two Earthquakes; Cultural Property in Seismic Zones. Rome/Los
Angeles: ICCROM/Getty Conservation Institute. LC FEI
Feilden, B.M. and Jokilehto, J. (2nd ed.) 1998. Management Guidelines for World Cultural
Heritage Sites. Rome: ICCROM. AG FEI
ICOMOS. Risk Preparedness; Heritage at Risk. Bibliography. Paris: UNESCO-ICOMOS
Documentation Centre. Available at:
http://www.international.icomos.org/centre_documentation/bib/riskpreparedness.pdf
Menegazzi, C. (ed.) 2004. Cultural Heritage Disaster Preparedness and Response.
Proceedings of International Symposium held at Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India, 23–
27 November 2003. Paris: ICOM. Available at:
http://archives.icom.museum/disaster_preparedness_book/index.html
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 87
Site Visit IV: Stonehenge & Avebury
Stonehenge (top) and Avebury (bottom) now have a joint management plan. See the website:
http://www.stonehengeandaveburywhs.org/management-of-whs/stonehenge-and-avebury-
whs-management-plan-2015/
and MAS/Management Plans/Avebury_and_Stonehenge/2015/
Stonehenge: older plans
English Heritage 2009. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan. English Heritage
MAS/Management Plans/Stonehenge/Plan 2009/stonehengefull09_printver.pdf
English Heritage 2000. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan. English Heritage.
MAS/Management Plans/Stonehenge/Plan 2000/stonehenge management plan.pdf
English Heritage 2002. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Archaeological Research
Framework. English Heritage MAS/Management Plans/Stonehenge/Stonehenge Research
Framework
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 88
Books & articles on site management aspects of Stonehenge
Addyman, P. V. 1989. The Stonehenge we deserve. In Cleere, H. (ed.) Archaeological
Heritage Management in the Modern World. London: Unwin Hyman, 265-274
AG CLE
Bender, B. 1998. Stonehenge: making space. Oxford DAA 410 W.7 BEN
Chippindale, C., Devereux, P., Fowler, P., Jones, R. and Sebastian, T. 1990. Who Owns
Stonehenge?, London: Batsford CHI 8
Fielden, K 2002. Current Plans for Stonehenge: a farcical situation, Rescue News 86
Fielden, K 2005. Stonehenge: the road to nowhere Rescue News 97
Golding, F N 1989. Stonehenge past and future, in Cleere, H (ed.) Archaeological Heritage
Management in the Modern World. London: Unwin Hyman, 256-264 AG CLE
Mason, P and Kuo, I-L. 2006 Visitor management at Stonehenge, UK, in Leask, A. and Fyall,
A. (eds.) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 181-194
AG LEA
Wainwright, G. 1996. Stonehenge saved? Antiquity 70, 9-12 PERS
Archaeological site information:
Atkinson, R 1990. Stonehenge and Neighbouring Monuments, Souvenir Guide, English
Heritage
Richards, J 1991. Stonehenge, Batsford/English Heritage
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 89
Avebury
Avebury Archaeological & Historical Research Group 2001. Archaeological Research
Agenda for the Avebury World Heritage Site. MAS/Management plans/Avebury/Research
agenda
Fielden, K 1996. Avebury saved? Antiquity 70(269), 503–507
Gillings, M. & Pollard, J. 2004. Avebury, London: Duckworth DAA 410 W.7 GIL
Pomeroy-Kellinger, M. 2005. Avebury World Heritage Site Management Plan. English
Heritage MAS/Management plans/Avebury/Avebury Management Plan.pdf
Simmonds, S. (ed.) 2008. Avebury World Heritage Site residents' pack. Devizes: Kennet
District Council DAA 410 W. 7 SIM
Session 34 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability – Part 2 (Gai Jorayev)
See session 26.
Session 35 (lecture & discussion): Case study: developing an integrated
Stonehenge and Avebury Management Plan (Sarah Simmonds, Stonehenge &
Avebury World Heritage Site Partnership Manager)
The Avebury Management Plan was updated in 2005 and formal consultation on a new draft
Management Plan took place in 2013-4. The new Plan needed to reflect progress on
objectives in the 2005 Plan, emerging opportunities and challenges and changes in the
management context. The process involved extensive engagement with WHS stakeholders,
including partner organisations and the local community, whose experience, expertise and
knowledge shaped the updated Plan.
During the course of this process the decision was made to combine the management plan
with that of Stonehenge (see above), as they are a single World Heritage Site. The process of
this combination was complex, and raised issues about very different stakeholder groups.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 90
Session 36 (practical): Statements of significance (Gai Jorayev)
A practical session looking at the background, aims and construction of Statements of
Significance, in advance of the third piece of coursework. We will use several examples,
identify the main approaches, and look at the possible scenarios for your assignment and
future works.
Session 37 (lecture): Funding research and management (Gai Jorayev)
This lecture will look at the ways of funding research and management of heritage sites, using
examples from around the world. Long-term and sustainable management of archaeological
sites needs funding and new research often relies on specific financial support. Most often,
archaeological parks rely on multiple sources of long-term and one-off funding. As part of
this lecture, major global funding agencies and their models of operation, as well as the local
funding sources, will be discussed and their effectiveness assessed. The session will rely on
several contemporary case studies to illustrate complexities and challenges.
Key reading:
Oomen, J., & Aroyo, L. 2011. Crowdsourcing in the Cultural Heritage Domain: Opportunities
and Challenges. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communities and
Technologies. C&T ’11, 138–149. New York, NY, USA: ACM Available at:
http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2103354.2103373 [Accessed September 24, 2018].
Pickard, R. & Council of Europe 2009. Funding the Architectural Heritage: A Guide to
Policies and Examples. Council of Europe.
Thompson, J. 2006. Conservation and management challenges in a public/private partnership
for a large archaeological site (Herculaneum, Italy). Conservation and Management of
Archaeological Sites 8(4): p.191–204.
Winter, T. 2011. The Political Economies of Heritage. In Helmut Anheier & Yudhishthir Raj
Isar (eds) Heritage, Memory & Identity, 70–81. SAGE
Further reading:
Arts and Business 2009. The value of the creative industries & culture. In Private Investment
in Culture: 2007/08, 71–98. London: Arts & Business
Arts Council England 2012. Measuring the economic benefits of arts and culture. Arts
Council England.
CEBR 2013. The contribution of the arts and culture to the national economy. Available at:
http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/download-
file/The_contribution_of_the_arts_and_culture_to_the_national_economy.pdf
Some Links:
Heritage Lottery Fund 2019 – planning for the future -
https://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/research/hlf_2019_final_report-
accessible.pdf
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 91
Heritage Lottery Fund: Values and benefits of heritage -
https://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/research/values_and_benefits_of_he
ritage_2015.pdf
The World Heritage Fund: http://whc.unesco.org/en/funding/
Session 38 (lecture): Management context, monitoring & evaluating (Gai Jorayev)
The wider context of management plans, including financial management, will be explored.
Tools and techniques to evaluate the implementation of the management plan. Modifications
to the plan may be introduced as a result of this evaluation. Examples of improvements and
responses to problems identified during the evaluation process.
Key reading:
Bøe Sollund, M.-L. & Holm-Olsen, I.M. 2013. Monitoring Cultural Heritage in a Long-Term
Project: The Norwegian Sequential Monitoring Programme. Conservation and management
of archaeological sites, 15(2): 137-51 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1350503313Z.00000000052
Cernea, M. 2001. Economic benefits and poverty reduction through Cultural Heritage
preservation. In Cultural Heritage and Development: A Framework for Action in the Middle
East and North Africa. Washington: The World Bank, 41-55. Available at:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13908
Hollesen, J., Matthiesen, H., Møller, A.B. & Martens, V.V. 2016. Making Better Use of
Monitoring Data. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 18(1-3): 116-25
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2016.1182750
MacLean, F. 2009. Heritage Marketing Management. London: Routledge on order
World Bank & UNESCO 1999. Florence conference on Culture and Sustainable
Development. MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/Florence/ {various files}
World Bank 1999. Summary report of the World Bank cultural site management workshop,
26-30 April 1999. Sustainable Developments 24(5), 1-10 MAS/Site Management
themes/Cultural tourism/WB/sustainable development workshop.pdf
World Bank 2001. Cultural Heritage and Development. A Framework for Action in the
Middle East and North Africa. World Bank: Washington MAS/Site Management
themes/Cultural tourism/WB/CH in ME and NA.pdf
See the World Bank website at: http://www.worldbank.org/
Session 39: Conclusions & review (Gai Jorayev)
This will be an overall summary of the course and a detailed discussion of its main messages.
We will return to the themes of lectures and seminars and readdress the areas that may need
additional discussion.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 92
4 GENERAL INFORMATION & RESOURCES
4.1 USB flash drive
4.1.1 Introduction
A number of articles and books are available on the USB flash drive provided with this
handbook.
There are seven areas on the USB flash drive:
1. Charters: copies of some of the major charters, international conventions, etc.
relevant to our topic.
2. Management Plans: a variety of plans, not all archaeological, from around the world.
3. Organisations: material, often policy or guidance documents, organised by specific
organisations (e.g. UNESCO, ICOMOS, Historic England, Getty).
4. Regional papers: some papers relating to specific parts of the world, and within those
sometimes to specific countries.
5. Site Management themes: papers organised by topics, such as Archaeological Parks,
Buffer zones, Ethics, etc.
6. Social research methods: some general material relating to the conduct of social
science research (e.g. designing effective interviews or questionnaires).
7. Workshops: some papers relating to specific workshops and/or approaches to
workshops.
Some of the papers on this drive are referenced in the main handbook reading (indicated by
the orange references which tell you which directory to look in (e.g. MAS/Site Management
themes/Cultural tourism/Florence/{various files}), or give the specific filename (e.g.
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/WB/CH in ME and NA.pdf).
However there is much more content on the USB. Browse it to explore its content.
4.1.2 Files: PDF format
Most of the files on the USB are in Portable Document Format (PDF). You can view it with
the range of free software and the leading one among them is probably Adobe® Reader®.
Adobe® Reader® is free software that lets you view and print PDF files on a variety of
devices and operating systems. This is now standard on many computers including all the
machines in our cluster rooms.
You can download it for free from: https://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/
Follow the instructions to download the appropriate version for your machine.
4.1.3 Copyright
Some of the material on this USB is copyrighted, you must observe the copyright conditions
scrupulously. These permit you to read the USB on your computer and to make hard copies
for your personal use. They do not permit you to make either copies of the USB or hard
copies for other people.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 93
4.2 Online resources
4.2.1 Moodle
Access via http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/
The Moodle MAS pages are vital to the module. There is no enrolment code at this stage
(although we implement one, it would be MAS0108). You should be auto enrolled by Portico
registration for the module. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson
4.2.2 Blogs
The Material World blog at: http://www.materialworldblog.com/
5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
5.1 Libraries and other resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries within UCL with
holdings of particular relevance to this module are the Anthropology and Bartlett libraries. In
addition, The British Library, located nearby at St Pancras, has extensive collections. To
apply for a readers’ ticket see http://www.bl.uk/help/how-to-get-a-reader-pass
Please also refer to extensive libraries under the University of London collages nearby.
5.2 Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s
coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office (email [email protected]).
These guidelines will also be available on Moodle under Student Administration.Health and
Safety
5.3 Health and safety
The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides guidance on
laboratory work, etc. This is revised annually and the new edition will be issued in due
module. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these guidelines and students
have a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all times. This is particularly
important in the context of the fieldworks and placements which will be undertaken as part of
this module.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 94
APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2019-20 (PLEASE
READ CAREFULLY)
This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to modules. It is not
a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For
full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration
section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk
For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic
Manual:
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class,
please notify the lecturer by email. Students are normally required to attend at least 70%
of classes.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers
whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it
on each coursework cover sheet.
COURSEWORK
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission will be penalized in accordance with current UCL
regulations, unless formal permission for late submission has been granted.
The UCL penalties are as follows:
The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date
and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the
pass mark).
The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five
working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass
mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules).
Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but
before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be
considered complete.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with
regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Module
Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be
submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy
Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the
grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL
Student Support and Wellbeing (SSW) to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA
website for further information. Additional information is given here
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/
RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked
coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work
within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your
marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Module Co-ordinator within two weeks. You
must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 95
CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed
in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address
if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others.
This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct
quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between
quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties.
It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance
of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and
penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-
students/guidelines/plagiarism
MOODLE
Please ensure you are signed up to the module on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please
contact Charlotte Frearson ([email protected]).
